292:. After the students had been accepted by Sushruta, he would instruct them in surgical procedures by having them practice cutting on vegetables or dead animals to perfect the length and depth of an incision. Once students had proven themselves capable with vegetation, animal corpses, or with soft or rotting wood – and had carefully observed actual procedures on patients – they were then allowed to perform their own surgeries. These students were trained by their master in every aspect of the medical arts, including anatomy.
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201:), although this name appears nowhere in the early Sanskrit literature. The text, states Rao, was redacted centuries later "by another Sushruta, then by Nagarjuna, and thereafter Uttara-tantra was added as a supplement". It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text.
342:, Indians maintained Sushruta's surgical practices until the late 18th century. Sushruta is also credited as the first to attribute malaria to mosquitoes, link the spread of plague to rats, and making an early diagnosis of diabetes by tasting the urine of affected individuals; describing it as having a sweet taste similar to honey.
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308:), was caused by imbalance in the body, and it was the physician's duty to help others maintain balance or to restore it if it had been lost. To this end, anyone who was engaged in the practice of medicine had to be balanced themselves. Sushruta describes the ideal medical practitioner, focusing on a nurse, in this way:
172:. The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the impressive chapters on surgery have led to the false impression that this is its main topic. The translator G. D. Singhal dubbed Suśruta "the father of plastic surgery" on account of these detailed accounts of surgery.
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That person alone is fit to nurse, or to attend the bedside of a patient, who is cool-headed and pleasant in his demeanor, does not speak ill of anyone, is strong and attentive to the requirements of the sick, and strictly and indefatigably follows the instructions of the physician.
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is a work of several historical layers. Its composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE, completed in its present form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long, final chapter, the "Uttaratantra". It is likely that the
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and required to study for six years before beginning hands-on surgical training. Before starting their training, they took a solemn oath to devote themselves to healing and to do no harm to others, often compared to
219:, which he dates to the 600 BCE. However, during the last century, scholarship on the history of Indian medical literature has advanced substantially, and firm evidence has accumulated that the
332:, involving nasal reconstructions using skin from the patient's forehead or cheek, often for criminals punished with amputations. Based on reports in the October 1794 edition of
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Davidson, Terence M. (January 1979). "The source book of plastic surgery. Edited by Frank McDowell, 509 pp, illus, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1977. $ 49.95".
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that wrote between the fourth and fifth centuries CE. Additionally, several ancient Indian authors used the name "Suśruta", resulting in potential misattribution.
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It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors collectively called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text.
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The name Suśruta is listed as one of ten
Himalayan sages in a treatise on medicinal garlic that was included in the sixth century CE
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as an instruction manual for physicians to treat their patients holistically. Disease, he claimed (following the precepts of
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aimed at establishing a new
Sanskrit text of the Suśrutasaṃhitā based on recently discovered medieval manuscripts in Nepal
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Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian
Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005 Reprint (Original: 1985),
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Champaneria, Manish C.; Workman, Adrienne D.; Gupta, Subhas C. (July 2014). "Sushruta: Father of
Plastic Surgery".
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Bath, Khushbir; Aggarwal, Sourabh; Sharma, Vishal (2019). "Sushruta: Father of plastic surgery in
Benares".
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Kansupada, K. B.; Sassani, J. W. (1997). "Sushruta: the father of Indian surgery and ophthalmology".
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The
Samhitas represent later revised versions(recensions) of their original works.</ref>
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in 1985 suggested that the author of the original "layer" was "elder
Sushruta" (
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An
English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text
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Susruta; Singh, K. P; Singh, L. M; Singhal, G. D; Udupa, K. N (1972).
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The early scholar Rudolf
Hoernle proposed that some concepts from the
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English translation, proofread, correct spelling, interwoven glossary
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Sushruta's medical prowess is exhibited through his writings on
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In 1907, an influential translator of the ancient Indian epic
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PMID: 38596573 PMC11000756 DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005715
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Sushruta attracted a number of disciples who were known as
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covers a variety of theories on Suśruta's identity and the
548:. Ancient Indian Surgery Series ;7. Singhal Publications.
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was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala, a contributor to the
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Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology
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782:. Calcutta: Calcutta. pp. ii (introduction).
955:Sushruta: The Father of Indian Surgical History
905:Lal Bhishagratna, Kaviraj Kunja (1907–1916).
660:. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002).
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468:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine
836:. London etc.: Penguin. pp. 149–160.
254:belonged. In Chapter 7 of the five-volume
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884:"Sushruta:'The Father of Indian Surgery'"
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687:National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery
525:(in Sanskrit). Allahabad: G.D. Singhal.
456:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1237.
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544:Singhal, G.D.; Dwivedi, R.N. (1976).
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256:History of Indian Medical Literature
16:Ancient Indian physician and surgeon
296:Sushruta on medicine and physicians
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683:"Sushruta: The father of surgery"
324:Sushruta Samhita § Reception
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752:. E. Forsten. pp. 333–357.
466:Lock, Stephen etc. (200ĞďéĠĊ1).
450:Monier-Williams, Monier (1899).
793:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999).
776:Bhishagratna, Kunjalal (1907).
748:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999).
656:Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999).
470:. US: Oxford University Press.
158:) is the listed author of the
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453:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
55: mid 1st millennium BCE
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589:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5
398:Journal of Medical Biography
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832:Wujastyk, Dominik (2003).
488:Wujastyk, Dominik (2003).
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801:Egbert Forsten Publishing
577:Annals of Plastic Surgery
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1101:Writers from Varanasi
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882:HS Shukla, M Tewari.
834:The Roots of Ayurveda
681:Singh, Vibha (2017).
490:The Roots of Ayurveda
439:Compendium of Suśruta
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260:Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld
180:Compendium of Suśruta
166:Sushruta's Compendium
908:THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA
803:. pp. 333–357.
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42:Sketch of Sushruta
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129:Sushruta
96:Medicine
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