508:
and destroying three structures. This eruption only lasted two days; however, as of 17 January 2024, there was still measurable magma influx below Sundhnúkar and
Grindavík, which meant that the possibility of additional fissures opening in the coming days remained elevated. The next eruption commenced on the early morning of 8th February 2024, stopped the next day, and was followed by a diking event that did not reach the surface on 2 March 2024. On the evening of 16th March a further eruption occurred between Hagafell and Stóra-Skógfell. This eruption ceased on 9th of May, having not increased in power, as some speculated might be the case given the continued evidence for magma accumulation. At 12:46 UTC on 29 May 2024, a further vigorous eruption commenced. After 24 days with a volume and area of its lava flows that were the largest of the five eruptions to date, it ceased on 22nd June. The 6th eruption in the series started about 21:25 UTC 22nd August 2024 and finished on 6th September 2024.
476:
October the alert level for aviation was reassessed to yellow. By 1 November, 10,000 tremors had already been recorded, including 26 exceeding a magnitude of 3. At the same time, the ground rose by more than five centimeters, mainly at around 1.5 km (0.93 mi) to the south-west of the Blue Lagoon and northwest of Þorbjörn. These phenomena were interpreted as the intrusion of magma at a depth of four to five kilometres (2.5 to 3 mi) below the sector most affected by soil uplift. Such events had already occurred in 2020 and 2022 in the same sector without this leading to an eruption. On 9 November, seismicity reached levels close to 5 on the
Richter scale, which led to the decision to close the Blue Lagoon as a precaution. The frequency and intensity of the earthquakes dramatically increased on 10 November, with 20,000 tremors recorded by that time, the largest of which exceeded magnitude 5.3.
301:
40:
146:
420:
489:), which subsequently propagated south-west under the town. From the beginning of the earthquakes until 10 November, the land at Svartsengi rose by more than 10 cm (4 in) within a span of 16 days. Following a substantial subsidence of 35 cm (14 in) on that date, a new phase of activity led to a land rise of about 30 cm (12 in) by December 8, which surpassed the level that was previously reached before 10 November.
139:
464:
1471:
428:
During the
Holocene, the Svartsengi experienced between twelve and fifteen eruptive periods – a periodicity of approximately 1,000 years – as evidenced by the lava flows associated with it. These recurring activities are represented by a close succession of eruptions over a period of several decades.
516:
The proximity to the most populated cities in the country, including
Reykjavík, and the significant geothermal potential of the site led to the construction of the Svartsengi Power Station, commissioned in 1977. The water discharged near the power plant was heavily loaded with minerals, most notably
475:
underneath the area caused a swarm of intense earthquakes to begin. Several hundred tremors were detected daily with hypocenters between 6 and 1.5 kilometres (3.7 and 0.9 mi) deep, the vast majority of magnitude less than 3 but a few exceeding this value, up to 4.5 for the most powerful. On 27
507:
that the eruption had happened quickly and appeared to be "quite a large event". Following an earthquake swarm warning in the early hours of the 14 January 2024, those that had returned to the town of
Grindavík were re-evacuated shortly before further fissure eruptions, with lava entering the town
459:
was beginning a new volcanic cycle after 800 years of inactivity. In the following four years, five magmatic intrusions have formed in the Eldvörp-Svartsengi volcanic system, the first four of which stalled before reaching the surface. During this time volcanic unrest on the peninsula was mostly
366:
Lacking a central volcanic cone, the
Svartsengi volcanic system consists of a set of fissures, cones and volcanic craters aligned over 30 km (19 mi) in length and 7 km (4.3 mi) in width, oriented north-east to south-west and surrounded by fields of lava: Þorbjörn (243 m
375:
to the east, both also consisting of a set of fissures, cones and craters oriented in a parallel manner. Thus, although they have similar geological and topographical characteristics, and function on the same tectonic principle in a rift context, they also possess notable differences in the
517:
in silica, and formed a silty body of water in the lava field, leading eventually to the construction of the Blue Lagoon in 1992. During the seismic activity of
November 2023, work was begun on a diversionary berm to protect the plant in case of an eruption.
502:
stated that the eruption stemmed from a fissure with a length of about 3.5 km (2.2 mi), with lava flowing at a rate of around 100 to 200 cubic metres per second (3,500 to 7,100 cu ft/s). An
Icelandic Civil Defence official told
367:(797 ft)), Sýlingarfell (206 m (676 ft)), Stóra-Skógfell (188 m (617 ft)) and Litla-Skógfell (85 m (279 ft)) as noted from the southwest to the northeast. Two other volcanic systems surround Svartsengi, namely
376:
geochemical composition of their lavas, and also a certain individuality in their topography and location, which has tended volcanologists to consider them with time as systems distinct from each other. Together with
Reykjanes, Fagradalsfjall,
283:. Made up of fissures, cones and volcanic craters, it had been relatively inactive for several centuries until 2020, when the first in a series of magmatic intrusions occurred. In December of 2023 the fourth such intrusion culminated in
483:, which is located near the area of the seismic activity. Large-scale subsidence in and around the town is reported to have caused significant damage. This was due to the movement of magma into a dike beneath the Sundhnúkur craters (
202:
Selected geological features near the Eldvörp–Svartsengi volcanic system (approximate outline in red as part of system is ill defined). Clicking on the image enables mouse-over with more detail where shading also shows: other
423:
Aerial view from the west of the
Svartsengi: lava fields and fissures extend from the foot of Þorbjörn. At its feet to the left, the Blue Lagoon and the Svartsengi Power Station, from which plumes of steam
433:", a series of effusive eruptions on Svartsengi and Reykjanes, which took place between 1210 and 1240 and which produced lava flows with an area of 50 km (19 sq mi) for Svartsengi alone.
705:Óladóttir, Bergrún Arna; Pfeffer, Melissa Anne; Barsotti, Sara; Björnsson, Bogi Brynjar; Titos, Manuel; Gupta, Réne; Stefánsdóttir, Gerður; Tarquini, Simone; Vitturi, Mattia de' Michieli (June 2023).
347:, are located on the volcanic system. At the top of Þorbjörn, the highest point of the Svartsengi, there are relay antennas; and to the south, on the edge of the volcano, stand the antennas of the
967:
72:
883:
607:. Icelandic Meteorological Office, Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police
576:
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797:
654:
Sigfússon, Ingólfur Bjarni; Aðalbjörnsson, Tryggvi; Sigurðardóttir, Kristín; Kolbeinsson, Jóhann Bjarni; Guðmundsson, Ingvar Haukur; Þórisson, Arnar (2023-11-21).
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associated with the neighbouring Fagradalsfjall system, where three out of four confirmed magmatic intrusions culminated in volcanic eruptions.
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Eldvörp–Svartsengi is located in the southwest of Iceland, in the west of the Southern Peninsula, which forms the southwest tip of the country.
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358:, with the exception of the northeastern end of the fissures which are found in that of Vogar, both in the region of Suðurnes.
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The Icelandic toponym Svartsengi, literally "black meadow", designates a small valley at the foot of Sýlingarfell. From here,
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is 11 km (6.8 mi) to the north, the port town of Grindavík is 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south, and the cape
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and its eponymous international airport are 15 km (9.3 mi) to the northwest, the port town of
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Volcanic hazard and risk assessment at Reykjanes, vulnerability of infrastructure. Masters thesis
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884:"Importante activité sismique en Islande, potentiel prélude d'une nouvelle éruption volcanique"
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1094:"Iceland volcano erupts south of the capital Reykjavik following earthquake swarm"
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On the evening of 18 December 2023, a volcanic eruption began near Hagafell
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17:
762:. Icelandic Met Office / University of Iceland / Ríkislögreglustjórinn.
737:. Icelandic Met Office / University of Iceland / Ríkislögreglustjórinn.
1602:
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The last of these eruptions took place in the 13th century with the "
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392:
55:
1578:
1544:
1203:"A volcanic eruption has started at the Sundhnúksgígar crater row"
656:"Hamfarir í Grindavík gætu boðað nýjan veruleika á Reykjanesskaga"
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418:
320:
299:
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906:"Swarm of earthquakes in Iceland heralds next volcanic eruption"
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of 1 to 3, which produce lava flows and limited projections of
1713:
Note: Volcanoes listed here have "central volcanoes" unless a
681:"Litlar hreyfingar mælast innan sigdalsins í og við Grindavík"
504:
354:
The majority of Svartsengi is located in the municipality of
960:"Land Rising Faster on Reykjanes than Before Past Eruptions"
707:"Langtímahættumat fyrir Reykjanesskaga vestan Kleifarvatns"
308:, the crater constituting the highest point of Svartsengi.
1354:"Eldgosið sem hófst 29. maí er lokið | Hættumat uppfært"
603:
Sigurgeirsson, Magnús Á.; Sigmundur, Einarsson (2019).
231:
subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft),
1442:"Iceland builds wall to protect power plant from lava"
1284:"Engin virkni í gígnum. Þessu eldgosi lokið | Fréttir"
827:"Volcanic unrest continues on the Reykjanes Peninsula"
790:"Magma intrusion possibly extending beneath Grindavík"
467:
An aerial photo of the 2023 eruption taken by the IMO.
994:
Veðurstofa Íslands (Icelandic Meteorological Office)
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403:—and emerge through effusive eruptions with a
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The lavas emitted by the Svartsengi are exclusively
1717:is place after name, in that case the volcano is a
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760:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes - Fagradalsfjall"
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1336:"Eldgos hafið Hættumat uppfært í ljósi eldgossins"
863:Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program
447:In December 2019 volcanic activity began near the
1069:"Volcano erupts on Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula"
1440:Jessica Parker; Nadeem Shad (14 November 2023).
1119:"Iceland volcano erupts on Reykjanes peninsula"
484:
1417:[Iceland , the Texas of Geothermal ].
1383:"The eruption North of Stóra-Skógfell is over"
735:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes - Reykjanes"
635:(Thesis). University of Iceland. pp. 1–89
238:seismically active areas between 1995 to 2007.
1497:
8:
1338:(in Icelandic). 29 May 2024. Archived from
1314:"Tourists Stopped from Approaching Volcano"
1232:"Increased likelihood of volcanic eruption"
605:"Reykjanes and Svartsengi volcanic systems"
327:16 km (9.9 mi) to the southwest.
267:) is a volcanic system in the southwest of
1504:
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349:Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Grindavik
145:
29:
579:. Landmælingar Íslands. 13 November 2023.
479:An evacuation was ordered in the town of
821:
819:
817:
815:
859:"Reykjanes: 25 October-31 October 2023"
555:
1019:Halldórsson, Skúli (8 December 2023).
1174:"Land uplift continues at Svartsengi"
1031:from the original on 10 December 2023
1000:from the original on 25 November 2023
931:Ari Páll Karlsson (9 November 2023).
800:from the original on 11 November 2023
571:
569:
567:
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563:
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256:[ˈɛltˌvœr̥p–ˈsvar̥(t)sˌeiɲcɪ]
254:
7:
970:from the original on 4 December 2023
784:
782:
780:
741:from the original on 2 November 2023
1415:"L'Islande, Texas de la géothermie"
437:2023–2024 earthquakes and eruptions
1391:. 6 September 2024. Archived from
1262:"New Eruption Begins in Reykjanes"
287:, with further eruptions in 2024.
25:
1051:"Eruption on Reykjanes Peninsula"
958:Ćirić, Jelena (30 October 2023).
626:Andrésdóttir, Þóra Björg (2018).
1469:
766:from the original on 4 July 2023
259:); "fire cones–black meadow" in
144:
137:
38:
1388:Icelandic Meteorological Office
1021:"Nærri 30 sentimetrar á mánuði"
831:Icelandic Meteorological Office
794:Icelandic Meteorological office
500:Icelandic Meteorological Office
1360:(in Icelandic). Archived from
1290:(in Icelandic). Archived from
537:Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula
443:2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
277:Keflavík International Airport
1:
1665:Snæfellsjökull Volcanic Zone
1238:. 2024-03-09. Archived from
1209:. 2024-02-08. Archived from
1180:. 2024-01-17. Archived from
886:. Le Figaro. 28 October 2023
384:, Svartsengi is part of the
455:, which indicated that the
1770:
1312:Jonsson, Steindor Gretar.
471:On 24 October 2023, a new
440:
405:volcanic explosivity index
265:Svartsengi volcanic system
27:Volcanic system in Iceland
1711:
1691:Öræfajökull Volcanic Zone
1144:"An eruption has started"
279:and north of the town of
198:
131:
44:Svartsengi in August 2004
37:
1260:Fontaine, Andie Sophia.
333:Svartsengi Power Station
252:Icelandic pronunciation:
60:243 m (797 ft)
1754:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt
1595:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt
386:Reykjanes volcanic belt
304:View from the north of
112:fire cones–black meadow
1571:Northern Volcanic Zone
495:[ˈhaːɣaˌfɛtl̥]
485:
468:
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309:
1643:Western Volcanic Zone
1522:Eastern Volcanic Zone
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303:
88:63.86389°N 22.43889°W
1749:Mountains of Iceland
1744:Volcanoes of Iceland
1514:volcanoes of Iceland
1478:at Wikimedia Commons
714:Íslensk eldfjallasjá
544:Volcanism of Iceland
527:Geography of Iceland
1395:on 6 September 2024
990:"Svartsengi (SENG)"
933:"Bláa lóninu lokað"
457:Reykjanes Peninsula
339:, served by routes
217:central volcanoes,
109:English translation
93:63.86389; -22.43889
84: /
1626:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
1421:. 21 November 2013
1358:Veðurstofa Íslands
1288:Veðurstofa Íslands
685:Veðurstofa Íslands
532:Geology of Iceland
486:Sundhnúkagígaröðin
473:magmatic intrusion
469:
426:
310:
273:Southern Peninsula
248:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
159:Southern Peninsula
152:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
50:Highest point
33:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
1726:
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1608:Brennisteinsfjöll
1474:Media related to
1419:usinenouvelle.com
912:. 27 October 2023
382:Brennisteinsfjöll
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16:(Redirected from
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1672:Snæfellsjökull
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1464:External links
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1324:on 2024-04-30.
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964:Iceland Review
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1451:14 November
1399:6 September
1055:RÚV English
1035:10 December
804:21 November
639:28 December
337:Blue Lagoon
285:an eruption
91: /
66:Coordinates
1733:Categories
1682:Ljósufjöll
1677:Helgrindur
1512:Monitored
1476:Svartsengi
1425:2 November
1368:2024-06-24
1298:2024-05-09
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1188:2024-01-17
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745:2023-11-15
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611:2 November
550:References
512:Activities
79:22°26′20″W
76:63°51′50″N
18:Svartsengi
1703:Esjufjöll
1632:Reykjanes
1540:Grímsvötn
1098:France 24
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521:See also
453:Þorbjörn
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335:and the
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306:Þorbjörn
296:Location
1719:fissure
1603:Hengill
1561:Surtsey
660:Kveikur
415:History
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397:picrite
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321:Vogar
263:also
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