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521:. Women were allowed to drink wine and recline with men at feasts. Some Etruscan women were even considered "expert drinkers". Additionally, Etruscan women were often buried with drinking and feasting paraphernalia, suggesting that they partook in these activities. The most apparent distinctions between Greek and Etruscan drinking parties appear in Etruscan art. Etruscan paintings show men and women drinking wine together and reclining on the same cushions. The
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495:, drinking songs of a patriotic or bawdy nature, performed competitively with one symposiast reciting the first part of a song and another expected to improvise the end of it. Symposiasts might also compete in rhetorical contests, for which reason the word "symposium" has come to refer in English to any event where multiple speeches are made.
225:
reckons fourteen to thirty participants a "standard size for a drinking group"). If any young men took part, they did not recline but sat up. However, in
Macedonian symposia, the focus was not only on drinking but hunting, and young men were allowed to recline only after they had killed their first wild boar.
210:
The Greek symposium was a key
Hellenic social institution. It was a forum for the progeny of respected families to debate, plot, boast, or simply to revel with others. They were frequently held to celebrate the introduction of youth into aristocratic society. Symposia were also held by aristocrats to
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arrayed against the three walls of the room away from the door. Due to space limitations, the couches would number between seven and nine, limiting the total number of participants to somewhere between fourteen and twenty seven (Oswyn Murray gives a figure of between seven and fifteen couches and
295: : symposiárchēs) who would decide how strong the wine for the evening would be, depending on whether serious discussions or sensual indulgence were in the offing. The Greeks and Romans customarily served their wine mixed with water, as the drinking of pure wine was considered a habit of
423:
was used as a jug to hold the wine and usually one single cup was passed amongst the men. Cups used at symposiums were not as nearly intricate as amphoras. Pottery used at symposiums often featured painted scenes of the god
Dionysus, satyrs, and other mythical scenes related to drinking and
211:
celebrate other special occasions, such as victories in athletic and poetic contests. It is worth noting, however, that many archaic poetic sources were written by members of the social elite communities, and so may not be completely representative of the whole local society.
375:
is not mine any more – it belongs to bad behaviour; the fifth is for shouting; the sixth is for rudeness and insults; the seventh is for fights; the eighth is for breaking the furniture; the ninth is for depression; the tenth is for madness and unconsciousness.
109:, "to drink together") was the part of a banquet that took place after the meal, when drinking for pleasure was accompanied by music, dancing, recitals, or conversation. Literary works that describe or take place at a symposium include two
538:. Women's roles differed in Roman symposia as well. Roman women were legally prohibited from drinking wine as a matter of public morality. Men were expected to control their own wine consumption, but women were not given this authority.
380:
534:. These revels also involved the drinking of assigned quantities of wine, and the oversight of a master of the ceremonies appointed for the occasion from among the guests. Another Roman version of the symposium was the
347:, and transfer the wine into pitchers. They then attended to each man in the symposium with the pitchers and filled their cups with wine. Certain formalities were observed, most important among which were
243:
Food and wine were served. Entertainment was provided, and depending on the occasion could include games, songs, flute-girls or boys, slaves performing various acts, and hired entertainment.
527:, found in the Etruscan region dating to 520–530 BC, depicts a man and women lounging together in the context of a banquet, which is a stark contrast with gendered Greek drinking parties.
403:
In keeping with the Greek virtue of moderation, the symposiarch should have prevented festivities from getting out of hand, but Greek literature and art often indicate that the third-
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shows scenes of banqueting that recall aspects of the Greek symposia; however, one major difference is that women of status participated more fully in this as in other realms of
699:
303:) served wine before, with and after food, and women were allowed to join. In a Greek symposium, wine was only drunk after dinner, and women were not allowed to attend.
371:: one for health (which they drink first), the second for love and pleasure, and the third for sleep. After the third one is drained, wise men go home. The fourth
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1128:
792:"Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.09.16 of Alessandro Iannucci, La Parola e l'Azione: I Frammenti Simposiali di Crizia. Bologna: Edizioni Nautilus, 2002"
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Poetry and music were central to the pleasures of the symposium. Although free women of status did not attend symposia, high-class female prostitutes
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and entertainers were hired to perform, consort, and converse with the guests. Among the instruments women might play was the
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343:. Determined by the symposiarch, the wine was diluted to a specific strength and was then mixed. Slave boys would manage the
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262:. According to Plato's account, the celebration was upstaged by the unexpected entrance of the toast of the town, the young
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As with many other Greek customs, the aesthetic framework of the symposium was adopted by the Romans under the name of
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220:(ἀνδρών), the citizen quarters of the household. The participants, or "symposiasts", would recline on pillowed
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The guests also participated actively in competitive entertainments. A game sometimes played at symposia was
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491:, a platter-like stemmed drinking vessel, and flung them at a target. Another feature of the symposia were
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Etruscan Women's Lives: Re-envisioning the Role of Women in Myths, Mirrors, and Other
Funerary Artifacts
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Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 508–523. Chichester, UK, and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
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Osborne, R. (1 January 2014). "Intoxication and
Sociality: The Symposium in the Ancient Greek World".
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299:. However, there were major differences between the Roman and Greek symposia. A Roman symposium (
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Symposia often were held for specific occasions. The most famous symposium of all, described in
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The men at the symposium would discuss a multitude of topics—often philosophical or political.
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856:"Wine, Women, and the Polis : Gender and the Formation of the City-State in Archaic Rome"
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Meals in a Social
Context: Aspects of the Communal Meal in the Hellenistic and Roman World.
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Morgan, Janett. 2011. "Drunken Men and Modern Myths: Re-viewing the
Classical andrôn." In
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The Oxford
Companion to Classical Civilization (ed. Hornblower & Spawforth), pp. 696–7
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Roman
Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate
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was the traditional instrument. Slaves and boys also provided service and entertainment.
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Style and politics in
Athenian vase-painting: The craft of democracy, ca. 530–460 B.C.E.
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has argued that the chief function of Attic pottery was for use in the symposium. An
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582:""A DELIGHT AND A BURDEN" (HES., Sc. 400): WINE AND WINE-DRINKING IN ARCHAIC GREECE"
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or meeting, such as a scientific conference. The equivalent of a Greek symposium in
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Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in honour of Nick Fisher.
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This article is about the social custom in ancient Greece. For other uses, see
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Oriental Symposia: Contrasts and Parallels. In Dining in a Classical Context.
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on the occasion of his first victory at the theater contest of the 416 BC
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Edited by Stephen D. Lambert, 267–290. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
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Edited by William J. Slater, 7–24. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens.
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770:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 149.
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The Aesthetics of the Greek Banquet: Images of Wine and Ritual.
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Murray, Oswyn. 2009. "The Culture of the Symposion." In
487:, in which players swirled the dregs of their wine in a
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Nielsen, Inge, and Hanne Sigismund Nielsen, eds. 1998.
470:, a Greek woodwind instrument sometimes compared to an
940:(Thesis). California Institute of Integral Studies.
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Literature in the Greek World By Oliver Taplin; p 47
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The Symposion in Ancient Greek Society and Thought.
415:Symposiums are often featured on Attic pottery and
285:A symposium would be overseen by a "symposiarch" (
570:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 263–264.
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61:-player entertains men at a symposium on this
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1030:"Euboulos' Ankylion and the Game of Kottabos"
441:player flinging wine-dregs (Attic red-figure
8:
1137:Ancient Greek art depicting symposium scenes
1561:Sorted by occasions, purposes or attributes
562:(Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 136
474:. When string instruments were played, the
27:Part of a banquet in Greek and Etruscan art
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281:A slave attends to a vomiting symposiast.
678:New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
250:of that name (and rather differently in
156:In modern usage, it has come to mean an
52:
36:
816:Izzet, Vedia (2012). "Etruscan Women".
700:"Our 9,000-Year Love Affair With Booze"
652:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 32.
560:Food and Society in Classical Antiquity
546:
363:describe proper and improper drinking:
1070:The Imagery of the Athenian Symposium.
367:For sensible men I prepare only three
1072:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
986:Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
979:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
854:Russell, Brigette Ford (April 2003).
41:A symposium scene on a fresco in the
7:
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1007:Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus Univ. Press.
649:Drink: A Cultural History Of Alcohol
680:. Department of Greek and Roman Art
507:Banqueting scene from the Etruscan
499:Etruscan and Roman drinking parties
214:Symposia were usually held in the
25:
1028:Rosen, Ralph M. (December 1989).
674:"The Symposium in Ancient Greece"
239:Interrupting the symposium (1648)
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905:"The Sarcophagus of the Spouses"
580:Papakonstantinou, Zinon (2012).
1164:Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology
768:Archaic and Classical Greek Art
198:Banquet scene from a Temple of
2336:Leisure in classical antiquity
998:A Companion to Archaic Greece.
1:
1161:Learning about the Symposium.
982:Lissarrague, François. 1990.
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319:
153:, that shows similar scenes.
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1149:A kylix with symposium scene
1107:Resources in other libraries
702:. 2017-01-17. Archived from
397:Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro
174:Setting and social occasion
145:. Symposia are depicted in
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796:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
732:Cambridge University Press
524:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
329:The wine was drawn from a
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32:Symposium (disambiguation)
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2341:Culture of ancient Greece
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1455:Corpus vasorum antiquorum
1206:Pottery of ancient Greece
1102:Resources in your library
1046:10.1017/S0009838800037423
968:Davidson, James N. 1997.
903:Marie-Bénédicte, Astier.
826:10.1002/9781444355024.ch5
636:Xenophon, "Symposium" 1.8
254:) was hosted by the poet
235:(1611–1650): the Drunken
133:, as well as a number of
45:from the Greek colony of
936:Salazar, Sara H (2006).
407:limit was not observed.
1129:Encyclopædia Britannica
1068:Topper, Kathryn. 2012.
1034:The Classical Quarterly
961:Burkert, Walter. 1991.
766:Osborne, Robin (1998).
385:Attendee at a Symposium
310:A youth reaches into a
972:London: HarperCollins.
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566:; Sara Elise Phang,
509:Tomb of the Leopards
359:has the god of wine
2275:Serpentine streamer
2061:Western dress codes
1759:Film awards seasons
1170:Metropolitan Museum
755:. pp. 134–135.
706:on January 19, 2017
399:, Madrid, 1784-1803
297:uncivilized peoples
158:academic conference
2295:Society portal
2255:New Year's glasses
1766:Religious festival
1687:Housewarming party
1589:Bachelorette party
1502:Three-phase firing
1154:2012-07-22 at the
1142:2014-04-17 at the
1015:(suppl 9): 34–60.
1013:Past & Present
873:10.1093/gr/50.1.77
820:. pp. 66–77.
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1083:Library resources
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659:978-1-592-40464-3
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314:to replenish his
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43:Tomb of the Diver
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1443:Special topics
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1118:Chisholm, Hugh
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1077:External links
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2270:Party popper
2230:Deely bobber
2225:Cotton candy
2185:
2167:Opera gloves
2152:Evening gown
2140:Bridal crown
2135:Contemporary
2114:
2003:Pamper party
1966:Cuddle party
1878:Subway party
1840:World's fair
1737:Spring break
1658:
1486:
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1450:Conservation
1334:White ground
1304:Black-figure
1238:Kamares ware
1127:
1097:Online books
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916:the original
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866:(1): 77–84.
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800:. Retrieved
795:
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704:the original
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684:28 September
682:. Retrieved
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292:συμπόσιάρχης
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233:Pietro Testa
215:
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151:Etruscan art
128:
118:
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98:
84:
78:
2086:Semi-formal
2025:Quiet party
2020:Pizza party
1998:Kitty party
1971:Dance party
1954:Naked party
1922:Baby shower
1900:Anniversary
1873:Block party
1850:County fair
1632:Eid cuisine
1614:Eid al-Fitr
1609:Eid al-Adha
1382:Nikosthenes
1279:Frying pans
1220:Minyan ware
753:Gay Abandon
318:with wine (
135:Greek poems
66:bell-krater
2330:Categories
2265:Party horn
2240:Glow stick
1988:Foam party
1981:Homecoming
1949:Toga party
1944:Drag party
1855:Trade fair
1845:State fair
1822:Heortology
1707:Rent party
1507:Vase types
1415:Hermogenes
1377:Hypereides
1367:Euthymides
1362:Euphronios
1319:Red-figure
922:2018-06-05
802:2012-08-19
740:0521791111
724:Neer, R.T.
710:2017-07-14
542:References
532:comissatio
450: 510
393:Jasperware
323: 490
264:Alcibiades
252:Xenophon's
237:Alcibiades
169:convivium.
73: 420
2260:Party bus
2250:Party hat
2201:Equipment
2162:Debutante
2157:Ball gown
2091:Black tie
2074:White tie
2040:Tea party
1771:Christmas
1724:Festivals
1697:LAN party
1692:Sleepover
1659:Symposium
1652:Hunt ball
1553:festivals
1487:Symposium
1477:Name vase
1410:Ergoteles
1387:Pamphaios
1357:Ergotimos
1299:Bilingual
1253:Mycenaean
1088:Symposium
1062:170376365
946:304955236
890:200023705
751:Osborne.
598:0066-1619
536:convivium
349:libations
325:–480 BC).
301:convivium
130:Symposium
120:Symposium
107:sympínein
99:sympósion
94:συμπόσιον
85:symposium
57:A female
18:Symposion
2315:Category
2220:Confetti
2103:Informal
2053:Clothing
2013:Marching
1912:Ceremony
1776:Carnival
1732:Holidays
1624:Banquets
1577:-related
1392:Sophilos
1314:Bucchero
1271:Cycladic
1152:Archived
1140:Archived
942:ProQuest
886:ProQuest
734:, p. 9.
606:44079957
592:: 1–32.
484:kottabos
476:barbiton
460:hetairai
438:Kottabos
361:Dionysos
339:oenochoe
273:Drinking
260:Dionysia
125:Xenophon
103:symposio
2356:Parties
2208:Balloon
2179:Garters
1905:Jubilee
1575:Wedding
1549:Parties
1420:Phrynos
1344:Potters
882:3567821
726:(2002)
421:amphora
411:Pottery
369:kraters
357:Eubulus
256:Agathon
222:couches
164:is the
139:elegies
47:Paestum
2187:Casual
2116:Casual
2069:Formal
2030:Ritual
2008:Parade
1868:Picnic
1781:Feasts
1430:Tleson
1425:Sokles
1372:Gryton
1352:Amasis
1230:Minoan
1213:Aegean
1085:about
1060:
1054:639378
1052:
944:
888:
880:
832:
774:
738:
656:
604:
596:
564:online
493:skolia
405:krater
395:blue,
373:krater
345:krater
332:krater
312:krater
217:andrōn
204:relief
200:Athena
83:, the
2305:Media
2235:Float
2147:Dress
1832:Fairs
1786:Fools
1567:Types
1058:S2CID
1050:JSTOR
878:JSTOR
602:JSTOR
489:kylix
467:aulos
443:kylix
316:kylix
287:Greek
166:Latin
147:Greek
115:Plato
89:Greek
59:aulos
2108:Suit
1976:Prom
1805:Wine
1800:Beer
1642:Ball
1551:and
1482:Slip
1471:LIMC
909:The
830:ISBN
772:ISBN
736:ISBN
686:2017
654:ISBN
594:ISSN
472:oboe
149:and
123:and
1042:doi
1017:doi
868:doi
822:doi
452:BC)
141:of
127:'s
117:'s
101:or
79:In
75:BC.
2332::
1126:.
1056:.
1048:.
1038:39
1036:.
1032:.
907:.
884:.
876:.
864:50
862:.
858:.
844:^
828:.
794:.
676:.
600:.
590:42
588:.
584:.
549:^
447:c.
445:,
387:,
355:,
320:c.
289::
113:,
97:,
91::
70:c.
68:,
1541:e
1534:t
1527:v
1198:e
1191:t
1184:v
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1064:.
1044::
1023:.
1019::
948:.
925:.
892:.
870::
838:.
824::
805:.
780:.
713:.
688:.
662:.
608:.
462:)
458:(
341:)
337:(
206:)
87:(
34:.
20:)
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