3358:
between the existence of the creator and that of the creation. Defenders argued that Ibn Arabi and his followers are offering a "subtle metaphysics following the line of the
Asharite formula: "The attributes are neither God nor other than God." God's "signs" (ayat) and "traces" (athar)—the creatures—are neither the same as God nor different from him, because God must be understood as both absent and present, both transcendent and immanent. Understood correctly, wahdat al-wujud elucidates the delicate balance that needs to be maintained between these two perspectives." Shah Wali Allah of Delhi argued that the Ibn Arabi's "unity of being" was experiential and based on a subjective experience of illumination or ecstasy, rather than an ontological reality.
2515:
cannot enter into the category of number. Do you not see that those who say that God is a third of a trinity fall into this infidelity? Another meaning is to say, "So-and-So is one of his people", namely, a species of this genus or a member of this species. This meaning is also false when applied to God, because it implies likening something to God, whereas God is above all likeness. As to the two meanings that are correct when applied to God, one is that it should be said that "God is one" in the sense that there is no likeness to him among things. Another is to say that "God is one" in the sense that there is no multiplicity or division conceivable in Him, neither outwardly, nor in the mind, nor in the imagination. God alone possesses such a unity.
3222:(wujud mutlaq). For, if there were being other than he (i.e., creatural being), God would no longer be the Unique, i.e., the only one to be. As this Divine Essence is infinite, his qualities are the same as his essence, Essentially there is one Reality which is one and indivisible. The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is Tawhid. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and Shirk in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness).
3328:, Annihilation and Subsistence, "Man's existence, or ego, or self-hood ... must be annihilated so that he can attain to his true self which is his existence and "subsistence" with God. All of man's character traits and habits, everything that pertains to his individual existence must become completely naughted and "obliterated" (mahw). Then God will give back to him his character traits and everything positive he ever possessed. But at this stage, he will know consciously and actually—not just theoretically—and with a through spiritual realization, that everything he is derives absolutely from God. He is nothing but a ray of God's Attributes manifesting the Hidden Treasure."
2796:
Since two contrary wills could not possibly be realized at the same time, one of them must admit himself powerless in that particular instance. On the other hand, a powerless being can not by definition be a god. Therefore, the possibility of having more than one god is ruled out. For if a God is powerful above another, then this asserts a difference in the particular attributes that are confined to the essence of
Godhood, which implies the lesser God must lack in certain necessary attributes deeming this deity as anthropomorphic and snatching away the title of a god from such entity.
2600:, the Qur'an argues that the knowledge of God as the creator of everything rules out the possibility of lesser gods since these beings must be themselves created. For the Qur'an, God is an immanent and transcendent deity who actively creates, maintains and destroys the universe. The reality of God as the ultimate cause of things is the belief that God is veiled from human understanding because of the secondary causes and contingent realities of things in the world. Thus the belief in the oneness of God is equated in the Qur'an with the "belief in the unseen" (
74:
2833:. The Qur'an suggests several causes for deviation from monotheism to polytheism: Great temporal power, regarded by the holder and his subjects as 'absolute'—may lead the holder to think that he is God-like; such claims were commonly forced upon, and accepted by, those who were subject to the ruler. Also, certain natural phenomena (such as the sun, the moon and the stars) inspire feelings of awe, wonder or admiration that could lead some to regard these
3111:, the result of this interpretation is the negation of the divine attributes, the affirmation of the created Quran, and the denial of all possibility of the vision of God in the world beyond. Mu'tazilis believed that God is deprived of all positive attributes, in the sense that all divine qualifications must be understood as being the essence itself, and declaring that God is existing ubiquitously and in everything. They resorted to
2767:
wholly simple and one, whose essence is its very existence, and therefore is self-sufficient and not in need of something else to give it existence. Because its existence is not contingent on or necessitated by something else but is necessary and eternal in itself, it satisfies the condition of being the necessitating cause of the entire chain that constitutes the eternal world of contingent existing things. Thus his
7991:
4192:. استدلال بر توحيد، مسبوق به پذيرش وجود خداست و طبعاً در صورتبندی آن، غالباً مواجهه با مدعيان و معتقدان به دو يا چند خدا در نظر بوده و نظريه ثنويها و مجوس و نصارا ابطال میشده است. به همين سبب از قديمترين زمان، متكلمان برای دفاع از آموزه توحيد و اثبات آن، احتجاج به روش خُلف را كارآمدتر از ارائه ادله اثباتی میدانستهاند. آنان بيشترِ دلايل توحيد را با اين رويكرد ارائه كرده اند.
1692:
2455:: "Indeed, I am God and there is no god but Me. I created people and I created good and I make it flow through the person I love. So blessed is the person through whom I will save it! I am God and there is no god but me. I created people and I created evil and I do it through whomever I want. So woe to the one on whose hands I will do it! (Kafi, vol. 1, p. 154, h 1, Mahasan, vol. 1, p. 440, h 1018).
3103:
engendering. He is beyond the perception of the senses. The eyes cannot see him, observation cannot attain him, the imagination cannot comprehend him. He is a thing, but he is not like other things; he is omniscient, all-powerful, but his omniscience and his all-mightiness cannot be compared to anything created. He created the world without any pre-established archetype and without an auxiliary.
3286:), Tawhid is not only the affirmation in speech of God's unity, but also as importantly a practical and existential realization of that unity. This is done by rejecting the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity, to isolate the eternal from the temporal in a practical way. The ideal is a radical purification from all worldliness. According to Vincent J. Cornall, it is possible to draw up a
2312:. Although the term is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex. Alternatively, the translation 'associating ' has been suggested. The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others and associating attributes of God with a created being. Because of that,
2889:
3316:. It involves a practical rejection of the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity. Al-Junayd for example "distinguishes four steps, starting from the simple attestation of unicity which is sufficient for ordinary believers, and culminating in the highest rank reserved for the elite, when the creature totally ceases to exist before his Lord, thus achieving al-fanā fi al-tawhīd ".
3440:, and that belief in and practice of religion should remain in the sphere of private life. One motive for adopting this stance has been to reduce the effects of conflict between followers of different religions or between adherents of secularism and those of a religion. In public life, this view insists that the authority of the state prevails over any religious authorities.
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1066:
399:
3428:, pointing out that the only legitimate "preference principle" in the sight of God is piety, writes: "Every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant. He is adopting the same hierarchical principles adopted by Iblis in his jahl , and thus falling into shirk ."
3142:
or reality apart from it. The inspiration of al-Ash'ari in this matter was on the one hand to distinguish essence and attribute as concepts, and on the other hand to see that the duality between essence and attribute should be situated not on the quantitative but on the qualitative level—something which Mu'tazilis thinking had failed to grasp.
465:
2604:). The Qur'an summarizes its task in making this "unseen", to a greater or lesser degree "seen" so that belief in the existence of God becomes a Master-Truth rather than an unreasonable belief. The Qur'an states that God's signals are so near and yet so far, demanding that its students listen to what it has to say with humility (
2282:, other names may be shared by both God and human beings. According to the Islamic teachings, the latter is meant to serve as a reminder of God's immanence rather than being a sign of one's divinity or alternatively imposing a limitation on God's transcendent nature. Attribution of divinity to a created entity,
3350:. Widely different interpretations of the meaning of the "Unity of Existence" have been proposed throughout the centuries by critics, defenders, and Western scholars. Ibn Arabi himself did not use the term "Unity of Existence" and similar statements had been made by those before him. For example, according to
2728:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an
2653:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an
3443:
For some
Islamic thinkers, these propositions infringe the doctrine of Tawhid, and are therefore anathema. If the cosmos is a unified and harmonious whole, centered around the omnipotent and omnipresent God, they hold that recognising any other authority as superior is wrong. According to one writer:
3403:
According to the Qur'an, one consequence of properly conceived relationship between God and man as the served and servant, is the proper relationship among humans. In order to achieve the former, the Qur'an consistently "reminds" men of two points: 1. That God is one; everything except God (including
3148:
theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on
2787:
The Qur'an argues that there can be no multiple sources of divine sovereignty since "behold, each god would have taken away what had created, And some would have Lorded it over others!" The Qur'an argues that the stability and order prevailing throughout the universe shows that it was created and is
3365:
or considering oneself as in power separate from God, is a form of idolatry for many Sufis. In the metaphysical cosmology of Sufism, God's sovereignty is a necessity instead of an accident. Therefore, it is impossible to worship something else but God. By venerating the self, one worships God in the
3251:
put forward an interpretation of Tawhid in light of reason, with the Qur'an and Hadith serving as a basis. Before
Avicenna the discussions among Muslim philosophers were about the unity of God as divine creator and his relationship with the world as creation. The earlier philosophers were profoundly
3141:
to solve the problems of tashbih and ta'til concedes that the divine Being possesses in a real sense the
Attributes and Names mentioned in the Qur'an. Insofar as these Names and Attributes have a positive reality, they are distinct from the essence, but nevertheless they do not have either existence
2816:
forget the false deities and call upon the one true God for help. As soon as they are relieved from the danger, they however start associating other beings with God. "If they happen to be aboard a ship ˹caught in a storm˺, they cry out to Allah ˹alone˺ in sincere devotion. But as soon as He delivers
3382:
The
Islamic doctrine of Tawhid puts forth a God whose rule, will or law are comprehensive and extend to all creatures and to all aspects of the human life. Early Muslims understood religion to thus cover the domains of state, law and society. It is believed that the entirety of the Islamic teaching
3221:
Twelvers believe God is alone in being, along with his names, his attributes, his actions, his theophanies. The totality of being therefore is he, through him, comes from him, and returns to him. God is not a being next to or above other beings, his creatures; he is being, the absolute act of being
2985:
Certain theologians use the term Tawhid in a much broader meaning to denote the totality of discussion of God, his existence and his various attributes. Others go yet further and use the term to ultimately represent the totality of the "principles of religion". In its current usage, the expressions
2622:
in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. These medieval scholars argued that nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "re-created" at every instant by God. The laws of nature were only the customary sequence of
2766:
According to
Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below. Because an actual infinite is deemed impossible by Avicenna, this chain as a whole must terminate in a being that is
2514:
To know God is to know his unification. To say that God is one has four meanings: two of them are false and two are correct. As for the two meanings that are false, one is that a person should say "God is one" and be thinking of a number and counting. This is false because that which has no second
2494:
The first step of religion is to accept, understand and realize him as the Lord... The correct form of belief in his unity is to realize that he is so absolutely pure and above nature that nothing can be added to or subtracted from his being. That is, one should realize that there is no difference
3102:
God is unique, nothing is like him; he is neither body, nor individual, nor substance, nor accident. He is beyond time. He cannot dwell in a place or within a being; he is not the object of any creatural attribute or qualification. He is neither conditioned nor determined, neither engendered nor
2795:
The Qur'an in verse 21:22 states: "Had there been within them gods besides Allāh, they both would have been ruined". Later Muslim theologians elaborated on this verse saying that the existence of at least two gods would inevitably arise between them, at one time or another, a conflict of wills.
3357:
Many authors consider being or existence to be the proper designation for the reality of God. While all
Muslims believe the reality of God to be one, critics hold that the term "existence" (wujud) is also used for the existence of things in this world and that the doctrine blurs the distinction
2191:
was limited to declaring or preferring belief in one God and the unity of God. Although the monotheistic definition has persisted into modern Arabic, it is now more generally used to connote "unification, union, combination, fusion; standardization, regularization; consolidation, amalgamation,
3354:"There is nothing in wujud except God...Wujud only belongs to the Real One". Ghazali explains that the fruit of spiritual ascent of the Sufi is to "witness that there is no existence in the world save God and that 'All things are perishing except his face' (Qur'an 28:88)"
3412:
According to the Qur'an, God is the progenitor of all things, both good and evil. As is written in the Qur'an, all of humanity is created at the will of Allah, both the good and the evil; and that their natures have been predisposed as such since the beginning of creation.
3308:), the affirmation in speech of God's unity is only the first step of Tawhid. Further steps involve a spiritual experience for the existential realization of that unity. Categorizations of different steps of Tawhid could be found in the works of Muslims Sufis like
2570:
for the existence of God as a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction—or some combination of these—in nature. Teleology is the supposition that there is a purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.
3420:
by permitting his own hierarchical value system to supersede God's will: God asked the angels to bow to Adam, who he had created from clay. Satan refused, saying that "I am better than him; you created me from fire and created him from clay". The
Medieval
3463:
The desire to preserve the unity and transcendence of God led to the prohibition of
Muslims from creating representation or visual depictions of God, or of any Prophet including Muhammad. Representations in art of the human form are a disputed matter in
2824:
Next, the Qur'an argues that polytheism takes away from human dignity: God has honored human beings and given them charge of the physical world, and yet they disgrace their position in the world by worshipping what they carve out with their own hands.
3006:. All Muslim authorities maintain that a true understanding of God is impossible unless He introduces Himself due to the fact that God is beyond the range of human vision and senses. Therefore, God tells people who He is by speaking through the
3297:) by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."(
4767:
2997:
According to Sunni Islam, the orthodox understanding of theology is taken directly from the teachings of Muhammad with the understanding and methodology of his companions, sourced directly from the revealed scripture the
5027:
4172:يك برهان لمّی نيز در اين باب مطرح شده است: يكدستی و يكتايی عالم (خَلْق) از يك پديدآورنده و مدبّر حكايت می كند. ...«ذهن سليم متنبه میشود از شدت ارتباط عالَم، بعضی به بعض ديگر، بر وحدت خالق
2828:
Lastly, the Qur'an argues that monotheism is not a later discovery made by the human race, but rather there is the combined evidence of the prophetic call for monotheism throughout human history starting from
2148:
The Quran teaches the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world—a unique, independent and indivisible being who is independent of the entire creation. God, according to Islam, is a
2432:
Surely Allah does not forgive associating ˹others˺ with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. Indeed, whoever associates ˹others˺ with Allah has clearly gone far astray.
3076:
tend to elide the sovereignty and uniqueness of God. For this reason, other Sunnis disagree with these two features, as they regard it as comparing God to a created object ascribed some power to.
2535:) do not partake in creation but are created; rejection of an avatar or offspring of God; or a partner in creation in form of a sibling or wife. The uniqueness of the creator is expressed in the
2413:
Indeed, Allah does not forgive associating others with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. And whoever associates others with Allah has indeed committed a grave sin.
2623:
apparent causes (customs of God), the ultimate cause of each accident being God himself. Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the
4687:
2156:
Islamic intellectual history can be understood as a gradual unfolding of the manner in which successive generations of believers have understood the meaning and implications of professing
7730:
2270:). The divine names project divine attributes, which, in turn, project all the levels of the creation down to the physical plane. Aside from the supreme name "Allah" and the neologism
7612:
3210:
have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to entail
2612:). The Qur'an draws attention to certain observable facts, to present them as "reminders" of God instead of providing lengthy "theological" proofs for the existence and unity of God.
3301:)" However many Muslims criticize monism for it blurs the distinction between the creator and the creature, something incompatible with the genuine and absolute monotheism of Islam.
3214:. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also, God has no physical form, and he is
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3010:. According to this view, the fundamental message of all of the prophets is: "There is no god worthy of worship except Allah (avoiding the false gods as stated in Surah hud)."
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Shagaviev, Damir A., and Venera N. Khisamova. "Islamic theological literature of the Salafi sect in the modern Tatarstan." Journal of Sustainable Development 8.7 (2015): 83.
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Understanding of the meaning of Tawhid is one of the most controversial issues among Muslims. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it, comprising
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laid the foundation of Muslim ethics. According to Islam, the world is sustained by God as the ultimate reality, unique in his attributes, distinct from everything else.
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is the religion's central and single most important concept, upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests. It unequivocally holds that God is indivisibly one (
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3374:(Satan). Since it is impossible for two majesties to coexist, one cannot participate in divine intimacy or mercy and will also be subject to God's wrath.
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designation of power; the face signifies the essence; the fact that God is seated on the Throne is a metaphorical image of the divine reign, and so on.
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Al-Bar, M.A., Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2015). The Sources of Common Principles of Morality and Ethics in Islam. In: Contemporary Bioethics. Springer, Cham.
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Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.
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In practice, nearly all Muslims live their daily lives under some national jurisdiction and accept at least part of the constraints this involves.
2240:) which means 'to unite' or 'to make one'. This term signifies the belief in absolute oneness and uniqueness of God. This reflects the struggle of
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2401:): concealed or hidden. It is when people perform the necessary rituals but not for God but for the sake of others, including social recognition.
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3468:. The key concern is that the use of statues or images may lead to idolatry. The dominant forms of expression in the Islamic art, thus, became
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that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.
1922:
211:
3444:"Traditionally, a Muslim is not a nationalist, or citizen of a nation-state; he has no political identity, only a religious membership in the
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cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent". Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the
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4528:
2779:(necessary existent). There is a gradual multiplication of beings through a timeless emanation from God as a result of his self-knowledge.
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Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004069060.
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In many jurisdictions of the world, the laws and the general attitude of the population hold that the sphere of public life should be
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and an ontological argument. "It is ontological insofar as 'necessary existence' in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a
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includes lordship in the form of a legislator. By this, Salafis consider a legislation not based on (its own) interpretation of
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to his or her base desires and passions. In seeking to always satisfy the desires, he or she may commit a kind of polytheism.
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constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of submission. The first part of the Islamic declaration of faith (
1873:
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such questions as God's creation of evil and the apparent anthropomorphism of God's attributes, revelation has to accepted
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Halverson J.R. (2010) The Doctrines of Sunni Theology. In: Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
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the entirety of nature) is contingent upon God. 2. With all His might and glory, God is essentially the all-merciful God.
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between his person and his attributes, and his attributes should not be differentiated or distinguished from his person.
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2114:) is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God. To attribute divinity to anything or anyone else, is considered
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Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment
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Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment
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Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233
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2274:(referring to the divine beneficence that creates and maintains the universe) and a few other specific names like
2124:, unless repented afterwards. Muslims believe that the entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of
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Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi movement." Studies in conflict & terrorism 29.3 (2006): 207-239.
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Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.
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Ali states that "God is One" means that God is away from likeness and numeration and he is not divisible even in
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approach. These different approaches lead to different and in some cases opposite understanding of the issue.
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God, rather than a local, tribal, or parochial one, and is an absolute who integrates all affirmative values.
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and nation-states are obstacles". Hence the idea of creating a wholly Islamic state, or a revived caliphate.
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Theologians usually use reason and deduction to prove the existence, unity and oneness of God. They use a
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Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the
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529:
108:
2578:. They use it instead of positive arguments as a more efficient way to reject the ideas of opponents.
7549:
7456:
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1952:
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317:
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8025:
7784:
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2077:
1957:
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975:
609:
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88:
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The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law. (2018). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92
7951:
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3395:. In the following, we provide a few examples of the influences of Tawhid on the Muslim culture:
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1965:
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999:
956:
926:
909:
884:
829:
785:
497:
6883:
4525:
4281:
Johnson, Steve A. (October 1984). "Ibn Sīnā's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence".
3840:
3838:
3069:. Doing something else would imply accepting another authority or object of desire besides God.
370:
7926:
7921:
7826:
7816:
7806:
7479:
7365:
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7160:
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6577:
6386:
6332:
6251:
6175:
5612:
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5567:
5544:
5522:
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5471:
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5381:
5373:
5342:
5307:
5260:
5241:
5198:
5174:
5157:
5136:
5100:
5068:
5050:
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4337:
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4252:
4014:
4004:
3998:
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3908:
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3623:
3613:
3607:
3486:
3257:
3007:
1853:
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1050:
1036:
1004:
951:
864:
824:
686:
4193:
4173:
7956:
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7691:
7396:
7118:
7056:
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7021:
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6672:
6644:
6532:
6456:
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6246:
6012:
5847:
5463:
5406:
5334:
5283:
5145:
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4804:
4465:
4419:
4329:
4290:
4244:
3337:
3293:
3273:
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2747:
alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a
2686:
2405:
might be unwitting, yet punishable, although to a lesser extent than greater forms of shirk.
2266:
and of the divine nature, the Qur'an uses 99 terms referred to as "Excellent Names of God" (
1972:
1760:
1563:
1491:
1445:
1402:
1383:
1264:
1146:
849:
844:
795:
780:
765:
674:
553:
133:
4232:
2230:) which means, "He asserted, or declared, God to be one", is derived from the Arabic root '
7882:
7579:
7524:
7010:
6970:
6859:
6815:
6589:
6441:
6436:
6391:
5852:
5837:
5832:
4532:
4200:
4180:
3309:
3116:
2503:
2499:
2338:
2177:
2053:
1996:
1750:
1696:
1656:
1511:
1411:
1031:
984:
800:
760:
749:
731:
634:
579:
492:
7324:
5233:
4925:
3967:
4497:
7994:
7711:
7564:
7406:
7108:
6371:
6347:
6327:
6307:
5842:
5723:
5222:
Johnson, Steve A.(1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence",
5149:
4294:
3269:
3184:
2755:". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that
2142:
1979:
1676:
1426:
1421:
1363:
1284:
1259:
1082:
944:
931:
889:
834:
448:
417:
407:
312:
82:
48:
31:
3383:
rests on the principle of Tawhid. Muslims use the single raised index finger gesture (
2483:. His quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.
8009:
7897:
7724:
7574:
7113:
7076:
7051:
6888:
6261:
6185:
6159:
6093:
5532:
5489:
5184:
4903:
4825:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from
4089:
Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.
3519:
3437:
3325:
3215:
3188:
2830:
2299:
2284:
2116:
1991:
1496:
1464:
1244:
1191:
1009:
914:
874:
365:
350:
239:
221:
3448:. For a traditional Muslim, Islam is the sole and sufficient identification tag and
3416:
According to the Qur'an, Satan deviated from the unification of God in the story of
2986:"Tawhid" or "knowledge of Tawhid" are sometimes used as an equivalent for the whole
2946:
7984:
7909:
7559:
7411:
7289:
7005:
6553:
6451:
6396:
6220:
6149:
5905:
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5728:
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5082:
3537:
3491:
3195:
3108:
3003:
2150:
1858:
1809:
1521:
1501:
1393:
1373:
1334:
1329:
1289:
1070:
1016:
753:
485:
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403:
322:
307:
244:
64:
6854:
6839:
6083:
3085:
206:
5086:
7536:
7026:
6949:
6934:
6834:
6721:
6312:
6236:
6042:
5060:
4077:
Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.
3764:
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3449:
3065:
is furthermore understood to mean that everyday acts must be in accordance with
2888:
2487:
1938:
1636:
1593:
1588:
1526:
1516:
1436:
1388:
1221:
1206:
1131:
812:
770:
694:
5257:
The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib
3028:
is to avoid delving into theological speculation and did not employ the use of
1691:
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6921:
6878:
6849:
6241:
6144:
6063:
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5822:
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4783:
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3425:
3351:
3313:
3235:
3211:
3180:
3145:
3132:
2834:
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2615:
2593:
2448:
2245:
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2083:
1608:
1505:
1216:
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817:
355:
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5346:
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4341:
4302:
4256:
4018:
3956:(third ed.). New York: Spoken Language Services Inc. 1976. p. 1055.
3627:
2527:
denies any affinity between the creator and its creation. This includes that
7544:
6975:
6917:
6864:
6732:
6302:
6190:
6124:
6068:
6017:
5885:
5827:
5817:
5493:
5338:
5304:
An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism
5096:
4333:
4248:
4000:
The Split World of Gerard Manley Hopkins: An Essay in Semiotic Phenomenology
3888:
3506:
3473:
3347:
3240:
3192:
2729:
2721:
2654:
2646:
2619:
2321:
2196:
1598:
1211:
1186:
1136:
716:
360:
345:
340:
302:
274:
216:
3045:(Lordship)) all Sunnis agree upon, Salafism holds two additional meanings:
2999:
264:
5287:
4423:
3370:(majesty). This name is supposed to be worshipped and then transmitted by
7887:
7383:
7241:
7193:
6987:
6893:
6844:
6572:
6139:
6078:
6073:
5997:
5895:
4377:
3932:. Islamic Surveys (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3846:
3680:
3253:
3248:
3172:
3120:
3002:; being the main information source for understanding the unification of
2813:
2690:
2630:
2472:
2451:: Among the things that God revealed to Moses and revealed to him in the
2317:
2279:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1486:
1249:
1201:
1026:
994:
708:
642:
5354:
4979:
4967:
4569:
4349:
2818:
2789:
2609:
2605:
2440:
2267:
7902:
7498:
7186:
7066:
6944:
6939:
6926:
6910:
6903:
6898:
6630:
5920:
5900:
5771:
5690:
5418:
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4955:
3891:
3532:
3512:
3298:
2838:
2817:
them ˹safely˺ to shore, they associate ˹others with Him once again˺." (
2713:
2638:
2437:
2421:
2418:
2313:
2110:
1613:
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1459:
1309:
1239:
1161:
1141:
859:
536:
201:
196:
191:
17:
2601:
2160:. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it.
7416:
7390:
7349:
7310:
7227:
7140:
7061:
6963:
6873:
6804:
6799:
5791:
5626:
3526:
3287:
3279:
3168:
2868:
2856:
2837:. Another reason for deviation from monotheism is when one becomes a
2744:
2545:
2173:
1827:
1603:
1583:
1531:
1324:
1196:
1176:
1117:
879:
869:
658:
626:
618:
603:
597:
279:
269:
181:
176:
138:
5410:
5041:
Banani Amin, co ed.: Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994),
2657:
that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence.
3823:
Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp. 3561-3562.
2288:, is considered a denial of the truth of God and thus a major sin.
2180:
to some degree, all seek to explain at some level the principle of
7796:
7665:
7490:
7444:
7432:
7234:
7220:
7179:
6956:
6794:
6651:
6637:
6558:
6521:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5910:
5296:
Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery
3445:
3371:
3305:
3283:
3030:
3025:
2987:
2872:
2860:
2805:
2709:
2634:
2536:
2480:
2476:
2452:
2161:
2137:
2121:
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1151:
1021:
899:
590:
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541:
464:
456:
380:
375:
297:
259:
254:
249:
153:
123:
118:
103:
79:
59:
52:
4845:
Amin Banani, Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994), p. 71
3712:. ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies). 2010-10-30.
2708:. Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of
7331:
7303:
7253:
7200:
7145:
6658:
6286:
6180:
5935:
5925:
5915:
5738:
3606:
Dressler, Markus; Geaves, Ron; Klinkhammer, Gritt, eds. (2009).
3465:
2528:
2165:
1839:
1454:
1304:
1254:
650:
558:
385:
186:
7751:
7519:
7135:
6494:
6490:
5972:
5630:
3098:
describes the Mu'tazilite conception of the tawhid as follows:
5255:
Lakhani, M. Ali; Shah Kazemi, Reza; Lewisohn, Leonard (2006).
3865:
A dictionary of modern written Arabic - Edited by Milton Cowan
3176:
2882:
2772:
2507:
2468:
2263:
1431:
1294:
4629:
Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal. "1.1 The Categories of Tawheed".
4460:. Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind. Vol. 5.
3653:"From the article on Tawhid in Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
30:"Tawheed" redirects here. For the Pharoah Sanders album, see
5323:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument"
4597:
4595:
4318:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument"
4233:"IBN Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument"
3905:
Early Shīʿī thought: the teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir
3851:. London: Williams and Norgate. pp. 2926–2928 (Vol.8.).
3790:
3788:
2574:
Another argument which is used frequently by theologians is
5592:. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain & Northern Ireland.
5378:
Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe
4097:
4095:
4143:
4064:
4062:
2808:
argues that human beings have an instinctive distaste for
2324:
of depicting God as a created object ruling from the sky.
5395:"The Portrayal of Nature in a Medieval Qur'an Commentary"
4779:
4777:
3609:
Sufis in Western Society: Global Networking and Locality
3342:
The first detailed formulation of "Unity of Existence" (
5274:
Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'".
2131:
From an Islamic standpoint, there is an uncompromising
4372:
4370:
3655:. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Archived from
2633:
initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of
5129:
The Sufi Path of Love:The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi
4085:
4083:
3675:
3673:
4864:, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, p. 727
4526:
AVICENNA'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE
3868:. New York: Spoken Language Services. p. 1055.
3206:. According to Shia theologians, the attributes and
2352:
2304:
Associating partners in divinity of God is known as
2070:
7858:
7825:
7765:
7674:
7641:
7588:
7535:
7341:
7263:
7210:
7159:
7001:
6825:
6785:
6668:
6620:
6544:
6356:
6295:
6229:
6168:
6107:
6056:
5990:
5878:
5803:
5668:
5238:
The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity
5091:. Translated by Liadain Sherrard; Philip Sherrard.
5043:
Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rumi
3930:
Islamic philosophy and theology: an extended survey
2913:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2262:In order to explain the complexity of the unity of
2141:) which is seen as distinguishing Islam from other
4663:
3171:which have been narrated from the Islamic prophet
2735:This was the first attempt at using the method of
27:Core Islamic tenet denoting the unification of God
5442:Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present
3954:The Hans Wehr Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic
3710:"The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)"
3502:Parable of those who associate partners with God
39:Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life
4737:
4725:
4131:
3113:metaphorical interpretations of Qur'anic verses
2512:
2492:
2430:
2411:
2278:("King of Kings") in an authentic narration of
2201:
6506:
5642:
5016:"An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence"
2028:
1719:
1090:
425:
8:
5558:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007).
5498:Shiʻism doctrines, thought, and spirituality
4670:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4456:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007).
3777:Wahhab, Abd Al. "Chapter 4, Fear of Shirk".
3090:The Mu'tazilis liked to call themselves the
2812:: At times of crisis, for example, even the
2235:
2225:
2208:He has never had offspring, nor was He born.
5213:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology
4162:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2
2479:view), is credited with having established
2383:
2358:
7762:
7748:
7532:
7516:
7156:
7132:
6541:
6513:
6499:
6491:
5987:
5969:
5665:
5649:
5635:
5627:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3760:
3758:
3756:
3094:(ahl al-tawhid). In Maqalat al-Islamiyin,
3024:The approach of textual interpretation in
2428:Chapter 4, verse 116 of the Qur'an reads:
2035:
2021:
1737:
1726:
1712:
1350:
1108:
1097:
1083:
443:
432:
418:
43:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
2973:Learn how and when to remove this message
2409:Chapter 4, verse 48 of the Qur'an reads:
4899:
4897:
4853:
4851:
4749:
4144:Lakhani, Shah Kazemi & Lewisohn 2006
2471:, the first imam (Shia view) and fourth
2176:, and even the Islamic understanding of
5537:Western Muslims and the Future of Islam
4823:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
3598:
3555:
2004:
1937:
1892:
1838:
1756:
1749:
1444:
1401:
1353:
1116:
455:
58:
5173:, State University of New York Press,
4035:
3198:and compiled by Shia scholars such as
2210:And there is none comparable to Him."
2120:—an unpardonable sin according to the
2082:'oneness ') is the concept of
3978:from the original on February 7, 2019
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
2135:at the heart of the Islamic beliefs (
7:
4119:
3115:or Prophetic reports with seemingly
2911:adding citations to reliable sources
2788:being administered by only one God (
2712:, in which he distinguished between
2637:, in which he distinguished between
2506:quotes the following statement from
265:Ta'til (denial of divine attributes)
3037:Additional to the first meaning of
2783:Indivisibility of God's sovereignty
2342:
2330:is classified into two categories:
2236:
2226:
2057:
212:Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un
4295:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1984.tb03452.x
3612:. London: Routledge. p. 207.
3167:Twelvers theology is based on the
1684:Portrayals of God in popular media
25:
5582:Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
5020:Fordham International Law Journal
4707:Tabatabaei (19981), pp. 23 and 24
4408:"Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'"
3928:Watt, William Montgomery (1995).
2195:Chapter 112 of the Quran, titled
159:Anthropomorphism and corporealism
7990:
7989:
7978:
7499:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
6689:Timeline of the history of Islam
4231:Morewedge, Parviz (1970-04-01).
4003:. Washington, D.C. p. 101.
3968:"The Concept Of Tawhid In Islam"
3378:Influences on the Muslim culture
3072:The Salafi specific features of
2887:
2557:Arguments for the oneness of God
1690:
1064:
463:
397:
72:
7850:List of ex-Muslim organisations
5564:Springer Science+Business Media
5425:from the original on 2022-04-28
5361:from the original on 2018-11-27
5113:from the original on 2022-07-09
5030:from the original on 2022-07-09
4795:Roger S. Gottlie (2006), p. 210
4690:from the original on 2017-08-11
4508:from the original on 2007-10-31
4462:Springer Science+Business Media
4438:from the original on 2018-11-15
4388:from the original on 2020-02-10
4356:from the original on 2018-11-27
4263:from the original on 2022-07-09
4025:from the original on 2022-07-09
3716:from the original on 2015-06-20
3691:from the original on 2008-07-24
3634:from the original on 2021-09-03
3119:content, e.g., the hand is the
3020:Traditionalist theology (Islam)
2898:needs additional citations for
4916:Symbolism, MENA (2019-03-22).
4652:Corbin (1993), pp. 115 and 116
4610:Corbin (1993), pp. 109 and 110
4502:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4382:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3685:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1:
6422:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
6412:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
6003:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
5088:History of Islamic Philosophy
5067:. University of Texas Press.
4821:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
4738:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988
4726:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988
4668:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
4132:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988
3794:Tariq Ramadan (2005), p. 203.
2661:God as the necessary existent
7835:Apostasy in Islam by country
7702:Liberalism and progressivism
6089:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
5393:Mourison, Robert G. (2002).
5298:, Rutledge, ASIN: B000FBFF5Y
5133:State University of New York
5014:Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003).
4945:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2-3
4873:John Esposito (1998), p. 121
4768:fa:بنیاد دایرةالمعارف اسلامی
3997:Dennis, Sobolev (May 2011).
3324:According to the concept of
3320:Annihilation and subsistence
3252:affected by the emphasis of
3061:to be a form of polytheism.
2187:The classical definition of
5211:Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006),
4766:(in Persian). Vol. 1.
3848:Al-Qamus: An Arabic Lexicon
3497:Islamic view of the Trinity
3346:) is closely associated to
3079:
3049:(names and attributes) and
2835:celestial bodies as deities
2782:
2771:rests on the conception of
2588:Kalam cosmological argument
2459:Discerning the unity of God
2353:
2162:Islamic scholastic theology
2071:
638:("Stories of the Prophets")
144:Schools of Islamic theology
8047:
6367:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
6267:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
6181:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
5519:Major themes of the Qur'an
5321:Morewedge, Parviz (1970).
5276:Journal of Islamic Studies
5171:Words of Ecstasy in Sufism
5047:Cambridge University Press
4817:Chittick, William (2020),
4558:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
4412:Journal of Islamic Studies
4406:Mayer, Toby (2001-01-01).
4316:Morewedge, Parviz (1970).
4212:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2
3903:Lalani, Arzina R. (2004).
3399:Interpersonal relationship
3335:
3267:
3229:
3160:
3130:
3083:
3017:
2848:
2670:
2664:
2585:
2582:God as the cause of causes
2297:
2255:
260:Kufr (disobidience/denial)
36:
29:
7973:
7761:
7747:
7613:Geography and cartography
7531:
7515:
7155:
7131:
6540:
6529:
6115:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
5986:
5968:
5664:
5306:. Yale University Press.
4999:Ozay Mehmet (1990), p. 57
4470:10.1007/978-1-4020-6084-7
4221:Robert G. Mourison (2002)
3832:Tabatabaei (1981), p. 23.
3264:Sufi and Irfani viewpoint
3137:The solution proposed by
2308:and is the antithesis of
2058:
2011:Islamization of knowledge
1894:Science in medieval times
7932:Islamic view of miracles
5521:, Bibliotheca Islamica,
5190:Islam: The Straight Path
5156:, Publisher:I.B.Tauris,
5065:Believing Women in Islam
4762:
3226:Philosophical viewpoints
3126:
2851:Early Islamic philosophy
727:Medieval Islamic science
7687:Creationism (evolution)
6099:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
6048:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
6008:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
5541:Oxford University Press
5339:10.5840/monist197054212
5217:Oxford University Press
5195:Oxford University Press
4674:Oxford University Press
4334:10.5840/monist197054212
4249:10.5840/monist197054212
3139:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari
3096:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari
1347:In particular religions
171:Expressions and phrases
119:Phrases and expressions
37:For the 1982 book, see
7947:Persecution of Muslims
7845:List of former Muslims
6694:Succession to Muhammad
6432:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
6382:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
6343:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
6211:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
6038:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
5860:Transcendent theosophy
5607:Turner, Colin (2006).
5302:Momen, Moojan (1985).
4990:Azizah Al-Hibri (2003)
4631:Islamic Studies Book 1
4580:Chittick (2006), p. 47
4554:Polytheism and Atheism
3278:In Islamic mysticism (
3105:
3014:Athari/Salafi approach
2879:Theological viewpoints
2865:philosophical approach
2689:was first proposed by
2517:
2497:
2445:
2426:
2213:
2204:Say, "He is Allah—One;
737:Succession to Muhammad
270:Tanzih (transcendance)
7731:Conversion to mosques
7598:Alchemy and chemistry
6216:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
5470:. World Wisdom, Inc.
5294:Mehmet, Ozay (1990),
5259:. World Wisdom, Inc.
4643:Corbin (1993), p. 115
4619:Corbin (1993), p. 110
4203:Encyclopedia Islamica
4183:Encyclopedia Islamica
3845:Lane, Edward (1863).
3803:Turner (2006), p. 75.
3748:Encyclopedia of Islam
3492:Index finger in Islam
3100:
2857:textualistic approach
2749:cosmological argument
2706:Proof of the Truthful
2673:Cosmological argument
2667:Proof of the Truthful
2625:Proof of the Truthful
2618:theologians rejected
2568:teleological argument
2447:This is atributed to
182:Takbir (Allahu Akbar)
177:Tasbih (Subhan Allah)
7457:Ma malakat aymanukum
7032:Association football
6931:Moderate Kharijites
6447:Reza Davari Ardakani
6323:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
6257:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
6206:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
6120:Afdal al-Din Kashani
5460:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
5438:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
4716:Momen (1985), p. 176
4662:Tamara Sonn (2009).
4494:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein
3304:For Muslim mystics (
3163:Theology of Twelvers
3092:people of the tawhid
2907:improve this article
2861:theological approach
2757:contingent existence
2683:ontological argument
2677:ontological argument
2576:Reductio ad absurdum
2376:): open and apparent
2258:Name of God in Islam
2252:Name of God in Islam
2206:Allah—the Sustainer.
1822:(Islamic monotheism)
1788:Early social changes
1783:Early historiography
1234:Specific conceptions
776:Association football
8021:Islamic terminology
6407:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
6328:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
6318:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
6277:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
5787:Medieval psychology
5759:Natural philosophy
5590:William C. Chittick
5586:A Shiʻite Anthology
5288:10.1093/jis/12.1.18
5154:The Vision of Islam
4763:دانشنامه جهان اسلام
4424:10.1093/jis/12.1.18
3972:bismikaallahuma.org
3862:Wehr, Hans (1976).
2761:mind–body dichotomy
2700:The Book of Healing
1697:Religion portal
1112:Part of a series on
537:Profession of Faith
510:Day of Resurrection
250:Ihsan (development)
7952:Quran and miracles
7866:Criticism of Islam
7570:Geometric patterns
7422:Gender segregation
6993:Non-denominational
6417:Abdolkarim Soroush
6262:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
6176:Hajji Bektash Wali
5712:medieval astronomy
5658:Islamic philosophy
4918:"The index finger"
4531:2006-09-14 at the
4199:2009-02-03 at the
4179:2009-02-03 at the
3907:. London: Tauris
3562:Also romanized as
3332:Unity of existence
3232:Islamic philosophy
3200:Al-Shaykh al-Saduq
3055:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat
3047:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat
2769:ontological system
2753:Necessary Existent
2693:(965–1037) in the
2598:pre-Islamic Arabia
2529:invisible entities
2519:The perception of
2500:Vincent J. Cornell
240:Shirk (polytheism)
89:Arabic calligraphy
8003:
8002:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7937:Domestic violence
7927:Islamic terrorism
7922:Islamic extremism
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7297:Marriage contract
7127:
7126:
7087:Political aspects
6816:Story of Prophets
6585:Prophets of Islam
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6333:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
6272:Mahmud Shabistari
6252:Jalaladdin Davani
6201:Nasir al-Din Tusi
6023:Abu Hatim al-Razi
5964:
5963:
5618:978-0-415-34105-9
5609:Islam: The Basics
5599:978-0-87395-510-2
5573:978-1-4020-6083-0
5550:978-0-19-517111-2
5507:978-0-585-08860-0
5477:978-1-933316-38-3
5451:978-0-7914-6799-2
5374:Motahari, Morteza
5313:978-0-300-03531-5
5266:978-1-933316-26-0
5247:978-3-7003-0339-8
5219:, ASIN B000RKTUVS
5204:978-0-19-511233-7
5106:978-0-710-30416-2
5074:978-0-292-70904-1
4479:978-1-4020-6083-0
3939:978-0-85224-552-1
3914:978-1-85043-592-1
3487:Divine simplicity
3391:) as a symbol of
3258:divine simplicity
3157:Twelvers theology
2983:
2982:
2975:
2957:
2739:, which utilizes
2380:al-shirk al-khafi
2351:
2335:al-Shirk al-akbar
2276:al-Malik al-Muluk
2081:
2069:
2045:
2044:
1797:Modern philosophy
1736:
1735:
1632:Euthyphro dilemma
1472:
1471:
1107:
1106:
1037:Deobandi jihadism
442:
441:
318:Al-Mu'awwidhatayn
255:Nifaq (hypocrisy)
16:(Redirected from
8038:
7993:
7992:
7985:Islam portal
7983:
7982:
7981:
7763:
7755:
7749:
7590:Medieval science
7533:
7523:
7517:
7174:Economic history
7157:
7133:
7119:Islam by country
6904:Bektashi Alevism
6542:
6533:Outline of Islam
6515:
6508:
6501:
6492:
6462:Hasanzadeh Amoli
6457:Mostafa Malekian
6427:Taha Abdurrahman
6402:Ismail al-Faruqi
6360:
6282:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
6013:Abu Bakr al-Razi
5988:
5970:
5795:
5782:Medieval science
5777:
5762:
5744:
5734:
5697:
5686:
5666:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5603:
5588:. Translated by
5577:
5554:
5511:
5500:. Albany: SUNY.
5481:
5464:William Chittick
5455:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5389:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5317:
5291:
5270:
5251:
5224:The Muslim World
5208:
5146:William Chittick
5125:William Chittick
5121:
5119:
5118:
5093:Abingdon, Oxford
5078:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4937:
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4934:
4933:
4924:. Archived from
4913:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4858:William Chittick
4855:
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4805:William Chittick
4802:
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4771:
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4306:
4289:(3–4): 161–171.
4283:The Muslim World
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3783:
3782:
3779:Kitab Al Tawheed
3774:
3768:
3762:
3751:
3740:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
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3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3603:
3586:
3560:
3338:Sufi metaphysics
3294:Sufi metaphysics
3274:Sufi metaphysics
3153:(without how).
3080:Mu'tazili school
2992:Islamic theology
2978:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2915:
2891:
2883:
2687:existence of God
2620:cause and effect
2481:Islamic theology
2443:
2424:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2343:شِرْك ٱلْأَكْبَر
2239:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2178:natural sciences
2076:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2037:
2030:
2023:
1982:
1975:
1973:Classical Arabic
1831:
1823:
1738:
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1714:
1695:
1694:
1351:
1265:Form of the Good
1147:Classical theism
1109:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1071:Islam portal
1069:
1068:
1067:
467:
444:
434:
427:
420:
404:Islam portal
402:
401:
400:
134:Sufi metaphysics
124:Islam (religion)
76:
44:
21:
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8037:
8036:
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8006:
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7883:Cultural Muslim
7854:
7821:
7767:Other religions
7757:
7753:
7735:
7670:
7637:
7584:
7527:
7525:Islamic studies
7521:
7503:
7337:
7282:
7259:
7206:
7151:
7150:
7123:
7072:Moral teachings
7015:
6997:
6971:Nation of Islam
6884:Twelver Shi'ism
6821:
6787:Religious texts
6781:
6699:Early conquests
6682:
6664:
6616:
6536:
6525:
6519:
6489:
6476:
6442:Fouad Zakariyya
6437:Mohammed Arkoun
6392:Frithjof Schuon
6358:
6352:
6338:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
6291:
6225:
6164:
6103:
6052:
5982:
5960:
5874:
5833:Illuminationism
5799:
5793:
5775:
5760:
5743:(jurisprudence)
5742:
5732:
5695:
5684:
5660:
5655:
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5580:
5574:
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5484:
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5428:
5426:
5411:10.2307/1596214
5399:Studia Islamica
5392:
5380:. Mizan Press.
5372:
5364:
5362:
5320:
5314:
5301:
5273:
5267:
5254:
5248:
5232:
5229:(3-4), 161–171.
5205:
5183:
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5059:
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5013:
5009:
5007:Further reading
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5003:
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4862:Wahdat Al-Wujud
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4794:
4790:
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4770:. p. 5053.
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4567:
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4552:Mustansir Mir,
4551:
4538:
4533:Wayback Machine
4524:
4520:
4511:
4509:
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4201:Wayback Machine
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4181:Wayback Machine
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3889:Surah Al-Ikhlas
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3482:
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3434:
3418:creation of man
3410:
3401:
3380:
3344:wahdat al-wujud
3340:
3334:
3322:
3310:Junayd Baghdadi
3276:
3268:Main articles:
3266:
3247:and especially
3238:
3230:Main articles:
3228:
3165:
3159:
3135:
3129:
3117:anthropomorphic
3088:
3082:
3022:
3016:
2979:
2968:
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2916:
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2847:
2845:Interpretations
2802:
2800:Other arguments
2785:
2679:
2669:
2663:
2590:
2584:
2564:
2559:
2504:Islamic studies
2502:, a scholar of
2461:
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2041:
1986:
1985:
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1751:Islamic studies
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1657:Problem of evil
1627:
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990:Other religions
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865:Moral teachings
756:
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732:Spread of Islam
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7895:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7862:
7860:
7859:Related topics
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7771:
7769:
7759:
7758:
7752:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7721:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7594:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7529:
7528:
7520:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7482:
7480:Sources of law
7477:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7453:
7448:
7441:
7436:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7358:
7353:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7216:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7104:Social welfare
7101:
7096:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6968:
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6954:
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6929:
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6908:
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6906:
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6891:
6886:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6730:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6709:Historiography
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6550:
6548:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6495:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6372:Muhammad Iqbal
6369:
6363:
6361:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6348:Hādī Sabzavārī
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6308:Mir Fendereski
6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6033:Ikhwan al-Safa
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5865:Traditionalist
5862:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5769:
5764:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5736:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5699:
5688:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5631:
5624:
5623:
5617:
5604:
5598:
5578:
5572:
5555:
5549:
5533:Ramadan, Tariq
5529:
5515:Rahman, Fazlur
5512:
5506:
5490:Dabashi, Hamid
5482:
5476:
5456:
5450:
5444:. SUNY Press.
5434:
5405:(94): 115–37.
5390:
5370:
5333:(2): 234–249.
5318:
5312:
5299:
5292:
5271:
5265:
5252:
5246:
5240:. Braumüller.
5230:
5220:
5209:
5203:
5185:Esposito, John
5181:
5164:
5150:Sachiko Murata
5143:
5122:
5105:
5079:
5073:
5057:
5039:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4938:
4922:MENA symbolism
4908:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4847:
4838:
4809:
4807:(1983), p. 179
4797:
4788:
4773:
4753:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4682:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4561:
4536:
4518:
4485:
4478:
4448:
4398:
4366:
4328:(2): 234–249.
4308:
4273:
4243:(2): 234–249.
4223:
4214:
4205:
4185:
4165:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4122:, p. 120.
4112:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4070:
4058:
4049:
4010:978-0813219097
4009:
3989:
3959:
3945:
3938:
3920:
3913:
3895:
3881:
3874:
3854:
3834:
3825:
3805:
3796:
3784:
3769:
3767:(2002), p. 97.
3752:
3726:
3701:
3669:
3644:
3618:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3460:
3457:
3433:
3430:
3423:Muslim scholar
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3379:
3376:
3336:Main article:
3333:
3330:
3321:
3318:
3290:image of God (
3270:Sufi cosmology
3265:
3262:
3227:
3224:
3161:Main article:
3158:
3155:
3131:Main article:
3128:
3127:Ash'ari school
3125:
3084:Main article:
3081:
3078:
3018:Main article:
3015:
3012:
2981:
2980:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2846:
2843:
2801:
2798:
2784:
2781:
2777:Wajib al-Wujud
2737:a priori proof
2665:Main article:
2662:
2659:
2586:Main article:
2583:
2580:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2537:Daily Prayer's
2460:
2457:
2434:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2377:
2354:shirk al-akbar
2314:Sunni scholars
2298:Main article:
2295:
2290:
2256:Main article:
2253:
2250:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2098:) and single (
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1810:Concept of God
1807:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:Related topics
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:Zoroastrianism
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1126:Types of faith
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
960:
959:
954:
948:
945:Related topics
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
927:Social welfare
924:
919:
918:
917:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
821:
820:
815:
805:
804:
803:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
712:
705:
698:
690:
689:
684:
678:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
656:
647:
646:
640:
632:
624:
615:
614:
594:
586:
583:
582:
577:
571:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
551:
545:
544:
539:
533:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
517:Predestination
513:
512:
507:
501:
500:
498:Revealed Books
495:
489:
488:
478:
473:
472:
469:
468:
460:
459:
453:
452:
440:
439:
437:
436:
429:
422:
414:
411:
410:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
315:
313:Verse of Light
310:
305:
300:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
77:
69:
68:
56:
55:
32:Tauhid (album)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8043:
8032:
8031:Shia theology
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8011:
7996:
7988:
7986:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:Post-Islamism
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7790:Protestantism
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7746:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7628:Ophthalmology
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7518:
7514:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7376:Death penalty
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:Other aspects
7340:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7146:Jurisprudence
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
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6832:
6830:
6828:
6827:Denominations
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6808:
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6803:
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6632:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6612:Holiest sites
6610:
6608:
6607:Judgement Day
6605:
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6602:
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6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6160:Shams Tabrizi
6158:
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6138:
6136:
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6118:
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6113:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Nasir Khusraw
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6069:Ibn Miskawayh
6067:
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5659:
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5645:
5640:
5638:
5633:
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5629:
5620:
5614:
5611:. Routledge.
5610:
5605:
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5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5561:
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5528:
5527:0-88297-051-8
5524:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:Nasr, Hossein
5483:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5468:The Essential
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
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5281:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5234:Köchler, Hans
5231:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:0-87395-918-3
5176:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:1-84511-320-9
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:0-87395-724-5
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5083:Corbin, Henry
5080:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5055:0-521-45476-X
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5006:
4996:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4928:on 2019-09-29
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4909:
4906:(1998), p. 24
4905:
4904:John Esposito
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4829:on 2023-09-06
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4786:(1984), p. 29
4785:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:Motahari 1985
4746:
4743:
4740:, p. 115
4739:
4734:
4731:
4728:, p. 197
4727:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4689:
4685:
4683:9780195305135
4679:
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4559:
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4527:
4522:
4519:
4507:
4503:
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4495:
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4486:
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4463:
4459:
4452:
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4437:
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4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
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4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:توحيد در كلام
4189:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:توحيد در كلام
4169:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4134:, p. 114
4133:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3990:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3875:9780879500030
3871:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:. Darussalam.
3780:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3659:on 2020-04-01
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3619:9780415850902
3615:
3611:
3610:
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3599:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3578:
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3528:
3524:
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3514:
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3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
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3493:
3490:
3488:
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3484:
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3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:Good and evil
3407:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3361:Utterance of
3359:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:imperceptible
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:According to
3104:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
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3021:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
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2977:
2974:
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2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924: –
2923:
2919:
2918:Find sources:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2896:This article
2894:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
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2862:
2858:
2852:
2844:
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2807:
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2703:
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2589:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2546:Allāhu ʾakbar
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:Rashid Caliph
2470:
2466:
2463:According to
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2438:Surah An-Nisa
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2419:Surah An-Nisa
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:have accused
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2300:Shirk (Islam)
2294:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2249:
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2233:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:jurisprudence
2163:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1928:Ophthalmology
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
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1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:Jurisprudence
1837:
1832:
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1824:
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1816:
1811:
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1806:
1803:
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1800:
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1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
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1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1537:Transcendence
1535:
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1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
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1465:Hongjun Laozu
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1295:Supreme Being
1293:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Kathenotheism
1190:
1188:
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1080:
1078:
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1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:Military laws
1040:
1038:
1035:
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1023:
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928:
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916:
913:
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906:
903:
901:
900:Proselytizing
898:
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831:
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819:
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811:
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808:Denominations
806:
802:
799:
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531:
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379:
377:
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372:
369:
367:
366:Fi sabilillah
364:
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359:
357:
354:
352:
351:Alhamdulillah
349:
347:
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245:Iman (belief)
243:
241:
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231:
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223:
222:Be, and it is
220:
218:
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210:
208:
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195:
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190:
188:
187:Hamd (Praise)
185:
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168:
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
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137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Throne of God
127:
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122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
95:
94:
90:
85:
84:
83:Jalla Jalālah
81:
75:
71:
70:
66:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
8016:God in Islam
7910:Islamophobia
7775:Christianity
7723:
7656:Contemporary
7550:Architecture
7489:
7455:
7443:
7431:
7389:
7382:
7348:
7330:
7325:Nikah mut'ah
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7252:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7091:
6814:
6738:
6720:
6713:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:Five Pillars
6599:
6566:
6565:
6554:God in Islam
6531:
6472:Partawi Shah
6467:Javadi Amoli
6452:Ahmad Fardid
6397:Martin Lings
6247:Hajji Bayram
6221:Ibn Taymiyya
6150:Omar Khayyám
6135:Ayn-al-Quzat
6130:Ahmad Yasavi
6043:Ibn Masarrah
5977:by century (
5975:Philosophers
5950:
5870:Contemporary
5772:
5739:
5729:
5692:
5681:
5608:
5585:
5559:
5536:
5518:
5497:
5467:
5441:
5427:. Retrieved
5402:
5398:
5377:
5363:. Retrieved
5330:
5326:
5303:
5295:
5282:(1): 18–39.
5279:
5275:
5256:
5237:
5226:
5223:
5212:
5189:
5170:
5153:
5128:
5115:. Retrieved
5087:
5064:
5061:Barlas, Asma
5042:
5032:. Retrieved
5023:
5019:
4995:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4941:
4930:. Retrieved
4926:the original
4921:
4911:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4861:
4841:
4831:, retrieved
4827:the original
4822:
4819:"Ibn 'Arabî"
4812:
4800:
4791:
4756:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4692:. Retrieved
4669:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4633:. p. 2.
4630:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4585:
4576:
4564:
4553:
4521:
4510:. Retrieved
4501:
4488:
4457:
4451:
4440:. Retrieved
4418:(1): 18–39.
4415:
4411:
4401:
4390:. Retrieved
4381:
4358:. Retrieved
4325:
4321:
4311:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4265:. Retrieved
4240:
4236:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4188:
4168:
4146:, p. 15
4139:
4127:
4115:
4106:
4073:
4052:
4027:. Retrieved
3999:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3971:
3962:
3953:
3948:
3929:
3923:
3904:
3898:
3884:
3864:
3857:
3847:
3828:
3799:
3778:
3772:
3743:
3742:D. Gimaret,
3718:. Retrieved
3704:
3693:. Retrieved
3684:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
3608:
3601:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3538:Brahmo Samaj
3525:
3518:
3511:
3462:
3454:
3442:
3435:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3343:
3341:
3323:
3303:
3291:
3277:
3239:
3220:
3208:names of God
3203:
3166:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3121:metaphorical
3109:Henry Corbin
3106:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3004:God in Islam
2996:
2984:
2969:
2960:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2917:
2905:Please help
2900:verification
2897:
2854:
2827:
2823:
2803:
2794:
2786:
2776:
2765:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2698:
2694:
2680:
2650:
2642:
2629:
2614:
2592:Against the
2591:
2573:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2465:Hossein Nasr
2462:
2446:
2431:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2403:Hidden shirk
2402:
2394:
2379:
2369:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2292:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2005:Other topics
1953:Architecture
1859:Etiquettical
1818:
1817:
1795: /
1688:
1522:Omnipresence
1403:Indo-Iranian
1394:Samaritanism
1379:Baháʼí Faith
1369:Christianity
1335:Unitarianism
1314:
1290:Summum bonum
1017:Islamophobia
796:Demographics
791:Circumcision
707:
700:
693:
659:
651:
635:
627:
619:
608:
602:
596:
589:
481:
323:Hadith Qudsi
308:Throne Verse
148:
78:
65:God in Islam
7780:Catholicism
7675:Other areas
7666:Theological
7661:Eschatology
7618:Mathematics
7555:Calligraphy
7485:Theological
7439:Inheritance
7356:Cleanliness
6728:Shi'a Imams
6722:Ahl al-Bayt
6387:René Guénon
6377:Gohar Shahi
6313:Mulla Sadra
6237:Ibn Khaldun
5848:metaphysics
5794:(mysticism)
5776:(education)
5754:Metaphysics
5733:(dialectic)
5719:Eschatology
5696:(intellect)
5167:Ernst, Carl
3765:Asma Barlas
3470:calligraphy
3459:Islamic art
3450:nationalism
3053:(worship).
2730:agent-cause
2697:section of
2695:Metaphysics
2655:agent-cause
2562:Theological
2488:imagination
1958:Calligraphy
1915:Mathematics
1885:Theological
1805:Eschatology
1637:God complex
1594:Metaphysics
1589:Hermeticism
1569:Esotericism
1552:Experiences
1527:Omniscience
1517:Omnipotence
1487:Eternalness
1222:Transtheism
1207:Panentheism
1167:Ignosticism
1132:Agnosticism
695:Ahl al-Bayt
580:Foundations
8026:Monotheism
8010:Categories
7840:Ex-Muslims
7725:Shu'ubiyya
7719:Psychology
7707:Literature
7697:Inventions
7643:Philosophy
7451:Leadership
7427:Honorifics
7082:Philosophy
6889:Isma'ilism
6850:Maturidism
6733:Caliphates
6704:Golden Age
6595:Revelation
6242:Yunus Emre
6186:Ibn Sab’in
6155:Suhrawardi
6145:Ibn Tufail
6064:Al-Ghazali
6018:Apharabius
5853:psychology
5823:Avicennism
5685:(theology)
5494:Nasr, Vali
5429:2022-04-28
5365:2018-11-27
5117:2020-05-30
5034:2022-04-28
4932:2019-10-03
4833:2023-09-06
4784:Carl Ernst
4694:2017-07-29
4672:. Oxford:
4512:2007-11-05
4498:"Avicenna"
4442:2018-11-27
4392:2007-11-27
4360:2018-11-27
4267:2019-11-23
4237:The Monist
4029:2015-11-05
3982:October 7,
3720:2015-10-28
3695:2008-05-28
3663:2014-08-24
3638:2018-11-27
3545:References
3432:Secularism
3426:Al-Ghazali
3389:al-sabbaha
3385:al-sabbaba
3352:al-Ghazali
3314:al-Ghazali
3236:Avicennism
3212:polytheism
3151:bila kayfa
3063:Al-'Ibadah
3051:Al-'Ibadah
2933:newspapers
2849:See also:
2810:polytheism
2671:See also:
2594:polytheism
2449:Imam Sadiq
2246:polytheism
2242:monotheism
2170:philosophy
2133:nondualism
2084:monotheism
1966:Literature
1908:Inventions
1864:Hygienical
1828:Mysticism
1766:Philosophy
1672:philosophy
1609:Revelation
1481:Attributes
1217:Polytheism
1172:Monotheism
1157:Henotheism
885:Philosophy
622:(exegesis)
559:Pilgrimage
549:Almsgiving
356:Jazakallah
114:Attributes
7957:Symbolism
7915:Incidents
7893:Criticism
7785:Mormonism
7682:Astrology
7608:Cosmology
7603:Astronomy
7545:Arabesque
7412:Etiquette
7371:Blasphemy
7161:Economics
6976:Ahmadiyya
6918:Muhakkima
6865:Wahhabism
6855:Mu'tazili
6840:Ash'arism
6303:Mir Damad
6296:17th–19th
6230:14th–16th
6196:al-Abharī
6191:Ibn Arabi
6125:Ahi Evren
6084:Bahmanyār
5843:cosmology
5828:Averroism
5761:(physics)
5707:astrology
5702:Cosmology
5386:909092922
5347:0026-9662
5097:Routledge
5085:(2014) .
4432:0955-2340
4342:0026-9662
4303:0027-4909
4257:0026-9662
4120:Nasr 2006
4038:cite book
4019:961580704
3628:824531805
3593:Citations
3507:Salvation
3474:arabesque
3348:Ibn Arabi
3241:Al-Farabi
3204:al-Tawhid
3177:the first
3086:Muʿtazila
3043:Rubūbīyah
2814:idolaters
2741:intuition
2722:existence
2647:existence
2543:) phrase
2348:romanized
2272:ar-Rahman
2220:The word
2216:Etymology
2199:, reads:
2197:al-Ikhlas
2192:merger".
2151:universal
2066:romanized
1948:Astrology
1903:Astronomy
1880:Political
1599:Mysticism
1555:Practices
1492:Existence
1389:Mandaeism
1384:Mormonism
1355:Abrahamic
1300:Sustainer
1212:Pantheism
1187:Monolatry
1137:Apatheism
1005:terrorism
957:Criticism
910:Sexuality
880:Mysticism
850:Festivals
830:Education
825:Economics
761:Academics
717:Caliphate
530:Practices
361:Istighfar
346:Mashallah
341:Inshallah
303:Al-Ikhlas
292:Scripture
275:Bila Kayf
217:Allahumma
207:Ta'awwudh
7995:Category
7888:Islamism
7871:Muhammad
7827:Apostasy
7802:Hinduism
7692:Feminism
7623:Medicine
7463:Military
7417:Gambling
7366:Apostasy
7361:Criminal
7273:Marriage
7242:Tayammum
7194:Murabaha
7067:Madrasas
7057:Holidays
7047:Clothing
7042:Children
7037:Calendar
6988:Quranism
6922:Khawarij
6894:Alawites
6845:Atharism
6739:Rashidun
6578:In Islam
6573:Muhammad
6140:Averroes
6079:Ibn Hazm
6074:Avicenna
6028:Al Amiri
5998:Al-Kindi
5991:9th–10th
5901:ʼIjtihād
5886:ʻAṣabīya
5879:Concepts
5818:Farabism
5773:Madrasah
5584:(1981).
5535:(2005).
5517:(1980),
5496:(1988).
5466:(2007).
5440:(2006).
5423:Archived
5376:(1985).
5359:Archived
5355:27902176
5236:(1982).
5187:(1998).
5169:(1984),
5152:(2006),
5127:(1983),
5111:Archived
5063:(2002).
5028:Archived
4688:Archived
4665:"Tawḥīd"
4529:Archived
4506:Archived
4496:(2007).
4436:Archived
4386:Archived
4384:. 2007.
4354:Archived
4350:27902176
4261:Archived
4197:Archived
4177:Archived
4023:Archived
3976:Archived
3714:Archived
3689:Archived
3632:Archived
3480:See also
3366:name of
3254:Plotinus
3249:Avicenna
3173:Muhammad
3008:prophets
2963:May 2020
2922:"Tawhid"
2790:28:70-72
2691:Avicenna
2685:for the
2631:Avicenna
2435:—
2416:—
2368:greater
2322:Wahhabis
2280:Muhammad
2244:against
2222:'tawhid'
2059:تَوْحِيد
1923:Medicine
1874:Military
1854:Economic
1849:Criminal
1830:(Sufism)
1771:Theology
1743:a series
1741:Part of
1667:Religion
1661:theodicy
1652:Ontology
1647:Theology
1642:God gene
1417:Buddhism
1412:Hinduism
1330:Personal
1320:Ditheism
1305:The Lord
1250:Demiurge
1202:Pandeism
1051:Glossary
1027:Jihadism
1000:Violence
995:Islamism
966:Muhammad
952:Apostasy
895:Politics
845:Feminism
840:Exorcism
801:Diaspora
786:Children
781:Calendar
709:Rashidun
687:Muhammad
682:Timeline
643:Mathnawi
505:Prophets
449:a series
447:Part of
408:Category
406:•
139:Theology
98:Theology
49:a series
47:Part of
7942:Nursing
7903:Qutbism
7817:Sikhism
7812:Judaism
7807:Jainism
7797:Druzism
7633:Physics
7580:Pottery
7565:Gardens
7560:Carpets
7475:Slavery
7397:Divorce
7384:Dhabiĥa
7212:Hygiene
7187:Takaful
7169:Banking
7099:Science
7093:Qurbani
7062:Mosques
7022:Animals
7011:Culture
6945:Nukkari
6940:Azzabas
6927:Azariqa
6911:Zaydism
6899:Alevism
6775:Ottoman
6765:Almohad
6760:Fatimid
6755:Córdoba
6750:Abbasid
6745:Umayyad
6678:Leaders
6673:History
6631:Shahada
6546:Beliefs
6359:present
5921:Maslaha
5805:Schools
5792:Sufism
5676:Alchemy
5419:1596214
5135:Press,
5026:: 195.
4378:"Islam"
3681:"Allah"
3577:tauheed
3565:tawheed
3533:Taqarub
3513:Shahada
3438:secular
3245:Al-Razi
3189:seventh
3146:Ash'ari
3133:Ash'ari
2947:scholar
2775:as the
2714:essence
2639:essence
2616:Ash'ari
2393:hidden
2387:
2362:
2350::
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