275:(with minimum 50 Ξm mesh size), to the bottom of the bore, well or sinkhole and jiggled to agitate sediments at the base of the bore. The net is then slowly retrieved, filtering stygofauna out of the water column on the upward haul. A more destructive method is to pump bore water (using a Bou-Rouch pump) through a net on the surface (referred to as the Karaman-Chappuis method). These two methods provide animals for morphological and molecular analyses. A video camera can also be used down the hole, providing information on life-history of the organisms but, given the small size of the animals no species determinations can be made.
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94:
Stygoxenes are like stygophiles, except they are defined as accidental or occasional presence in subterranean waters. Stygophiles and stygoxenes may live for part of their lives in caves, but don't complete their life cycle in
237:
Stygofaunal gastropods are found in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and
Australia. Stygobite turbellarians can be found in North America, Europe and Japan. Stygobite isopods, amphipods and decapods are found widely around the world.
87:, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.
424:"Re-examining extreme longevity of the cave crayfish Orconectes australis using new mark-recapture data: a lesson on the limitations of iterative size-at-age models: Longevity of cave crayfish"
63:(based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments â stygofauna are associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the
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146:
Stygofauna have adapted to the limited food supply and are extremely energy efficient. Stygofauna feed on plankton, bacteria, and plants found in streams.
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182:
in
Alabama has been estimated to reproduce at 100 years and live to 175 although more recent research suggests their lifespan is closer to 22 years.
458:
325:"Copepoda: developments in ecology, biology and systematics: proceedings of the Seventh international conference on Copepoda, held in Curitiba"
574:"Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Technical Appendix to Guidance Statement No. 54)"
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to specific regions or even individual caves. This makes them an important focus for the conservation of groundwater systems.
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Several methods are currently used to sample stygofauna. The accepted method is to lower a haul net, which is a weighted
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Stygobites are obligate, or strictly subterranean, aquatic animals and complete their entire life in this environment.
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Stygophiles inhabit both surface and subterranean aquatic environments, but are not necessarily restricted to either.
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Extensive research of stygofauna has been undertaken in countries with ready access to caves and wells such as
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To survive in an environment where food is scarce and oxygen levels are low, stygofauna often have very low
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149:
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259:, are found in all continents, except Antarctica, but with major geographical differences in the
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169:. As a result, stygofauna may live longer than other terrestrial species. For example, the
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624:"Rising temperatures threaten the tiny animals responsible for groundwater quality"
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324:
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Lopes, Rubens M.; Reid, Janet Warner; Rocha, Carlos
Eduardo Falavigna Da (1999).
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456:
Thomas C. Barr Jr. & John R. Holsinger (1985). "Speciation in cave faunas".
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56:
44:
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Venarsky, Michael P.; Huryn, Alexander D.; Benstead, Jonathan P. (2012-05-24).
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Behrmann-Godel, J.; A.W. Nolte; J. Kreiselmaier; R. Berka; J. Freyhof (2017).
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592:"Sampling Manual for the Assessment of Regional Groundwater Diversity"
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are found in Europe and the U.S., but only some of these (such as the
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Origin and Age of the Marine
Stygofauna of Lanzarote, Canary Islands
255:
The approximately 170 species of stygobite fish, popularly known as
118:. Many species of stygofauna, particularly obligate stygobites, are
367:
352:
Thomas C. Barr Jr. (1967). "Observations on the ecology of caves".
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40:
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Environmental
Protection Authority of Western Australia (2007).
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Stygofauna are found all over the world and include
497:. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes.
197:) is a typical stygobite: small, white and blind.
8:
567:
565:
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459:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
67:. Stygofauna can live within freshwater
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451:
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16:Animals living in subterranean waters
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472:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001525
14:
622:Bernardo Araujo (18 March 2024).
440:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02812.x
397:Kevin Krajick (September 2007).
520:"The first European cave fish"
495:The Biology of Hypogean Fishes
1:
612:Italian groundwater Amphipods
47:systems or aquifers, such as
594:. p. 74. Archived from
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331:. 453/454. Springer: 576.
547:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.048
399:"Discoveries in the dark"
252:) are entirely aquatic.
202:Distribution and species
191:Tumbling Creek cavesnail
140:Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni
590:F. Malard, ed. (2002).
355:The American Naturalist
250:Texas blind salamander
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162:
143:
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267:Collecting stygofauna
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59:are the two types of
22:
175:Orconectes australis
155:Orconectes australis
114:and, more recently,
538:2017CBio...27.R257B
493:Romero, A. (2001).
404:National Geographic
290:List of troglobites
645:Freshwater animals
428:Freshwater Biology
300:Subterranean fauna
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163:
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126:Diet and lifecycle
61:subterranean fauna
34:
32:from Mexican caves
285:Cave conservation
55:. Stygofauna and
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407:. Archived from
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362:(922): 475â491.
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261:species richness
242:Cave salamanders
195:Antrobia culveri
136:Alabama cavefish
25:Astyanax jordani
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598:on 2007-09-13.
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466:: 313â337.
232:salamanders
180:Shelta Cave
65:water table
57:troglofauna
45:groundwater
639:Categories
311:References
305:Trogloxene
295:Speleology
212:gastropods
167:metabolism
75:spaces of
37:Stygofauna
660:Hydrology
220:amphipods
158:, a cave
116:Australia
77:limestone
628:Mongabay
556:28376329
384:83673149
279:See also
257:cavefish
224:decapods
171:crayfish
160:crayfish
108:Slovenia
85:laterite
81:calcrete
69:aquifers
39:are any
30:cavefish
655:Ecology
534:Bibcode
480:2097051
376:2459274
216:isopods
120:endemic
554:
501:
478:
382:
374:
335:
228:fishes
110:, the
104:France
577:(PDF)
476:JSTOR
380:S2CID
372:JSTOR
230:, or
178:from
95:them.
49:caves
41:fauna
552:PMID
499:ISBN
333:ISBN
248:and
189:The
134:The
73:pore
53:vugs
28:, a
542:doi
468:doi
436:doi
364:doi
360:101
246:olm
83:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
