722:, explained how African drummers were able to communicate complex messages over vast distances. Using low tones referred to as male and higher female tones, the drummer communicates through the phrases and pauses, which can travel upwards of 4â5 miles. The process may take eight times longer than communicating a normal sentence but was effective for telling neighboring villages of possible attacks or ceremonies. He found that to each short word that was beaten on the drums, an extra phrase was added, which would be redundant in speech but provided context to the core drum signal.
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difficult and few were willing to take the time to do so. The extra drum beats reduce the ambiguity of the meaning. Ironically, when the West understood the mechanism of the drums, they had already begun to be used less often in Africa. Also, words often lost their meaning. In an interview with
Carrington, he explained that when words that are not used often, the phrases that correspond to them are forgotten. When given the beat for young girl, the drummers thought the phrase played was in fact the one for fishing nets.
280:
711:, for instance, has three principal tones, low, medium, and high, analogous to tonic sol-fa notes do, re, and mi; different inflections of the three tones are then used to convey different messages. The same plan of three principal tones and their inflections also applies to how the drum talks in Yoruba music and culture. However, the Serer language and its relative Senegambian languages are not tonal, unlike almost all other Niger-Congo languages.
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201:
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891:-speaking majorities) the playing style of the talking drum is centered on producing long and sustained notes by hitting the drum head with the stick-holding hand and the accompanying free hand used to dampen and change tones immediately after being hit. This produces a rubbery sounding texture to its playing, which mimics the heavy and complex tones used in languages from this area (see
696:. The waist of the drum is held between the player's arm and ribs, so that when squeezed the drumhead is tightened, producing a higher note than when it is in its relaxed state; the pitch can be changed during a single beat, producing a warbling note. The drum can thus capture the pitch, volume, and rhythm of human speech, though not the qualities of vowels or consonants.
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and JĂčjĂș music of
Nigeria (where it is known as a dĂčndĂșn, not to be confused with the dundun bass drum of the MandĂ© peoples). The talking drum is also used in ceremonial functions and events like weddings, burial ceremonies, private functions and most importantly it is commonly used by African bands
482:
have both developed a highly sophisticated genre of griot music centering on the talking drum. Many variants of the talking drums evolved, with most of them having the same construction mentioned above. Soon, many non-hourglass shapes showed up and were given special names, such as the Dunan and the
741:
As emphasized by
Finnegan, the messages sent via drums were not confined to utilitarian messages. Drum languages could also be used for specifically literary forms, for proverbs, panegyrics, historical poems, dirges, and in some cultures practically any kind of poetry. The ritualized forms and the
699:
The use of talking drums as a form of communication was noticed by
Europeans in the first half of the 18th century. Detailed messages could be sent from one village to the next faster than could be carried by a person riding a horse. In the 19th century Roger T. Clarke, a missionary, realised that
737:
The extra phrases provide a context in which to make sense of the basic message or drum beats. These phrases could not be randomized, when learning to play the drum students were taught the particular phrase that coincided with each word. This reason alone made learning to talk in drum language
750:, drum language and literature were very highly developed. In these cultures, drumming tended to be a specialized and often hereditary activity, and expert drummers with a mastery of the accepted vocabulary of drum language and literature were often attached to a king's court.
780:
ensembles, with a length typical of 23â38 centimetres (9.1â15.0 in) and a drum head diameter of between 10 and 18 centimetres (3.9 and 7.1 in). In Yoruba talking-drum ensembles, these large drums are used alongside smaller ones similar to the
914:
are "Even if you dress up finely, love is the only thing" or "The giant wood rat has no child, the house rat has no child". Talking drum players sent messages by drumming the recipient's name, followed by the sender's name and the message.
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The message "Come back home" might be translated by the drummers as: "Make your feet come back the way they went, make your legs come back the way they went, plant your feet and your legs below, in the village which belongs to us".
797:
568:
When the rooster crows, the Xaat will rest and sleep until the moment of circumcision, if he has been judged to be able to dance to the Woong, surrounded by four tam-tam. The
Perngel, the Lamb, the Qiin and the
594:
kings on special occasions, such as during wars (a call for arms), when the kings wanted to address their subjects, and on special circumstances in Serer country â a call for martyrdom, such as the mayhem at
765:
of the Serer, Wolof and
Mandinka peoples is typified by its smaller dimensions, having a total drum length typical of 13 centimetres (5.1 in) with a 7-centimetre (2.8 in) drum head
821:
Playing styles are closely linked with the drum's construction and the tonal qualities of each language. There is a clear difference in playing styles between areas with predominantly
692:
The pitch of the drum is varied to mimic the tone patterns of speech. This is done by varying the tension placed on the drumhead: the opposing drum heads are connected by a common
607:
of
Senegambia), committed suicide rather than be conquered by the Muslim forces or forced to submit to Islam. Suicide is permitted in Serer religion only if it satisfies the
734:
Single words would be translated into phrases. For example, "Moon" would be played as "the Moon looks towards Earth", and "war" as "war which causes attention to ambushes".
1273:
895:). This characteristic style can be clearly heard in the popular music of this area, particularly in those where the talking drum is the lead instrument, such as
1690:
1096:, the player is a god who communicates with his or her followers using four Talking Drums. Each has its own unique sound: 'Pata,' 'Pon,' 'Don' and 'Chaka.'
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of the Asante (Ashanti) are especially notable. They send messages up to 20 miles (32 km), where other drummers relay them, quickly spreading news.
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848:
is characterized by rapid rolls and short bursts of sound between the stick holding hand and accompanying free hand, and correlates with the various
906:
In some ethnic groups, each individual was given a "drum name" which could be used direct messages to specific individuals. Examples from among the
2057:
714:
The problem was how to communicate complex messages without the use of vowels or consonants but simply using tone. An
English emigrant to Africa,
660:, such as Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande etc. This prefix marks its bearers out as hereditary custodians of the mysteries of Ayangalu.
1994:
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in and
Segerer, Guillaume (2017), "A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages". (Draft) To appear in: LĂŒpke, Friederike (ed.)
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A skilled player is able to play whole phrases. Most talking drums sound like a human humming depending on the way they are played.
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that he is the patron spirit of all drummers, and that in the guise of a muse he inspires the drummers to play well. The word "
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tradition, the tama makes up the fourth musical drum ensemble. The Serer drums played include: Perngel, Lamb, Qiin and Tama.
499:; areas which have shared populations belonging to groups predominant in their bordering West African countries, such as the
64:
1126:, occasionally played a talking drum at the band's live shows during the "drums" segment of their shows in the second set.
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1977:
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700:"the signals represent the tones of the syllables of conventional phrases of a traditional and highly poetic character."
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Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in
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Gravrand, Henry, "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain", in
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287:
Similar hourglass-shaped drums are found in Asia, but they are not used to mimic conversation, although the
53:
1663:
Gertjegerdes-Myricks, Petra (17 July 2002). "African
American History Village Receives New African Drums".
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drum names of particular individuals constituted a type of oral literature. Among some peoples such as the
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2042:
2037:
1732:
1042:
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In the 20th century the talking drum became a part of popular music in West Africa. It is used in playing
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164:
Dondo, Odondo, Tamanin, Luca Cappacio, Lunna, Donno, Kalangu, Dan karbi, Igba, Doodo, Tama, Tamma, Gangan
75:
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1501:
1494:"The talking drums of the Yoruba | African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music"
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1022:, master of percussion, started playing the talking drum in the early 1980s and has used it ever since.
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The Yoruba and Dagomba peoples, on the other hand, have some of the largest talking drums in their
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1420:"When Music Speaks: An Acoustic Study of the Speech Surrogacy of the Nigerian DĂčndĂșn Talking Drum"
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Broadway musical and HBO concert film features a tama player on multiple songs during the show.
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The dimensions of the drums differ between ethnic groups, but all follow the same basic design.
279:
1951:
1846:
1810:
1640:"The Talking Drum in Nigerian Pop Music -- Fuji Music: MUSC&105 1778 - F17 - MUSIC APPREC"
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769:. This produces a much higher pitched tone than other talking drums of the same construction.
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of the Finnish group Galaxy, performing at the Imatra Big band Festival at Imatra, July 2005
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and non-tonal languages heard in this area. This is a style typically heard in the popular
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to disseminate messages, such as news of ceremonies and commands, over 4-5 mile distances.
1914:"Senegalese Drummer for 'Black Panther' Shares Message of Music with Connecticut Students"
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is a master of the talking drum from Nigeria who has collaborated with artists from the
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707:; that is, the pitch is important in determining the meaning of a particular word. The
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Hourglass-shaped talking drums are some of the oldest instruments used by West African
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1571:", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'
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1993:" (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'
1242:"The Talking Drum: An Inquiry into the Reach of a Traditional Mode of Communication"
1990:
1986:
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Ayangalu is believed to have been the first Yoruba drummer. Upon his death he was
200:
1477:
1103:, the talking drum is discussed as a means of celebrating the lives of the dead.
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989:
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2018:
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1419:
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1950:, vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990, pp. 40, 48â49,
1850:
1292:
Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture
980:
used the talking drum on his song "Trouble's Braids", a track from the album
1968:, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982
1144:
977:
680:
211:
1629:, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982
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1366:, vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 48â49,
1258:
1051:
used the talking drum on her song "When I'm In Your Arms", from the album
1032:
has used the talking drum on the track "World Turning" on the band's 1975
186:(Individual double-skin hourglass-shaped drums, one skin used for playing)
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911:
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connected by leather tension cords, which allow the player to change the
251:
146:
1715:
Odden, David (1995), "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.),
1589:
Camara, Alhaji Sait, "Chossani Senegambia" (history of Senegambia), in
1188:"How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech?"
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900:
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17:
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829:-speaking populations and traditionally non-Mande areas further east.
1840:
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487:. This construction is limited to within the contemporary borders of
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1554:, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995). See also :
1802:
1590:
876:
860:
841:
496:
207:
1307:"Acoustics of IdakkÄ: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch"
1116:, when she arrives in what was at that time the Belgian Congo.
832:
The predominant style of playing in areas further west such as
992:
used the talking drum on her song "My People", from the album
922:
258:
of the drum by scraping the cords between their arm and body.
36:
2008:, 21 September 1942. Online version accessed 7 November 2006.
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From a historical perspective, the tama (just like the Serer
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Originating from the 18th century, talking drum players used
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associated with the film's protagonist, T'Challa (played by
1063:
played the talking drum on his song "Danfo", from his album
1886:"Building David Byrne's 'Utopia,' One Gray Suit at a Time"
656:. This is why some Yoruba family names contain the prefix
1737:
The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa
948:
any relevant information into other sections or articles.
1305:
Jose, Kevin; Chatterjee, Anindya; Gupta, Anurag (2018).
2023:-"Male' and the talking drum from africa" (in) Youtube
545:"dance performed by Serer boys yet to be circumcised
190:
178:
168:
160:
153:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1997:, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3â4, 1986â1987, p. 42.
1352:
1350:
1348:
640:, and so now he is counted among the ranks of the
1311:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1246:International Journal of Philosophy and Theology
1980:, "Senegambia, the land of our heritage" (1995)
1605:
1603:
1418:Durojaye, Cecilia; et al. (27 July 2021).
1036:album and in concert performances of the song.
565:
547:" or the future circumcised, also known as the
535:) was one of the music instruments used in the
1705:Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.
491:, with exceptions to this rule being northern
2019:Video of Senegalese talking drum, known as a
1691:The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
1575:, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3â4, 1986â1987, p. 42.
1129:The talking drum features prominently in the
8:
1530:Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation seereer â
1272:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
450:and their history can be traced back to the
310:Names of talking drums by language or region
242:, whose pitch can be regulated to mimic the
139:
1449:
1447:
1393:"Instruments du Sénégal (in) kassoumay.com"
1168:, tonal transpositions of spoken languages.
603:, where the defeated Serers (by the Muslim-
1585:
1583:
1455:"The History of the Drum â Early History"
1435:
1257:
1106:They can also be heard in the 1959 movie
1085:with a talking drum, 1982. Photograph by
599:(a 19th-century surprise attack) and the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1839:Organ., Thomson Reuters Herausgebendes.
1479:The Akan of Ghana: Their Ancient Beliefs
1073:
313:
1809:. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers.
1544:
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1379:
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1866:
1856:
1510:
1499:
1476:Meyerowitz, Eva Lewin-Richter (1958).
1265:
1143:, uses talking drums at the core of a
672:as part of their musical instruments.
138:
995:New Amerykah Part One (4th World War)
883:, (with the exceptions of areas with
644:. It is believed by followers of the
466:. The Yoruba people of south western
298:pressure drums of the Yoruba and the
7:
1995:Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire
1573:Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire
1285:
1283:
1235:
1233:
974:, for the track "The Talking Drum".
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1214:"What Is a Talking Drum in Africa?"
968:used the talking drum on its album
27:Hourglass-shaped West African drum
25:
1884:King, Darryn (20 November 2019).
939:list of miscellaneous information
555:connotations (which predates the
1457:. MakeDrums.com. 18 October 2011
1186:Gershon, Livia (July 27, 2021).
927:
893:NigerâCongo tonal language chart
145:
41:
1717:Handbook of Phonological Theory
1694:, London: Fourth Estate, p. 15.
551:(in Serer). The tama drum, has
180:HornbostelâSachs classification
52:needs additional citations for
2058:Senegalese musical instruments
1978:Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham
1842:Social sciences citation index
1803:"Drum Language and Literature"
1552:Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham
291:is used to mimic vocal music.
283:Wooden frames of talking drums
1:
1946:, "La civilisation seereer â
1362:, "La civilisation seereer â
218:, the other two hold dĂčndĂșns.
32:Talking drum (disambiguation)
2108:Speech-surrogate instruments
2063:Ghanaian musical instruments
1212:Gninyomo, Luc (2021-08-14).
250:of human speech. It has two
2078:Ivorian musical instruments
1912:Orson, Diane (2018-04-09).
1750:The Talking Drums of Africa
720:The Talking Drums of Africa
703:Many African languages are
2129:
2098:Yoruba musical instruments
1748:Carrington, J. F. (1949),
1739:, Oxford University Press.
1424:Frontiers in Communication
29:
2113:Hausa musical instruments
1807:Oral Literature in Africa
1437:10.3389/fcomm.2021.652690
1139:. The score, composed by
1099:In the television series
144:
1752:, Carey Kingsgate Press.
1240:Ushe, Ushe Mike (2015).
936:This article contains a
667:music of Senegal and in
1991:Histoire du Sine-Saloum
1801:Finnegan, Ruth (2012).
1703:Chen, Matthew Y. 2000.
1534:, vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.
971:Larks' Tongues in Aspic
800:Senegalese Tama player
652:" means drummer in the
1971:(retrieved 7 May 2012)
1788:Interfaces of the Word
1773:Interfaces of the Word
1509:Cite journal requires
1262:(inactive 2024-07-01).
1089:
818:
805:
689:
619:means "honour" in the
609:Serer principle of Jom
580:
284:
273:
227:
219:
2053:Culture of the Gambia
1761:Gleick (2011), p. 13.
1259:10.15640/ijpt.v3n1a15
1081:, a drummer with the
1077:
816:
799:
683:
586:), was beaten by the
328:(Fante, Twi, Baoule)
282:
271:
236:hourglass-shaped drum
225:
203:
155:Percussion instrument
2073:Music of West Africa
1733:Pozdniakov, Konstant
1482:. Faber & Faber.
1290:Ong, Walter (1977).
1192:Smithsonian Magazine
1161:Drum (communication)
1122:, a drummer for the
919:Use in popular music
601:Battle of Naoudourou
397:Kalangu, Dan Kar'bi
210:: The nearest holds
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1644:ccs.instructure.com
1323:2018ASAJ..143.3184J
1166:Whistling languages
1092:In the game series
718:, in his 1949 book
141:
2088:Culture of Nigeria
2048:Culture of Senegal
1891:The New York Times
1869:has generic name (
1829:"Drum Telegraphy".
1090:
1070:In popular culture
983:Swordfishtrombones
856:genre of Senegal.
819:
817:Drummers on parade
806:
716:John F. Carrington
690:
294:Five varieties of
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1816:978-1-906924-72-0
1593:(Sunu Chossan), (
1331:10.1121/1.5038111
1133:of the 2018 film
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899:of the Yoruba of
754:Details of design
676:Playing technique
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2002:Drum Telegraphy
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2020:
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1975:(in English)
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1786:Ong (1977).
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1549:(in English)
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1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
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515:Serer people
495:and western
478:of northern
464:Hausa people
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232:talking drum
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1984:(in French)
1966:Ethiopiques
1962:(in French)
1941:(in French)
1627:Ethiopiques
1623:(in French)
1558:(in French)
1528:(in French)
1357:(in French)
1112:, starring
990:Erykah Badu
802:Yamar Thiam
592:Senegambian
511:and Hausa.
489:West Africa
452:Bono people
240:West Africa
161:Other names
2032:Categories
1956:2723610551
1935:References
1923:2020-05-13
1719:, Oxford:
1686:Gleick, J.
1649:2021-07-11
1609:Gravrand,
1372:2723610551
1223:2023-02-11
1087:David Gans
1061:Mannywellz
897:Fuji music
875:, western-
871:, towards
840:, western
559:). In the
521:Senegalese
485:Fontomfrom
304:fontomfrom
184:211.242.11
174:Percussion
117:April 2009
87:newspapers
1859:cite book
1851:946102050
1673:367868191
1145:leitmotif
1034:eponymous
978:Tom Waits
954:June 2024
785:, called
684:Iya Ilu,
605:marabouts
252:drumheads
212:omele ako
194:Antiquity
191:Developed
1918:wbur.org
1897:19 April
1688:(2011),
1669:ProQuest
1461:19 March
1403:19 April
1339:29857748
1197:4 August
1155:See also
1049:Cleo Sol
946:relocate
912:Cameroon
767:diameter
632:Ayangalu
573:â
531:(in the
493:Cameroon
474:and the
462:and the
421:Mandinka
349:Tamanin
317:Language
208:drummers
1948:Pangool
1611:Pangool
1532:Pangool
1430:: 132.
1364:Pangool
1319:Bibcode
1094:Patapon
1065:Mirage.
944:Please
901:Nigeria
881:Nigeria
834:Senegal
746:or the
744:Ashanti
726:Example
642:Orishas
638:deified
597:Tahompa
584:junjung
541:"Woong"
525:Gambian
476:Dagomba
468:Nigeria
442:History
403:Songhai
377:Obodom
359:Gurunsi
355:Dagbani
337:Bambara
300:atumpan
248:prosody
101:scholar
18:Tamanin
1954:
1849:
1813:
1671:
1595:Gambia
1569:Saloum
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1337:
885:Fulani
854:Mbalax
846:Guinea
838:Gambia
823:Fulani
787:Gangan
778:DĂčndĂșn
748:Yoruba
686:Yoruba
665:Mbalax
588:griots
549:"Xaat"
509:Fulani
505:Djerma
501:Kanuri
458:, the
448:griots
431:Yoruba
407:Doodo
383:Fulani
296:dĂčndĂșn
289:idakka
234:is an
226:Gangan
205:Yoruba
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2103:Drums
1173:Notes
1131:score
889:Mande
873:Niger
869:Ghana
827:Mande
774:Lunna
705:tonal
617:"Jom"
611:(see
569:Tama.
480:Ghana
472:Benin
417:Wolof
413:Serer
393:Hausa
363:Moore
345:Dyula
320:Name
263:tones
256:pitch
238:from
108:JSTOR
94:books
2021:Tama
2006:TIME
1952:ISBN
1899:2021
1871:help
1847:OCLC
1811:ISBN
1591:GRTS
1565:Sine
1515:help
1463:2015
1405:2021
1368:ISBN
1335:PMID
1274:link
1199:2021
1012:and
908:Bulu
887:and
879:and
877:Chad
867:and
861:Mali
844:and
842:Mali
825:and
783:Tama
776:and
763:Tama
761:The
669:Fuji
658:Ayan
650:Ayan
561:Xaat
529:tama
523:and
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470:and
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302:and
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