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A Super Ball is observed to reverse the direction of spin on each bounce. This effect depends on the tangential compliance and frictional effect in the collision. It cannot be explained by rigid body impact theory, and would not occur were the ball perfectly rigid. Tangential compliance is the degree
233:
According to one study "If a pen is stuck in a hard rubber ball and dropped from a certain height, the pen may bounce to several times that height." If a Super Ball is dropped without spin onto a hard surface, with a small ball bearing on top of the Super Ball, the bearing rebounds to a great height.
161:
for the amusement of the staff. Wham-O executive vice-president
Richard P. Knerr knew that fads are short-lived. "Each Super Ball bounce is 92% as high as the last," he once said. "If our sales don't come down any faster than that, we've got it made." Initially, the full-sized Super Ball sold for 98¢
1085:
Super balls are simple toys that exhibit surprisingly complex behavior. Part of the fun of a super ball is a result of the high friction between the rubber of the ball and the surface it bounces against. This friction places moments on the ball that cause it to spin after bouncing. The exchange of
1050:
A Rough ball which conserves kinetic energy exhibits unexpected behavior after a single bounce and bizarre behavior after three bounces against parallel surfaces. The Wham-O Super-Ball...appears to approximate this behavior...quite different from that of a...smooth
165:
In the late 1960s, Wham-O made a giant Super Ball roughly the size of a bowling ball as a promotional stunt. It fell from the 23rd story window (some reports say the roof) of an
Australian hotel and destroyed a parked convertible car on the second bounce.
134:
synthetic rubber, as well as someone to manufacture it. He first offered his invention to the Bettis Rubber
Company, for whom he worked at the time, but they turned it down because the material was not very durable. So Stingley took it to toy company
1182:
Strobe photographs of a spinning, bouncing `superball' are analysed to determine whether observed reversals of spin during bouncing fit a model analogous to Newton's experimental law of restitution. Rough, but imperfect agreement is
240:
The "rough" nature of a Super Ball makes its impact characteristics different from otherwise similar smooth balls. The resulting behavior is quite complex. The Super Ball has been used as an illustration of the principle of
146:, President of Wham-O in 1966. "It always had that marvelous springiness…. But it had a tendency to fly apart. We've licked that with a very high-pressure technique for forming it. Now we're selling millions."
173:
purchased several Super Balls in 1965 as toys for his son, but soon he started experimenting with the sounds that they made when rubbed along the strings of a piano. This resulted in his composition
855:
114:, and if dropped from shoulder level on a hard surface, a Super Ball bounces nearly all the way back; thrown down onto a hard surface by an average adult, it can fly over a three-story building.
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871:
Lamar Hunt, who died in
December, coined the term Super Bowl in the late 1960s after watching his kids play with a Super Ball, the bouncy creation of iconic toy manufacturer Wham-O.
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When a superball is thrown forwards but with backspin, it is observed to reverse both direction and spin for a few bounces before settling to bouncing motion in one direction.
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when it was introduced. Peak production reached over 170,000 Super Balls per day. By
December 1965, over six million had been sold, and U.S. presidential adviser
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dated July 25, 1966: "I have kiddingly called it the 'Super Bowl,' which obviously can be improved upon." The league's franchise owners had decided on the name
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at a temperature of 165 °C (329 °F) and formed at a pressure of 3,500 psi (24 MPa). The resulting Super Ball has a very high
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energy between rotational and translational forms that occurs at each collision makes the super ball's behavior difficult to predict.
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177:(1971), in which he specifies that the performer should use a pair of Super Balls on sticks as mallets with which to
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at retail; by the end of 1966, its colorful miniature versions sold for as little as 10¢ in vending machines.
49:
A Super Ball containing particles of glitter, resting on a base. The translucent rubber has yellowed with age.
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High school physics teachers use Super Balls to educate students on usual and unusual models of impacts.
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For bounces on a wooden bench top, the coefficient of restitution,....is typically about e = 0.8.
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142:"It took us nearly two years to iron the kinks out of Super Ball before we produced it," said
84:
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371:"Measurements of the horizontal coefficient of restitution for a superball and a tennis ball"
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This article is about the toy manufactured by Wham-O. For other highly resilient balls, see
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Dynamics of a Super Ball: How
Reversible Tangential Impacts Make for an Entertaining Toy
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139:; they worked on developing a more durable version which they still manufacture today.
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to which one body clings to rather than slips over another at the point of impact.
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99:
45:
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65:
28:
1098:
Crawford, Frank S. (September 1982). "Superball and time-reversal invariance".
346:
Science and golf III: proceedings of the 1998 World
Scientific Congress of Golf
122:
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2034:
1965:
1930:
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1215:
935:
Schaum's
Outline of Theory and Problems of physics for Engineering and Science
242:
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32:
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Wham-O Super Book
Celebrating 63 Years Inside the Fun Factory By Tim Walsh
1327:
707:. Vol. 59, no. 23. Time, Inc. December 3, 1965. pp. 69, 74.
195:, watched his children playing with a Super Ball and then coined the term
2101:
1398:
17:
2019:
2004:
1999:
634:. Lucent Library of Historical Eras – The 1960s. Lucent. pp.
1038:
910:
885:"Velocity Amplification in Collision Experiments Involving Superballs"
438:
396:
1334:
136:
107:
1121:
121:
44:
259:
Stingley, Norman H. – "Highly
Resilient Polybutadiene Ball"
2009:
1994:
931:
Browne, Michael E. (1999). "9: Linear Momentum and Collisions".
80:
2134:
1338:
150:
62:
2130:
897:(6). American Association of Physics Teachers: 656–663.
425:(5). American Association of Physics Teachers: 304–305.
383:(5). American Association of Physics Teachers: 482–489.
1025:(1). American Association of Physics Teachers: 88–92.
417:
MacInnes, Iain (May 2007). "Debouncing a Superball".
1108:(9). American Association of Physics Teachers: 856.
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543:
Toys!: Amazing Stories Behind Some Great Inventions
977:Nonsmooth Mechanics: Models, Dynamics, and Control
932:
699:"A Boom with a Bounce: The U.S. is Having a Ball"
600:
598:
344:Farrally, Martin R; Cochran, Alastair J. (1998).
1197:"The Dynamics of a Bouncing Superball With Spin"
791:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 131.
493:"SuperBall History - Invention of the SuperBall"
211:, but the media immediately picked up on Hunt's
215:name, which became official beginning with the
1290:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–95.
1195:Aston, Philip J.; R Shail (October 11, 2007).
736:Hoffmann, Frank W.; William G. Bailey (1994).
571:
569:
567:
2146:
1350:
657:
655:
8:
1604:(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)
102:, and other ingredients. This compound is
1256:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
731:
729:
535:
533:
531:
529:
480:...on a hard surface...0.85 for a superball
2571:
2172:
2153:
2139:
2131:
1357:
1343:
1335:
1010:"Kinematics of an Ultraelastic Rough Ball"
767:"California Happy but Wants New Winners".
1245:
1243:
780:
778:
1061:
1059:
844:. New York: Random House, 2004, p. 237.
540:Wulffson, Don L; Laurie Keller (2000).
301:
299:
295:
1690:St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Rams
607:"Can You Invent a Million-Dollar Fad?"
788:Alcides Lanza: Portrait of a Composer
771:. December 31, 1966. pp. 43, 44.
348:. Human Kinetics. pp. 407, 408.
126:A branded Wham-O Super Ball from 2001
7:
2763:Physical activity and dexterity toys
1137:"The spin of a bouncing 'superball'"
1066:Coatta, Dan; Bram Lambrecht (2004).
605:Griswald, Wesley S. (January 1966).
312:. William Morrow & Co. pp.
83:made of Zectron, which contains the
35:. For the Super Mario power up, see
820:2023 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide
1135:Bridges, Richard (December 1991).
25:
858:. Chicago Tribune. Archived from
813:"Origin of the term "Super Bowl""
576:Weiss, Joanna (August 21, 2005).
31:. For the championship game, see
883:Harter, William G. (June 1971).
739:Fashion & Merchandising Fads
37:Super Mario Land § Gameplay
209:AFL–NFL World Championship Game
1639:2018 game vs. Los Angeles Rams
546:. Henry Holt and Co. pp.
306:Johnson, Richard Alan (1985).
157:had five dozen shipped to the
1:
130:Stingley sought uses for his
2587:Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions
2096:American Football Conference
1852:Conference championships (4)
854:Rex W. Huppke (2007-01-30).
72:invented in 1964 by chemist
2768:Products introduced in 1965
2081:Current league affiliations
1761:Division championships (16)
1388:Based and headquartered in
1101:American Journal of Physics
1018:American Journal of Physics
1008:Garwin, Richard L. (1969).
974:Brogliato, Bernard (1999).
890:American Journal of Physics
376:American Journal of Physics
279:The Absent-Minded Professor
2809:
1163:10.1088/0031-9120/26/6/003
670:. Greenwood. p. 108.
662:Rielly, Edward J. (2003).
628:Kallen, Stuart A. (2004).
461:. Greenwood. p. 304.
229:Physics of a bouncing ball
226:
179:strike and rub the strings
112:coefficient of restitution
42:Bouncy ball made by Wham-O
26:
2722:
2613:Awards, trophies, records
2111:Former league affiliation
1374:
1216:10.1080/14689360701198142
980:. Springer. p. 153.
217:third annual game in 1969
2119:American Football League
2089:National Football League
1883:League championships (5)
939:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
455:Myers, Rusty L. (2005).
243:time reversal invariance
201:National Football League
189:American Football League
1547:Chiefs name controversy
1284:Stronge, W. J. (2004).
1250:Stronge, W. J. (2004).
840:MacCambridge, Michael.
369:Cross, Rod (May 2002).
199:. He wrote a letter to
191:(AFL) and owner of the
822:. NFL Enterprises, LLC
785:Jones, Pamela (2007).
742:. Routledge. pp.
631:Arts and Entertainment
127:
76:. It is an extremely
50:
2727:Super Bowl Experience
2630:Most Valuable Players
2625:Vince Lombardi Trophy
1700:Wild card berths (10)
1463:Starting quarterbacks
856:"Legends of the Bowl"
458:The Basics of Physics
181:and case of a piano.
125:
48:
2703:Lead-out programming
2693:Network broadcasters
1685:Los Angeles Chargers
1511:Chairman & CEO:
664:"Leisure Activities"
149:Super Ball became a
2635:Pete Rozelle Trophy
1155:1991PhyEd..26..350B
1114:1982AmJPh..50..856C
1031:1969AmJPh..37...88G
903:1971AmJPh..39..656H
431:2007PhTea..45..304M
419:The Physics Teacher
389:2002AmJPh..70..482C
223:Physical properties
203:(NFL) commissioner
68:based on a type of
2788:Kansas City Chiefs
2708:Television ratings
2698:Counterprogramming
2653: production
1670:Cincinnati Bengals
1448:Logos and uniforms
1367:Kansas City Chiefs
1323:Superball – Wham-O
264:2017-07-28 at the
193:Kansas City Chiefs
128:
51:
2750:
2749:
2732:Super Bowl Sunday
2718:
2717:
2563:
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2128:
2127:
1680:Las Vegas Raiders
1523:General manager:
1495:Arrowhead Stadium
1489:Municipal Stadium
1438:First-round picks
1204:Dynamical Systems
1142:Physics Education
1039:10.1119/1.1975420
911:10.1119/1.1986253
798:978-0-7735-3264-9
522:978-0-8118-6445-9
439:10.1119/1.2731280
397:10.1119/1.1450571
187:, founder of the
85:synthetic polymer
16:(Redirected from
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1253:Impact Mechanics
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1330:on May 14, 2020
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74:Norman Stingley
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2091:(1970–present)
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2040:Kendall Gammon
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2030:Dave Armstrong
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2594:Head coaches
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2534:LVIII (2024)
2468:XLVII (2013)
2437:XLIII (2009)
2417:XXXIX (2005)
2402:XXXVI (2002)
2392:XXXIV (2000)
2371:XXXII (1998)
2346:XXVII (1993)
2315:XXIII (1989)
2290:XVIII (1984)
2094:Conference:
2060:Kevin Harlan
2055:Bill Grigsby
1991:Television:
1987:Broadcasters
1910:2023 (LVIII)
1617:
1610:
1592:Cheerleaders
1551:Hunt family
1529:Head coach:
1519:Mark Donovan
1493:
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1328:the original
1322:
1301:. Retrieved
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864:. Retrieved
860:the original
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702:
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497:the original
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380:
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308:
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205:Pete Rozelle
183:
175:Plectros III
174:
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129:
100:stearic acid
58:
54:
52:
2783:Rubber toys
2670:Commercials
2529:LVII (2023)
2498:LIII (2019)
2478:XLIX (2015)
2463:XLVI (2012)
2453:XLIV (2010)
2432:XLII (2008)
2397:XXXV (2001)
2366:XXXI (1997)
2356:XXIX (1995)
2341:XXVI (1992)
2331:XXIV (1990)
2310:XXII (1988)
2285:XVII (1983)
2254:XIII (1979)
2229:VIII (1974)
2121:(1960–1969)
1905:2022 (LVII)
1612:Quarterback
1577:George Toma
1525:Brett Veach
1517:President:
1484:Cotton Bowl
1392:Kansas City
1385:(1960–1962)
1075:. p. 1
617:(1): 78–81.
578:"Toy story"
159:White House
90:as well as
66:bouncy ball
29:bouncy ball
2793:Super Bowl
2757:Categories
2742:Super Ball
2689:Broadcast
2554:LXI (2027)
2540:LIX (2025)
2524:LVI (2022)
2514:LIV (2020)
2493:LII (2018)
2458:XLV (2011)
2427:XLI (2007)
2361:XXX (1996)
2336:XXV (1991)
2305:XXI (1987)
2295:XIX (1985)
2280:XVI (1982)
2270:XIV (1980)
2249:XII (1978)
2224:VII (1973)
2193:III (1969)
2162:Super Bowl
2100:Division:
2035:Len Dawson
1900:2019 (LIV)
1634:13 Seconds
1618:Super Ball
1587:K. C. Wolf
1513:Clark Hunt
1303:4 February
1269:4 February
1229:1 February
1176:1 February
1079:1 February
1044:1 February
993:5 February
962:Superball.
956:5 February
916:1 February
866:2007-01-31
718:4 February
683:5 February
587:2 February
503:2005-05-18
474:5 February
402:1 February
329:4 February
291:References
213:Super Bowl
197:Super Bowl
185:Lamar Hunt
104:vulcanized
96:zinc oxide
55:Super Ball
33:Super Bowl
2676:USA Today
2604:Officials
2582:Champions
2547:LX (2026)
2519:LV (2021)
2488:LI (2017)
2483:50 (2016)
2422:XL (2006)
2300:XX (1986)
2275:XV (1981)
2244:XI (1977)
2234:IX (1975)
2219:VI (1972)
2209:IV (1970)
2188:II (1968)
2050:Art Hains
2045:Bob Gretz
1895:1969 (IV)
1658:Rivalries
1531:Andy Reid
1418:Franchise
1411:Franchise
1171:250757604
769:Billboard
713:0024-3019
668:The 1960s
169:Composer
59:Superball
18:Superball
2678:Ad Meter
2665:Halftime
2239:X (1976)
2214:V (1971)
2183:I (1967)
2117:League:
2087:League:
1692:(former)
1582:Warpaint
1477:Stadiums
1400:Missouri
1224:16096366
272:See also
262:Archived
2642:Records
2568:Related
2020:WDAF-FM
2016:Radio:
2005:KSHB-TV
2000:WDAF-TV
1540:Culture
1458:Records
1443:Coaches
1433:Players
1428:Seasons
1423:History
1151:Bibcode
1110:Bibcode
1027:Bibcode
899:Bibcode
744:243–244
427:Bibcode
385:Bibcode
118:History
78:elastic
2575:People
1453:Awards
1294:
1260:
1222:
1183:found.
1169:
984:
947:
943:–119.
826:May 6,
795:
750:
711:
674:
642:
554:
520:
465:
352:
320:
253:Patent
137:Wham-O
108:sulfur
2778:Balls
2737:Curse
2507:2020s
2446:2010s
2385:2000s
2324:1990s
2263:1980s
2202:1970s
2176:1960s
2169:Games
1980:Media
1565:Clark
1560:Norma
1555:Lamar
1220:S2CID
1200:(PDF)
1167:S2CID
1073:(PDF)
1013:(PDF)
816:(PDF)
548:92–94
314:81–83
106:with
61:is a
2683:List
2010:KMBC
1995:KCTV
1890:1962
1874:2023
1869:2022
1864:2020
1859:2019
1843:2023
1838:2022
1833:2021
1828:2020
1823:2019
1818:2018
1813:2017
1808:2016
1803:2010
1798:2003
1793:1997
1788:1995
1783:1993
1778:1971
1773:1966
1768:1962
1752:2015
1747:2013
1742:2006
1737:1994
1732:1992
1727:1991
1722:1990
1717:1986
1712:1969
1707:1968
1627:Lore
1467:list
1305:2010
1292:ISBN
1271:2010
1258:ISBN
1231:2010
1178:2010
1081:2010
1051:ball
1046:2010
995:2010
982:ISBN
958:2010
945:ISBN
918:2010
828:2024
793:ISBN
748:ISBN
720:2010
709:ISSN
704:Life
685:2010
672:ISBN
640:ISBN
589:2010
552:ISBN
518:ISBN
476:2010
463:ISBN
404:2010
350:ISBN
331:2010
318:ISBN
81:ball
1212:doi
1159:doi
1118:doi
1035:doi
941:118
907:doi
615:188
435:doi
393:doi
151:fad
63:toy
57:or
2759::
1971:86
1966:78
1961:63
1956:58
1951:36
1946:33
1941:28
1936:18
1931:16
1396:,
1242:^
1233:.
1218:.
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1206:.
1202:.
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1165:.
1157:.
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1145:.
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1116:.
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1058:^
1048:.
1033:.
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1021:.
1015:.
960:.
905:.
895:39
893:.
887:.
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818:.
777:^
746:.
728:^
701:.
666:.
654:^
638:.
636:84
613:.
609:.
597:^
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