370:
170:
296:
267:
43:
493:
510:. Women were allowed to drink wine and recline with men at feasts. Some Etruscan women were even considered "expert drinkers". Additionally, Etruscan women were often buried with drinking and feasting paraphernalia, suggesting that they partook in these activities. The most apparent distinctions between Greek and Etruscan drinking parties appear in Etruscan art. Etruscan paintings show men and women drinking wine together and reclining on the same cushions. The
422:
27:
184:
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484:, drinking songs of a patriotic or bawdy nature, performed competitively with one symposiast reciting the first part of a song and another expected to improvise the end of it. Symposiasts might also compete in rhetorical contests, for which reason the word "symposium" has come to refer in English to any event where multiple speeches are made.
214:
reckons fourteen to thirty participants a "standard size for a drinking group"). If any young men took part, they did not recline but sat up. However, in
Macedonian symposia, the focus was not only on drinking but hunting, and young men were allowed to recline only after they had killed their first wild boar.
199:
The Greek symposium was a key
Hellenic social institution. It was a forum for the progeny of respected families to debate, plot, boast, or simply to revel with others. They were frequently held to celebrate the introduction of youth into aristocratic society. Symposia were also held by aristocrats to
213:
arrayed against the three walls of the room away from the door. Due to space limitations, the couches would number between seven and nine, limiting the total number of participants to somewhere between fourteen and twenty seven (Oswyn Murray gives a figure of between seven and fifteen couches and
284: : symposiárchēs) who would decide how strong the wine for the evening would be, depending on whether serious discussions or sensual indulgence were in the offing. The Greeks and Romans customarily served their wine mixed with water, as the drinking of pure wine was considered a habit of
412:
was used as a jug to hold the wine and usually one single cup was passed amongst the men. Cups used at symposiums were not as nearly intricate as amphoras. Pottery used at symposiums often featured painted scenes of the god
Dionysus, satyrs, and other mythical scenes related to drinking and
200:
celebrate other special occasions, such as victories in athletic and poetic contests. It is worth noting, however, that many archaic poetic sources were written by members of the social elite communities, and so may not be completely representative of the whole local society.
364:
is not mine any more – it belongs to bad behaviour; the fifth is for shouting; the sixth is for rudeness and insults; the seventh is for fights; the eighth is for breaking the furniture; the ninth is for depression; the tenth is for madness and unconsciousness.
98:, "to drink together") was the part of a banquet that took place after the meal, when drinking for pleasure was accompanied by music, dancing, recitals, or conversation. Literary works that describe or take place at a symposium include two
527:. Women's roles differed in Roman symposia as well. Roman women were legally prohibited from drinking wine as a matter of public morality. Men were expected to control their own wine consumption, but women were not given this authority.
369:
523:. These revels also involved the drinking of assigned quantities of wine, and the oversight of a master of the ceremonies appointed for the occasion from among the guests. Another Roman version of the symposium was the
336:, and transfer the wine into pitchers. They then attended to each man in the symposium with the pitchers and filled their cups with wine. Certain formalities were observed, most important among which were
232:
Food and wine were served. Entertainment was provided, and depending on the occasion could include games, songs, flute-girls or boys, slaves performing various acts, and hired entertainment.
516:, found in the Etruscan region dating to 520–530 BC, depicts a man and women lounging together in the context of a banquet, which is a stark contrast with gendered Greek drinking parties.
392:
In keeping with the Greek virtue of moderation, the symposiarch should have prevented festivities from getting out of hand, but Greek literature and art often indicate that the third-
1438:
506:
shows scenes of banqueting that recall aspects of the Greek symposia; however, one major difference is that women of status participated more fully in this as in other realms of
688:
292:) served wine before, with and after food, and women were allowed to join. In a Greek symposium, wine was only drunk after dinner, and women were not allowed to attend.
360:: one for health (which they drink first), the second for love and pleasure, and the third for sleep. After the third one is drained, wise men go home. The fourth
1459:
1117:
781:"Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.09.16 of Alessandro Iannucci, La Parola e l'Azione: I Frammenti Simposiali di Crizia. Bologna: Edizioni Nautilus, 2002"
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Poetry and music were central to the pleasures of the symposium. Although free women of status did not attend symposia, high-class female prostitutes
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340:, the pouring of a small amount of wine in honour of various deities or the mourned dead. In a fragment from his c. 375 BC play
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and entertainers were hired to perform, consort, and converse with the guests. Among the instruments women might play was the
1805:
728:
332:. Determined by the symposiarch, the wine was diluted to a specific strength and was then mixed. Slave boys would manage the
1018:
251:. According to Plato's account, the celebration was upstaged by the unexpected entrance of the toast of the town, the young
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As with many other Greek customs, the aesthetic framework of the symposium was adopted by the Romans under the name of
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209:(ἀνδρών), the citizen quarters of the household. The participants, or "symposiasts", would recline on pillowed
123:
470:
The guests also participated actively in competitive entertainments. A game sometimes played at symposia was
1287:
480:, a platter-like stemmed drinking vessel, and flung them at a target. Another feature of the symposia were
1322:
1521:
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927:
Etruscan Women's Lives: Re-envisioning the Role of Women in Myths, Mirrors, and Other
Funerary Artifacts
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507:
205:
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Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 508–523. Chichester, UK, and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
42:
1000:
Osborne, R. (1 January 2014). "Intoxication and
Sociality: The Symposium in the Ancient Greek World".
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288:. However, there were major differences between the Roman and Greek symposia. A Roman symposium (
131:
51:
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235:
Symposia often were held for specific occasions. The most famous symposium of all, described in
258:
The men at the symposium would discuss a multitude of topics—often philosophical or political.
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845:"Wine, Women, and the Polis : Gender and the Formation of the City-State in Archaic Rome"
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Meals in a Social
Context: Aspects of the Communal Meal in the Hellenistic and Roman World.
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1981:
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1144:
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978:
Morgan, Janett. 2011. "Drunken Men and Modern Myths: Re-viewing the
Classical andrôn." In
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The Oxford
Companion to Classical Civilization (ed. Hornblower & Spawforth), pp. 696–7
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Roman
Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate
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405:
127:
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was the traditional instrument. Slaves and boys also provided service and entertainment.
717:
Style and politics in
Athenian vase-painting: The craft of democracy, ca. 530–460 B.C.E.
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has argued that the chief function of Attic pottery was for use in the symposium. An
1158:
662:
571:""A DELIGHT AND A BURDEN" (HES., Sc. 400): WINE AND WINE-DRINKING IN ARCHAIC GREECE"
149:
or meeting, such as a scientific conference. The equivalent of a Greek symposium in
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Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in honour of Nick Fisher.
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19:
This article is about the social custom in ancient Greece. For other uses, see
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Oriental Symposia: Contrasts and Parallels. In Dining in a Classical Context.
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255:, dropping in drunken and nearly naked, having just left another symposium.
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324:, a large jar designed to be carried by two men, and served from pitchers
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on the occasion of his first victory at the theater contest of the 416 BC
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Edited by Stephen D. Lambert, 267–290. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
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1121:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 291.
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Edited by William J. Slater, 7–24. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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2018:
1996:
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Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens.
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759:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 149.
460:
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The Aesthetics of the Greek Banquet: Images of Wine and Ritual.
279:
81:
985:
Murray, Oswyn. 2009. "The Culture of the Symposion." In
476:, in which players swirled the dregs of their wine in a
992:
Nielsen, Inge, and Hanne Sigismund Nielsen, eds. 1998.
459:, a Greek woodwind instrument sometimes compared to an
929:(Thesis). California Institute of Integral Studies.
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Literature in the Greek World By Oliver Taplin; p 47
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The Symposion in Ancient Greek Society and Thought.
404:Symposiums are often featured on Attic pottery and
274:A symposium would be overseen by a "symposiarch" (
559:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 263–264.
838:
836:
834:
50:-player entertains men at a symposium on this
1522:
1179:
1019:"Euboulos' Ankylion and the Game of Kottabos"
430:player flinging wine-dregs (Attic red-figure
8:
1126:Ancient Greek art depicting symposium scenes
1550:Sorted by occasions, purposes or attributes
551:(Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 136
463:. When string instruments were played, the
16:Part of a banquet in Greek and Etruscan art
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807:A Companion to Women in the Ancient World
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270:A slave attends to a vomiting symposiast.
667:New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
239:of that name (and rather differently in
145:In modern usage, it has come to mean an
41:
25:
805:Izzet, Vedia (2012). "Etruscan Women".
689:"Our 9,000-Year Love Affair With Booze"
641:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 32.
549:Food and Society in Classical Antiquity
535:
352:describe proper and improper drinking:
1059:The Imagery of the Athenian Symposium.
356:For sensible men I prepare only three
1061:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
975:Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
968:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
843:Russell, Brigette Ford (April 2003).
30:A symposium scene on a fresco in the
7:
2289:
996:Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus Univ. Press.
638:Drink: A Cultural History Of Alcohol
669:. Department of Greek and Roman Art
496:Banqueting scene from the Etruscan
488:Etruscan and Roman drinking parties
203:Symposia were usually held in the
14:
1017:Rosen, Ralph M. (December 1989).
663:"The Symposium in Ancient Greece"
228:Interrupting the symposium (1648)
2299:
2298:
2288:
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894:"The Sarcophagus of the Spouses"
569:Papakonstantinou, Zinon (2012).
1153:Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology
757:Archaic and Classical Greek Art
187:Banquet scene from a Temple of
2325:Leisure in classical antiquity
987:A Companion to Archaic Greece.
1:
1150:Learning about the Symposium.
971:Lissarrague, François. 1990.
435:
308:
142:, that shows similar scenes.
58:
1138:A kylix with symposium scene
1096:Resources in other libraries
691:. 2017-01-17. Archived from
386:Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro
163:Setting and social occasion
134:. Symposia are depicted in
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785:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
721:Cambridge University Press
513:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
318:The wine was drawn from a
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82:
21:Symposium (disambiguation)
18:
2335:Society of ancient Greece
2330:Culture of ancient Greece
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2114:
1884:
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1548:
1444:Corpus vasorum antiquorum
1195:Pottery of ancient Greece
1091:Resources in your library
1035:10.1017/S0009838800037423
957:Davidson, James N. 1997.
892:Marie-Bénédicte, Astier.
815:10.1002/9781444355024.ch5
625:Xenophon, "Symposium" 1.8
243:) was hosted by the poet
224:(1611–1650): the Drunken
122:, as well as a number of
34:from the Greek colony of
925:Salazar, Sara H (2006).
396:limit was not observed.
1118:Encyclopædia Britannica
1057:Topper, Kathryn. 2012.
1023:The Classical Quarterly
950:Burkert, Walter. 1991.
755:Osborne, Robin (1998).
374:Attendee at a Symposium
299:A youth reaches into a
961:London: HarperCollins.
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1281:Ancient Greece proper
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635:Gately, Iain (2008).
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1691:Political houseparty
1486:Terracotta figurines
1010:10.1093/pastj/gtt028
787:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu
555:; Sara Elise Phang,
498:Tomb of the Leopards
348:has the god of wine
2264:Serpentine streamer
2050:Western dress codes
1748:Film awards seasons
1159:Metropolitan Museum
744:. pp. 134–135.
695:on January 19, 2017
388:, Madrid, 1784-1803
286:uncivilized peoples
147:academic conference
2284:Society portal
2244:New Year's glasses
1755:Religious festival
1676:Housewarming party
1578:Bachelorette party
1491:Three-phase firing
1143:2012-07-22 at the
1131:2014-04-17 at the
1004:(suppl 9): 34–60.
1002:Past & Present
862:10.1093/gr/50.1.77
809:. pp. 66–77.
501:
443:
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342:Semele or Dionysus
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1112:"Symposium"
1072:Library resources
824:978-1-4051-9284-2
648:978-1-592-40464-3
378:biscuit porcelain
303:to replenish his
174:Plato's Symposium
32:Tomb of the Diver
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1107:Chisholm, Hugh
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1066:External links
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2259:Party popper
2219:Deely bobber
2214:Cotton candy
2174:
2156:Opera gloves
2141:Evening gown
2129:Bridal crown
2124:Contemporary
2103:
1992:Pamper party
1955:Cuddle party
1867:Subway party
1829:World's fair
1726:Spring break
1647:
1475:
1458:
1439:Conservation
1323:White ground
1293:Black-figure
1227:Kamares ware
1116:
1086:Online books
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905:the original
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855:(1): 77–84.
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789:. Retrieved
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281:συμπόσιάρχης
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204:
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140:Etruscan art
117:
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67:
2075:Semi-formal
2014:Quiet party
2009:Pizza party
1987:Kitty party
1960:Dance party
1943:Naked party
1911:Baby shower
1889:Anniversary
1862:Block party
1839:County fair
1621:Eid cuisine
1603:Eid al-Fitr
1598:Eid al-Adha
1371:Nikosthenes
1268:Frying pans
1209:Minyan ware
742:Gay Abandon
307:with wine (
124:Greek poems
55:bell-krater
2319:Categories
2254:Party horn
2229:Glow stick
1977:Foam party
1970:Homecoming
1938:Toga party
1933:Drag party
1844:Trade fair
1834:State fair
1811:Heortology
1696:Rent party
1496:Vase types
1404:Hermogenes
1366:Hypereides
1356:Euthymides
1351:Euphronios
1308:Red-figure
911:2018-06-05
791:2012-08-19
729:0521791111
713:Neer, R.T.
699:2017-07-14
531:References
521:comissatio
439: 510
382:Jasperware
312: 490
253:Alcibiades
241:Xenophon's
226:Alcibiades
158:convivium.
62: 420
2249:Party bus
2239:Party hat
2190:Equipment
2151:Debutante
2146:Ball gown
2080:Black tie
2063:White tie
2029:Tea party
1760:Christmas
1713:Festivals
1686:LAN party
1681:Sleepover
1648:Symposium
1641:Hunt ball
1542:festivals
1476:Symposium
1466:Name vase
1399:Ergoteles
1376:Pamphaios
1346:Ergotimos
1288:Bilingual
1242:Mycenaean
1077:Symposium
1051:170376365
935:304955236
879:200023705
740:Osborne.
587:0066-1619
525:convivium
338:libations
314:–480 BC).
290:convivium
119:Symposium
109:Symposium
96:sympínein
88:sympósion
83:συμπόσιον
74:symposium
46:A female
2304:Category
2209:Confetti
2092:Informal
2042:Clothing
2002:Marching
1901:Ceremony
1765:Carnival
1721:Holidays
1613:Banquets
1566:-related
1381:Sophilos
1303:Bucchero
1260:Cycladic
1141:Archived
1129:Archived
931:ProQuest
875:ProQuest
723:, p. 9.
595:44079957
581:: 1–32.
473:kottabos
465:barbiton
449:hetairai
427:Kottabos
350:Dionysos
328:oenochoe
262:Drinking
249:Dionysia
114:Xenophon
92:symposio
2345:Parties
2197:Balloon
2168:Garters
1894:Jubilee
1564:Wedding
1538:Parties
1409:Phrynos
1333:Potters
871:3567821
715:(2002)
410:amphora
400:Pottery
358:kraters
346:Eubulus
245:Agathon
211:couches
153:is the
128:elegies
36:Paestum
2176:Casual
2105:Casual
2058:Formal
2019:Ritual
1997:Parade
1857:Picnic
1770:Feasts
1419:Tleson
1414:Sokles
1361:Gryton
1341:Amasis
1219:Minoan
1202:Aegean
1074:about
1049:
1043:639378
1041:
933:
877:
869:
821:
763:
727:
645:
593:
585:
553:online
482:skolia
394:krater
384:blue,
362:krater
334:krater
321:krater
301:krater
206:andrōn
193:relief
189:Athena
72:, the
2294:Media
2224:Float
2136:Dress
1821:Fairs
1775:Fools
1556:Types
1047:S2CID
1039:JSTOR
867:JSTOR
591:JSTOR
478:kylix
456:aulos
432:kylix
305:kylix
276:Greek
155:Latin
136:Greek
104:Plato
78:Greek
48:aulos
2097:Suit
1965:Prom
1794:Wine
1789:Beer
1631:Ball
1540:and
1471:Slip
1460:LIMC
898:The
819:ISBN
761:ISBN
725:ISBN
675:2017
643:ISBN
583:ISSN
461:oboe
138:and
112:and
1031:doi
1006:doi
857:doi
811:doi
441:BC)
130:of
116:'s
106:'s
90:or
68:In
64:BC.
2321::
1115:.
1045:.
1037:.
1027:39
1025:.
1021:.
896:.
873:.
865:.
853:50
851:.
847:.
833:^
817:.
783:.
665:.
589:.
579:42
577:.
573:.
538:^
436:c.
434:,
376:,
344:,
309:c.
278::
102:,
86:,
80::
59:c.
57:,
1530:e
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1516:v
1187:e
1180:t
1173:v
1155:.
1053:.
1033::
1012:.
1008::
937:.
914:.
881:.
859::
827:.
813::
794:.
769:.
702:.
677:.
651:.
597:.
451:)
447:(
330:)
326:(
195:)
76:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
