400:
170:
301:(UL), in Northbrook, Illinois. Until 1991, the United States government also regulated the vault industry. The government set minimum standards for the thickness of vault walls, but advances in concrete technology made thickness an arbitrary measure of strength. Thin panels of new materials were far stronger than the thicker, poured concrete walls. Now the effectiveness of the vault is measured by how well it performs against a mock break-in. Manufacturers also do their own testing designing a new product to make sure it is likely to succeed in UL trials. Key points include:
125:
137:
quite heavy and difficult to remove or remodel around. Modern bank vaults are now typically made of modular concrete panels using a special proprietary blend of concrete and additives for extreme strength. The concrete has been engineered for maximum crush resistance. A panel of this material, though only 3 in (7.62 cm) thick, may be up to 10 times as strong as an 18 in-thick (45.72-cm) panel of regular formula concreted.
1332:
43:
133:
factors such as the total vault size, desired shape, controls, and location of the door. After the customer signs off on the design, the manufacturer configures the equipment to make the vault panels and door. The customer usually orders the vault to be delivered and installed. That is, the vault manufacturer not only makes the vault parts, but brings the parts to the construction site and puts them together.
717:. Burning iron rods in pure oxygen ignited by an oxyacetylene torch, it can produce temperatures of 6,600–8,000 °F (3,650–4,430 °C). The thermal lance user bores a series of small holes that can eventually be linked to form a gap. Vault manufacturers work closely with the banking industry and law enforcement in order to keep up with such advances in burglary.
1200:
392:
1196:
237:
A vault door, much like the smaller burglary safe door, is secured with numerous massive metal bolts (cylinders) extending from the door into the surrounding frame. Holding those bolts in place is some sort of lock. The lock is invariably mounted on the inside (behind) of the difficult-to-penetrate
280:
The finished vault panels, door, and lock assembly are transported to the bank construction site. The vault manufacturer's workers then place the panels enclosed in steel at the designated spots and weld them together. The vault manufacturer may also supply an alarm system, which is installed at the
262:
is a clock that prevents the vault's door from opening until a specified number of hours have passed. This is still the "theft proof" lock system that
Sargent invented in the late nineteenth century. Such locks are manufactured by only a few companies worldwide. The locking system is supplied to the
136:
Bank vaults are typically made with steel-reinforced concrete. This material was not substantially different from that used in construction work. It relies on its immense thickness for strength. An ordinary vault from the middle of the 20th century might have been 18 in (45.72 cm) thick and was
220:
The vault door is also molded of special concrete used to make the panels, but it can be made in several ways. The door mold differs from the panel molds because there is a hole for the lock and the door will be clad in stainless steel. Some manufacturers use the steel cladding as the mold and pour
189:
mix. In addition to the usual cement powder, stone, etc., additional materials such as metal shavings or abrasive materials may be added to resist drilling penetration of the slab. Unlike regular concrete used in construction, the concrete for bank vaults is so thick that it cannot be poured. The
132:
Bank vaults are built as custom orders. The vault is usually the first aspect of a new bank building to be designed and built. The manufacturing process begins with the design of the vault, and the rest of the bank is built around it. The vault manufacturer consults with the customer to determine
709:
Bank vault technology changed rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s with the development of improved concrete material. Bank burglaries are also no longer the substantial problem they were in the late 19th century up through the 1930s, but vault makers continue to alter their products to counter new
254:
A dual control (dual custody) combination lock has two dials controlling two locking mechanisms for the door. They are usually configured so that both locks must be dialed open at the same time for the door to be unlocked. No single person is given both combinations, requiring two people to
99:
came up with new ways to break into vaults, vault makers found new ways to foil them. Modern vaults may be armed with a wide array of alarms and anti-theft devices. Some 19th and early 20th century vaults were built so well that today they are difficult to destroy, even with specialized
305:
It is based on using "common hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or portable electric tools, grinding points carbide drills, pressure applying devices or mechanisms, abrasive cutting wheels, power saws, coring tools, impact tools, fluxing rods, and oxy-fuel gas cutting
224:
Round vault doors were popular in the early 20th century and are iconic images for a bank's high security. They fell out of favor due to manufacturing complexities, maintenance issues (door sag due to weight) and cost, but a few examples are still available.
281:
same time. While older vaults employed various weapons against burglars, such as blasts of steam or tear gas, modern vaults instead use technological countermeasures. They can be wired with a listening device that picks up unusual sounds, or observed with a
92:, as well as places for teller cash drawers and other valuable assets of the bank or its customers. They are also common in other buildings where valuables are kept such as post offices, grand hotels, rare book libraries and certain government ministries.
228:
A day gate is a second door inside the main vault door frame used for limited vault protection while the main door is open. It is often made of open metal mesh or glass and is intended to keep a casual visitor out rather than to provide true security.
50:
vault door at the Winona
National Bank was built in the early 1900s. On the right is the back side of the open door. To the right of the door's center are two linked boxes for the combination mechanisms and to the left is a four-movement
246:
similar in principle to that of a padlock or safe door is very common. This is usually a mechanical device but products incorporating both mechanical and electronic mechanisms are available, making certain safe cracking techniques very
737:
250:
Some high-end vaults employ a two piece key to be used in conjunction with a combination lock. This key consists of a long stem as well as a short stamp which should be safeguarded separately and joined to open the vault
59:
left of the door opening) capable of exerting one third of the door's weight in closing force. Since this door weighs 22.5 short tons (20.4 t) this system is capable of applying 7.5 short tons-force (67 kN)
1377:
68:
is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents are stored. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, much like a
152:(formerly the Nevada Test Site) in which an above ground Mosler vault was one of many structures specifically constructed to be exposed to an atomic blast in Operation Plumb Bob - Project 30.4:
381:
As with the US, Europe has agreed a series of test standards to assure a common view of penetrative resistance to forcible attack. The testing regime is covered under the auspices of
733:
1166:"BS EN 1143-1:2012 - Secure storage units. Requirements, classification and methods of test for resistance to burglary. Safes, ATM safes, strongroom doors and strongrooms"
108:. The walls were usually at least 1 ft (0.3 m) thick, and the door itself was typically 3.5 ft (1.1 m) thick. Total weight ran into the hundreds of tons
399:
73:. Unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex
238:
door and is usually very modest in size and strength, but very difficult to gain access to from the outside. There are many types of lock mechanisms in use:
1230:
789:
309:
A breach is a hole in the door or wall of at least 96 square inches (6 × 16 in (15.24 × 40.64 cm)) or breaking locking bolts to allow the door to open.
255:
cooperate to open the door. Some doors may be configured so that either dial will unlock the door, trading off increased convenience for lessened security.
194:". Vault concrete has zero slump. It also sets very quickly, curing in only six to 12 hours, instead of the three to four days needed for most concrete.
141:
270:
techniques also apply to the locking mechanism of the vault door. They may be complicated by the sheer thickness and strength of the door and panel.
1345:
148:
vaults survived the atomic blast with all contents intact. The bank manager wrote a congratulatory note to Mosler. A second is a vault at the
1173:
1075:
116:. Today vaults are made with thinner, lighter materials that, while still secure, are easier to dismantle than their earlier counterparts.
849:
419:
Tests are undertaken to arrive at a grade (0 to XIII) with two extra resistance qualifiers (one for the use of explosives the other for
1140:
1283:
1268:
111:
1108:
982:
1021:
819:
763:
1408:
1374:, U.S. DOD standard for secret material storage displayed by Federation of American Scientists, accessed 28 December 2010.
898:
149:
950:
140:
There are at least two public examples of vaults withstanding a nuclear blast. The most famous is the
Teikoku Bank in
924:
169:
221:
the concrete directly into it. Other manufacturers use a regular mold and screw the steel on after the panel is dry.
1353:
785:
1297:
1222:
385:
1143-1:2012 (also known as BS EN 1143-1: 2012), which can be purchased from approved
European standards agencies.
1053:
298:
872:"Discovery Channel (UK) How Do They Do It? (Season 3 / Episode 7 / Part 2) Diebold Vault Construction (YouTube)"
413:
124:
1310:
426:
Test attack tools fall into five categories with increasing penetrative capability, i.e. Categories A–D and S
211:
The panels are removed from the mold and placed on a truck for transport to the customer's construction site.
1315:
1302:
74:
1352: (archived 3 March 2016) - A semi-technical guide to bank vaults built in the early 1900s; includes
201:
The molds are vibrated for several hours. The vibration settles the material and eliminates air pockets.
85:
191:
186:
145:
105:
1359:
1165:
1079:
841:
179:
1279:
1264:
429:
Penetration success is measured as partial (125mm diameter hole) or full (350mm diameter hole)
31:
1398:
1383:
1133:
243:
89:
1349:
1102:"Requirements on strongrooms in cast in-situ and/or pre-fabricated construction ECB-S R03"
294:
55:. This door has a four-point system for pressing the door into its opening (note the two
1403:
1101:
285:. An alarm is often present to alert local police if the door or lock is tampered with.
42:
989:
1392:
714:
316:
267:
173:
1371:
1337:
1365:
1014:
811:
759:
153:
902:
1327:
871:
420:
101:
56:
957:
432:
Considers only the time actually spent working (excludes setup, rests, etc.)
312:
Considers only the time actually spent working (excludes setup, rests, etc.)
259:
52:
928:
1378:"Operating Instruction for the X-09 Type 1F High Security Electronic Lock"
438:
EN 1300 covers high security locks, i.e. four lock classes (A, B, C and D)
17:
382:
198:
A network of reinforcing steel rods is manually placed into the damp mix.
81:
95:
Vault technology developed in a type of arms race with bank robbers. As
1380:, U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, accessed 28 December 2010.
876:
391:
96:
47:
1298:"Age-Old Battle to Keep Safes Safe from 'Creepers, Soup Men and Yeggs"
1047:
328:
The lock, ventilation, alarms, etc. are covered by other UL standards.
205:
1311:"Immovable Objects, If They're Bank Vaults, Make Nice Restaurants"
760:"Letters of Note: Your Products are Stronger than the Atomic Bomb"
398:
390:
168:
1261:
Heists: Swindles, Stickups, and
Robberies that Shocked the World.
435:
EN 1143-1 makes no claims as to the fire resistance of the vault
409:
408:
Standard covers burglary resistance tests against free-standing
282:
70:
1276:
Lock & Key: The
Secrets of Locking Things Up, In, and Out.
322:
UL-608 makes no claims as to the fire resistance of the vault.
983:"Installation Instructions for Overly GSA Class 5 Vault Door"
88:, hence the name. Modern bank vaults typically contain many
1076:"UL 608 Burglary Resistant Vault Doors and Modular Panels"
104:
equipment. These older vaults were typically made with
297:
for much of the world's vault industry is overseen by
1049:
Flawless: Inside the
Largest Diamond Heist in History
786:"Unbreakable: Hiroshima and the Mosler Safe Company"
842:"Slate's Well-Traveled: A Nuclear Family Vacation"
185:The wall panels are molded first using a special
734:"Demolition crew cracks the old U.S. Bank vault"
30:"Strongroom" redirects here. For the film, see
1015:"Kaba-MAS X-09 and CDX-09 High Security Locks"
154:Response of Protective Vaults to Blast Loading
8:
1372:"AR 380-5 Chapter V Safekeeping and Storage"
1078:. Underwriter's Laboratories. Archived from
190:consistency of concrete is measured by its "
80:Historically, strongrooms were built in the
27:Secure space where valuable items are stored
1278:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993.
1046:Scott Selby & Greg Campbell (2010).
925:"Vault Structure Inc. Round Vault Doors"
444:
441:Applies to the door and all vault sides.
331:
208:, and the concrete is allowed to harden.
123:
41:
1384:"Vault Door Crane Hinge Configurations"
725:
128:Vault of a retail bank under demolition
766:from the original on 19 September 2010
1203:from the original on 4 September 2017
1176:from the original on 4 September 2017
1146:from the original on 4 September 2017
988:. Overly Door Company. Archived from
788:. CONELRAD Adjacent. 26 August 2010.
7:
713:An issue in the 21st century is the
1056:from the original on 15 August 2021
792:from the original on 13 August 2011
395:A modern highly portable core drill
1360:"15 Most Impenetrable Bank Vaults"
1233:from the original on 18 April 2018
1134:"Red Book Live, Part 4, Section 2"
1114:from the original on 16 April 2020
1027:from the original on 14 March 2005
852:from the original on 6 August 2005
740:from the original on 16 April 2020
416:, as well as strongrooms and doors
325:Applies to the door and all sides.
25:
822:from the original on 13 July 2005
451:Resistance Value to Breach Vault
112:Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
84:of banks where the ceilings were
1330:
818:. Slate Magazine. 11 July 2005.
403:An explosive door breaching test
263:vault manufacturer preassembled.
1354:Remote Combination Viewer Vault
299:Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
1052:. Sterling. pp. 148–149.
315:Does not cover attacks with a
204:The edges are smoothed with a
1:
377:European resistance standards
150:Nevada National Security Site
1368:, accessed 28 December 2010.
1362:, accessed 28 December 2010.
1263:New York: Metrobooks, 1995.
1020:. December 2010. p. 8.
812:"A Nuclear Family Vacation"
460:Core Drill Rating Possible
109:
1425:
1366:"Bank Vault (madehow.com)"
951:"VSI 360 Round Vault Door"
457:Explosive Rating Possible
29:
106:steel-reinforced concrete
899:"Hercvlite Vault Panels"
1316:The Wall Street Journal
290:US resistance standards
1319:(5 February 2001): Al.
404:
396:
182:
129:
61:
1195:Standards, European.
762:. 16 September 2010.
402:
394:
338:Time to Breach Vault
172:
160:Manufacturing process
127:
45:
1409:Security engineering
388:Key points include:
1306:(July 1984): 35–44.
905:on 17 December 2010
187:reinforced concrete
146:Mosler Safe Company
46:This large 24-bolt
1346:Bank Vault Anatomy
1296:Chiles, James R.,
710:break-in methods.
405:
397:
183:
130:
90:safe deposit boxes
62:
1274:Tchudi, Stephen,
1259:Steele, Sean P.,
1170:shop.bsigroup.com
702:
701:
448:Resistance Grade
374:
373:
16:(Redirected from
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1082:on 21 April 2012
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956:. Archived from
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931:on 11 April 2011
927:. Archived from
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736:. 6 March 2015.
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244:combination lock
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1350:Wayback Machine
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1223:"EN 1300 Locks"
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1338:Banks portal
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770:16 September
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370:120 minutes
293:
275:Installation
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175:Fichet Paris
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1356:information
1303:Smithsonian
1291:Periodicals
1237:5 September
1207:4 September
1197:"EN 1143-1"
1180:4 September
1150:4 September
1118:4 September
1031:28 December
999:28 December
967:28 December
935:28 December
909:28 December
883:28 December
421:core drills
362:60 minutes
354:30 minutes
346:15 minutes
178:, Vault of
1393:Categories
1086:30 October
721:References
367:Class III
247:difficult.
144:whose two
102:demolition
66:bank vault
57:stanchions
33:Strongroom
18:Strongroom
1107:. ECB-S.
1060:24 August
796:26 August
744:10 August
359:Class II
306:torches".
260:time lock
142:Hiroshima
82:basements
53:time lock
1231:Archived
1201:Archived
1174:Archived
1141:Archived
1139:. LPCB.
1109:Archived
1054:Archived
1022:Archived
850:Archived
820:Archived
790:Archived
764:Archived
738:Archived
383:Euronorm
351:Class I
343:Class M
97:burglars
1399:Banking
1348:at the
877:YouTube
856:15 July
848:. NPR.
846:NPR.org
826:11 July
335:Rating
86:vaulted
60:inward.
48:Diebold
1282:
1267:
705:Future
283:camera
206:trowel
165:Panels
120:Design
35:(film)
1404:Rooms
1254:Books
1144:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
1025:(PDF)
1018:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
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954:(PDF)
816:Slate
689:4500
686:XIII
672:3000
655:2000
638:1350
621:1050
601:VIII
410:safes
266:Many
251:door.
192:slump
110:(see
1280:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1239:2017
1209:2017
1182:2017
1152:2017
1120:2017
1088:2012
1062:2021
1033:2010
1001:2010
969:2010
937:2010
911:2010
885:2010
858:2005
828:2005
798:2010
772:2010
746:2018
698:Yes
695:Yes
681:Yes
678:Yes
669:XII
664:Yes
661:Yes
647:Yes
644:Yes
641:Two
630:Yes
627:Yes
624:Two
613:Yes
610:Yes
607:Two
604:825
593:Yes
590:Two
587:600
584:VII
576:Yes
573:Two
570:400
559:Yes
556:Two
553:270
542:Yes
539:Two
536:180
525:Yes
522:One
519:120
516:III
508:Yes
505:One
488:One
471:One
414:ATMs
412:and
233:Lock
216:Door
75:lock
71:safe
652:XI
618:IX
596:No
579:No
567:VI
562:No
545:No
533:IV
528:No
511:No
502:80
499:II
494:No
491:No
485:50
477:No
474:No
468:30
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