948:
999:
987:
3798:
960:
1514:
1236:
254:
1196:, whereby he found that 83 g oxalic acid correspond to 41.20 g tannin. Löwenthal's method has been criticized. For instance, the amount of indigo used is not sufficient to retard noticeably the oxidation of the non-tannins substances. The results obtained by this method are therefore only comparative. A modified method, proposed in 1903 for the quantification of tannins in wine, Feldmann's method, is making use of
67:
5184:
695:
5206:
265:
243:
47:
59:
5194:
818:
are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living substances. They have various functions such as storage of reserves, excretory materials, pigments, and minerals. They could contain oil, latex, gum, resin or pigments etc. They also can contain tannins. In
Japanese
3754:
Hoste, Hervé; Meza-OCampos, Griselda; Marchand, Sarah; Sotiraki, Smaragda; Sarasti, Katerina; Blomstrand, Berit M.; Williams, Andrew R.; Thamsborg, Stig M.; Athanasiadou, Spiridoula; Enemark, Heidi L.; Torres Acosta, Juan Felipe; Mancilla-Montelongo, Gabriella; Castro, Carlos
Sandoval; Costa-Junior,
569:
proposed a first comprehensive definition of plant polyphenols based on the earlier proposals of Bate-Smith, Swain and
Theodore White, which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics having a tanning property. It is referred to as the WhiteâBate-SmithâSwainâHaslam (WBSSH)
1191:
as an indicator, originally proposed by Löwenthal in 1877. The difficulty is that the establishing of a titer for tannin is not always convenient since it is extremely difficult to obtain the pure tannin. Neubauer proposed to remove this difficulty by establishing the titer not with regard to the
1108:
are then added. Production of a greenish precipitate is an indication of the presence of tannins. Alternatively, a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1:4 and few drops of 10% ferric chloride solution is added. A blue or green color indicates the presence of
843:
of tannin-rich plant communities has occurred on nutrient-poor acidic soils throughout the world. Tannins were once believed to function as anti-herbivore defenses, but more and more ecologists now recognize them as important controllers of decomposition and nitrogen cycling processes. As concern
1137:
are added and the mixture stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The suspension is filtered without vacuum through a sintered glass filter. The weight gain of the hide-powder expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material is equated to the percentage of tannin in the sample.
1421:, condensed tannins are also present. These originate both from malt and hops. Trained brewmasters, particularly those in Germany, consider the presence of tannins to be a flaw. However, in some styles, the presence of this astringency is acceptable or even desired, as, for example, in a
1400:
Although citrus fruits do not contain tannins, orange-colored juices often contain tannins from food colouring. Apple, grape and berry juices all contain high amounts of tannins. Sometimes tannins are even added to juices and ciders to create a more astringent feel to the taste.
947:
227:
There are three major classes of tannins: Shown below are the base unit or monomer of the tannin. Particularly in the flavone-derived tannins, the base shown must be (additionally) heavily hydroxylated and polymerized in order to give the high molecular weight
196:
from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of unripened fruit, red wine or tea. Likewise, the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role when determining harvesting times.
1532:, which were invented in response to a scarcity of vegetable tannins during World War II. At that time, many small tannin industry sites closed. Vegetable tannins are estimated to be used for the production of 10â20% of the global leather production.
2224:
1524:
Industrial tannin production began at the beginning of the 19th century with the industrial revolution, to produce tanning material for the need for more leather. Before that time, processes used plant material and were long (up to six months).
1478:
may occur. Condensed tannins inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest, and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes (for more on that topic, see
856:), a tree species found in New Zealand, decompose much more slowly than those of most other species. Besides its acidity, the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols, most notably tannins, that are harmful to
549:
provided for the first time the means of surveying the phenolic constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945, including prominent work by
1545:
is used worldwide as clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks and as aroma ingredient in both alcoholic and soft drinks or juices. Tannins from different botanical origins also find extensive uses in the wine industry.
998:
2220:
910:
can have the same effect. Many hours of boiling the driftwood may need to be followed by many weeks or months of constant soaking and many water changes before the water will stay clear. Raising the water's
1150:
are added and the mixture heated under reflux for 30 min. The reaction mixture is filtered while hot through a sintered glass filter. The precipitate is washed with hot water (5Ă 10 ml) and dried over
937:
is brown in color, so in general white woods have a low tannin content. Woods with a lot of yellow, red, or brown coloration to them (like cedar, redwood, red oak, etc.) tend to contain a lot of tannin.
3572:
814:, i.e., non-protoplasm materials found in cells. Tannins, by definition, precipitate proteins. In this condition, they must be stored in organelles able to withstand the protein precipitation process.
1104:
in general: Powdered plant leaves of the test plant (1.0 g) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5% FeCl
1282:
were found to contain 2.4â5.2% and 2.6â4.8% tannins as a proportion of dry matter, but the tannins can be removed by leaching in water so that the acorns become edible. Other nuts â such as
2793:
Guangcheng, Zheng; Yunlu, Lin; Yazaki, Y. (1991). "Bark tannin contents of Acacia mearnsii provenances and the relationship between the hide-powder and the
Stiasny methods of estimation".
598:(Cronquist). Most families of dicot contain tannin-free species (tested by their ability to precipitate proteins). The best known families of which all species tested contain tannin are:
807:
or surface wax of plants. These storage sites keep tannins active against plant predators, but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while the plant tissue is alive.
4014:
Torres J.; Olivares S.; De La Rosa D.; Lima L.; MartĂnez F.; Munita C. S.; Favaro D. I. T. (1999). "Removal of mercury(II) and methylmercury from solution by tannin adsorbents".
959:
902:
Tannins leaching from an unprepared driftwood decoration in an aquarium can cause pH lowering and coloring of the water to a tea-like tinge. A way to avoid this is to boil the
3755:
Livio M.; Louvandini, Helder; Sousa, Dauana
Mesquita; Salminen, Juha-Pekka; Karonen, Maarit; Engstrom, Marika; Charlier, Johannes; Niderkorn, Vincent; Morgan, Eric R. (2022).
2756:
844:
grows about global warming, there is great interest to better understand the role of polyphenols as regulators of carbon cycling, in particular in northern boreal forests.
3035:
Puupponen-PimiÀ, R.; Nohynek, L; Meier, C; KÀhkönen, M; Heinonen, M; Hopia, A; Oksman-Caldentey, KM (2001). "Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries".
2431:
Verkaik, Eric; Jongkindet, Anne G.; Berendse, Frank (2006). "Short-term and long-term effects of tannins on nitrogen mineralisation and litter decomposition in kauri (
2854:
1133:
400 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. 3 g of slightly chromated hide-powder previously dried in vacuum for 24h over CaCl
1535:
The cost of the final product depends on the method used to extract the tannins, in particular the use of solvents, alkali and other chemicals used (for instance
1298:â contain lower amounts. Tannin concentration in the crude extract of these nuts did not directly translate to the same relationships for the condensed fraction.
232:
motif that characterizes tannins. Typically, tannin molecules require at least 12 hydroxyl groups and at least five phenyl groups to function as protein binders.
3982:
3583:
1521:
Tannins have been used since antiquity in the processes of tanning hides for leather, and in helping preserve iron artifacts (as with
Japanese iron teapots).
2772:
Study on Fast
Determination Content of Condensed Tannin Using Stiasny Method. Chen Xiangming, Chen Heru and Li Weibin, Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2006-07 (
2707:
1041:
There are three groups of methods for the analysis of tannins: precipitation of proteins or alkaloids, reaction with phenolic rings, and depolymerization.
986:
3007:
1169:
have been revealed by the usual color and precipitation reactions and by quantitative determination by the methods of Löwenthal-Procter and of Deijs (
3891:
1432:
at low temperature. This chill haze can be prevented by removing part of the tannins or part of the haze-forming proteins. Tannins are removed using
2478:
4484:
2850:
Chemical study of bark from
Commiphora angolensis Engl. Cardoso Do Vale, J., Bol Escola Farm Univ Coimbra Edicao Cient, 1962, volume 3, page 128 (
1385:
possess tannins absorbed from the wood. Soils high in clay also contribute to tannins in wine grapes. This concentration gives wine its signature
2520:
Pizzi, A.; Conradie, W. E.; Jansen, A. (28 October 1986). "Polyflavonoid tannins ? a main cause of soft-rot failure in CCA-treated timber".
2379:
4118:
3862:
3410:
3298:
2683:
2647:
2303:
1893:
1851:
1785:
1726:
1701:
344:, unlike hydrolysable and condensed tannins, and cannot be used as tanning compounds. Some examples of pseudo tannins and their sources are:
2573:
1125:. Statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant relationship between the results from the hide-powder and the Stiasny methods.
2776:
3304:
3218:
2834:
1649:
primers for treating rusted steel surfaces prior to painting, converting rust to iron tannate and consolidating and sealing the surface.
3359:
Tao Y, GarcĂa JF, Sun DW (2014). "Advances in wine aging technologies for enhancing wine quality and accelerating wine aging process".
3079:
2673:
1857:
1638:, e.g., chestnut tannin, appear to be able to substitute a high proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins for wood
3954:
Bisanda E. T. N.; Ogola W. O.; Tesha J. V. (August 2003). "Characterisation of tannin resin blends for particle board applications".
2748:"Tannin analysis of Acacia mearnsii bark â a comparison of the hide-powder and Stiasny methods". Zheng G.C., Lin Y.L. and Yazaki Y.,
2504:
778:
3119:
Puupponen-PimiÀ R.; Nohynek L.; Meier C.; et al. (April 2001). "Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries".
2753:
1760:
4149:
3838:""The Status of Mangrove Ecosystems: Trends in the Utilisation and Management of Mangrove Resources". D. Macintosh and S. Zisman"
4731:
1480:
5209:
3757:"Use of agro-industrial by-products containing tannins for the integrated control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants"
716:
3868:
2851:
3424:"Wine and grape tannin interactions with salivary proteins and their impact on astringency: a review of current research"
2246:
Simon Mole (1993). "The
Systematic Distribution of Tannins in the Leaves of Angiosperms: A Tool for Ecological Studies".
5260:
2662:
Plant
Polyphenols: Synthesis, Properties, Significance. Richard W. Hemingway, Peter E. Laks, Susan J. Branham (page 263)
925:, while in general much lower in tannins than hardwoods, are usually not recommended for use in an aquarium so using a
825:) fruits, tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells, which are idioblasts of parenchyma cells in the flesh.
337:
Pseudo-tannins are low molecular weight compounds associated with other compounds. They do not change color during the
5255:
4477:
3997:
3915:"Eco-dyeing using Tamarindus indica L. seed coat tannin as a natural mordant for textiles with antibacterial activity"
3703:
4751:
1428:
In lager type beers, the tannins can form a precipitate with specific haze-forming proteins in the beer resulting in
1146:
100 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 10 ml distilled water. 1 ml of 10M HCl and 2 ml of 37%
759:
953:
Tannin-rich fresh water draining into Cox Bight from Freney Lagoon, Southwest Conservation Area, Tasmania, Australia
4746:
4289:
3629:"Effect of chestnut tannin on fermentation quality, proteolysis, and protein rumen degradability of alfalfa silage"
2600:
1797:
Boralle, N.; Gottlieb, H. E.; Gottlieb, O. R.; Kubitzki, K.; Lopes, L. M. X.; Yoshida, M.; Young, M. C. M. (1993).
731:
2555:
1497:
fodders containing condensed tannins are a possible option for integrated sustainable control of gastrointestinal
5270:
5250:
5245:
5122:
4719:
184:
The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play a role in protection from
103:
5198:
5087:
5026:
4527:
4252:
1433:
1214:
551:
2396:
HĂ€ttenschwiler, S.; Vitousek, PM (2000). "The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling".
738:
1618:
developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada.
5275:
5107:
4687:
4057:
Takashi Sakaguchia; Akira Nakajimaa (June 1987). "Recovery of Uranium from Seawater by Immobilized Tannin".
3837:
3811:
2830:. Henry Richardson Procter, Edmund Stiasny and Harold Brumwel, E. & F.N. Spon, Limited, 1912â223 pages (
2367:"Identification of Molecular Markers Linked to the Trait of Natural Astringency Loss of Japanese Persimmon (
712:
705:
3797:
3252:
Reed, Jess D. (1 May 1995). "Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes".
3018:
5280:
5265:
5187:
4677:
4672:
4470:
4416:
3883:
2714:(VRSA) isolated from clinical samples". Akinjogunla O. J., Yah C. S., Eghafona N. O. and Ogbemudia F. O.,
1181:
1081:, rinsed in water, soaked in the tannin solution for 5 minutes, washed in water, and then treated with 1%
1022:
471:
427:
408:
38:
2485:
1969:"CXLI â Some oxidation products of the hydroxybenzoic acids and the constitution of ellagic acid. Part I"
4824:
4726:
4622:
4352:
3473:
Clifford M. N.; Ramirez-Martinez J. R. (1991). "Tannins in wet-processed coffee beans and coffee pulp".
1780:
page 113 "Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins" By Richard W. Hemingway, Joseph J. Karchesy,
1165:
745:
125:
1608:
such as cotton. The type of tannin used may or may not have an impact on the final color of the fiber.
3220:
Assessment of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of tree nut extracts with a pork model system
3163:
2321:"The tannosome is an organelle forming condensed tannins in the chlorophyllous organs of Tracheophyta"
4572:
4385:
4284:
4279:
4142:
4023:
3712:
2802:
2444:
2376:
2255:
2185:
1814:
1464:
1341:
contain tannins. Red-colored beans contain the most tannins, and white-colored beans have the least.
1197:
1097:
1074:
1025:
tannins from all plant material. The procedures used for tannins are widely variable. It may be that
907:
869:
840:
559:
555:
546:
475:
338:
74:
1798:
4970:
4167:
1635:
1029:
in the extraction solvent increases the total yield by inhibiting interactions between tannins and
727:
681:, found in virtually all families of plants, and comprising up to 50% of the dry weight of leaves.
542:
279:
3627:
Tabacco E.; Borreani G.; Crovetto G. M.; Galassi G.; Colombo D.; Cavallarin L. (1 December 2006).
3608:
Muller-Harvey I.; McAllan A. B. (1992). "Tannins: Their biochemistry and nutritional properties".
3080:"Enhancing health benefits of berries through phenolic antioxidant enrichment: focus on cranberry"
2630:
Scalbert, Augustin (1992). "Quantitative Methods for the Estimation of Tannins in Plant Tissues".
5235:
4887:
4039:
3736:
3384:
3144:
3060:
2958:
2919:
2577:
2537:
2460:
1528:
There was a collapse in the vegetable tannin market in the 1950sâ1960s, due to the appearance of
916:
811:
530:
2773:
1693:
1513:
5240:
5152:
5097:
4917:
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4426:
4247:
4224:
4114:
4086:
3936:
3858:
3786:
3728:
3650:
3554:
3546:
3455:
3406:
3376:
3341:
3294:
3288:
3269:
3227:
3136:
3094:
3052:
2679:
2643:
2413:
2350:
2299:
2201:
2158:
2082:
2033:
1949:
1889:
1847:
1781:
1722:
1697:
1657:
1571:
1174:
1078:
852:
380:
150:
4317:
1841:
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5142:
5137:
5127:
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5046:
4756:
4612:
4517:
4347:
4274:
4266:
4066:
4031:
3963:
3926:
3776:
3768:
3720:
3681:
3640:
3538:
3482:
3445:
3435:
3368:
3331:
3261:
3175:
3128:
3102:
3044:
2989:
2950:
2911:
2880:
2810:
2635:
2529:
2452:
2405:
2340:
2332:
2263:
2193:
2148:
2140:
2109:
2072:
2064:
2023:
2015:
1980:
1939:
1931:
1822:
1685:
1631:
1590:
1529:
1488:
1422:
1357:
1235:
1082:
1065:, precipitates polyphenols and tannins. This property can be used in a quantitation method.
880:
678:
623:
403:
289:
216:
201:
31:
1155:. The yield of tannin is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material.
5157:
4662:
4395:
4135:
3645:
3628:
2858:
2838:
2780:
2760:
2604:
2508:
2501:
2383:
1605:
1582:
1575:
1501:
in ruminants, which may help address the worldwide development of resistance to synthetic
1373:
1274:
879:
tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a
631:
453:
449:
416:
392:
322:
253:
4322:
3701:
Shimada, Takuya (23 May 2006). "Salivary Proteins as a Defense Against Dietary Tannins".
4027:
3716:
3670:"Effect of chestnut tannin on the fermentability of soyabean meal nitrogen in the rumen"
2831:
2806:
2448:
2259:
2189:
1883:
1818:
5082:
5061:
5056:
5041:
4932:
4736:
4421:
3781:
3756:
3450:
3423:
2345:
2320:
2153:
2128:
2077:
2052:
2028:
1999:
1944:
1919:
1764:
1585:(either blue, blue black, or green to greenish-black) according to the type of tannin.
1567:
1369:
1101:
1033:
during extraction or even by breaking hydrogen bonds between tannin-protein complexes.
821:
457:
258:
132:
3967:
2409:
1742:
Bate-Smith and Swain (1962). "Flavonoid compounds". In Florkin M.; Mason H. S (eds.).
66:
5224:
5112:
5031:
5021:
4927:
4882:
4875:
4542:
4444:
4400:
4372:
3525:
Deshpande, Sudhir S.; Cheryan, Munir; Salunkhe, D. K.; Luh, Bor S. (1 January 1986).
3486:
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3048:
2267:
1826:
1686:
1661:
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1612:
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1502:
1268:
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1005:
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607:
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579:
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212:
178:
146:
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3388:
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2923:
2541:
2464:
2197:
752:
5016:
4965:
4902:
4839:
4652:
4617:
4607:
4582:
4557:
4439:
4357:
4337:
4304:
4176:
3573:"Brewtan range â Natural solutions for beer stabilisation â Application fact-sheet"
3148:
3064:
2814:
1449:
1224:
1180:
Colorimetric methods have existed such as the Neubauer-Löwenthal method which uses
1147:
671:
663:
619:
566:
535:
479:
474:
studied natural phenols and tannins found in different plant species. Working with
465:
441:
294:
284:
4092:
2100:
Adam, W. B.; Hardy, F.; Nierenstein, M. (1931). "The Catechin of the Cacao Bean".
1378:
Principal human dietary sources of tannins are tea and coffee. Most wines aged in
899:
can make it smell bad or taste bitter, but this does not make it unsafe to drink.
4108:
3852:
3372:
2639:
2176:
Haslam, Edwin (2007). "Vegetable tannins â Lessons of a phytochemical lifetime".
1539:). For large quantities, the most cost-effective method is hot water extraction.
1491:, also precipitate tannins from solution, thus preventing alimentary adsorption.
5162:
5147:
5132:
4796:
4682:
4537:
4332:
4239:
4229:
4204:
4184:
3290:
What Einstein told his cook 2: the sequel: further adventures in kitchen science
1601:
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99:
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51:
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4834:
4811:
4704:
4627:
4587:
4522:
4194:
4189:
4070:
3724:
3542:
3440:
3320:"Diet-derived phenols in plasma and tissues and their implications for health"
2954:
2456:
1920:"On the RĂŽle of Phenols, Tannic Acids, and Oxybenzoic Acids in Cork Formation"
1410:
1386:
1382:
1185:
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189:
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110:
96:
92:
3940:
3550:
2884:
1578:
are also in use today and account for 90% of the world's leather production.
1505:. These include nuts, temperate and tropical barks, carob, coffee and cocoa.
528:, a molecule present in the myrobalanitannin, a tannin found in the fruit of
4995:
4990:
4870:
4865:
4819:
4801:
4709:
4632:
4577:
4567:
4562:
4367:
4219:
4214:
4209:
3983:"Commercial production of tannins from radiata pine bark for wood adhesives"
3526:
3180:
1646:
1625:
1536:
1429:
1283:
1248:
1244:
969:
815:
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796:
643:
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185:
4127:
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1953:
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58:
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4714:
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1984:
1615:
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1484:
1346:
1326:
1310:
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1050:
973:
965:
926:
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912:
906:
in water several times, discarding the water each time. Using peat as an
647:
611:
517:
174:
170:
114:
2993:
2597:
2113:
264:
242:
46:
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4741:
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4327:
4035:
3226:. International Congress of Meat Science and Technology. Archived from
2915:
2828:
Leather Chemists' Pocket-Book: A Short Compendium of Analytical Methods
2559:
2533:
1665:
1597:
1555:
1554:
Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather.
1471:
1392:
Coffee pulp has been found to contain low to trace amounts of tannins.
1379:
1322:
1295:
1287:
1188:
1118:
1058:
1030:
1026:
834:
804:
719: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
505:
495:
491:
396:
388:
363:
158:
106:
17:
2144:
2068:
2019:
1935:
1262:
vary in the amount of tannins they contain. Some species of acorns of
5036:
4897:
4602:
4597:
4512:
4501:
3500:
1563:
1494:
1456:
1437:
1342:
1338:
1291:
1279:
412:
384:
2977:
2938:
2899:
1968:
1455:
Many studies suggest that chestnut tannins have positive effects on
590:. Mole (1993) studied the distribution of tannin in 180 families of
5117:
4849:
4829:
4647:
4547:
4532:
4312:
2620:, Rowe J. W. (ed), Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, pages 651â690
1653:
1512:
1475:
1460:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1234:
977:
873:
650:, 73% of the species tested contain tannin. For those of acacias,
487:
208:
78:
65:
57:
45:
2479:"Tannins, lignins and humic acids in well water on www.gov.ns.ca"
27:
Class of astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic chemical compounds
4552:
4493:
4462:
1418:
1414:
934:
903:
888:
4466:
4131:
1664:
from solution. Immobilized tannins have been tested to recover
4907:
1559:
1263:
884:
791:
In all vascular plants studied, tannins are manufactured by a
688:
143:
1088:
solution, it gives a blue black color if tannin was present.
2978:"Notes on Löwenthal's method for the determination of tanin"
2371:) Fruit". Shinya Kanzaki, Keizo Yonemori and Akira Sugiura,
2871:
Deijs, W. B. (1939). "Catechins isolated from tea leaves".
1746:. Vol. III. New York: Academic Press. pp. 75â809.
460:
was the first person to synthesize ellagic acid by heating
541:
At these times, molecule formulas were determined through
3162:Ćuczaj, Ćukasz; Adamczak, Artur; Duda, Magdalena (2014).
1200:, instead of potassium permanganate, and indigo sulfate.
1719:
On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen
2000:"The Formation of Ellagic Acid from Galloyl-Glycine by
654:, only 39% of the species tested contain tannin, among
4087:
Tannins: fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules
2727:"Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity Of
1452:, depending upon their chemical structure and dosage.
1117:
The hide-powder method is used in tannin analysis for
3164:"Tannin content in acorns (Quercus spp.) from Poland"
3015:
Schweizerische Wochenschrift fĂŒr Chemie und Pharmacie
2294:
Kadam, S. S.; Salunkhe, D. K.; Chavan, J. K. (1990).
1692:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
3531:
C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1624:
tannins has been investigated for the production of
1467:(non-protein nitrogen) in the lowest wilting level.
5070:
5004:
4951:
4858:
4810:
4767:
4661:
4500:
4409:
4384:
4303:
4265:
4238:
4175:
4166:
1589:is produced by treating a solution of tannins with
1349:(garbanzo beans) have a smaller amount of tannins.
1251:, contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins.
3287:Robert L. Wolke; Marlene Parrish (29 March 2005).
1684:Ferrell, Katie E.; Thorington, Richard W. (2006).
578:Tannins are distributed in species throughout the
534:, is an intermediary compound in the synthesis of
325:(oligo- or polystilbenes) are oligomeric forms of
1227:contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins.
929:with a very light color, indicating a low tannin
192:) and might help in regulating plant growth. The
4016:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
2737:Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
2502:Preparing Driftwood for Your Freshwater Aquarium
1656:made of tannins has been investigated to remove
887:has a characteristic brown color from dissolved
508:is an enzyme that Nierenstein used to produce m-
2589:
2587:
1345:without shells have a very low tannin content.
803:. Tannins are mainly physically located in the
545:. The discovery in 1943 by Martin and Synge of
4110:Plant polyphenols: vegetable tannins revisited
3913:Prabhu, K. H.; Teli, M. D. (1 December 2014).
1611:Tannin is a component in a type of industrial
1266:contain large amounts. For example, acorns of
933:, can be an easy way to avoid tannins. Tannic
109:and various other organic compounds including
4478:
4143:
3854:Conservation of leather and related materials
3078:Vattem D. A.; Ghaedian R.; Shetty K. (2005).
2698:"Antibacterial activity of leave extracts of
1973:Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions
1570:has traditionally been the primary source of
149:) refers to the use of oak and other bark in
8:
2616:"Condensed tannins". Porter L. J., 1989, in
3293:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 433.
2053:"A biological synthesis of m-digallic acid"
1645:Tannins can be used for production of anti-
1448:Tannins have traditionally been considered
919:, will accelerate the process of leaching.
4485:
4471:
4463:
4172:
4150:
4136:
4128:
2873:Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas
2296:Dietary tannins: consequences and remedies
2280:"Tannin in Tropical Woods". Doat J, Bois.
1908:Löwe, Zeitschrift fĂŒr Chemie, 1868, 4, 603
1761:"Notes on Tannins from PharmaXChange.info"
3930:
3780:
3685:
3644:
3449:
3439:
3335:
3179:
2344:
2152:
2076:
2027:
1943:
1877:
1875:
779:Learn how and when to remove this message
490:in 1905. He suggested its formation from
329:and constitute a minor class of tannins.
3204:Nuts: Their production and everyday uses
2982:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2702:(Nymphaeaceae) on Methicillin resistant
2556:"Driftwood Do's & Don'ts â Pet Fish"
2102:Journal of the American Chemical Society
346:
234:
177:) to form strong complexes with various
3981:Li, Jingge; Maplesden, Frances (1998).
2219:Quideau, Stéphane (22 September 2009).
1967:Perkin, A. G.; Nierenstein, M. (1905).
1888:. F. G. A. Enna. (trans.). Read Books.
1846:. New Age International. pp. 44â.
1843:Pharmacognosy And Pharmacobiotechnology
1755:
1753:
1676:
1192:tannin but with regard to crystallised
1008:in the West Coast region of New Zealand
943:
50:Representative chemical structure of a
3871:from the original on 16 December 2016.
3307:from the original on 16 December 2016.
3008:"Nouvelle methode de dosage du tannin"
2298:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 177.
2129:"The distribution of myrobalanitannin"
1581:Tannins produce different colors with
992:Upper Tahquamenon falls Panoramic view
677:The most abundant polyphenols are the
646:in Monocot. To the family of the oak,
341:
297:(C-ring isomerized condensed tannins)
3894:from the original on 15 February 2017
3888:Traveling Scriptorium: A Teaching Kit
3882:Lemay, Marie-France (21 March 2013).
3857:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 23.
2900:"Ueber die Bestimmung des Gerbstoffs"
1918:Drabble, E.; Nierenstein, M. (1907).
891:tannins. The presence of tannins (or
7:
5193:
3582:. Ajinomoto OmniChem. Archived from
2127:Nierenstein, M.; Potter, J. (1945).
1776:
1774:
717:adding citations to reliable sources
62:Tannin powder (mixture of compounds)
5205:
3610:Adv. Plant Cell Biochem. Biotechnol
2943:The Journal of Agricultural Science
2939:"The Estimation of Tannin in Cider"
2248:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1721:. New York: Scribner. p. 714.
1096:The following describes the use of
850:and other decaying parts of kauri (
173:and other suitable groups (such as
3527:"Tannin analysis of food products"
3217:Amarowicz, R.; Pegg, R.B. (2008).
2904:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Analytische Chemie
2618:Natural Products of Woody Plants I
2227:from the original on 10 March 2012
1688:Squirrels: the animal answer guide
1121:tannin and the Stiasny method for
582:. They are commonly found in both
25:
4059:Separation Science and Technology
3919:Journal of Saudi Chemical Society
3851:Marion Kite; Roy Thomson (2006).
3668:Mathieu F.; Jouany J. P. (1993).
3646:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72523-1
2398:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1436:, haze-forming proteins by using
452:were first discovered by chemist
5204:
5192:
5183:
5182:
3796:
3405:pp. 155â162 Harcourt Books 2001
3133:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01271.x
3049:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01271.x
1860:from the original on 2 June 2013
1021:There is no single protocol for
997:
985:
958:
946:
693:
674:contain no tannin-rich species.
658:rate drops to 6% and 4% for the
524:in 1931. He showed in 1945 that
263:
252:
241:
223:Structure and classes of tannins
204:ranging from 500 to over 3,000 (
4732:Oriented structural straw board
3037:Journal of Applied Microbiology
2898:Löwenthal, J. (December 1877).
2198:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.009
1481:plant defense against herbivory
1444:Properties for animal nutrition
704:needs additional citations for
169:compound containing sufficient
165:is widely applied to any large
30:For the mythical creature, see
3956:Cement and Concrete Composites
2976:Snyder, Harry (October 1893).
2937:Spiers, C. W. (January 1914).
2815:10.1080/00049158.1991.10674579
2574:"Tannin and hardwood flooring"
1634:, e.g., quebracho tannin, and
1600:, and is especially useful in
1596:Tannins can also be used as a
1:
3968:10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00072-0
3812:"1854 - 1906: The foundation"
3422:McRae JM, Kennedy JA (2011).
2752:, 1991, No. 35, pp. 128â131 (
2716:Annals of Biological Research
2410:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01861-9
2284:, 1978, volume 182, pp. 34â37
2221:"Why bother with Polyphenols"
1517:Tannin in a plastic container
1098:ferric chloride (FeCl3) tests
3487:10.1016/0308-8146(91)90102-T
3373:10.1080/10408398.2011.609949
2718:, 2010, 1 (2), pages 174â184
2640:10.1007/978-1-4615-3476-1_15
2268:10.1016/0305-1978(93)90096-A
1827:10.1016/0031-9422(91)80038-3
1159:Reaction with phenolic rings
516:. He proved the presence of
4290:Pyrocatecollic type tannins
3704:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3017:(in French). Archived from
2739:, 2009, 3(4): pp. 3975â3979
2710:) and Vancomycin resistant
2522:Wood Science and Technology
2435:(D. Don) Lindl.) forests".
2375:, 2001, 126(1), pp. 51â55 (
1470:Improved fermentability of
1360:contains about 6% tannins.
5297:
5123:Non-timber forest products
4747:Structural insulated panel
3932:10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.014
2672:Prakashan, Nirali (2009).
1367:
1212:
1184:as an oxidizing agent and
864:Presence in water and wood
832:
810:Tannins are classified as
36:
29:
5178:
4071:10.1080/01496398708058421
3725:10.1007/s10886-006-9077-0
3543:10.1080/10408398609527441
3441:10.3390/molecules16032348
3254:Journal of Animal Science
2955:10.1017/S0021859600002173
2596:, Ann E. Hagerman, 1998 (
2457:10.1007/s11104-006-9081-8
2319:Brillouet, J.-M. (2013).
1574:tannin, though inorganic
1463:, in particular reducing
1417:to provide bitterness in
1068:
662:. Some families like the
275:
262:
237:
161:. By extension, the term
5088:Destructive distillation
4253:1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose
3996:(1/EMCh). Archived from
3773:10.1051/parasite/2022010
3687:10.1051/animres:19930210
3633:Journal of Dairy Science
3580:natural-specialities.com
2885:10.1002/recl.19390580907
2837:16 December 2016 at the
2832:book at Internet Archive
2750:ACIAR Proceedings Series
2382:4 September 2015 at the
2051:Nierenstein, M. (1932).
1998:Nierenstein, M. (1915).
1744:Comparative biochemistry
1215:Pomegranate ellagitannin
1077:or ox skin is dipped in
552:Edgar Charles Bate-Smith
37:Not to be confused with
5108:Green building and wood
3181:10.12657/denbio.072.009
2603:28 January 2014 at the
2133:The Biochemical Journal
2057:The Biochemical Journal
2008:The Biochemical Journal
1882:Grasser, Georg (1922).
1799:"Oligostilbenoids from
1204:Food items with tannins
1109:tannins (Evans, 1989).
883:. Water flowing out of
4752:Woodâplastic composite
4678:Glued laminated timber
4673:Cross-laminated timber
4107:Haslam, Edwin (1989).
3403:Encyclopedia of Grapes
3361:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
2373:J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
2223:. Groupe Polyphenols.
1717:McGee, Harold (2004).
1518:
1509:Tannin uses and market
1243:Most berries, such as
1240:
1239:Strawberries in a bowl
1182:potassium permanganate
1069:Goldbeater's skin test
1045:Alkaloid precipitation
968:(similar to, but not,
472:Maximilian Nierenstein
428:Carapichea ipecacuanha
81:
63:
55:
39:Tanin (disambiguation)
4825:Corrugated fiberboard
4727:Oriented strand board
4386:Flavono-ellagitannins
4377:Phlorofucofuroeckol B
4353:Phlorofucofuroeckol A
4285:Catechol-type tannins
4280:Polyflavonoid tannins
3337:10.1055/s-2004-835835
3266:10.2527/1995.7351516x
3202:Howes, F. N. (1948).
2712:Staphylococcus aureus
2704:Staphylococcus aureus
1840:Ashutosh Kar (2003).
1516:
1329:all contain tannins.
1238:
1166:Commiphora angolensis
685:Cellular localization
238:Base unit / scaffold
69:
61:
49:
5210:WikiProject Forestry
4168:Hydrolysable tannins
3318:Clifford MN (2004).
3108:on 28 December 2010.
3087:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
2779:2 April 2015 at the
2678:. Nirali Prakashan.
2634:. pp. 259â280.
2184:(22â24): 2713â2721.
1985:10.1039/CT9058701412
1636:Hydrolyzable tannins
1198:calcium hypochlorite
1163:The bark tannins of
1092:Ferric chloride test
841:convergent evolution
713:improve this article
560:Cambridge University
547:paper chromatography
476:Arthur George Perkin
280:Hydrolyzable tannins
5261:Phenol antioxidants
4971:Ramial chipped wood
4410:Other Miscellaneous
4028:1999JRNC..240..361T
4003:on 22 January 2003.
3890:. Yale University.
3717:2006JCEco..32.1149S
2994:10.1021/ja02120a004
2857:7 June 2014 at the
2807:1991AuFor..54..209G
2795:Australian Forestry
2759:9 July 2014 at the
2594:The Tannin Handbook
2507:7 July 2011 at the
2449:2006PlSoi.287..337V
2260:1993BioSE..21..833M
2190:2007PChem..68.2713H
2114:10.1021/ja01353a041
1924:Biochemical Journal
1819:1993PChem..34.1403B
1409:In addition to the
1364:Drinks with tannins
812:ergastic substances
594:and 44 families of
543:combustion analysis
211:) and up to 20,000
5256:Astringent flavors
4888:Cellulosic ethanol
4225:Tellimagrandin IIs
4093:"Tannin Chemistry"
4036:10.1007/BF02349180
3990:IPENZ Transactions
3121:J. Appl. Microbiol
2916:10.1007/BF01355993
2735:". Jonathan Yisa,
2534:10.1007/BF00350695
2337:10.1093/aob/mct168
1767:on 4 January 2015.
1519:
1487:, another type of
1461:round bale silages
1241:
1129:Hide-powder method
1049:Alkaloids such as
908:aquarium substrate
531:Terminalia chebula
486:and certain other
82:
64:
56:
54:, a type of tannin
5218:
5217:
5153:Wood preservation
5098:Engineered bamboo
4918:Pyroligneous acid
4460:
4459:
4427:Synthetic tannins
4389:(complex tannins)
4275:Proanthocyanidins
4267:Condensed tannins
4261:
4260:
4248:Digalloyl glucose
4158:Types of natural
4120:978-0-521-32189-1
3864:978-0-7506-4881-3
3639:(12): 4736â4746.
3411:978-0-15-100714-1
3330:(12): 1103â1114.
3300:978-0-393-05869-7
3024:on 8 August 2014.
2685:978-81-963961-5-2
2649:978-1-4613-6540-2
2632:Plant Polyphenols
2580:on 17 April 2011.
2433:Agathis australis
2305:978-0-8493-6811-0
2145:10.1042/bj0390390
2069:10.1042/bj0261093
2020:10.1042/bj0090240
1936:10.1042/bj0020096
1895:978-1-4067-7301-9
1885:Synthetic Tannins
1853:978-81-224-1501-8
1786:978-1-4684-7511-1
1728:978-0-684-80001-1
1703:978-0-8018-8402-3
1632:Condensed tannins
1530:synthetic tannins
1489:salivary proteins
1175:hydrochloric acid
1075:goldbeater's skin
1037:Tests for tannins
915:, e.g. by adding
853:Agathis australis
829:Presence in soils
789:
788:
781:
763:
679:condensed tannins
468:or silver oxide.
434:
433:
423:Ipecacuanhic acid
339:Goldbeater's skin
320:
319:
290:Condensed tannins
217:proanthocyanidins
202:molecular weights
102:that bind to and
91:) are a class of
16:(Redirected from
5288:
5271:Food stabilizers
5251:Wine terminology
5246:Organic polymers
5208:
5207:
5196:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5143:Timber recycling
5138:Reclaimed lumber
5128:Natural building
5093:Dry distillation
5047:Split-rail fence
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4348:Fucophlorethol A
4173:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4129:
4124:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4075:
4074:
4065:(6): 1609â1623.
4054:
4048:
4047:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3784:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3711:(6): 1149â1163.
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3505:www.cider.org.uk
3497:
3491:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3434:(3): 2348â2364.
3419:
3413:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3260:(5): 1516â1528.
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3233:on 27 April 2021
3232:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3101:. Archived from
3084:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2862:
2848:
2842:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2790:
2784:
2770:
2764:
2746:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2576:. Archived from
2570:
2564:
2563:
2562:on 24 July 2011.
2558:. Archived from
2552:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2511:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2484:. Archived from
2483:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2443:(1â2): 337â345.
2428:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2331:(6): 1003â1014.
2325:Annals of Botany
2316:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2063:(4): 1093â1094.
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1813:(5): 1403â1407.
1794:
1788:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1763:. Archived from
1757:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1691:
1681:
1606:cellulose fibers
1591:iron(II) sulfate
1474:nitrogen in the
1440:or tannic acid.
1423:Flanders red ale
1358:Chocolate liquor
1302:Herbs and spices
1220:Accessory fruits
1142:Stiasny's method
1004:The tannin-rich
1001:
989:
980:a tea-like brown
962:
950:
881:blackwater river
784:
777:
773:
770:
764:
762:
721:
697:
689:
624:Dipterocarpaceae
404:Chlorogenic acid
347:
323:Oligostilbenoids
267:
256:
245:
235:
32:Tannin (monster)
21:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5174:
5158:Wood processing
5066:
5000:
4947:
4854:
4806:
4763:
4693:parallel strand
4664:
4657:
4505:
4496:
4491:
4461:
4456:
4405:
4396:Epicutissimin A
4388:
4380:
4299:
4257:
4234:
4162:
4156:
4121:
4113:. CUP Archive.
4106:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4078:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3884:"Iron Gall Ink"
3881:
3880:
3876:
3865:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3589:on 14 July 2011
3586:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3301:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2988:(10): 560â563.
2975:
2974:
2970:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2859:Wayback Machine
2849:
2845:
2839:Wayback Machine
2826:
2822:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2781:Wayback Machine
2771:
2767:
2761:Wayback Machine
2747:
2743:
2729:Scoparia dulcis
2726:
2722:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2605:Wayback Machine
2592:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2509:Wayback Machine
2500:
2496:
2491:on 17 May 2013.
2488:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2384:Wayback Machine
2366:
2362:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
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2245:
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2240:
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2228:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2050:
2049:
2045:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1930:(3): 96â102.1.
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1796:
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1779:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:from seawater.
1583:ferric chloride
1566:, chestnut and
1552:
1511:
1459:quality in the
1450:antinutritional
1446:
1413:extracted from
1407:
1398:
1376:
1374:Tannins in wine
1368:Main articles:
1366:
1355:
1335:
1304:
1275:Quercus petraea
1257:
1233:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1161:
1154:
1136:
1115:
1107:
1094:
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1019:
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993:
990:
981:
963:
954:
951:
866:
837:
831:
785:
774:
768:
765:
722:
720:
710:
698:
687:
632:Grossulariaceae
576:
454:Henri Braconnot
450:pyrogallic acid
439:
335:
316:Tree heartwood
268:
257:
246:
225:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5276:Phytochemicals
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
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5248:
5243:
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5233:
5223:
5222:
5216:
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5190:
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5172:
5165:
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5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5083:Certified wood
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5057:Timber framing
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Sawdust brandy
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
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4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4933:Sandalwood oil
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
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4853:
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4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
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4782:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Particle board
4734:
4729:
4724:
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4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4697:
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4550:
4545:
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4515:
4509:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4422:Pseudo tannins
4419:
4417:Tannin sources
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
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4140:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4104:
4102:(1.41 MB)
4089:
4082:
4081:External links
4079:
4077:
4076:
4049:
4022:(1): 361â365.
4006:
3973:
3962:(6): 593â598.
3946:
3925:(6): 864â872.
3905:
3874:
3863:
3843:
3829:
3803:
3746:
3693:
3660:
3619:
3600:
3564:
3537:(4): 401â449.
3517:
3492:
3481:(2): 191â200.
3475:Food Chemistry
3465:
3414:
3394:
3367:(6): 817â835.
3351:
3310:
3299:
3279:
3244:
3209:
3194:
3154:
3127:(4): 494â507.
3111:
3093:(2): 120â130.
3070:
3043:(4): 494â507.
3027:
2999:
2968:
2929:
2890:
2879:(9): 805â830.
2863:
2843:
2820:
2801:(4): 209â211.
2785:
2765:
2741:
2733:Nymphaea lotus
2720:
2700:Nymphaea lotus
2691:
2684:
2664:
2655:
2648:
2622:
2609:
2583:
2565:
2547:
2512:
2494:
2470:
2437:Plant and Soil
2423:
2404:(6): 238â243.
2388:
2369:Diospyros kaki
2360:
2311:
2304:
2286:
2273:
2254:(8): 833â846.
2238:
2211:
2178:Phytochemistry
2168:
2139:(5): 390â392.
2119:
2108:(2): 727â728.
2092:
2043:
2014:(2): 240â244.
1990:
1959:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1871:
1852:
1832:
1807:Phytochemistry
1801:Gnetum venosum
1789:
1770:
1749:
1734:
1727:
1709:
1702:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1626:wood adhesives
1602:natural dyeing
1576:tanning agents
1568:quebracho tree
1551:
1548:
1510:
1507:
1445:
1442:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1370:Tannins in tea
1365:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1334:
1331:
1303:
1300:
1256:
1253:
1232:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1123:wood adhesives
1114:
1111:
1105:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1070:
1067:
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1038:
1035:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
994:
991:
984:
982:
976:, turning the
964:
957:
955:
952:
945:
942:
941:
940:
865:
862:
858:microorganisms
830:
827:
822:Diospyros kaki
787:
786:
769:September 2021
701:
699:
692:
686:
683:
638:for dicot and
596:monocotyledons
575:
572:
478:, he prepared
438:
435:
432:
431:
424:
420:
419:
406:
400:
399:
378:
367:
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361:
355:
354:
351:
334:
333:Pseudo-tannins
331:
318:
317:
314:
311:
306:
303:
299:
298:
292:
287:
282:
277:
276:Polymer class
273:
272:
261:
259:Phloroglucinol
250:
239:
224:
221:
179:macromolecules
133:Medieval Latin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5293:
5282:
5281:Wood extracts
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Wood products
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
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5228:
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5211:
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5171:
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5156:
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5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:List of woods
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Billet (wood)
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Hemicellulose
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4755:
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4680:
4679:
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4670:
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4660:
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4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
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4616:
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4609:
4608:Railroad ties
4606:
4604:
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4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4494:Wood products
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
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4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4401:Acutissimin A
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4373:7-Phloroeckol
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
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4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4305:Phlorotannins
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4254:
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4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
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4218:
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4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4177:Ellagitannins
4174:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4130:
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4021:
4017:
4010:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3977:
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3969:
3965:
3961:
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3909:
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3875:
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3866:
3860:
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3855:
3847:
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3839:
3833:
3830:
3818:. 15 May 2015
3817:
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3333:
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3259:
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3138:
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3115:
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3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:(in German).
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:Pharmacognosy
2668:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1979:: 1412â1430.
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:methylmercury
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1640:particleboard
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:Pinus radiata
1617:
1614:
1613:particleboard
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:Iron gall ink
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1503:anthelmintics
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:Quercus robur
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1113:Other methods
1112:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1006:Oparara River
1000:
995:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
961:
956:
949:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
914:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
863:
861:
859:
855:
854:
849:
845:
842:
836:
828:
826:
824:
823:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
783:
780:
772:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
730: â
729:
725:
724:Find sources:
718:
714:
708:
707:
702:This section
700:
696:
691:
690:
684:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
668:Cucurbitaceae
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:Anacardiaceae
605:
604:Actinidiaceae
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:plant kingdom
573:
571:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:digallic acid
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
430:
429:
425:
422:
421:
418:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:Pseudo tannin
349:
348:
345:
343:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
315:
312:
310:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:Phlobatannins
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Phlorotannins
283:
281:
278:
274:
271:
266:
260:
255:
251:
249:
244:
240:
236:
233:
231:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:Tannins have
198:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
73:
68:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5197:
5167:
5062:Wooden masts
5032:Dugout canoe
5017:Bavin (wood)
4966:Black liquor
4937:
4903:Liquid smoke
4653:Utility pole
4638:Timber truss
4558:Log building
4431:Tannin uses
4358:Tetrafucol A
4338:Diphlorethol
4323:6,6'-Bieckol
4318:8,8âČ-Bieckol
4240:Gallotannins
4205:Casuarictins
4185:Punicalagins
4159:
4109:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4019:
4015:
4009:
3998:the original
3993:
3989:
3976:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3887:
3877:
3853:
3846:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3815:
3806:
3764:
3760:
3749:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3584:the original
3579:
3567:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:
3495:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3402:
3397:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3289:
3282:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3219:
3212:
3203:
3197:
3187:15 September
3185:. Retrieved
3171:
3167:
3157:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3103:the original
3090:
3086:
3073:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3019:the original
3014:
3002:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2949:(1): 77â83.
2946:
2942:
2932:
2910:(1): 33â48.
2907:
2903:
2893:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2846:
2827:
2823:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2768:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2593:
2578:the original
2568:
2560:the original
2550:
2528:(1): 71â81.
2525:
2521:
2515:
2497:
2486:the original
2473:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2214:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1904:
1884:
1862:. Retrieved
1842:
1835:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1765:the original
1743:
1737:
1718:
1712:
1687:
1679:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1553:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1493:
1469:
1454:
1447:
1427:
1408:
1399:
1396:Fruit juices
1391:
1377:
1356:
1336:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1242:
1225:Strawberries
1223:
1209:Pomegranates
1179:
1164:
1162:
1148:formaldehyde
1145:
1132:
1116:
1095:
1072:
1048:
1040:
1020:
921:
901:
867:
851:
846:
838:
820:
809:
790:
775:
766:
756:
749:
742:
735:
723:
711:Please help
706:verification
703:
676:
672:Papaveraceae
664:Boraginaceae
620:Combretaceae
592:dicotyledons
577:
570:definition.
567:Edwin Haslam
564:
540:
536:ellagic acid
529:
514:gallotannins
499:
480:ellagic acid
470:
466:arsenic acid
442:Ellagic acid
440:
426:
374:
371:Flavan-3-ols
336:
321:
226:
199:
183:
167:polyphenolic
162:
139:
135:
128:
126:Anglo-Norman
121:
119:
100:biomolecules
97:polyphenolic
88:
84:
83:
70:A bottle of
43:
5163:Woodworking
5148:Wood drying
5133:Papermaking
4953:By-products
4859:Derivatives
4797:Pellet fuel
4538:Flitch beam
4333:Eckstolonol
4230:Terflavin B
4195:Vescalagins
4190:Castalagins
3674:Ann Zootech
3237:9 September
3174:: 103â111.
2002:Penicillium
1652:The use of
1543:Tannic acid
1411:alpha acids
1387:astringency
1383:oak barrels
1249:blueberries
1245:cranberries
1194:oxalic acid
917:baking soda
848:Leaf litter
819:persimmon (
793:chloroplast
616:Burseraceae
588:angiosperms
584:gymnosperms
526:luteic acid
522:cocoa beans
501:Penicillium
484:algarobilla
462:gallic acid
458:Julius Löwe
446:gallic acid
359:Gallic acid
327:stilbenoids
309:Brown algae
270:Flavan-3-ol
248:Gallic acid
206:gallic acid
194:astringency
188:(acting as
111:amino acids
104:precipitate
72:tannic acid
52:tannic acid
5225:Categories
5005:Historical
4986:Wood flour
4835:Paperboard
4705:Fiberboard
4663:Engineered
4523:Bressummer
4435:Enological
4215:Punicalins
4210:Grandinins
3898:18 January
3680:(2): 127.
3616:: 151â217.
3401:Oz Clarke
3324:Planta Med
3168:Dendrology
1864:31 January
1672:References
1063:strychnine
1055:cinchonine
1023:extracting
1017:Extraction
897:well water
893:humic acid
872:of highly
833:See also:
816:Idioblasts
739:newspapers
660:Asteraceae
656:Solanaceae
652:Mimosaceae
640:Najadaceae
636:Myricaceae
574:Occurrence
556:Tony Swain
409:Nux-vomica
353:Source(s)
230:polyphenol
190:pesticides
93:astringent
5236:Nutrition
5027:Clapboard
4996:Woodchips
4991:Wood wool
4871:Cellulose
4866:Birch-tar
4820:Cardboard
4802:Wood fuel
4710:hardboard
4613:Reclaimed
4578:Panelling
4568:Log house
4563:Log cabin
4368:Bifuhalol
4295:Flavolans
4220:Roburin A
4200:Castalins
3941:1319-6103
3816:Silvateam
3551:0099-0248
3501:"tannin2"
3428:Molecules
2231:21 August
1647:corrosive
1499:nematodes
1485:Histatins
1472:soya meal
1430:turbidity
1353:Chocolate
1347:Chickpeas
1284:hazelnuts
1177:method).
1102:phenolics
970:driftwood
923:Softwoods
801:tannosome
797:organelle
795:-derived
644:Typhaceae
628:Ericaceae
600:Aceraceae
565:In 1966,
504:in 1915.
456:in 1831.
375:Catechins
186:predation
175:carboxyls
171:hydroxyls
120:The term
115:alkaloids
5241:Oenology
5188:Category
5169:Yakisugi
5103:Forestry
5071:See also
5012:Axe ties
4981:Tall oil
4961:Barkdust
4943:Wood gas
4923:Pine tar
4913:Methanol
4845:Pulpwood
4792:Firewood
4775:Charcoal
4768:Fuelwood
4715:Masonite
4643:Treenail
4543:Flooring
4440:Drilling
4363:Trifucol
4044:24811963
3892:Archived
3869:Archived
3822:9 August
3791:35225785
3761:Parasite
3741:21617545
3733:16770710
3655:17106105
3593:10 March
3510:21 March
3460:21399572
3389:42400092
3381:24345051
3346:15643541
3305:Archived
3206:. Faber.
3141:11309059
3099:15927928
3057:11309059
2963:85362459
2924:95511307
2855:Archived
2852:abstract
2835:Archived
2777:Archived
2774:abstract
2757:Archived
2754:abstract
2601:Archived
2542:21250123
2505:Archived
2465:23420808
2418:10802549
2380:Archived
2355:24026439
2282:For Tmp.
2225:Archived
2206:18037145
2163:16747927
2087:16744910
2038:16742368
1954:16742048
1858:Archived
1616:adhesive
1537:glycerin
1327:cinnamon
1311:tarragon
1171:formalin
1051:caffeine
1031:proteins
974:aquarium
972:) in an
966:Bog-wood
927:hardwood
913:pH level
870:leaching
805:vacuoles
728:"Tannin"
648:Fagaceae
612:Bixaceae
518:catechin
302:Sources
107:proteins
89:tannoids
75:solution
5231:Tannins
5199:Commons
5078:Biomass
5052:Tanbark
4976:Sawdust
4787:Firelog
4780:biochar
4742:Plywood
4700:I-joist
4618:Shingle
4573:Molding
4450:Tanning
4343:Difucol
4328:Dieckol
4160:tannins
4024:Bibcode
3782:8884022
3713:Bibcode
3559:3536314
3451:6259628
3274:7665384
3149:6548208
3065:6548208
2803:Bibcode
2445:Bibcode
2377:article
2346:3783233
2256:Bibcode
2186:Bibcode
2154:1258254
2078:1261008
2029:1258574
1945:1276196
1815:Bibcode
1666:uranium
1658:mercury
1598:mordant
1572:tannery
1556:Tanbark
1380:charred
1343:Peanuts
1339:legumes
1333:Legumes
1323:vanilla
1296:almonds
1288:walnuts
1231:Berries
1189:sulfate
1119:leather
1059:quinine
1027:acetone
931:content
877:soluble
835:Soil pH
753:scholar
506:Tannase
496:glycine
492:galloyl
437:History
397:guarana
389:catechu
364:Rhubarb
313:Plants
305:Plants
213:daltons
159:leather
153:animal
151:tanning
138:, from
136:tannÄre
131:, from
85:Tannins
18:Tannins
5037:Potash
4938:Tannin
4898:Lignin
4812:Fibers
4757:lumber
4683:veneer
4623:Siding
4603:Rafter
4598:Purlin
4513:Batten
4506:timber
4502:Lumber
4117:
4100:
4042:
3939:
3861:
3789:
3779:
3767:: 10.
3739:
3731:
3653:
3557:
3549:
3458:
3448:
3409:
3387:
3379:
3344:
3297:
3272:
3147:
3139:
3097:
3063:
3055:
2961:
2922:
2682:
2646:
2540:
2463:
2416:
2353:
2343:
2302:
2204:
2161:
2151:
2085:
2075:
2036:
2026:
1952:
1942:
1892:
1850:
1784:
1725:
1700:
1654:resins
1564:mimosa
1495:Legume
1457:silage
1438:silica
1325:, and
1307:Cloves
1294:, and
1292:pecans
1280:Poland
1247:, and
1186:indigo
799:, the
755:
748:
741:
734:
726:
488:fruits
448:, and
413:coffee
385:acacia
209:esters
163:tannin
140:tannum
129:tanner
124:(from
122:tannin
5118:Mulch
4928:Pitch
4850:Rayon
4830:Paper
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