History of Crimea - Knowledge (XXG)

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of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)

2285: 5908: 684: 37: 2565:, a land improvement canal for irrigation and watering of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine, and the Crimean peninsula, was started in 1957 soon after the transfer of Crimea. The canal also has multiple branches throughout Kherson Oblast and the Crimean peninsula. The main project works took place between 1961 and 1971 and had three stages. The construction was conducted by the Komsomol members sent by the Komsomol travel ticket (Komsomolskaya putyovka) as part of shock construction projects and accounted for some 10,000 "volunteer" workers. 1764: 1627: 518: 1153: 1139: 1865: 1744:

the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, had never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose" but led to a war that stood out for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery".

1320: 6327: 2148: 2673: 2528: 2141: 2620: 506: 2371:. The so-called "City of Russian Glory" once known for its beautiful architecture was entirely destroyed and had to be rebuilt stone by stone. Due to its enormous historical and symbolic meaning for the Russians, it became a priority for Stalin and the Soviet government to have it restored to its former glory within the shortest time possible. 1679: 3286:

4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines

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The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine, which was part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire,

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Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and,

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Orestes, a curly-haired young man in a Greek robe, is seated before a small group of trees, clasping the right hand of another Greek man, who is standing with his left hand on the seated man's arm. Standing to their left but in the right of the painting is a tall, robed woman of elegant bearing.

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in 1783 from the defeated Ottoman Empire into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area. The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier

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of Crimea was complete. In 1967, the Crimean Tatars were rehabilitated, but they were banned from legally returning to their homeland until the last days of the Soviet Union. The deportation was formally recognized as a genocide by Ukraine and three other countries between 2015 and 2019.

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on 16 March 2014. Although Russia initially claimed their military was not involved in the events, it later admitted that they were. Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014. Following the annexation, Russia escalated its military presence on the peninsula and made

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from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction, on the basis of "the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of

626:. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Scythian Neapolis was a city "with a mixed Scythian-Greek population, strong defensive walls and large public buildings constructed using the orders of Greek architecture". The city was eventually destroyed in the mid-3rd century AD by the 1334: 648: 462:

in Crimea is not associated with agriculture, but instead with the beginning of pottery production, changes in flint tool-making technologies, and local domestication of pigs. The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimean peninsula is from the

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population was also deported to Central Asia, and partially to Ufa and its surroundings in the Ural mountains. A total of more than 230,000 people – about a fifth of the total population of the Crimean Peninsula at that time – were deported, mainly to

1755:, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet and the associated threat of potential Russian penetration into the Mediterranean. After extensive fighting throughout Crimea, the city fell on 9 September 1855. The war ended with a Russian loss in February 1856. 2468:

Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands perished subsequently due to the harsh exile conditions. The Crimean Tatar deportation resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 households and 360,000 acres of land.

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of 1932–1933. A large Slavic population (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) influx occurred in the 1930s as a result of the Soviet policy of regional development. These demographic changes permanently altered the ethnic balance in the region.

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The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier westwards to the Dniester.

2176:, with the Crimean ASSR retaining a degree of nominal autonomy and run as a Crimean Tatar enclave. However, this did not protect the Crimean Tatars, who constituted about 25% of the Crimean population, from 2173: 815: 2580:. In time the peninsula also became a major tourist destination for cruises originating in Greece and Turkey. Crimea's infrastructure and manufacturing also developed, particularly around the sea ports at 5293:

Bezverkha, Anastasia (2017). "Reinstating Social Borders between the Slavic Majority and the Tatar Population of Crimea: Media Representation of the Contested Memory of the Crimean Tatars' Deportation".

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continued to form a slight plurality of Crimea's still largely rural population and were the predominant portion of the population in the mountainous area and about half of the steppe population.

680:. As the Tauri inhabited only the mountainous regions of southern Crimea, the name Taurica was originally used only for this southern part, but was later extended to refer to the whole peninsula. 1850:

settled in the Crimea at the beginning of the 19th century, receiving a large allotment and fertile land and later wealthy colonists began to buy land, mainly in Perekopsky and Evpatoria uyezds.

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Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; et al. (17 June 2011).

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Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Sergey Telizhenko and Martin K. Jones; Jones, Martin K (2013). "The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimea at Chalcolithic Ardych-Burun".

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in 2014, the majority of Crimean residents say they believed the referendum was free and fair (91%) and that the government in Kyiv ought to recognize the results of the vote (88%).

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was started to remove the memory of the Tartars, including a massive name change of the vast majority of toponyms, which were given Slavic and communist names. Very few localities –

757:, supplying the city with wheat, honey and other commodities. The last of that line of kings, Paerisades V, being hard-pressed by the Scythians, put himself under the protection of 4565:

Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea

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westwards to the Dniester. From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the

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were anxious to conquer and colonize the fertile and beautiful peninsula as part of their policy of resettling the Germans in Eastern Europe at the expense of the Slavs. In the

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Taurians intermixed with the Scythians starting from the end of 3rd century BC were mentioned as "Tauroscythians" and "Scythotaurians" in the works of ancient Greek writers. In

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troops, the Crimean mountains remained an unconquered stronghold of the native resistance (the partisans) until the day when the peninsula was freed from the occupying force.

6298: 3251: 2825: 1903:. Approximately 50,000 White prisoners of war and civilians were summarily executed by shooting or hanging after Wrangel's defeat at the end of 1920, in one of the largest 3627:

The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents

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with the Crimean authorities pushing for more independence from Ukraine and closer links with Russia. In 1995, the Republic was forcibly abolished by Ukraine with the

1416: 199: 5825: 1525:(in office: 1550–1557) gathered together groups of Cossacks and constructed a fort designed to obstruct Tatar raids into Ukraine. With this action, he founded the 5872: 4287: 2755: 2743: 363: 5907: 2312:

Sevastopol held out from October 1941 until 4 July 1942 when the Germans finally captured the city. From 1 September 1942, the peninsula was administered as the

1807:. Finally, the Russian government decided to stop the process, as agriculture began to suffer due to the unattended fertile farmland. By the late 19th century, 5371:(2005). "The Black Sea and the Slave Trade: The Role of Crimean Maritime Towns in the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries". 2986:

Trinkaus, Erik; Blaine Maley and Alexandra P. Buzhilova; Buzhilova, Alexandra P. (2008). "Brief Communication: Paleopathology of the Kiik-Koba 1 Neandertal".

1740:. To stop Russia's conquests, France and Britain entered in March 1854. While some of the war was fought elsewhere, the principal engagements were in Crimea. 2165: 2161: 2102: 262: 5152: 3570: 3376: 2405: 5070: 44: 6293: 2888: 1918:

Crimea changed hands several times over the course of the conflict and several political entities were set up on the peninsula, including the following.

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at the end of the 2nd century. The camp was abandoned by the Romans in the mid-3rd century. This de facto province would have been controlled by the

4079: 1795:, forced by the conditions created by the war, persecution, and land expropriations. Those who survived the trip, famine, and disease, resettled in 1661:

established in 1802 with its capital at Simferopol. The governorate included both Crimea as well as larger adjacent areas of the mainland. In 1826

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alike doubled as a result of assimilationist policies, with more than 1.6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989.

5688: 2906:, the nation's main waterway. Development of new sources of water was undertaken, with huge difficulties, to replace closed Ukrainian sources. In 1646:

that recognised the loss of Crimea and other territories that had been held by the Khanate. This increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area.

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in their war against his father. In 15 BC, it was once again restored to the king of Pontus, but from then ranked as a tributary state of Rome.

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The peninsula was resettled with other peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians. Modern experts say that the deportation was part of the Soviet

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discussed Ukrainian events with security service chiefs remarking that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February,

1412:. However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, and followed the rules they thought best for them. 5622: 5418: 4588: 4414: 4221: 4170: 3971: 3683: 3634: 3455: 3402: 3348: 2883:

going into official circulation and later to be the sole currency for legal tender with clocks also moved to Moscow time. A revision of the

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who later adopted a Turkic language, formed in the 13th century. It existed among the Muslim Crimean Tatars, primarily in the mountainous

3913: 2360:. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions." Around 40,000 Crimean Jews were murdered. 6068: 2773: 1859: 448:. Human site occupation density was relatively high in the Crimean region and increased as early as c. 16,000 years before the present. 246: 4495: 2719:

established firmly under Ukrainian authority. There were also intermittent tensions with Russia over the Soviet Fleet, although a 1997

305: 139:(63 BC – 341 AD). The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the 6288: 6080: 5998: 5897: 5800: 3176: 1012: 455:

believe Crimea did not become a peninsula until relatively recently, with the rising of the Black Sea level in the 6th millennium BC.

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captured strategic sites across Crimea, including Crimean parliament and government buildings. Russia then installed the pro-Russian

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Slaves and freedmen formed approximately 75% of the Crimean population. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the

206: 5830: 5556: 5467: 5361: 5256: 5236: 5127: 4792: 4263: 3999: 2659: 2391: 2031: 1962: 282: 198:, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times was 2340: 2284: 1563: 1538: 222: 3300:

Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus

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The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum as complying with the principle of the

1263:(Feodosiya), gaining control of the Crimean economy and the Black Sea commerce for two centuries. Genoa and its colonies fought a 2937: 2907: 2895:

stated that Crimea had been fully integrated into Russia. Since the annexation Russia has supported large migration into Crimea.

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Within days of the signing of the accession treaty, the process of integrating Crimea into the Russian federation began with the

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as an ethnic group dominated the Crimean Khanate from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They descend from a complicated mixture of

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The war devastated much of the economic and social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean Tatars had to flee from their homeland

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created a Russian aided exodus of Christian subjects who were overwhelmingly among the urban classes and created cities such as

683: 6085: 2829: 2693: 2153: 2019: 965:. The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres. 910:, an East Germanic language, was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century. 301: 5617:. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. Vol. 101. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. 4899: 36: 6058: 5892: 5867: 4147: 3850: 2914:

portions of Kherson Oblast, which allowed it to unblock the North Crimean canal by force, resuming water supply into Crimea.

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of Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill which was later seen as dividing Europe between the Communist and democratic spheres.

2261:, German and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties in the summer of 1941 as they tried to advance through the narrow 1408:

captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them rule as

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over the walls of the city. Historians have speculated that Genoese refugees from this engagement may have brought the

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Throughout the ancient and medieval period the interior and north of Crimea was occupied by a changing cast of invading

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The Crimea in 1854, and 1894: With Plans, and Illustrations from Sketches Taken on the Spot by Colonel W. J. Colville

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lost over 170,000 men killed or taken prisoner, and three armies (44th, 47th, and 51st) with twenty-one divisions.

2135: 2064: 1888: 1876: 1229: 1184: 1133: 663: 584: 394:. Late Neanderthal occupations have also been found at Starosele (c. 46,000 BP) and Buran Kaya III (c. 30,000 BP). 278: 250: 104: 5978: 2445:. 14,300 Greeks, 12,075 Bulgarians, and about 10,000 Armenians were also expelled. By the end of summer 1944, the 4118: 2933: 2486: 2395: 2212: 398: 180: 5636: 5586:; Prokhorov, Dmitry. "The Development of Crimean Studies in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Ukraine," 4765: 3581: 6104: 6006: 5887: 5877: 5195: 4821: 3991: 3577: 3023:"Stone tool function at the paleolithic sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea: Behavioral implications" 2328: 2274: 2044: 1654: 1225: 1121: 758: 317: 148: 30: 5795: 1264: 4740: 3986:

Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stephane Courtois,

1732:, was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the 6063: 5983: 5747: 2572:, with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists. Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and its 2522: 1748: 1602: 1570:

to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent, meaning that the Crimean Khans fell under

806: 774: 286: 5101: 3894:"Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self" 1899:

in 1920. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Bolshevik fighters and civilians escaped by ship to

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were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year went on sale in

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made their last stand in 1920, with tens of thousands of those who remained being murdered as part of the

5153:"Crimeans have tap water only six hours a day as all Russian attempts to hydrate occupied peninsula fail" 3940: 4065: 2817: 2765: 2732: 2417: 2301: 2196:

was destroyed, because the Soviets considered the Greeks as "counter-revolutionary" with their links to

1016: 938: 337: 172: 3756: 3471: 1879:, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic, as in much of Russia. During the ensuing 1626: 3866:

Anderson, M. S. (December 1958). "The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783–4".

3791:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources" 3084:"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior" 2095: 1393:

suzerainty, though this suzerainty was only nominal. After the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the

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was officially released with the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol added to the

2354:, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of 1864: 1818:

concentrated in the Feodosiya district and Ukrainians as well as smaller numbers of Jews (including

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A short historical Account of the Crimea, from the earliest ages and during the Russian occupation

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after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.

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1954 Soviet propaganda stamp marking the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's reunification with Russia

2336: 2262: 2185: 1939: 1847: 1687: 1529:, with which he would launch a series of attacks on the Crimean Peninsula and the Ottoman Turks. 1244: 1038: 996: 942: 383: 168: 160: 152: 2836:

affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders".

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for the entire Ukraine. In spite of heavy-handed tactics by the Nazis and the assistance of the

1138: 5045:"Putin Eliminates Ministry of Crimea, Region Fully Integrated into Russia, Russian Leaders Say" 4825: 4517: 3430: 6256: 6130: 6012: 5963: 5618: 5552: 5525: 5481: 5473: 5463: 5414: 5357: 5270: 5262: 5252: 5071:"Demographic Transformation of Crimea: Forced Migration as Part of Russia's 'Hybrid' Strategy" 4930: 4926: 4584: 4442: 4410: 4402: 4269: 4259: 4217: 4211: 4166: 4143: 3995: 3967: 3925: 3846: 3679: 3630: 3548: 3451: 3398: 3344: 3172: 3123: 3064: 3003: 2813: 2769: 2739: 2704: 2364: 2297: 2244: 2181: 1943: 1880: 1839: 1768: 1649:

Crimea went through a number of administrative reforms after Russian annexation, first as the

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Behind her are two columns of a classic Greek temple. Low mountains are in the far background.

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had exercised some control of the majority of the peninsula at the height of its power, with

853:

During the AD 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries, Taurica was host to Roman legions and colonists in

6261: 6220: 5757: 5509: 5380: 5303: 4430:"In Yalta was organized Euromaidan, in Sevastopol were demanding to imprison the opposition" 4249: 3802: 3538: 3530: 3201: 3113: 3103: 3054: 3044: 2995: 2446: 2379: 2293: 2258: 2240: 2193: 2014: 1883:, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik 1831: 1823: 1736:. Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to war in October 1853 over Russia's rights to protect 1526: 1496: 1485: 1405: 1283: 1173: 1105: 976:

were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle East during this period.

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on the Black Sea. By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king

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Schonle, Andreas (2001). "Garden of the Empire: Catherine's Appropriation of the Crimea".

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Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law".

4490: 4437: 4085: 3963: 3613: 3314: 3142: 2892: 2789: 2724: 2555: 2332: 1975: 1907:. Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the civilian population were then murdered as part of the 1784: 1729: 1662: 1489: 1464:

who settled in the Crimea from the 8th century, presumably also absorbing remnants of the

1428: 1351: 1299: 1023: 924: 874: 565: 325: 191: 140: 4628:[On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. 3227: 2269:), they occupied most of Crimea, with the exception of the city of Sevastopol, which was 1355: 3772: 3099: 3040: 2898:

Once Ukraine lost control of the territory in 2014, it shut off the water supply of the

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destroyed a Mongol Golden Horde army in 1399, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent

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to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent. Catherine the Great's

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formed out of the collapse of the horde but quite rapidly itself became subject to the

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The Crimea, its towns, inhabitants and social customs, by a lady resident near the Alma

5245: 4606:"Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results" 3761:

The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern

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were another cultural group that suffered. Their lands were lost during the process of

2053: 1884: 1843: 1808: 1804: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1650: 1643: 1631: 1606: 1571: 1461: 1457: 1394: 1378: 1279: 1203: 1177: 1109: 1027: 988: 907: 854: 778: 696: 669: 588: 580: 391: 254: 195: 164: 132: 96: 84: 4791:

Bruno Waterfield; Peter Dominiczak; David Blair; The Daily Telegraph (24 March 2014).

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Slater, Eric. "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475".

3366: 6345: 6225: 5933: 5775: 5537: 5392: 5315: 4717: 4101: 3821: 3668: 3571:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" 3371: 3298: 3213: 3059: 3022: 2903: 2880: 2413: 2305: 2177: 2073: 2057: 1892: 1776: 1683: 1639: 1567: 1504: 1465: 1363: 1309: 1233: 1098: 1074: 1054: 889: 471: 290: 226: 4945:"TASS: Russia – Russian ruble goes into official circulation in Crimea as of Monday" 4429: 4088:

Before Crimea Was an Ethnic Russian Stronghold, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland,

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The Khanate subsequently suffered a gradual internal collapse, particularly after a

1333: 1319: 591:, regarded the Tauri as a savage, warlike people. Even after centuries of Greek and 5968: 5956: 5742: 5426:

The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars.

4992: 4769: 2948:. The Ukrainian government has not accepted responsibility for all of the attacks. 2728: 2685: 2577: 2490: 2482: 2425: 2368: 2351: 2254: 2250: 2169: 2024: 1556: 1552: 1367: 1359: 1271: 1214: 1199: 1196: 1168:, had already been subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the time 1129: 888:

Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the

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from which north-central Europe was re-populated after the end of the Ice Age. The

329: 270: 266: 218: 214: 187: 151:(ended 1475). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the 136: 123:

in the hinterland to the north. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the

5307: 2527: 2409: 5602: 5546: 5283: 4818:"UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity" 4667: 4578: 4362: 4253: 3840: 3699: 3445: 3392: 3274: 3108: 961:. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus' and 5938: 5928: 5815: 4301: 4040: 2551: 2458: 2091: 1912: 1703: 1420: 1287: 1218: 1183:

Kiev lost its hold on the Crimean interior in the early 13th century due to the

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During the collapse of the Byzantine state some cities fell to its creditor the

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Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives

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National Movements and National Identity Among the Crimean Tatars (1905 - 1916)

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Dickinson, Sara. "Russia's First 'Orient': Characterizing the Crimea in 1787."

4625:Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим 3806: 3735: 6075: 5714: 5652: 4213:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

2872: 2672: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2547: 2442: 2433: 2197: 2140: 1908: 1904: 1070: 1062: 1041:. During the entirety of this period, the urban areas were Greek-speaking and 984: 928: 870: 724: 688: 656: 639: 615: 410: 406: 313: 258: 112: 5485: 5274: 4623: 4273: 3380:. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 449–450. 1030:

fled to the Byzantine lands, where they were said to have settled in Crimea.

1011:

by the local Byzantine priest at Chersonesus, thus marking the entry of Rus'

6230: 5943: 5657: 2681: 2429: 2223: 1819: 1672: 1653:

in 1784 but in 1796 it was divided into two counties and attached it to the

1432: 1386: 1275: 1260: 1248: 1195:, reaching Kiev by 1240. The Crimean interior came under the control of the 1188: 1112:

also having some control of the interior of Crimea after the tenth century.

1066: 979:

In the mid-10th century, the eastern area of Crimea was conquered by Prince

866: 858: 743: 700: 569: 561: 557: 542: 505: 500: 459: 440:

environments, although the climate was slightly warmer during several brief

418: 409:). The fossils are about 32,000 years old, with the artifacts linked to the 116: 5529: 4069:, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. 3552: 3534: 3127: 3068: 3049: 3007: 2513:– were given their original names back after the fall of the Soviet Union. 2265:

linking Crimea to the Soviet mainland. Once the German army broke through (

1751:

and in the Black Sea, allied troops landed in Crimea in September 1854 and

618:. The town ruled over a small kingdom covering the lands between the lower 4873:"Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country" 2727:

allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease

2477:

The autonomous republic without its titular nationality was downgraded to

2253:, Crimea was a scene of some of the bloodiest battles. The leaders of the 328:

allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease

308:

was formed in 1992, although the republic was abolished in 1995, with the

5780: 5765: 4997: 4643:

Baczynska, Gabriela; Toyer, Julien (2014-03-05). Gutterman, Steve (ed.).

2957: 2928:

Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the

2597: 2494: 2278: 2188:, in which farmers were not compensated with wages. Schools which taught 1900: 1896: 1800: 1586: 1192: 1165: 1146: 1094: 1008: 1000: 969: 962: 735: 687:

Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea in the 5th century

607: 600: 527: 4944: 3504: 2367:

meant that in 1944 Sevastopol came under the control of troops from the

2350:

were targeted for annihilation during the Nazi occupation. According to

382:

Archaeological evidence of human settlement in Crimea dates back to the

213:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the 5770: 5568:

The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation

5521: 4649: 4552: 4389:

National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia

3879: 2999: 2868: 2502: 1796: 1551:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the 1516: 1500: 1473: 1424: 1401:

in 1475 brought Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control.

1090: 1082: 901: 897: 882: 828: 749:

In 438 BC, the Archon (ruler) of Panticapaeum assumed the title of the

712: 708: 619: 573: 510: 53: 17: 3021:

Hardy, Bruce; Marvin Kay; Anthony E. Marks; Katherine Monigal (2001).

1678: 842:

In the 2nd century BC, the eastern part of Taurica became part of the

103:, "Tauric Peninsula"), begins around the 5th century BCE when several 6118: 5988: 5916: 5697: 5441:

Ozhiganov, Edward. "The Crimean Republic: Rivalries for Control." in

2677: 2506: 2462: 2437: 2421: 2201: 1582: 1519: 1404:

After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Khan

832: 793: 770: 754: 623: 606:

The Crimean Peninsula north of the Crimean Mountains was occupied by

596: 553: 437: 184: 57: 5513: 5340:

Fisher, Alan (1981). "The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century".

5128:"Crimea Offers Disturbing Blueprint for Russian Takeover of Ukraine" 4645:"Russia says cannot order Crimean 'self-defense' units back to base" 3228:"The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos" 1492:

influence due to historical Ottoman Turkish presence in the Crimea.

336:

is disputed. In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the

221:

had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces. The ensuing

5436:

Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire

5247:

The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents

3790: 3277:"... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe ..." 1771:, a symbol of Crimea, one of the best-known, romantic castles near 595:

settlement, the Tauri were not pacified and continued to engage in

5666: 5102:"Crimea: Deportations and forced transfer of the civil population" 4485:"Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis" 4376:

The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy

2863: 2671: 2581: 2526: 2375: 2283: 2147: 2139: 2111: 1863: 1772: 1762: 1677: 1625: 1382: 1374: 1373:

The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the

1347: 1256: 1252: 1247:, had built along the Crimean coast and established themselves at 1151: 1137: 1078: 1058: 932: 814: 783: 699:

along the Black Sea coast of Crimea in the 7th or 6th century BC.

682: 677: 647: 627: 560:

states that the Tauri tribes were geographically inhabited by the

535: 516: 504: 496: 433: 373: 120: 107:

were established along its coast, the most important of which was

43: 35: 2144:

London Geographical Institute's 1919 map of Europe showing Crimea

1634:. Only the parts of New Russia that are now in Ukraine are shown. 467:

Ardych-Burun site, dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BC

390:

remains found at Kiyik-Koba Cave have been dated to about 80,000

297:, called the "reunification of Ukraine with Russia" in the USSR. 5661: 5477: 5266: 3941:"Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Taurida" 3027: 2902:

which supplies 85% of the peninsula's freshwater needs from the

2820:

of Ukraine. The annexation led to the other members of the then-

2510: 1232:, respectively sharing control of the south of Crimea until the 1086: 893: 5670: 4350:"Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" 2932:

Crimean Peninsula from where the Russian Army had launched its

2218:

Crimea experienced two severe famines in the 20th century, the

2069:

April (officially, 16 August) – 16 November 1920

366:, although most countries recognise Crimea as part of Ukraine. 3146: 2812:

condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of

2613: 564:, but they are not Scythians. Also, the Taurians inspired the 5450:

The Crimean Nexus: Putin's War and the Clash of Civilizations

3365: 2420:

on the grounds that they allegedly had collaborated with the

5209:"Drone explosion hits Russia's Black Sea Fleet headquarters" 4793:"Russia Temporarily Kicked Out of G8 Club of Rich Countries" 4548:"RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow" 1362:) by 1443. Hacı I Giray and his successors reigned first at 1267:

with the Mongol states between the 13th and 15th centuries.

4324:"Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point" 1708:

The Crimean War (1853–1856), a conflict fought between the

1630:

A map of what was called New Russia during the time of the

444:

and began to warm significantly after the beginning of the

5022:"Russia Amends Constitution to Include Crimea, Sevastopol" 4968:"Crimea Adopts Ruble as Ukraine Continues Battling Rebels" 4900:"Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia" 4688:"Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum" 4580:

Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022

4134: 4132: 3364:

Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).

2331:(1898–1977), under the authority of the three consecutive 1213:) originates as the name of the provincial capital of the 5196:"In southern Ukraine, Russian forces guard strategic dam" 4993:"Ukraine crisis: Crimea celebrates switch to Moscow time" 3169:

Desolate Landscapes: Ice-Age Settlement in Eastern Europe

1559:

had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces.

1472:. Linguistically, the Crimean Tatars are related to the 1381:, but they were unable to take control of the commercial 1282:

catapulted the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of

765:, in 114 BC. After the death of this sovereign, his son, 470:

By the 3rd millennium BC, Crimea had been reached by the

5100:

Andreyuk, Eugenia; Gliesche, Philipp (4 December 2017).

4713:"Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea" 4668:"Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot" 3960:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

777:

in 63 BC as a reward for the assistance rendered to the

293:

as part of celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the

163:. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by 5494:

The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict

3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 1642:

negotiated a trade agreement with the Russian diplomat

987:. The peninsula was wrested from the Byzantines by the 2832:

also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting

2805:

threats to solidify the new status quo on the ground.

1037:

who also conquered cities controlled by its rival the

5331:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

4255:Крым и крымские татары в XIX-XX веках: сборник статей 3759:

in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds),

2640:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 2558:

and was attached to the Crimean Oblast only in 1978.

1476:, who invaded the Crimea in the mid-8th century; the 1427:

for sale. For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six

1366:, then – from the beginning of the 15th century – at 4898:

Mike Collett-White; Ronald Popeski (16 March 2014).

4518:"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare" 3757:

Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"

2156:, Crimean coast near the village of Mukhalatka, 1929 159:, but the interior was much less stable, enduring a 6279: 6244: 6193: 6184: 6164: 6153: 6117: 6031: 5997: 5915: 5733: 5324:

Crimea and the Black Sea: An environmental history.

3988:

Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression

2207:From 1923 until 1944 there was an effort to create 983:and became part of the Kievan Rus' principality of 5244: 4686:Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (9 March 2014). 4483: 4457:"Putin describes secret operation to seize Crimea" 4216:. Central European University Press. p. 152. 3947:, London: Russian Outlook – via Open Library 3667: 1887:. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by 1397:, an Ottoman invasion of the Genoese towns led by 556:refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe. However, 530:Crimea was settled by two groups separated by the 40:Ancient settlements in Crimea and surrounding area 4123:The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany 2824:suspending Russia from the group and introducing 953:In the 9th century CE, Byzantium established the 401:remains in Europe in the Buran-Kaya caves in the 312:established firmly under Ukrainian authority and 5588:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 5411:This Blessed Land: Crimea and the Crimean Tatars 3777:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History 2940:. Occupied Crimea was a base for the subsequent 2554:due to its importance as the port of the Soviet 1442:of 1768-1774, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves. 991:in the 10th century; a major Byzantine outpost, 4577:Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse (2023-01-05). 4403:"The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine" 3519:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" 3429:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 2412:" (Crimean Tatar for exile) to Central Asia by 753:, a state that maintained close relations with 397:Archaeologists have found some of the earliest 5658:On the role of Crimea in the Russian discourse 5615:Quellen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Krim 4848:"United Nations A/RES/68/262 General Assembly" 4766:"Russia Threatens Nuclear Strikes Over Crimea" 2756:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 2087:November 1920 – 18 October 1921 1996:German puppet state under Lipka Tatar General 1243:seized the settlements that their rivals, the 1191:devastated the Crimean peninsula and pacified 285:by the Soviet regime, and in 1954, Crimea was 281:within the Russian SFSR in 1945 following the 238:, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance. 29:"Taurida" redirects here. For other uses, see 5682: 5662:The Crimean Archipelago: A Multimedia Dossier 5179:"New maps appear to show Crimea is drying up" 4401:Paul Kolstoe; Andrei Edemsky (January 1995). 4016:"Красный террор в Крыму 1920-1922: документы" 2400:On 18 May 1944, the entire population of the 2107:18 October 1921 – 30 June 1945 865:and other Bosporean trade emporiums from the 265:was created as an autonomous republic of the 183:, the north and centre of Crimea fell to the 8: 4302:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine" 4041:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine" 3391:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1959). 2166:Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2162:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2103:Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1783:style. It was designed by Russian architect 1779:businessman Baron Pavel von Steingel in the 4583:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 3842:The Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 2568:In the post-war years, Crimea thrived as a 1954:December 1917 – January 1918 1019:marks the location of this historic event. 885:of one of the Legions stationed in Charax. 474:, assumed to correspond to a late phase of 429:during this time was generally occupied by 6190: 6161: 6157: 6123: 6037: 5921: 5689: 5675: 5667: 4286:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3343:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 167. 3143:"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine" 2889:federal subjects of the Russian Federation 2792:government in Crimea, which organized the 1622:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire 1599:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire 1452:List of Mongol and Tatar attacks in Europe 1415:Crimean Tatars introduced the practice of 1306:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 846:, before becoming a client kingdom of the 5373:International Journal of Maritime History 4185: 3542: 3117: 3107: 3058: 3048: 2988:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2946:Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2660:Learn how and when to remove this message 2215:, but both were ultimately unsuccessful. 2010:November 1918 – April 1919 1993:25 June – 25 November 1918 1116:Mongol invasion and later medieval period 4662: 4660: 4322:Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2014). 4236: 3629:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 17. 2816:and Russian agreements safeguarding the 2636:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2588:and in the oblast's landlocked capital, 2424:occupation forces and formed pro-German 2273:and later awarded the honorary title of 1920: 1499:, a people of Jewish descent practising 1325:Crimea in the middle of the 15th century 819:Fragment of a marble relief depicting a 378:Bone and tool from the Buran-Kaya caves. 5590:(Dec 2011), Vol. 64 Issue 4, pp437–452. 4407:Russians in the Former Soviet Republics 3918:Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War 3450:. Penguin Books, Limited. p. 210. 2978: 2211:. There were two attempts to establish 2072:Government of White movement's General 1967:19 March – 30 April 1918 1410:tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire 417:, along with the northern coast of the 277:until 1944. The ASSR was downgraded to 5878:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) 4546:De Carbonnel, Alissa (13 March 2014). 4279: 4197: 869:. The Roman colony was protected by a 857:. The Charax colony was founded under 362:supporting reunification. Russia then 283:ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars 161:long series of conquests and invasions 5888:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) 5548:Housing, Land, and Property in Crimea 4498:from the original on 11 February 2021 3868:The Slavonic and East European Review 2780:. At the same time Russian president 1224:Trebizond's Perateia soon became the 995:, was taken in 988 CE. A year later, 877:; it also hosted a detachment of the 695:Greek city-states began establishing 610:tribes. Their center was the city of 200:frequent raids into Russia for slaves 7: 4879:from the original on October 1, 2015 4875:. Pew Research Center. May 8, 2014. 4365:BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2015 4066:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 3763:, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 25–43. 3425:Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. 3141:Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). 2942:Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast 2535:On 19 February 1954, the oblast was 2049:February – April 1920 957:to defend against incursions by the 421:in general, Crimea was an important 349:occupying strategic points in Crimea 175:, which marked the beginning of the 5445:(MIT Press. 1997). pp. 83–137. 4966:Verbyany, Volodymyr (1 June 2014). 4258:(in Russian). Moscow. p. 242. 3339:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R, ed. (2001). 2839:According to survey carried out by 2676:Crimea's southernmost point is the 2170:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1860:Crimea during the Russian Civil War 1156:Khan Uzbek Mosque 1314, Staryi Krym 5898:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 5801:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 5649:Historical footage of Crimea, 1918 4409:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 194. 4106:International Committee for Crimea 2416:'s Soviet government as a form of 2036:2 April – June 1919 672:were the first to name the region 358:from Ukraine following a disputed 347:culminating in pro-Russian forces 25: 5893:Council of Ministers (until 2014) 5288:. old fashioned and anti-Russian. 5251:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5237:Bibliography of Ukrainian history 4348:Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). 4140:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 3472:"Another New England — in Crimea" 2891:, and the Russian Prime Minister 2744:Russia invaded and annexed Crimea 2392:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2386:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2204:, and their independent culture. 2180:'s repressions of the 1930s. The 2032:Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic 1963:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic 861:with the intention of protecting 775:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus 147:(1204–1461), and the independent 6326: 6325: 5906: 5858:President of Crimea (historical) 4162:The Crimea. A Very Short History 2768:that ousted Ukrainian president 2618: 2604:Independent Ukraine (since 1991) 2013:Anti-Bolshevik government under 1543:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was 1488:, although it shows substantial 1332: 1318: 1176:began its western sweep through 614:on the outskirts of present-day 205:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was 5413:. University of Toronto Press. 5183:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5126:Dooley, Brian (25 March 2022). 4824:. 28 March 2014. Archived from 4516:Simon Shuster (10 March 2014). 4482:Weaver, Courtney (2015-03-15). 4142:". U of Nebraska Press, p.211, 3795:Journal of Early Modern History 3625:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). 3497:Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 3394:A history of Greece to 322 B.C. 3206:10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000042 2830:United Nations General Assembly 2694:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2168:. The Russian SFSR founded the 2094:(until 20 February 1921), then 1753:besieged the city of Sevastopol 1566:signed in June 1774 forced the 1417:raids into Eastern Slavic lands 1278:(present-day Feodosiya) in the 302:dissolution of the Soviet Union 177:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 5831:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation 5452:(Yale University Press, 2017). 5438:(Yale University Press, 2017). 5326:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.) 5296:Journal of Borderlands Studies 5282:Barker, W. Burckhardt (1855). 5069:Hurska, Alla (29 March 2021). 4853:. United Nations. 1 April 2014 4632:(in Ukrainian). 15 March 2014. 4159:M. Clement Hall (March 2014). 3427:"The Corpus of Crimean Gothic" 3397:Clarendon Press. p. 109. 2938:full-scale invasion of Ukraine 2760:2014 Crimean status referendum 2735:of the relatively pro-Russian 2517:1954 transfer to Ukrainian SSR 2485:on 30 June 1945. A process of 2428:. On 26 June of the same year 1980:May – June 1918 1891:made their last stand against 1482:Kipchak or Northwestern branch 1385:towns in the Crimea. In 1462, 788:The "Chersonesus Tauricus" of 738:expanded to Crimea as part of 1: 6049:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5853:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5725:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5601:Neilson, Mrs. Andrew (1855). 5462:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 5308:10.1080/08865655.2015.1066699 5043:McHugh, Jess (15 July 2015). 3994:, 1999, hardcover, page 100, 3939:William Henry Beable (1919), 3828:. Brill Archive. p. 288. 3606:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea" 3303:. Cambridge University Press. 3275:Strabo. Geographica. 7. 4. 2. 3256:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 2934:offensive on Southern Ukraine 2924:Crimea attacks (2022–present) 2717:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 2680:on the northern shore of the 2610:History of Crimea (1991–2014) 2316:(general district of Crimea) 1854:Russian Civil War (1917–1922) 1671:after travelling through the 999:accepted the hand of Emperor 997:Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev 583:, who eventually established 310:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 61: 5836:Renaming of Crimean toponyms 5049:International Business Times 3580:. p. 27. Archived from 3523:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3447:A Short History of Byzantium 3444:John Julius Norwich (2013). 3297:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1913). 3194:Journal of Field Archaeology 3171:. Rutgers University Press. 3109:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 2209:Jewish settlements in Crimea 1998:Maciej (Suleyman) Sulkiewicz 1814:There were large numbers of 1160:The overseas territories of 918: 792:, shown on a map printed in 472:Yamna or "pit grave" culture 71:The recorded history of the 6069:2014 parliamentary election 5720:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 3945:Russian Gazetteer and Guide 3676:University of Toronto Press 3499:29, no. 3 (2006): 271–283. 3167:Hoffecker, John F. (2002). 2918:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2860:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 2542:Ukraine's union with Russia 2110:Autonomous republic of the 2090:Bolshevik government under 2006:Crimean Regional Government 1989:Crimean Regional Government 1870:Crimean Regional Government 1868:A 25-ruble banknote of the 1775:. It was built in 1912 for 1665:published his seminal work 1339:The Crimean Khanate in 1600 1294:Crimean Khanate (1443–1783) 476:Proto-Indo-European culture 453:Black Sea deluge hypothesis 231:incorporation of the Crimea 6368: 5863:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 5846:Crimean Tatar repatriation 5385:10.1177/084387140501700110 5234: 5081:(50). Jamestown Foundation 4436:November 28, 2020, at the 3958:Gellately, Robert (2007). 3845:. Macmillan. p. 258. 3826:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3807:10.1163/157006507780385125 2921: 2857: 2753: 2607: 2520: 2389: 2234: 2164:on 18 October 1921 as the 2160:Crimea became part of the 2136:Crimea in the Soviet Union 2133: 2065:Government of South Russia 1937: 1905:massacres of the Civil War 1877:Russian Revolution of 1917 1857: 1701: 1619: 1596: 1593:Russian Empire (1783–1917) 1536: 1449: 1423:), in which they captured 1303: 1297: 1209:(via Italian, from Turkic 1119: 1024:Norman Conquest of England 941:, built on the site where 922: 804: 751:King of Cimmerian Bosporus 664:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea 661: 637: 494: 28: 6323: 6160: 6126: 6040: 5924: 5904: 5873:2014 annexation by Russia 5811:1783 annexation by Russia 5705: 5613:Albrecht, Stefan (2013). 5342:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 5243:Allworth, Edward (1998). 5020:Sputnik (11 April 2014). 4630:Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 4604:Ilya Somin (6 May 2014). 4363:Crimea profile – Overview 3914:"Crimean War (1853–1856)" 3839:Sebag Montefiore (2000). 2794:Crimean status referendum 2487:de-Tatarization of Crimea 2461:and acquire territory in 2396:De-Tatarization of Crimea 2213:Jewish autonomy in Crimea 2117: 2109: 2106: 2101: 1957:Crimean Tatar government 1950:Crimean People's Republic 1803:, and other parts of the 1251:(present-day Balaklava), 1172:died in 1222, before the 945:is believed to have been 711:. In the 5th century BC, 509:The Scythian treasure of 399:anatomically modern human 181:Mongol invasion of Europe 100: 88: 6105:Crimean Federal District 5841:1954 transfer to Ukraine 5456:Rywkin, Michael (1994). 5448:Pleshakov, Constantine. 4822:China Central Television 4624: 4165:. Lulu.com. p. 52. 4102:"Famine in Crimea, 1931" 3992:Harvard University Press 3789:Mikhail Kizilov (2007). 3578:The Jamestown Foundation 3341:North Pontic Archaeology 2963:Crimean ASSR (1991–1992) 2778:new Ukrainian government 2684:, currently used by the 2329:Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld 2125:Soviet Union (1922–1991) 2045:South Russian Government 1747:Following action in the 1734:declining Ottoman Empire 1655:Novorossiysk Governorate 1638:On 28 December 1783 the 1564:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1539:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1239:In the 13th century the 1226:Principality of Theodoro 1217:, the city now known as 1187:. In the summer of 1238 1122:Principality of Theodoro 1013:into the Christian world 719:founded the sea port of 318:city with special status 316:being administered as a 247:changed hands many times 223:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 149:Principality of Theodoro 75:, historically known as 31:Taurida (disambiguation) 5748:Crimea in the Roman era 5637:excerpt and text search 3612:March 23, 2016, at the 3377:Encyclopædia Britannica 3319:Encyclopædia Britannica 2707:was reorganized as the 2523:1954 transfer of Crimea 2118:Soviet era (1921–1991) 2082:revolutionary committee 1749:Danubian Principalities 1712:and an alliance of the 1691:The Siege of Sevastopol 1603:Novorossiya Governorate 1274:army besieging Genoese 1202:from 1239 to 1441. The 1134:Mongol invasion of Rus' 900:(4th–8th century), the 850:in the 1st century BC. 823:, 3rd century BC, from 807:Crimea in the Roman era 364:formally annexed Crimea 190:, and in the 1440s the 56:, deer, bull, club and 6172:Crimean Premier League 6019:Urban-type settlements 5868:2014 status referendum 5826:Crimea in World War II 5609:; complete text online 5566:Williams, Brian Glyn. 4923:The German Law Journal 4741:"Annexation of Crimea" 4210:Polian, Pavel (2004). 4138:Yitzhak Arad (2009). " 4061:"Crimea: Introduction" 3924:. 2008. Archived from 3535:10.3201/eid0809.010536 3094:(6). plosone: e20834. 3050:10.1073/pnas.191384498 2876: 2725:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 2698:Ukrainian independence 2689: 2532: 2481:(province) within the 2309: 2157: 2145: 1872: 1788: 1694: 1635: 1478:Crimean Tatar language 1236:intervention of 1475. 1170:Alexios I of Trebizond 1157: 1149: 968:It became a center of 950: 839: 797: 692: 659: 523: 514: 379: 326:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 68: 41: 6299:Ukrainian Catholicism 5979:Pontic–Caspian steppe 5563:, recent developments 5106:Foreign Policy Center 5075:Eurasia Daily Monitor 4374:Mark Clarence Walke, 2867: 2818:territorial integrity 2798:Crimea's independence 2675: 2530: 2418:collective punishment 2302:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2287: 2267:Operation Trappenjagd 2235:Further information: 2154:"Red Ukraine" warship 2151: 2143: 2039:Bolshevik government 1970:Bolshevik government 1867: 1766: 1681: 1629: 1450:Further information: 1304:Further information: 1155: 1141: 1120:Further information: 1017:Chersonesus Cathedral 1007:in marriage, and was 939:Chersonesus Cathedral 936: 923:Further information: 818: 787: 686: 651: 638:Further information: 587:in Crimea during the 538:to the south and the 520: 508: 458:The beginning of the 377: 356:declared independence 127:which was annexed by 47: 39: 6081:Legislative Assembly 5459:Moscow's Lost Empire 5407:Magocsi, Paul Robert 5356:. Hurst Publishers. 4387:Roman Szporluk, ed. 4078:Jeffrey Veidlinger, 2885:Russian Constitution 2810:many other countries 2629:factual accuracy is 2576:, particularly from 2561:The construction of 2374:The Crimean port of 2152:Stalin on board the 1290:to Western Europe. 1026:, a large number of 981:Sviatoslav I of Kiev 707:were established by 513:, in eastern Crimea. 446:Late Glacial Maximum 415:Last Glacial Maximum 413:culture. During the 295:Treaty of Pereyaslav 5796:Genoese–Mongol Wars 5786:Empire of Trebizond 5545:UN-HABITAT (2007). 5369:Kizilov, Mikhail B. 5352:Kent, Neil (2016). 4610:The Washington Post 3732:blacksea-crimea.com 3567:Brian Glyn Williams 3517:Wheelis M. (2002). 3232:www.chersonesos.org 3100:2011PLoSO...620834P 3041:2001PNAS...9810972H 3035:(19): 10972–10977. 2900:North Crimean Canal 2841:Pew Research Center 2731:in 2010. After the 2574:satellite countries 2570:tourist destination 2563:North Crimean Canal 2455:plan to gain access 2320:(and sub-district) 2277:after the war. The 2237:Taurida Subdistrict 2220:Famine of 1921–1922 1738:Orthodox Christians 1726:Kingdom of Sardinia 1668:The Crimean Sonnets 1659:Taurida Governorate 1611:Taurida Governorate 1549:Catherine the Great 1533:Independent Khanate 1523:Dmytro Vyshnevetsky 1495:A small enclave of 1126:Empire of Trebizond 622:River and northern 491:Tauri and Scythians 427:East European Plain 342:Ukrainian president 275:occupied by Germany 211:Catherine the Great 145:Empire of Trebizond 6141:Crimean Trolleybus 6045:Republic of Crimea 5492:Sasse, Gwendolyn. 5403:(E.J. Brill. 1996) 5333:3.1 (2002): 3-25. 5159:. 17 December 2020 5132:Human Rights First 4745:UaWarExplained.com 4446:. 19 February 2014 4084:2018-11-16 at the 3670:Ukraine: A History 3587:on 21 October 2013 3000:10.1002/ajpa.20833 2968:Kizil-Koba culture 2877: 2848:self-determination 2750:Russian annexation 2709:Republic of Crimea 2690: 2533: 2314:Generalbezirk Krim 2310: 2263:Isthmus of Perekop 2158: 2146: 1873: 1789: 1695: 1688:panoramic painting 1636: 1616:Russian annexation 1511:Cossack incursions 1480:forms part of the 1158: 1150: 1049:The Crimean steppe 951: 943:Vladimir the Great 919:Rus' and Byzantium 840: 798: 769:, was invested by 693: 660: 524: 515: 451:Proponents of the 384:Middle Paleolithic 380: 353:Republic of Crimea 306:Republic of Crimea 253:'s anti-Bolshevik 169:Vladimir the Great 131:and then became a 101:Χερσόνησος Ταυρική 89:Ταυρική or Ταυρικά 69: 42: 6352:History of Crimea 6339: 6338: 6319: 6318: 6294:Roman Catholicism 6275: 6274: 6180: 6179: 6149: 6148: 6113: 6112: 6027: 6026: 5964:Crimean Mountains 5624:978-3-88467-197-9 5419:978-0-7727-5110-2 5354:Crimea: A History 5322:Cordova, Carlos. 4590:978-1-009-05991-6 4443:Ukrayinska Pravda 4416:978-1-85065-206-9 4250:Bekirova, Gulnara 4223:978-963-9241-68-8 4172:978-1-304-97576-8 3973:978-1-4000-4005-6 3928:on 16 April 2015. 3685:978-0-8020-8390-6 3636:978-90-04-19190-7 3457:978-0-241-95305-1 3404:978-0-19-814260-7 3350:978-90-04-12041-9 2814:international law 2770:Viktor Yanukovych 2705:Crimean peninsula 2670: 2669: 2662: 2592:. Populations of 2473:Post-World War II 2406:forcibly deported 2365:Crimean offensive 2298:Winston Churchill 2245:Crimean offensive 2122: 2121: 1881:Russian Civil War 1759:Late Imperial era 1440:Russo-Turkish War 1399:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 1358:(a descendant of 1241:Republic of Genoa 1043:eastern Christian 1035:Republic of Genoa 732:Achaemenid Empire 612:Scythian Neapolis 532:Crimean Mountains 480:Kurgan hypothesis 403:Crimean Mountains 345:Viktor Yanukovych 243:Russian Civil War 93:Tauric Chersonese 73:Crimean Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 6359: 6329: 6328: 6191: 6162: 6158: 6124: 6038: 5922: 5910: 5758:Bosporan Kingdom 5710:Political status 5691: 5684: 5677: 5668: 5628: 5608: 5584:Kizilov, Mikhail 5562: 5541: 5489: 5434:O'Neill, Kelly. 5424:Milner, Thomas. 5399:Kirimli, Hakan. 5396: 5349: 5319: 5289: 5278: 5250: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5204: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5157:Euromaidan Press 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4797:Business Insider 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4447: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4277: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4156: 4150: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4076: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4018:. 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Archived from 3724: 3707: 3698:Mike Bennighof, 3696: 3690: 3689: 3673: 3660: 3641: 3640: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3514: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2983: 2930:Russian-occupied 2723:partitioned the 2665: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642:reliably sourced 2622: 2621: 2614: 2447:ethnic cleansing 2380:Yalta Conference 2357:Einsatzgruppe 11 2333:Reichskommissare 2326:Generalkommissar 2294:Yalta Conference 2259:Crimean campaign 2241:Crimean campaign 2194:Greek literature 2192:were closed and 2186:collectivisation 2096:Mikhail Poliakov 1921: 1824:Crimean Karaites 1527:Zaporozhian Sich 1497:Crimean Karaites 1486:Turkic languages 1336: 1322: 1185:Mongol invasions 1174:Mongol invasions 1106:Bosporan Kingdom 955:Theme of Cherson 879:Legio XI Claudia 844:Bosporan Kingdom 837:Bosporan Kingdom 811:Bosporan Kingdom 717:Heraclea Pontica 644:Bosporan Kingdom 634:Greek settlement 324:partitioned the 171:was baptised at 143:(341–1204), the 141:Byzantine Empire 125:Bosporan Kingdom 111:near modern day 102: 90: 66: 63: 21: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6315: 6271: 6240: 6176: 6145: 6109: 6100:Black Sea Fleet 6023: 5993: 5974:Perekop Isthmus 5911: 5902: 5806:Crimean Khanate 5753:Cherson (theme) 5729: 5701: 5695: 5645: 5625: 5612: 5600: 5597: 5595:Primary sources 5580: 5559: 5544: 5514:10.2307/2697641 5499: 5470: 5455: 5428:Longman, 1855. 5367: 5339: 5292: 5281: 5259: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5231:Further reading 5228: 5218: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5185:. 13 July 2018. 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 5001:. 29 March 2014 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4828:on 4 March 2018 4816: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4721:. 14 March 2018 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4558: 4556: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4491:Financial Times 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4438:Wayback Machine 4428: 4424: 4417: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4278: 4266: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4137: 4130: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4100: 4096: 4086:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3771: 3767: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3726: 3725: 3710: 3704:Avalanche Press 3697: 3693: 3686: 3664:Subtelny, Orest 3662: 3661: 3644: 3637: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3614:Wayback Machine 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3020: 3019: 3015: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2954: 2926: 2920: 2893:Dmitry Medvedev 2862: 2856: 2762: 2754:Main articles: 2752: 2713:1991 referendum 2666: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2635: 2627:This section's 2623: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2556:Black Sea Fleet 2525: 2519: 2475: 2398: 2388: 2363:The successful 2247: 2233: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2015:Crimean Karaite 1976:Ukrainian State 1911:, organized by 1889:General Wrangel 1862: 1856: 1785:Leonid Sherwood 1761: 1730:Duchy of Nassau 1706: 1700: 1663:Adam Mickiewicz 1624: 1618: 1613: 1595: 1541: 1535: 1513: 1454: 1448: 1352:Crimean Khanate 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1312: 1302: 1300:Crimean Khanate 1296: 1230:Genoese Gazaria 1136: 1118: 1051: 931: 925:Cherson (theme) 921: 916: 904:(8th century). 875:Legio I Italica 813: 805:Main articles: 803: 666: 646: 636: 503: 495:Main articles: 493: 488: 372: 334:Crimea's status 261:. In 1921, the 192:Crimean Khanate 64: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6285: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6236:Crimea Germans 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Crimean Tatars 6208: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6136:Crimean Bridge 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5984:Southern Coast 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791:Genoese Crimea 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5755: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: articles 5696: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5644: 5643:External links 5641: 5640: 5639: 5631:Wood, Evelyn. 5629: 5623: 5610: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5579: 5578:Historiography 5576: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5557: 5551:. UN-HABITAT. 5542: 5497: 5490: 5468: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5422: 5404: 5397: 5379:(1): 211–235. 5365: 5350: 5337: 5327: 5320: 5302:(2): 127–139. 5290: 5279: 5257: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5213:abcnews.go.com 5207:Blann, Susie. 5199: 5188: 5170: 5144: 5118: 5092: 5061: 5035: 5012: 4984: 4958: 4936: 4913: 4890: 4864: 4839: 4809: 4783: 4772:. 11 July 2014 4757: 4732: 4704: 4674:. 9 March 2015 4656: 4635: 4615: 4596: 4589: 4569: 4538: 4508: 4474: 4463:. 8 March 2015 4448: 4422: 4415: 4393: 4380: 4367: 4355: 4340: 4314: 4293: 4264: 4241: 4229: 4222: 4202: 4190: 4188:, p. 127. 4186:Bezverkha 2017 4178: 4171: 4151: 4128: 4110: 4094: 4092:, 7 March 2014 4071: 4053: 4032: 4007: 4004:The Red Terror 3979: 3972: 3966:. p. 72. 3950: 3931: 3905: 3885: 3858: 3851: 3831: 3812: 3781: 3765: 3749: 3708: 3700:"Soldier Khan" 3691: 3684: 3642: 3635: 3617: 3598: 3558: 3509: 3488: 3463: 3456: 3436: 3433:on 2007-03-02. 3417: 3403: 3383: 3372:Chisholm, Hugh 3367:"Crimea" 3356: 3349: 3331: 3306: 3289: 3279: 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1722:Ottoman Empire 1718:British Empire 1710:Russian Empire 1702:Main article: 1699: 1696: 1651:Taurida Oblast 1632:Russian Empire 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1607:Taurida Oblast 1594: 1591: 1537:Main article: 1534: 1531: 1512: 1509: 1462:Turkic peoples 1458:Crimean Tatars 1447: 1444: 1379:Dniester River 1338: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1280:siege of Kaffa 1265:series of wars 1178:Volga Bulgaria 1117: 1114: 1057:, such as the 1050: 1047: 1022:Following the 959:Rus' Khaganate 920: 917: 915: 912: 908:Crimean Gothic 892:(AD 250), the 855:Charax, Crimea 802: 799: 761:, the king of 759:Mithridates VI 670:ancient Greeks 662:Main article: 635: 632: 589:Archaic Period 545:in the north. 492: 489: 487: 484: 371: 368: 300:Following the 249:and was where 196:Ottoman Empire 133:client kingdom 105:Greek colonies 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6364: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6334: 6333: 6322: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Crimean Tatar 6250: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Pontic Greeks 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6091:2017 election 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:State Council 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5821:Soviet period 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Crimean Goths 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:filmportal.de 5650: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570:(Brill 2001) 5569: 5565: 5560: 5558:9789211319200 5554: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502:Slavic Review 5498: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5469:9781315287713 5465: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5362:9781849044639 5359: 5355: 5351: 5348:(2): 135–143. 5347: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5258:9780822319948 5254: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5093: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5024:. RIA Novosti 5023: 5016: 5013: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4784: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4720: 4719: 4718:Government.no 4714: 4708: 4705: 4693: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4478: 4475: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4352:. Al Jazeera. 4351: 4344: 4341: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4315: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4265:9785851670572 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4239:, p. 14. 4238: 4237:Allworth 1998 4233: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4206: 4203: 4200:, p. 67. 4199: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4119:John Erickson 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4022:on 2022-06-25 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002:. Chapter 4: 4001: 4000:0-674-07608-7 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3874:(88): 17–41. 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3822:H. A. R. Gibb 3816: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3706:. April 2014. 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:Dnieper river 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:Russian ruble 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2796:and declared 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700:the majority 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2664: 2661: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426:Tatar Legions 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414:Joseph Stalin 2411: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2306:Joseph Stalin 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Joseph Stalin 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074:Pyotr Wrangel 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058:Anton Denikin 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Nestor Makhno 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:Baltic German 1774: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:French Empire 1711: 1705: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684:Franz Roubaud 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1657:, with a new 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640:Sublime Porte 1633: 1628: 1623: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568:Sublime Porte 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515:In 1553–1554 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Crimean Goths 1463: 1459: 1453: 1446:Tatar society 1445: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406:Meñli I Giray 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1335: 1321: 1311: 1310:Crimean Goths 1307: 1301: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 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466: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 443: 442:interstadials 439: 435: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 376: 369: 367: 365: 361: 357: 354: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 291:Ukrainian SSR 288: 284: 280: 276: 273:, Crimea was 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 232: 228: 227:Sublime Porte 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179:. During the 178: 174: 170: 167:whose prince 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 98: 94: 86: 82: 78: 74: 65: 300 BC 59: 55: 51: 46: 38: 32: 27: 19: 6330: 6289:Christianity 6186:Demographics 6054:Constitution 6011: 5999:Subdivisions 5969:Kerch Strait 5743:Greek Crimea 5734: 5632: 5614: 5603: 5587: 5567: 5547: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5458: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5425: 5410: 5400: 5376: 5372: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5330: 5323: 5299: 5295: 5284: 5246: 5217:. Retrieved 5212: 5202: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5156: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5131: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5105: 5095: 5083:. Retrieved 5078: 5074: 5064: 5052:. Retrieved 5048: 5038: 5026:. Retrieved 5015: 5003:. Retrieved 4996: 4987: 4975:. Retrieved 4971: 4961: 4949:. Retrieved 4939: 4922: 4916: 4904:. Retrieved 4893: 4881:. Retrieved 4867: 4855:. Retrieved 4842: 4830:. Retrieved 4826:the original 4812: 4800:. Retrieved 4796: 4786: 4776:22 September 4774:. Retrieved 4770:The Diplomat 4760: 4749:. 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Retrieved 3136: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3032: 3026: 3016: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2927: 2897: 2878: 2875:, 1 May 2019 2850:of peoples. 2845: 2838: 2834:a resolution 2808:Ukraine and 2807: 2776:against the 2763: 2691: 2686:Russian Navy 2656: 2647: 2628: 2578:East Germany 2567: 2560: 2546: 2534: 2491:Bakhchysarai 2483:Russian SFSR 2476: 2467: 2452: 2399: 2373: 2369:Soviet Union 2362: 2355: 2352:Yitzhak Arad 2348:Crimean Jews 2345: 2325: 2324:by the Nazi 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2251:World War II 2248: 2231:World War II 2217: 2206: 2159: 2112:Russian SFSR 2025:Solomon Krym 2018: 1946:(1917–1921) 1927:Jurisdiction 1917: 1874: 1813: 1792: 1790: 1746: 1742: 1707: 1690: 1666: 1648: 1637: 1580: 1576: 1574:influence. 1561: 1557:Russian army 1553:Ottoman navy 1542: 1514: 1494: 1455: 1437: 1414: 1403: 1372: 1368:Bakhchisaray 1360:Genghis Khan 1356:Hacı I Giray 1345: 1272:Golden Horde 1270:In 1346 the 1269: 1259:(Kerch) and 1238: 1223: 1215:Golden Horde 1210: 1205: 1200:Golden Horde 1197:Turco-Mongol 1182: 1159: 1145:fortress of 1130:Golden Horde 1103: 1052: 1032: 1021: 978: 967: 952: 906: 887: 852: 848:Roman Empire 841: 825:Panticapaeum 801:Roman Empire 767:Pharnaces II 748: 746:in 513 BCE. 742:against the 730:The Persian 729: 705:Panticapaeum 694: 673: 667: 605: 578: 547: 525: 469: 465:Chalcolithic 457: 450: 396: 381: 299: 271:World War II 267:Russian SFSR 263:Crimean ASSR 240: 219:Russian army 215:Ottoman navy 204: 188:Golden Horde 92: 80: 76: 70: 26: 5929:Arabat Spit 5816:Crimean War 5508:(1): 1–22. 4198:Rywkin 1994 4046:8 September 2936:during the 2650:August 2024 2552:closed city 2537:transferred 2459:Dardanelles 2378:hosted the 2296:in Crimea: 2255:Third Reich 2130:Interbellum 2056:'s General 1828:Belarusians 1704:Crimean War 1698:Crimean War 1429:Tatar raids 1421:Wild Fields 1389:recognized 1288:Black Death 1219:Staryi Krym 1110:Kievan Rus' 993:Chersonesus 989:Kievan Rus' 970:slave trade 914:Middle Ages 896:(376), the 863:Chersonesos 723:(in modern 721:Chersonesos 653:Chersonesos 566:Greek myths 550:Geographica 431:periglacial 388:Neanderthal 287:transferred 241:During the 236:Crimean War 225:forced the 165:Kievan Rus' 155:and by the 109:Chersonesos 91:), and the 50:Chersonesus 6206:Ukrainians 6076:Sevastopol 5934:Arabat Bay 5715:Sevastopol 5235:See also: 5219:17 October 5215:. ABC News 4751:2022-03-29 4502:2022-01-23 4461:Yahoo News 4148:080322270X 4026:2023-02-08 3899:2018-07-08 3852:0312278152 3482:2024-01-20 3261:2019-02-06 3252:"Taurians" 3237:2019-02-06 2873:Simferopol 2871:parade in 2740:Yanukovych 2711:, after a 2594:Ukrainians 2590:Simferopol 2586:Sevastopol 2548:Sevastopol 2443:Uzbekistan 2390:See also: 2198:capitalist 2134:See also: 2084:government 2080:Bolshevik 1940:Revolution 1909:Red Terror 1885:White Army 1848:Bulgarians 1842:and Roma. 1781:Neo-Gothic 1728:, and the 1682:Detail of 1597:See also: 1505:Çufut Qale 1071:Sarmatians 1063:Cimmerians 1003:'s sister 985:Tmutarakan 949:in 989 CE. 929:Tmutarakan 871:vexillatio 725:Sevastopol 676:after the 657:Sevastopol 655:in modern 640:Spartocids 616:Simferopol 411:Gravettian 407:Simferopol 370:Prehistory 360:referendum 314:Sevastopol 259:Red Terror 255:White Army 173:Sevastopol 113:Sevastopol 48:Coin from 6267:Ukrainian 6245:Languages 6231:Krymchaks 6216:Armenians 5944:Black Sea 5917:Geography 5538:159492185 5486:476453248 5393:162235937 5316:148535821 5275:610947243 4972:Bloomberg 4902:. 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