Tawhid - Knowledge

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between the existence of the creator and that of the creation. Defenders argued that Ibn Arabi and his followers are offering a "subtle metaphysics following the line of the Asharite formula: "The attributes are neither God nor other than God." God's "signs" (ayat) and "traces" (athar)—the creatures—are neither the same as God nor different from him, because God must be understood as both absent and present, both transcendent and immanent. Understood correctly, wahdat al-wujud elucidates the delicate balance that needs to be maintained between these two perspectives." Shah Wali Allah of Delhi argued that the Ibn Arabi's "unity of being" was experiential and based on a subjective experience of illumination or ecstasy, rather than an ontological reality.

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cannot enter into the category of number. Do you not see that those who say that God is a third of a trinity fall into this infidelity? Another meaning is to say, "So-and-So is one of his people", namely, a species of this genus or a member of this species. This meaning is also false when applied to God, because it implies likening something to God, whereas God is above all likeness. As to the two meanings that are correct when applied to God, one is that it should be said that "God is one" in the sense that there is no likeness to him among things. Another is to say that "God is one" in the sense that there is no multiplicity or division conceivable in Him, neither outwardly, nor in the mind, nor in the imagination. God alone possesses such a unity.

3222:(wujud mutlaq). For, if there were being other than he (i.e., creatural being), God would no longer be the Unique, i.e., the only one to be. As this Divine Essence is infinite, his qualities are the same as his essence, Essentially there is one Reality which is one and indivisible. The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is Tawhid. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and Shirk in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness). 3328:, Annihilation and Subsistence, "Man's existence, or ego, or self-hood ... must be annihilated so that he can attain to his true self which is his existence and "subsistence" with God. All of man's character traits and habits, everything that pertains to his individual existence must become completely naughted and "obliterated" (mahw). Then God will give back to him his character traits and everything positive he ever possessed. But at this stage, he will know consciously and actually—not just theoretically—and with a through spiritual realization, that everything he is derives absolutely from God. He is nothing but a ray of God's Attributes manifesting the Hidden Treasure." 2796:

Since two contrary wills could not possibly be realized at the same time, one of them must admit himself powerless in that particular instance. On the other hand, a powerless being can not by definition be a god. Therefore, the possibility of having more than one god is ruled out. For if a God is powerful above another, then this asserts a difference in the particular attributes that are confined to the essence of Godhood, which implies the lesser God must lack in certain necessary attributes deeming this deity as anthropomorphic and snatching away the title of a god from such entity.

2600:, the Qur'an argues that the knowledge of God as the creator of everything rules out the possibility of lesser gods since these beings must be themselves created. For the Qur'an, God is an immanent and transcendent deity who actively creates, maintains and destroys the universe. The reality of God as the ultimate cause of things is the belief that God is veiled from human understanding because of the secondary causes and contingent realities of things in the world. Thus the belief in the oneness of God is equated in the Qur'an with the "belief in the unseen" ( 74: 2833:. The Qur'an suggests several causes for deviation from monotheism to polytheism: Great temporal power, regarded by the holder and his subjects as 'absolute'—may lead the holder to think that he is God-like; such claims were commonly forced upon, and accepted by, those who were subject to the ruler. Also, certain natural phenomena (such as the sun, the moon and the stars) inspire feelings of awe, wonder or admiration that could lead some to regard these 3111:, the result of this interpretation is the negation of the divine attributes, the affirmation of the created Quran, and the denial of all possibility of the vision of God in the world beyond. Mu'tazilis believed that God is deprived of all positive attributes, in the sense that all divine qualifications must be understood as being the essence itself, and declaring that God is existing ubiquitously and in everything. They resorted to 2767:

wholly simple and one, whose essence is its very existence, and therefore is self-sufficient and not in need of something else to give it existence. Because its existence is not contingent on or necessitated by something else but is necessary and eternal in itself, it satisfies the condition of being the necessitating cause of the entire chain that constitutes the eternal world of contingent existing things. Thus his

7991: 4192:. استدلال‌ بر توحيد، مسبوق‌ به‌ پذيرش‌ وجود خداست‌ و طبعاً در صورت‌بندی آن‌، غالباً مواجهه‌ با مدعيان‌ و معتقدان‌ به‌ دو يا چند خدا در نظر بوده‌ و نظريه‌ ثنويها و مجوس‌ و نصارا ابطال‌ میشده‌ است‌. به‌ همين‌ سبب‌ از قديمترين‌ زمان‌، متكلمان‌ برای دفاع‌ از آموزه‌ توحيد و اثبات‌ آن‌، احتجاج‌ به‌ روش‌ خُلف‌ را كارآمدتر از ارائه‌ ادله‌ اثباتی میدانسته‌اند. آنان‌ بيشترِ دلايل‌ توحيد را با اين‌ رويكرد ارائه كرده اند. 1692: 2455:: "Indeed, I am God and there is no god but Me. I created people and I created good and I make it flow through the person I love. So blessed is the person through whom I will save it! I am God and there is no god but me. I created people and I created evil and I do it through whomever I want. So woe to the one on whose hands I will do it! (Kafi, vol. 1, p. 154, h 1, Mahasan, vol. 1, p. 440, h 1018). 3103:

engendering. He is beyond the perception of the senses. The eyes cannot see him, observation cannot attain him, the imagination cannot comprehend him. He is a thing, but he is not like other things; he is omniscient, all-powerful, but his omniscience and his all-mightiness cannot be compared to anything created. He created the world without any pre-established archetype and without an auxiliary.

3286:), Tawhid is not only the affirmation in speech of God's unity, but also as importantly a practical and existential realization of that unity. This is done by rejecting the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity, to isolate the eternal from the temporal in a practical way. The ideal is a radical purification from all worldliness. According to Vincent J. Cornall, it is possible to draw up a 2312:. Although the term is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex. Alternatively, the translation 'associating ' has been suggested. The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others and associating attributes of God with a created being. Because of that, 2889: 3316:. It involves a practical rejection of the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity. Al-Junayd for example "distinguishes four steps, starting from the simple attestation of unicity which is sufficient for ordinary believers, and culminating in the highest rank reserved for the elite, when the creature totally ceases to exist before his Lord, thus achieving al-fanā fi al-tawhīd ". 3440:, and that belief in and practice of religion should remain in the sphere of private life. One motive for adopting this stance has been to reduce the effects of conflict between followers of different religions or between adherents of secularism and those of a religion. In public life, this view insists that the authority of the state prevails over any religious authorities. 7980: 1066: 399: 3428:, pointing out that the only legitimate "preference principle" in the sight of God is piety, writes: "Every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant. He is adopting the same hierarchical principles adopted by Iblis in his jahl , and thus falling into shirk ." 3142:

or reality apart from it. The inspiration of al-Ash'ari in this matter was on the one hand to distinguish essence and attribute as concepts, and on the other hand to see that the duality between essence and attribute should be situated not on the quantitative but on the qualitative level—something which Mu'tazilis thinking had failed to grasp.

465: 2604:). The Qur'an summarizes its task in making this "unseen", to a greater or lesser degree "seen" so that belief in the existence of God becomes a Master-Truth rather than an unreasonable belief. The Qur'an states that God's signals are so near and yet so far, demanding that its students listen to what it has to say with humility ( 2282:, other names may be shared by both God and human beings. According to the Islamic teachings, the latter is meant to serve as a reminder of God's immanence rather than being a sign of one's divinity or alternatively imposing a limitation on God's transcendent nature. Attribution of divinity to a created entity, 3350:. Widely different interpretations of the meaning of the "Unity of Existence" have been proposed throughout the centuries by critics, defenders, and Western scholars. Ibn Arabi himself did not use the term "Unity of Existence" and similar statements had been made by those before him. For example, according to 2728:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an 2653:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an 3443:

For some Islamic thinkers, these propositions infringe the doctrine of Tawhid, and are therefore anathema. If the cosmos is a unified and harmonious whole, centered around the omnipotent and omnipresent God, they hold that recognising any other authority as superior is wrong. According to one writer:

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According to the Qur'an, one consequence of properly conceived relationship between God and man as the served and servant, is the proper relationship among humans. In order to achieve the former, the Qur'an consistently "reminds" men of two points: 1. That God is one; everything except God (including

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theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on

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The Qur'an argues that there can be no multiple sources of divine sovereignty since "behold, each god would have taken away what had created, And some would have Lorded it over others!" The Qur'an argues that the stability and order prevailing throughout the universe shows that it was created and is

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or considering oneself as in power separate from God, is a form of idolatry for many Sufis. In the metaphysical cosmology of Sufism, God's sovereignty is a necessity instead of an accident. Therefore, it is impossible to worship something else but God. By venerating the self, one worships God in the

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put forward an interpretation of Tawhid in light of reason, with the Qur'an and Hadith serving as a basis. Before Avicenna the discussions among Muslim philosophers were about the unity of God as divine creator and his relationship with the world as creation. The earlier philosophers were profoundly

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to solve the problems of tashbih and ta'til concedes that the divine Being possesses in a real sense the Attributes and Names mentioned in the Qur'an. Insofar as these Names and Attributes have a positive reality, they are distinct from the essence, but nevertheless they do not have either existence

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forget the false deities and call upon the one true God for help. As soon as they are relieved from the danger, they however start associating other beings with God. "If they happen to be aboard a ship ˹caught in a storm˺, they cry out to Allah ˹alone˺ in sincere devotion. But as soon as He delivers

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The Islamic doctrine of Tawhid puts forth a God whose rule, will or law are comprehensive and extend to all creatures and to all aspects of the human life. Early Muslims understood religion to thus cover the domains of state, law and society. It is believed that the entirety of the Islamic teaching

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Twelvers believe God is alone in being, along with his names, his attributes, his actions, his theophanies. The totality of being therefore is he, through him, comes from him, and returns to him. God is not a being next to or above other beings, his creatures; he is being, the absolute act of being

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Certain theologians use the term Tawhid in a much broader meaning to denote the totality of discussion of God, his existence and his various attributes. Others go yet further and use the term to ultimately represent the totality of the "principles of religion". In its current usage, the expressions

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in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. These medieval scholars argued that nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "re-created" at every instant by God. The laws of nature were only the customary sequence of

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According to Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below. Because an actual infinite is deemed impossible by Avicenna, this chain as a whole must terminate in a being that is

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To know God is to know his unification. To say that God is one has four meanings: two of them are false and two are correct. As for the two meanings that are false, one is that a person should say "God is one" and be thinking of a number and counting. This is false because that which has no second

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The first step of religion is to accept, understand and realize him as the Lord... The correct form of belief in his unity is to realize that he is so absolutely pure and above nature that nothing can be added to or subtracted from his being. That is, one should realize that there is no difference

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God is unique, nothing is like him; he is neither body, nor individual, nor substance, nor accident. He is beyond time. He cannot dwell in a place or within a being; he is not the object of any creatural attribute or qualification. He is neither conditioned nor determined, neither engendered nor

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The Qur'an in verse 21:22 states: "Had there been within them gods besides Allāh, they both would have been ruined". Later Muslim theologians elaborated on this verse saying that the existence of at least two gods would inevitably arise between them, at one time or another, a conflict of wills.

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Many authors consider being or existence to be the proper designation for the reality of God. While all Muslims believe the reality of God to be one, critics hold that the term "existence" (wujud) is also used for the existence of things in this world and that the doctrine blurs the distinction

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was limited to declaring or preferring belief in one God and the unity of God. Although the monotheistic definition has persisted into modern Arabic, it is now more generally used to connote "unification, union, combination, fusion; standardization, regularization; consolidation, amalgamation,

3354:"There is nothing in wujud except God...Wujud only belongs to the Real One". Ghazali explains that the fruit of spiritual ascent of the Sufi is to "witness that there is no existence in the world save God and that 'All things are perishing except his face' (Qur'an 28:88)" 3412:

According to the Qur'an, God is the progenitor of all things, both good and evil. As is written in the Qur'an, all of humanity is created at the will of Allah, both the good and the evil; and that their natures have been predisposed as such since the beginning of creation.

3308:), the affirmation in speech of God's unity is only the first step of Tawhid. Further steps involve a spiritual experience for the existential realization of that unity. Categorizations of different steps of Tawhid could be found in the works of Muslims Sufis like 2570:

for the existence of God as a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction—or some combination of these—in nature. Teleology is the supposition that there is a purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.

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by permitting his own hierarchical value system to supersede God's will: God asked the angels to bow to Adam, who he had created from clay. Satan refused, saying that "I am better than him; you created me from fire and created him from clay". The Medieval

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The desire to preserve the unity and transcendence of God led to the prohibition of Muslims from creating representation or visual depictions of God, or of any Prophet including Muhammad. Representations in art of the human form are a disputed matter in

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Next, the Qur'an argues that polytheism takes away from human dignity: God has honored human beings and given them charge of the physical world, and yet they disgrace their position in the world by worshipping what they carve out with their own hands.

3006:. All Muslim authorities maintain that a true understanding of God is impossible unless He introduces Himself due to the fact that God is beyond the range of human vision and senses. Therefore, God tells people who He is by speaking through the 3297:) by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."( 4767: 2997:

According to Sunni Islam, the orthodox understanding of theology is taken directly from the teachings of Muhammad with the understanding and methodology of his companions, sourced directly from the revealed scripture the

5027: 4172:يك‌ برهان‌ لمّی نيز در اين‌ باب‌ مطرح‌ شده‌ است‌: يكدستی و يكتايی عالم‌ (خَلْق‌) از يك‌ پديدآورنده‌ و مدبّر حكايت‌ می كند. ...«ذهن‌ سليم‌ متنبه‌ میشود از شدت‌ ارتباط‌ عالَم‌، بعضی به‌ بعض‌ ديگر، بر وحدت‌ خالق 2828:

Lastly, the Qur'an argues that monotheism is not a later discovery made by the human race, but rather there is the combined evidence of the prophetic call for monotheism throughout human history starting from

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The Quran teaches the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world—a unique, independent and indivisible being who is independent of the entire creation. God, according to Islam, is a

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Surely Allah does not forgive associating ˹others˺ with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. Indeed, whoever associates ˹others˺ with Allah has clearly gone far astray.

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tend to elide the sovereignty and uniqueness of God. For this reason, other Sunnis disagree with these two features, as they regard it as comparing God to a created object ascribed some power to.

2535:) do not partake in creation but are created; rejection of an avatar or offspring of God; or a partner in creation in form of a sibling or wife. The uniqueness of the creator is expressed in the 2413:

Indeed, Allah does not forgive associating others with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. And whoever associates others with Allah has indeed committed a grave sin.

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apparent causes (customs of God), the ultimate cause of each accident being God himself. Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the

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Islamic intellectual history can be understood as a gradual unfolding of the manner in which successive generations of believers have understood the meaning and implications of professing

7730: 2270:). The divine names project divine attributes, which, in turn, project all the levels of the creation down to the physical plane. Aside from the supreme name "Allah" and the neologism 7612: 3210:

have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to entail

2612:). The Qur'an draws attention to certain observable facts, to present them as "reminders" of God instead of providing lengthy "theological" proofs for the existence and unity of God. 3301:)" However many Muslims criticize monism for it blurs the distinction between the creator and the creature, something incompatible with the genuine and absolute monotheism of Islam. 3214:. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also, God has no physical form, and he is 6980: 4761: 3010:. According to this view, the fundamental message of all of the prophets is: "There is no god worthy of worship except Allah (avoiding the false gods as stated in Surah hud)." 7597: 5675: 4101:

Shagaviev, Damir A., and Venera N. Khisamova. "Islamic theological literature of the Salafi sect in the modern Tatarstan." Journal of Sustainable Development 8.7 (2015): 83.

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Understanding of the meaning of Tawhid is one of the most controversial issues among Muslims. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it, comprising

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laid the foundation of Muslim ethics. According to Islam, the world is sustained by God as the ultimate reality, unique in his attributes, distinct from everything else.

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is the religion's central and single most important concept, upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests. It unequivocally holds that God is indivisibly one (

2034: 7696: 5358: 5015: 4353: 4260: 3501: 1907: 38: 4435: 4043: 3713: 5648: 7627: 1927: 3374:(Satan). Since it is impossible for two majesties to coexist, one cannot participate in divine intimacy or mercy and will also be subject to God's wrath. 3652: 158: 3123:

designation of power; the face signifies the essence; the fact that God is seated on the Throne is a metaphorical image of the divine reign, and so on.

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Al-Bar, M.A., Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2015). The Sources of Common Principles of Morality and Ethics in Islam. In: Contemporary Bioethics. Springer, Cham.

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Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.

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In practice, nearly all Muslims live their daily lives under some national jurisdiction and accept at least part of the constraints this involves.

2240:) which means 'to unite' or 'to make one'. This term signifies the belief in absolute oneness and uniqueness of God. This reflects the struggle of 7681: 7602: 5711: 5706: 2401:): concealed or hidden. It is when people perform the necessary rituals but not for God but for the sake of others, including social recognition. 1947: 1902: 839: 73: 7622: 6512: 3468:. The key concern is that the use of statues or images may lead to idolatry. The dominant forms of expression in the Islamic art, thus, became 2732:

that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

1922: 211: 3444:"Traditionally, a Muslim is not a nationalist, or citizen of a nation-state; he has no political identity, only a religious membership in the 7632: 7589: 5781: 5758: 5616: 5597: 5571: 5548: 5505: 5475: 5449: 5311: 5264: 5245: 5202: 5104: 5072: 4477: 3937: 3912: 2027: 1893: 1725: 726: 6114: 2759:

cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent". Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the

5864: 4528: 2779:(necessary existent). There is a gradual multiplication of beings through a timeless emanation from God as a result of his self-knowledge. 4022: 3631: 4196: 4176: 4891:

Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004069060.

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In many jurisdictions of the world, the laws and the general attitude of the population hold that the sphere of public life should be

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and an ontological argument. "It is ontological insofar as 'necessary existence' in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a

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includes lordship in the form of a legislator. By this, Salafis consider a legislation not based on (its own) interpretation of

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to his or her base desires and passions. In seeking to always satisfy the desires, he or she may commit a kind of polytheism.

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constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of submission. The first part of the Islamic declaration of faith (

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such questions as God's creation of evil and the apparent anthropomorphism of God's attributes, revelation has to accepted

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Halverson J.R. (2010) The Doctrines of Sunni Theology. In: Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, New York

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the entirety of nature) is contingent upon God. 2. With all His might and glory, God is essentially the all-merciful God.

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between his person and his attributes, and his attributes should not be differentiated or distinguished from his person.

807: 7801: 4407: 7936: 7607: 7375: 7168: 6545: 5974: 5766: 5748: 5701: 5680: 5634: 3496: 2587: 2114:) is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God. To attribute divinity to anything or anyone else, is considered 1770: 854: 681: 143: 2953: 6281: 5560:

Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment

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Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment

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Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233

7686: 7569: 7086: 6505: 6266: 6047: 5046: 3709: 3138: 3095: 2925: 1879: 1354: 1166: 894: 113: 5422: 2274:(referring to the divine beneficence that creates and maintains the universe) and a few other specific names like 2124:, unless repented afterwards. Muslims believe that the entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of 7779: 7766: 7467: 7296: 6992: 6714: 6677: 6471: 4601:

Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi movement." Studies in conflict & terrorism 29.3 (2006): 207-239.

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Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.

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Ali states that "God is One" means that God is away from likeness and numeration and he is not divisible even in

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approach. These different approaches lead to different and in some cases opposite understanding of the issue.

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God, rather than a local, tribal, or parochial one, and is an absolute who integrates all affirmative values.

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and nation-states are obstacles". Hence the idea of creating a wholly Islamic state, or a revived caliphate.

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Theologians usually use reason and deduction to prove the existence, unity and oneness of God. They use a

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Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the

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The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law. (2018). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92

7951: 7865: 7706: 7642: 7450: 7426: 7103: 7081: 7041: 6786: 6737: 6703: 6594: 6416: 6271: 6032: 5804: 5657: 5581: 5414: 5350: 5092: 4826: 4345: 4037: 3395:. In the following, we provide a few examples of the influences of Tawhid on the Muslim culture: 3231: 3199: 2864: 2752: 2597: 2169: 1965: 1765: 1279: 1269: 999: 956: 926: 909: 884: 829: 785: 497: 6883: 4525: 4281:

Johnson, Steve A. (October 1984). "Ibn Sīnā's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence".

3840: 3838: 3069:. Doing something else would imply accepting another authority or object of desire besides God. 370: 7926: 7921: 7826: 7816: 7806: 7479: 7365: 7317: 7160: 7071: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6577: 6386: 6332: 6251: 6175: 5612: 5593: 5567: 5544: 5522: 5501: 5471: 5445: 5381: 5373: 5342: 5307: 5260: 5241: 5198: 5174: 5157: 5136: 5100: 5068: 5050: 4677: 4473: 4427: 4337: 4298: 4252: 4014: 4004: 3998: 3933: 3908: 3869: 3623: 3613: 3607: 3486: 3257: 3007: 1853: 1631: 1299: 1050: 1036: 1004: 951: 864: 824: 686: 4193: 4173: 7956: 7941: 7691: 7396: 7118: 7056: 7046: 7036: 7021: 6769: 6672: 6644: 6532: 6456: 6426: 6401: 6246: 6012: 5847: 5463: 5406: 5334: 5283: 5145: 5124: 4857: 4804: 4465: 4419: 4329: 4290: 4244: 3337: 3293: 3273: 2991: 2747:

alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a

2686: 2405:

might be unwitting, yet punishable, although to a lesser extent than greater forms of shirk.

2266:

and of the divine nature, the Qur'an uses 99 terms referred to as "Excellent Names of God" (

1972: 1760: 1563: 1491: 1445: 1402: 1383: 1264: 1146: 849: 844: 795: 780: 765: 674: 553: 133: 4232: 2230:) which means, "He asserted, or declared, God to be one", is derived from the Arabic root ' 7882: 7579: 7524: 7010: 6970: 6859: 6815: 6589: 6441: 6436: 6391: 5852: 5837: 5832: 4532: 4200: 4180: 3309: 3116: 2503: 2499: 2338: 2177: 2053: 1996: 1750: 1696: 1656: 1511: 1411: 1031: 984: 800: 760: 749: 731: 634: 579: 492: 7324: 5233: 4925: 3967: 4497: 7994: 7711: 7564: 7406: 7108: 6371: 6347: 6327: 6307: 5842: 5723: 5222:

Johnson, Steve A.(1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence",

5149: 4294: 3269: 3184: 2755:". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that 2142: 1979: 1676: 1426: 1421: 1363: 1284: 1259: 1082: 944: 931: 889: 834: 448: 417: 407: 312: 82: 48: 31: 3383:

rests on the principle of Tawhid. Muslims use the single raised index finger gesture (

2483:. His quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God. 8009: 7897: 7724: 7574: 7113: 7076: 7051: 6888: 6261: 6185: 6159: 6093: 5532: 5489: 5184: 4903: 4825:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from 4089:

Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.

3519: 3437: 3325: 3215: 3188: 2830: 2299: 2284: 2116: 1991: 1496: 1464: 1244: 1191: 1009: 914: 874: 365: 350: 239: 221: 3448:. For a traditional Muslim, Islam is the sole and sufficient identification tag and 3416:

According to the Qur'an, Satan deviated from the unification of God in the story of

2986:"Tawhid" or "knowledge of Tawhid" are sometimes used as an equivalent for the whole 2946: 7984: 7909: 7559: 7411: 7289: 7005: 6553: 6451: 6396: 6220: 6149: 5905: 5890: 5728: 5485: 5082: 3537: 3491: 3195: 3108: 3003: 2150: 1858: 1809: 1521: 1501: 1393: 1373: 1334: 1329: 1289: 1070: 1016: 753: 485: 474: 403: 322: 307: 244: 64: 6854: 6839: 6083: 3085: 206: 5086: 7536: 7026: 6949: 6934: 6834: 6721: 6312: 6236: 6042: 5060: 4077:

Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.

3764: 3469: 3449: 3065:

is furthermore understood to mean that everyday acts must be in accordance with

2888: 2487: 1938: 1636: 1593: 1588: 1526: 1516: 1436: 1388: 1221: 1206: 1131: 812: 770: 694: 5257:

The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib

3028:

is to avoid delving into theological speculation and did not employ the use of

1691: 7839: 6921: 6878: 6849: 6241: 6144: 6063: 5978: 5822: 5166: 4783: 4469: 4161: 3425: 3351: 3313: 3235: 3211: 3180: 3145: 3132: 2834: 2809: 2615: 2593: 2448: 2245: 2241: 2083: 1608: 1505: 1216: 1171: 1156: 817: 355: 5385: 5346: 4431: 4341: 4302: 4256: 4018: 3956:(third ed.). New York: Spoken Language Services Inc. 1976. p. 1055. 3627: 2527:

denies any affinity between the creator and its creation. This includes that

7544: 6975: 6917: 6864: 6732: 6302: 6190: 6124: 6068: 6017: 5885: 5827: 5817: 5493: 5338: 5304:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

5096: 4333: 4248: 4000:

The Split World of Gerard Manley Hopkins: An Essay in Semiotic Phenomenology

3888: 3506: 3473: 3347: 3240: 3192: 2729: 2721: 2654: 2646: 2619: 2321: 2196: 1598: 1211: 1186: 1136: 716: 360: 345: 340: 302: 274: 216: 3045:(Lordship)) all Sunnis agree upon, Salafism holds two additional meanings: 2999: 264: 5287: 4423: 3370:(majesty). This name is supposed to be worshipped and then transmitted by 7887: 7383: 7241: 7193: 6987: 6893: 6844: 6572: 6139: 6078: 6073: 5997: 5895: 4377: 3932:. Islamic Surveys (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3846: 3680: 3253: 3248: 3172: 3120: 3002:; being the main information source for understanding the unification of 2813: 2690: 2630: 2472: 2451:: Among the things that God revealed to Moses and revealed to him in the 2317: 2279: 1666: 1660: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1486: 1249: 1201: 1026: 994: 708: 642: 5354: 4979: 4967: 4569: 4349: 2818: 2789: 2609: 2605: 2440: 2267: 7902: 7498: 7186: 7066: 6944: 6939: 6926: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6630: 5920: 5900: 5771: 5690: 5418: 5394: 4955: 3891: 3532: 3512: 3298: 2838: 2817:

them ˹safely˺ to shore, they associate ˹others with Him once again˺." (

2713: 2638: 2437: 2421: 2418: 2313: 2110: 1613: 1578: 1459: 1309: 1239: 1161: 1141: 859: 536: 201: 196: 191: 17: 2601: 2160:. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it. 7416: 7390: 7349: 7310: 7227: 7140: 7061: 6963: 6873: 6804: 6799: 5791: 5626: 3526: 3287: 3279: 3168: 2868: 2856: 2837:. Another reason for deviation from monotheism is when one becomes a 2744: 2545: 2173: 1827: 1603: 1583: 1531: 1324: 1196: 1176: 1117: 879: 869: 658: 626: 618: 603: 597: 279: 269: 181: 176: 138: 5410: 5041:

Banani Amin, co ed.: Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994),

2657:

that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence.

3823:

Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp. 3561-3562.

2288:, is considered a denial of the truth of God and thus a major sin. 2180:

to some degree, all seek to explain at some level the principle of

7796: 7665: 7490: 7444: 7432: 7234: 7220: 7179: 6956: 6794: 6651: 6637: 6558: 6521: 5955: 5945: 5940: 5910: 5296:

Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery

3445: 3371: 3305: 3283: 3030: 3025: 2987: 2872: 2860: 2805: 2709: 2634: 2536: 2480: 2476: 2452: 2161: 2137: 2121: 2087: 1573: 1151: 1021: 899: 590: 548: 541: 464: 456: 380: 375: 297: 259: 254: 249: 153: 123: 118: 103: 79: 59: 52: 4845:

Amin Banani, Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994), p. 71

3712:. ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies). 2010-10-30. 2708:. Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of 7331: 7303: 7253: 7200: 7145: 6658: 6286: 6180: 5935: 5925: 5915: 5738: 3606:

Dressler, Markus; Geaves, Ron; Klinkhammer, Gritt, eds. (2009).

3465: 2528: 2165: 1839: 1454: 1304: 1254: 650: 558: 385: 186: 7751: 7519: 7135: 6494: 6490: 5972: 5630: 3098:

describes the Mu'tazilite conception of the tawhid as follows:

5255:

Lakhani, M. Ali; Shah Kazemi, Reza; Lewisohn, Leonard (2006).

3865:

A dictionary of modern written Arabic - Edited by Milton Cowan

3176: 2882: 2772: 2507: 2468: 2263: 1431: 1294: 4629:

Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal. "1.1 The Categories of Tawheed".

4460:. Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind. Vol. 5. 3653:"From the article on Tawhid in Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 30:"Tawheed" redirects here. For the Pharoah Sanders album, see 5323:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 4597: 4595: 4318:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 4233:"IBN Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 3905:

Early Shīʿī thought: the teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir

3851:. London: Williams and Norgate. pp. 2926–2928 (Vol.8.). 3790: 3788: 2574:

Another argument which is used frequently by theologians is

5592:. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. 5378:

Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe

4097: 4095: 4143: 4064: 4062: 2808:

argues that human beings have an instinctive distaste for

2324:

of depicting God as a created object ruling from the sky.

5395:"The Portrayal of Nature in a Medieval Qur'an Commentary" 4779: 4777: 3609:

Sufis in Western Society: Global Networking and Locality

3342:

The first detailed formulation of "Unity of Existence" (

5274:

Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'".

2131:

From an Islamic standpoint, there is an uncompromising

4372: 4370: 3655:. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Archived from 2633:

initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of

5129:

The Sufi Path of Love:The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi

4085: 4083: 3675: 3673: 4864:, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, p. 727 4526:

AVICENNA'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE

3868:. New York: Spoken Language Services. p. 1055. 3206:. According to Shia theologians, the attributes and 2352: 2304:

Associating partners in divinity of God is known as

2070: 7858: 7825: 7765: 7674: 7641: 7588: 7535: 7341: 7263: 7210: 7159: 7001: 6825: 6785: 6668: 6620: 6544: 6356: 6295: 6229: 6168: 6107: 6056: 5990: 5878: 5803: 5668: 5238:

The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity

5091:. Translated by Liadain Sherrard; Philip Sherrard. 5043:

Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rumi

3930:

Islamic philosophy and theology: an extended survey

2913:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2262:In order to explain the complexity of the unity of 2141:) which is seen as distinguishing Islam from other 4663: 3171:which have been narrated from the Islamic prophet 2735:This was the first attempt at using the method of 27:Core Islamic tenet denoting the unification of God 5442:Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present 3954:The Hans Wehr Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic 3710:"The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)" 3502:Parable of those who associate partners with God 39:Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life 4737: 4725: 4131: 3113:metaphorical interpretations of Qur'anic verses 2512: 2492: 2430: 2411: 2278:("King of Kings") in an authentic narration of 2201: 6506: 5642: 5016:"An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence" 2028: 1719: 1090: 425: 8: 5558:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). 5498:Shiʻism doctrines, thought, and spirituality 4670:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4456:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). 3777:Wahhab, Abd Al. "Chapter 4, Fear of Shirk". 3090:The Mu'tazilis liked to call themselves the 2812:: At times of crisis, for example, even the 2235: 2225: 2208:He has never had offspring, nor was He born. 5213:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology 4162:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2 2479:view), is credited with having established 2383: 2358: 7762: 7748: 7532: 7516: 7156: 7132: 6541: 6513: 6499: 6491: 5987: 5969: 5665: 5649: 5635: 5627: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3760: 3758: 3756: 3094:(ahl al-tawhid). In Maqalat al-Islamiyin, 3024:The approach of textual interpretation in 2428:Chapter 4, verse 116 of the Qur'an reads: 2035: 2021: 1737: 1726: 1712: 1350: 1108: 1097: 1083: 443: 432: 418: 43: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 2973:Learn how and when to remove this message 2409:Chapter 4, verse 48 of the Qur'an reads: 4899: 4897: 4853: 4851: 4749: 4144:Lakhani, Shah Kazemi & Lewisohn 2006 2471:, the first imam (Shia view) and fourth 2176:, and even the Islamic understanding of 5537:Western Muslims and the Future of Islam 4823:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 3598: 3555: 2004: 1937: 1892: 1838: 1756: 1749: 1444: 1401: 1353: 1116: 455: 58: 5173:, State University of New York Press, 4035: 3198:and compiled by Shia scholars such as 2210:And there is none comparable to Him." 2120:—an unpardonable sin according to the 2082:'oneness ') is the concept of 3978:from the original on February 7, 2019 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 2135:at the heart of the Islamic beliefs ( 7: 4119: 3115:or Prophetic reports with seemingly 2911:adding citations to reliable sources 2788:being administered by only one God ( 2712:, in which he distinguished between 2637:, in which he distinguished between 2506:quotes the following statement from 265:Ta'til (denial of divine attributes) 3037:Additional to the first meaning of 2783:Indivisibility of God's sovereignty 2342: 2330:is classified into two categories: 2236: 2226: 2057: 212:Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un 4295:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1984.tb03452.x 3612:. London: Routledge. p. 207. 3167:Twelvers theology is based on the 1684:Portrayals of God in popular media 25: 5582:Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 5020:Fordham International Law Journal 4707:Tabatabaei (19981), pp. 23 and 24 4408:"Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'" 3928:Watt, William Montgomery (1995). 2195:Chapter 112 of the Quran, titled 159:Anthropomorphism and corporealism 7990: 7989: 7978: 7499:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 6689:Timeline of the history of Islam 4231:Morewedge, Parviz (1970-04-01). 4003:. Washington, D.C. p. 101. 3968:"The Concept Of Tawhid In Islam" 3378:Influences on the Muslim culture 3072:The Salafi specific features of 2887: 2557:Arguments for the oneness of God 1690: 1064: 463: 397: 72: 7850:List of ex-Muslim organisations 5564:Springer Science+Business Media 5425:from the original on 2022-04-28 5361:from the original on 2018-11-27 5113:from the original on 2022-07-09 5030:from the original on 2022-07-09 4795:Roger S. Gottlie (2006), p. 210 4690:from the original on 2017-08-11 4508:from the original on 2007-10-31 4462:Springer Science+Business Media 4438:from the original on 2018-11-15 4388:from the original on 2020-02-10 4356:from the original on 2018-11-27 4263:from the original on 2022-07-09 4025:from the original on 2022-07-09 3716:from the original on 2015-06-20 3691:from the original on 2008-07-24 3634:from the original on 2021-09-03 3119:content, e.g., the hand is the 3020:Traditionalist theology (Islam) 2898:needs additional citations for 4916:Symbolism, MENA (2019-03-22). 4652:Corbin (1993), pp. 115 and 116 4610:Corbin (1993), pp. 109 and 110 4502:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4382:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3685:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1: 6422:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 6412:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 6003:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 5088:History of Islamic Philosophy 5067:. University of Texas Press. 4821:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 4738:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 4726:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 4668:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 4132:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 3794:Tariq Ramadan (2005), p. 203. 2661:God as the necessary existent 7835:Apostasy in Islam by country 7702:Liberalism and progressivism 6089:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 5393:Mourison, Robert G. (2002). 5298:, Rutledge, ASIN: B000FBFF5Y 5133:State University of New York 5014:Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). 4945:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2-3 4873:John Esposito (1998), p. 121 4768:fa:بنیاد دایرةالمعارف اسلامی 3997:Dennis, Sobolev (May 2011). 3324:According to the concept of 3320:Annihilation and subsistence 3252:affected by the emphasis of 3061:to be a form of polytheism. 2187:The classical definition of 5211:Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006), 4766:(in Persian). Vol. 1. 3848:Al-Qamus: An Arabic Lexicon 3497:Islamic view of the Trinity 3346:) is closely associated to 3079: 3049:(names and attributes) and 2835:celestial bodies as deities 2782: 2771:rests on the conception of 2588:Kalam cosmological argument 2459:Discerning the unity of God 2353: 2162:Islamic scholastic theology 2071: 638:("Stories of the Prophets") 144:Schools of Islamic theology 8047: 6367:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 6267:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 6181:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 5519:Major themes of the Qur'an 5321:Morewedge, Parviz (1970). 5276:Journal of Islamic Studies 5171:Words of Ecstasy in Sufism 5047:Cambridge University Press 4817:Chittick, William (2020), 4558:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an 4412:Journal of Islamic Studies 4406:Mayer, Toby (2001-01-01). 4316:Morewedge, Parviz (1970). 4212:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2 3903:Lalani, Arzina R. (2004). 3399:Interpersonal relationship 3335: 3267: 3229: 3160: 3130: 3083: 3017: 2848: 2670: 2664: 2585: 2582:God as the cause of causes 2297: 2255: 260:Kufr (disobidience/denial) 36: 29: 7973: 7761: 7747: 7613:Geography and cartography 7531: 7515: 7155: 7131: 6540: 6529: 6115:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 5986: 5968: 5664: 5306:. Yale University Press. 4999:Ozay Mehmet (1990), p. 57 4470:10.1007/978-1-4020-6084-7 4221:Robert G. Mourison (2002) 3832:Tabatabaei (1981), p. 23. 3264:Sufi and Irfani viewpoint 3137:The solution proposed by 2308:and is the antithesis of 2058: 2011:Islamization of knowledge 1894:Science in medieval times 7932:Islamic view of miracles 5521:, Bibliotheca Islamica, 5190:Islam: The Straight Path 5156:, Publisher:I.B.Tauris, 5065:Believing Women in Islam 4762: 3226:Philosophical viewpoints 3126: 2851:Early Islamic philosophy 727:Medieval Islamic science 7687:Creationism (evolution) 6099:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6048:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 6008:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 5541:Oxford University Press 5339:10.5840/monist197054212 5217:Oxford University Press 5195:Oxford University Press 4674:Oxford University Press 4334:10.5840/monist197054212 4249:10.5840/monist197054212 3139:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 3096:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 1347:In particular religions 171:Expressions and phrases 119:Phrases and expressions 37:For the 1982 book, see 7947:Persecution of Muslims 7845:List of former Muslims 6694:Succession to Muhammad 6432:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 6382:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 6343:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 6211:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 6038:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 5860:Transcendent theosophy 5607:Turner, Colin (2006). 5302:Momen, Moojan (1985). 4990:Azizah Al-Hibri (2003) 4631:Islamic Studies Book 1 4580:Chittick (2006), p. 47 4554:Polytheism and Atheism 3278:In Islamic mysticism ( 3105: 3014:Athari/Salafi approach 2879:Theological viewpoints 2865:philosophical approach 2689:was first proposed by 2517: 2497: 2445: 2426: 2213: 2204:Say, "He is Allah—One; 737:Succession to Muhammad 270:Tanzih (transcendance) 7731:Conversion to mosques 7598:Alchemy and chemistry 6216:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 5470:. World Wisdom, Inc. 5294:Mehmet, Ozay (1990), 5259:. World Wisdom, Inc. 4643:Corbin (1993), p. 115 4619:Corbin (1993), p. 110 4203:Encyclopedia Islamica 4183:Encyclopedia Islamica 3845:Lane, Edward (1863). 3803:Turner (2006), p. 75. 3748:Encyclopedia of Islam 3492:Index finger in Islam 3100: 2857:textualistic approach 2749:cosmological argument 2706:Proof of the Truthful 2673:Cosmological argument 2667:Proof of the Truthful 2625:Proof of the Truthful 2618:theologians rejected 2568:teleological argument 2447:This is atributed to 182:Takbir (Allahu Akbar) 177:Tasbih (Subhan Allah) 7457:Ma malakat aymanukum 7032:Association football 6931:Moderate Kharijites 6447:Reza Davari Ardakani 6323:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 6257:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 6206:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 6120:Afdal al-Din Kashani 5460:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 5438:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 4716:Momen (1985), p. 176 4662:Tamara Sonn (2009). 4494:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 3304:For Muslim mystics ( 3163:Theology of Twelvers 3092:people of the tawhid 2907:improve this article 2861:theological approach 2757:contingent existence 2683:ontological argument 2677:ontological argument 2576:Reductio ad absurdum 2376:): open and apparent 2258:Name of God in Islam 2252:Name of God in Islam 2206:Allah—the Sustainer. 1822:(Islamic monotheism) 1788:Early social changes 1783:Early historiography 1234:Specific conceptions 776:Association football 8021:Islamic terminology 6407:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 6328:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 6318:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 6277:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 5787:Medieval psychology 5759:Natural philosophy 5590:William C. Chittick 5586:A Shiʻite Anthology 5288:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 5154:The Vision of Islam 4763:دانشنامه جهان اسلام 4424:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 3972:bismikaallahuma.org 3862:Wehr, Hans (1976). 2761:mind–body dichotomy 2700:The Book of Healing 1697:Religion portal 1112:Part of a series on 537:Profession of Faith 510:Day of Resurrection 250:Ihsan (development) 7952:Quran and miracles 7866:Criticism of Islam 7570:Geometric patterns 7422:Gender segregation 6993:Non-denominational 6417:Abdolkarim Soroush 6262:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 6176:Hajji Bektash Wali 5712:medieval astronomy 5658:Islamic philosophy 4918:"The index finger" 4531:2006-09-14 at the 4199:2009-02-03 at the 4179:2009-02-03 at the 3907:. London: Tauris 3562:Also romanized as 3332:Unity of existence 3232:Islamic philosophy 3200:Al-Shaykh al-Saduq 3055:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat 3047:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat 2769:ontological system 2753:Necessary Existent 2693:(965–1037) in the 2598:pre-Islamic Arabia 2529:invisible entities 2519:The perception of 2500:Vincent J. Cornell 240:Shirk (polytheism) 89:Arabic calligraphy 8003: 8002: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7937:Domestic violence 7927:Islamic terrorism 7922:Islamic extremism 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7297:Marriage contract 7127: 7126: 7087:Political aspects 6816:Story of Prophets 6585:Prophets of Islam 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6333:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 6272:Mahmud Shabistari 6252:Jalaladdin Davani 6201:Nasir al-Din Tusi 6023:Abu Hatim al-Razi 5964: 5963: 5618:978-0-415-34105-9 5609:Islam: The Basics 5599:978-0-87395-510-2 5573:978-1-4020-6083-0 5550:978-0-19-517111-2 5507:978-0-585-08860-0 5477:978-1-933316-38-3 5451:978-0-7914-6799-2 5374:Motahari, Morteza 5313:978-0-300-03531-5 5266:978-1-933316-26-0 5247:978-3-7003-0339-8 5219:, ASIN B000RKTUVS 5204:978-0-19-511233-7 5106:978-0-710-30416-2 5074:978-0-292-70904-1 4479:978-1-4020-6083-0 3939:978-0-85224-552-1 3914:978-1-85043-592-1 3487:Divine simplicity 3391:) as a symbol of 3258:divine simplicity 3157:Twelvers theology 2983: 2982: 2975: 2957: 2739:, which utilizes 2380:al-shirk al-khafi 2351: 2335:al-Shirk al-akbar 2276:al-Malik al-Muluk 2081: 2069: 2045: 2044: 1797:Modern philosophy 1736: 1735: 1632:Euthyphro dilemma 1472: 1471: 1107: 1106: 1037:Deobandi jihadism 442: 441: 318:Al-Mu'awwidhatayn 255:Nifaq (hypocrisy) 16:(Redirected from 8038: 7993: 7992: 7985:Islam portal 7983: 7982: 7981: 7763: 7755: 7749: 7590:Medieval science 7533: 7523: 7517: 7174:Economic history 7157: 7133: 7119:Islam by country 6904:Bektashi Alevism 6542: 6533:Outline of Islam 6515: 6508: 6501: 6492: 6462:Hasanzadeh Amoli 6457:Mostafa Malekian 6427:Taha Abdurrahman 6402:Ismail al-Faruqi 6360: 6282:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 6013:Abu Bakr al-Razi 5988: 5970: 5795: 5782:Medieval science 5777: 5762: 5744: 5734: 5697: 5686: 5666: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5603: 5588:. Translated by 5577: 5554: 5511: 5500:. Albany: SUNY. 5481: 5464:William Chittick 5455: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5389: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5317: 5291: 5270: 5251: 5224:The Muslim World 5208: 5146:William Chittick 5125:William Chittick 5121: 5119: 5118: 5093:Abingdon, Oxford 5078: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4924:. Archived from 4913: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4858:William Chittick 4855: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4814: 4808: 4805:William Chittick 4802: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4758: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4550: 4535: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4289:(3–4): 161–171. 4283:The Muslim World 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4190: 4184: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4033: 4031: 4030: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3779:Kitab Al Tawheed 3774: 3768: 3762: 3751: 3740: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3603: 3586: 3560: 3338:Sufi metaphysics 3294:Sufi metaphysics 3274:Sufi metaphysics 3153:(without how). 3080:Mu'tazili school 2992:Islamic theology 2978: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2915: 2891: 2883: 2687:existence of God 2620:cause and effect 2481:Islamic theology 2443: 2424: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2343:شِرْك ٱلْأَكْبَر 2239: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2178:natural sciences 2076: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2037: 2030: 2023: 1982: 1975: 1973:Classical Arabic 1831: 1823: 1738: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1695: 1694: 1351: 1265:Form of the Good 1147:Classical theism 1109: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1071:Islam portal 1069: 1068: 1067: 467: 444: 434: 427: 420: 404:Islam portal 402: 401: 400: 134:Sufi metaphysics 124:Islam (religion) 76: 44: 21: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7979: 7977: 7961: 7883:Cultural Muslim 7854: 7821: 7767:Other religions 7757: 7753: 7735: 7670: 7637: 7584: 7527: 7525:Islamic studies 7521: 7503: 7337: 7282: 7259: 7206: 7151: 7150: 7123: 7072:Moral teachings 7015: 6997: 6971:Nation of Islam 6884:Twelver Shi'ism 6821: 6787:Religious texts 6781: 6699:Early conquests 6682: 6664: 6616: 6536: 6525: 6519: 6489: 6476: 6442:Fouad Zakariyya 6437:Mohammed Arkoun 6392:Frithjof Schuon 6358: 6352: 6338:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 6291: 6225: 6164: 6103: 6052: 5982: 5960: 5874: 5833:Illuminationism 5799: 5793: 5775: 5760: 5743:(jurisprudence) 5742: 5732: 5695: 5684: 5660: 5655: 5625: 5619: 5606: 5600: 5580: 5574: 5557: 5551: 5531: 5508: 5484: 5478: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5428: 5426: 5411:10.2307/1596214 5399:Studia Islamica 5392: 5380:. Mizan Press. 5372: 5364: 5362: 5320: 5314: 5301: 5273: 5267: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5229:(3-4), 161–171. 5205: 5183: 5116: 5114: 5107: 5081: 5075: 5059: 5033: 5031: 5013: 5009: 5007:Further reading 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4862:Wahdat Al-Wujud 4856: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4830: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4775: 4770:. p. 5053. 4764: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4684: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4552:Mustansir Mir, 4551: 4538: 4533:Wayback Machine 4524: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 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2845:Interpretations 2802: 2800:Other arguments 2785: 2679: 2669: 2663: 2590: 2584: 2564: 2559: 2504:Islamic studies 2502:, a scholar of 2461: 2444: 2436: 2425: 2417: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2302: 2296: 2260: 2254: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2143:major religions 2041: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1931: 1925: 1878: 1829: 1821: 1814: 1775: 1751:Islamic studies 1732: 1703: 1702: 1689: 1657:Problem of evil 1627: 1619: 1618: 1559: 1558: 1542: 1541: 1512:Omnibenevolence 1482: 1474: 1473: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1275:Great Architect 1235: 1227: 1226: 1127: 1103: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1032:Salafi jihadism 990:Other religions 985:Arabic language 947: 937: 936: 865:Moral teachings 756: 742: 741: 732:Spread of Islam 677: 667: 666: 654:(jurisprudence) 636:Qisas al-Anbiya 585: 584: 564: 563: 532: 522: 521: 477: 438: 398: 396: 391: 390: 371:Al-Ism al-A'zam 336: 328: 327: 293: 285: 284: 235: 227: 226: 172: 164: 163: 99: 91: 86: 62: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8044: 8042: 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1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1810:Concept of God 1807: 1801: 1799: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1664: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1628: 1626:Related topics 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1437:Zoroastrianism 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1126:Types of faith 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 997: 992: 987: 981: 980: 979: 978: 973: 968: 960: 959: 954: 948: 945:Related topics 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 927:Social welfare 924: 919: 918: 917: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 821: 820: 815: 805: 804: 803: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 757: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 713: 712: 705: 698: 690: 689: 684: 678: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 656: 647: 646: 640: 632: 624: 615: 614: 594: 586: 583: 582: 577: 571: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 551: 545: 544: 539: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 517:Predestination 513: 512: 507: 501: 500: 498:Revealed Books 495: 489: 488: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 460: 459: 453: 452: 440: 439: 437: 436: 429: 422: 414: 411: 410: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 313:Verse of Light 310: 305: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 77: 69: 68: 56: 55: 32:Tauhid (album) 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8043: 8032: 8031:Shia theology 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 7996: 7988: 7986: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7898:Post-Islamism 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7790:Protestantism 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7746: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7628:Ophthalmology 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7376:Death penalty 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342:Other aspects 7340: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7146:Jurisprudence 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6827:Denominations 6824: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6612:Holiest sites 6610: 6608: 6607:Judgement Day 6605: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6160:Shams Tabrizi 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Nasir Khusraw 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069:Ibn Miskawayh 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5620: 5614: 5611:. Routledge. 5610: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5527:0-88297-051-8 5524: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486:Nasr, Hossein 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5468:The Essential 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234:Köchler, Hans 5231: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5179:0-87395-918-3 5176: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:1-84511-320-9 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141:0-87395-724-5 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5083:Corbin, Henry 5080: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5055:0-521-45476-X 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4928:on 2019-09-29 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4909: 4906:(1998), p. 24 4905: 4904:John Esposito 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4829:on 2023-09-06 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4786:(1984), p. 29 4785: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4750:Motahari 1985 4746: 4743: 4740:, p. 115 4739: 4734: 4731: 4728:, p. 197 4727: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4689: 4685: 4683:9780195305135 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4399: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4194:توحيد در كلام 4189: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4174:توحيد در كلام 4169: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4134:, p. 114 4133: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3875:9780879500030 3871: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781:. Darussalam. 3780: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3659:on 2020-04-01 3658: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3619:9780415850902 3615: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3408:Good and evil 3407: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3361:Utterance of 3359: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3216:imperceptible 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3107:According to 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2977: 2974: 2966: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2924: – 2923: 2919: 2918:Find sources: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2896:This article 2894: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2546:Allāhu ʾakbar 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:Rashid Caliph 2470: 2466: 2463:According to 2458: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2439: 2438:Surah An-Nisa 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2419:Surah An-Nisa 2414: 2410: 2404: 2396: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2316:have accused 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2300:Shirk (Islam) 2294: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:jurisprudence 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1928:Ophthalmology 1924: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840:Jurisprudence 1837: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1537:Transcendence 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1466: 1465:Hongjun Laozu 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432:Yungdrung Bon 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1295:Supreme Being 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Kathenotheism 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042:Military laws 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 941: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 916: 913: 912: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 900:Proselytizing 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808:Denominations 806: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 755: 751: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 706: 704: 703: 699: 697: 696: 692: 691: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 671: 670: 663: 661: 657: 655: 653: 649: 648: 644: 641: 639: 637: 633: 631: 629: 625: 623: 621: 617: 616: 612: 611: 606: 605: 600: 599: 595: 593: 592: 588: 587: 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75: 71: 70: 66: 61: 57: 54: 50: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 8016:God in Islam 7910:Islamophobia 7775:Christianity 7723: 7656:Contemporary 7550:Architecture 7489: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7389: 7382: 7348: 7330: 7325:Nikah mut'ah 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7252: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7091: 6814: 6738: 6720: 6713: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622:Five Pillars 6599: 6566: 6565: 6554:God in Islam 6531: 6472:Partawi Shah 6467:Javadi Amoli 6452:Ahmad Fardid 6397:Martin Lings 6247:Hajji Bayram 6221:Ibn Taymiyya 6150:Omar Khayyám 6135:Ayn-al-Quzat 6130:Ahmad Yasavi 6043:Ibn Masarrah 5977:by century ( 5975:Philosophers 5950: 5870:Contemporary 5772: 5739: 5729: 5692: 5681: 5608: 5585: 5559: 5536: 5518: 5497: 5467: 5441: 5427:. 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Retrieved 3971: 3962: 3953: 3948: 3929: 3923: 3904: 3898: 3884: 3864: 3857: 3847: 3828: 3799: 3778: 3772: 3743: 3742:D. Gimaret, 3718:. Retrieved 3704: 3693:. Retrieved 3684: 3661:. Retrieved 3657:the original 3647: 3636:. Retrieved 3608: 3601: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3538:Brahmo Samaj 3525: 3518: 3511: 3462: 3454: 3442: 3435: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3343: 3341: 3323: 3303: 3291: 3277: 3239: 3220: 3208:names of God 3203: 3166: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3121:metaphorical 3109:Henry Corbin 3106: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3004:God in Islam 2996: 2984: 2969: 2960: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2917: 2905:Please help 2900:verification 2897: 2854: 2827: 2823: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2776: 2765: 2734: 2725: 2717: 2698: 2694: 2680: 2650: 2642: 2629: 2614: 2592:Against the 2591: 2573: 2565: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2465:Hossein Nasr 2462: 2446: 2431: 2427: 2412: 2408: 2403:Hidden shirk 2402: 2394: 2379: 2369: 2334: 2327: 2326: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2292: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2203: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2157: 2155: 2147: 2136: 2130: 2125: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2005:Other topics 1953:Architecture 1859:Etiquettical 1818: 1817: 1795: / 1688: 1522:Omnipresence 1403:Indo-Iranian 1394:Samaritanism 1379:Baháʼí Faith 1369:Christianity 1335:Unitarianism 1314: 1290:Summum bonum 1017:Islamophobia 796:Demographics 791:Circumcision 707: 700: 693: 659: 651: 635: 627: 619: 608: 602: 596: 589: 481: 323:Hadith Qudsi 308:Throne Verse 148: 78: 65:God in Islam 7780:Catholicism 7675:Other areas 7666:Theological 7661:Eschatology 7618:Mathematics 7555:Calligraphy 7485:Theological 7439:Inheritance 7356:Cleanliness 6728:Shi'a Imams 6722:Ahl al-Bayt 6387:René Guénon 6377:Gohar Shahi 6313:Mulla Sadra 6237:Ibn Khaldun 5848:metaphysics 5794:(mysticism) 5776:(education) 5754:Metaphysics 5733:(dialectic) 5719:Eschatology 5696:(intellect) 5167:Ernst, Carl 3765:Asma Barlas 3470:calligraphy 3459:Islamic art 3450:nationalism 3053:(worship). 2730:agent-cause 2697:section of 2695:Metaphysics 2655:agent-cause 2562:Theological 2488:imagination 1958:Calligraphy 1915:Mathematics 1885:Theological 1805:Eschatology 1637:God complex 1594:Metaphysics 1589:Hermeticism 1569:Esotericism 1552:Experiences 1527:Omniscience 1517:Omnipotence 1487:Eternalness 1222:Transtheism 1207:Panentheism 1167:Ignosticism 1132:Agnosticism 695:Ahl al-Bayt 580:Foundations 8026:Monotheism 8010:Categories 7840:Ex-Muslims 7725:Shu'ubiyya 7719:Psychology 7707:Literature 7697:Inventions 7643:Philosophy 7451:Leadership 7427:Honorifics 7082:Philosophy 6889:Isma'ilism 6850:Maturidism 6733:Caliphates 6704:Golden Age 6595:Revelation 6242:Yunus Emre 6186:Ibn Sab’in 6155:Suhrawardi 6145:Ibn Tufail 6064:Al-Ghazali 6018:Apharabius 5853:psychology 5823:Avicennism 5685:(theology) 5494:Nasr, Vali 5429:2022-04-28 5365:2018-11-27 5117:2020-05-30 5034:2022-04-28 4932:2019-10-03 4833:2023-09-06 4784:Carl Ernst 4694:2017-07-29 4672:. Oxford: 4512:2007-11-05 4498:"Avicenna" 4442:2018-11-27 4392:2007-11-27 4360:2018-11-27 4267:2019-11-23 4237:The Monist 4029:2015-11-05 3982:October 7, 3720:2015-10-28 3695:2008-05-28 3663:2014-08-24 3638:2018-11-27 3545:References 3432:Secularism 3426:Al-Ghazali 3389:al-sabbaha 3385:al-sabbaba 3352:al-Ghazali 3314:al-Ghazali 3236:Avicennism 3212:polytheism 3151:bila kayfa 3063:Al-'Ibadah 3051:Al-'Ibadah 2933:newspapers 2849:See also: 2810:polytheism 2671:See also: 2594:polytheism 2449:Imam Sadiq 2246:polytheism 2242:monotheism 2170:philosophy 2133:nondualism 2084:monotheism 1966:Literature 1908:Inventions 1864:Hygienical 1828:Mysticism 1766:Philosophy 1672:philosophy 1609:Revelation 1481:Attributes 1217:Polytheism 1172:Monotheism 1157:Henotheism 885:Philosophy 622:(exegesis) 559:Pilgrimage 549:Almsgiving 356:Jazakallah 114:Attributes 7957:Symbolism 7915:Incidents 7893:Criticism 7785:Mormonism 7682:Astrology 7608:Cosmology 7603:Astronomy 7545:Arabesque 7412:Etiquette 7371:Blasphemy 7161:Economics 6976:Ahmadiyya 6918:Muhakkima 6865:Wahhabism 6855:Mu'tazili 6840:Ash'arism 6303:Mir Damad 6296:17th–19th 6230:14th–16th 6196:al-Abharī 6191:Ibn Arabi 6125:Ahi Evren 6084:Bahmanyār 5843:cosmology 5828:Averroism 5761:(physics) 5707:astrology 5702:Cosmology 5386:909092922 5347:0026-9662 5097:Routledge 5085:(2014) . 4432:0955-2340 4342:0026-9662 4303:0027-4909 4257:0026-9662 4120:Nasr 2006 4038:cite book 4019:961580704 3628:824531805 3593:Citations 3507:Salvation 3474:arabesque 3348:Ibn Arabi 3241:Al-Farabi 3204:al-Tawhid 3177:the first 3086:Muʿtazila 3043:Rubūbīyah 2814:idolaters 2741:intuition 2722:existence 2647:existence 2543:) phrase 2348:romanized 2272:ar-Rahman 2220:The word 2216:Etymology 2199:, reads: 2197:al-Ikhlas 2192:merger". 2151:universal 2066:romanized 1948:Astrology 1903:Astronomy 1880:Political 1599:Mysticism 1555:Practices 1492:Existence 1389:Mandaeism 1384:Mormonism 1355:Abrahamic 1300:Sustainer 1212:Pantheism 1187:Monolatry 1137:Apatheism 1005:terrorism 957:Criticism 910:Sexuality 880:Mysticism 850:Festivals 830:Education 825:Economics 761:Academics 717:Caliphate 530:Practices 361:Istighfar 346:Mashallah 341:Inshallah 303:Al-Ikhlas 292:Scripture 275:Bila Kayf 217:Allahumma 207:Ta'awwudh 7995:Category 7888:Islamism 7871:Muhammad 7827:Apostasy 7802:Hinduism 7692:Feminism 7623:Medicine 7463:Military 7417:Gambling 7366:Apostasy 7361:Criminal 7273:Marriage 7242:Tayammum 7194:Murabaha 7067:Madrasas 7057:Holidays 7047:Clothing 7042:Children 7037:Calendar 6988:Quranism 6922:Khawarij 6894:Alawites 6845:Atharism 6739:Rashidun 6578:In Islam 6573:Muhammad 6140:Averroes 6079:Ibn Hazm 6074:Avicenna 6028:Al Amiri 5998:Al-Kindi 5991:9th–10th 5901:ʼIjtihād 5886:ʻAṣabīya 5879:Concepts 5818:Farabism 5773:Madrasah 5584:(1981). 5535:(2005). 5517:(1980), 5496:(1988). 5466:(2007). 5440:(2006). 5423:Archived 5376:(1985). 5359:Archived 5355:27902176 5236:(1982). 5187:(1998). 5169:(1984), 5152:(2006), 5127:(1983), 5111:Archived 5063:(2002). 5028:Archived 4688:Archived 4665:"Tawḥīd" 4529:Archived 4506:Archived 4496:(2007). 4436:Archived 4386:Archived 4384:. 2007. 4354:Archived 4350:27902176 4261:Archived 4197:Archived 4177:Archived 4023:Archived 3976:Archived 3714:Archived 3689:Archived 3632:Archived 3480:See also 3366:name of 3254:Plotinus 3249:Avicenna 3173:Muhammad 3008:prophets 2963:May 2020 2922:"Tawhid" 2790:28:70-72 2691:Avicenna 2685:for the 2631:Avicenna 2435:— 2416:— 2368:greater 2322:Wahhabis 2280:Muhammad 2244:against 2222:'tawhid' 2059:تَوْحِيد 1923:Medicine 1874:Military 1854:Economic 1849:Criminal 1830:(Sufism) 1771:Theology 1743:a series 1741:Part of 1667:Religion 1661:theodicy 1652:Ontology 1647:Theology 1642:God gene 1417:Buddhism 1412:Hinduism 1330:Personal 1320:Ditheism 1305:The Lord 1250:Demiurge 1202:Pandeism 1051:Glossary 1027:Jihadism 1000:Violence 995:Islamism 966:Muhammad 952:Apostasy 895:Politics 845:Feminism 840:Exorcism 801:Diaspora 786:Children 781:Calendar 709:Rashidun 687:Muhammad 682:Timeline 643:Mathnawi 505:Prophets 449:a series 447:Part of 408:Category 406:• 139:Theology 98:Theology 49:a series 47:Part of 7942:Nursing 7903:Qutbism 7817:Sikhism 7812:Judaism 7807:Jainism 7797:Druzism 7633:Physics 7580:Pottery 7565:Gardens 7560:Carpets 7475:Slavery 7397:Divorce 7384:Dhabiĥa 7212:Hygiene 7187:Takaful 7169:Banking 7099:Science 7093:Qurbani 7062:Mosques 7022:Animals 7011:Culture 6945:Nukkari 6940:Azzabas 6927:Azariqa 6911:Zaydism 6899:Alevism 6775:Ottoman 6765:Almohad 6760:Fatimid 6755:Córdoba 6750:Abbasid 6745:Umayyad 6678:Leaders 6673:History 6631:Shahada 6546:Beliefs 6359:present 5921:Maslaha 5805:Schools 5792:Sufism 5676:Alchemy 5419:1596214 5135:Press, 5026:: 195. 4378:"Islam" 3681:"Allah" 3577:tauheed 3565:tawheed 3533:Taqarub 3513:Shahada 3438:secular 3245:Al-Razi 3189:seventh 3146:Ash'ari 3133:Ash'ari 2947:scholar 2775:as the 2714:essence 2639:essence 2616:Ash'ari 2393:hidden 2387: 2362: 2350:: 2318:Salafis 2232:wahhada 2111:shahada 2080: 2068:: 2061:‎ 1997:Pottery 1869:Marital 1761:History 1659: ( 1614:Worship 1579:Fideism 1504: ( 1460:Shangdi 1446:Chinese 1427:Sikhism 1422:Jainism 1364:Judaism 1310:Trinity 1245:Creator 1240:Brahman 1182:Dualism 1162:Ietsism 1142:Atheism 922:Slavery 905:Science 860:Madrasa 855:Finance 766:Animals 754:society 750:Culture 722:Imamate 702:Sahabah 675:History 645:(Poems) 630:(creed) 554:Fasting 482:Oneness 475:Beliefs 202:Hawqala 197:Basmala 192:Shahada 149:Oneness 18:Tauheed 7754: 7712:poetry 7522: 7407:Ethics 7391:Dhimmi 7350:Baligh 7311:Mahram 7268:Family 7248:Toilet 7228:Miswak 6981:Lahori 6964:Najdat 6860:Salafi 6810:Seerah 6805:Tafsir 6800:Hadith 6770:Sokoto 6715:Sahaba 6590:Angels 6567:Tawhid 6524:topics 5951:Tawḥīd 5911:ʻIrfān 5724:Ethics 5682:Aqidah 5669:Fields 5615: 5596: 5570: 5547: 5525: 5504: 5474: 5448: 5417: 5384: 5353: 5345: 5327:Monist 5310: 5263: 5244: 5201: 5177: 5160: 5139: 5103: 5071: 5053: 4978:Quran 4966:Quran 4954:Quran 4680: 4568:Quran 4476: 4430: 4348: 4340: 4322:Monist 4301: 4255: 4017: 4007: 3936: 3911: 3872: 3744:Tawhid 3626: 3616: 3583:tevhid 3571:tauhid 3527:Taghut 3393:tawhid 3288:monist 3280:Sufism 3193:eighth 3169:Hadith 3074:tawhid 3067:sharia 3059:sharia 3039:tawhid 3000:Qur'an 2990:, the 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2873:Irfani 2869:Sufism 2806:Qur'an 2745:reason 2720:) and 2718:Mahiat 2645:) and 2643:Mahiat 2551:Takbīr 2525:Tawhid 2521:tawhid 2339:Arabic 2310:Tawhid 2189:tawhid 2182:tawhid 2174:Sufism 2158:tawhid 2126:tawhid 2106:Tawhid 2092:Tawhid 2072:tawḥīd 2054:Arabic 2049:Tawhid 1980:Poetry 1819:Tawhid 1604:Prayer 1584:Gnosis 1564:Belief 1532:Aseity 1497:Gender 1325:Monism 1315:Tawhid 1285:Mother 1260:Father 1197:Omnism 1177:Monism 1118:Theism 976:Hadith 890:Poetry 870:Mosque 835:Ethics 660:Sharia 628:Aqidah 620:Tafsir 604:Hadith 598:Sunnah 542:Prayer 493:Angels 335:Others 280:Tafwid 7876:Quran 7756:Other 7651:Early 7575:Music 7491:Kalam 7445:Jizya 7433:Hudud 7318:Nikah 7235:Najis 7221:Ghusl 7180:Sukuk 7109:Women 7077:Music 7052:Flags 6957:Sufri 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