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686:, Illinois, used a four-teleprompter system: as can be seen at another convention in image (A), the first three prompters are placed to the left, right and in front of the speaker, the latter embedded within the speaker's lectern, enabling the speaker to look down at the lectern without losing their place in the text of the speech; while in image (B), the fourth prompter is a large confidence monitor located immediately below the lenses of the TV broadcast cameras, at a distance of several meters/yards from the speaker.
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698:"confidence monitor", placed immediately below the broadcast TV cameras which are located some distance away from the convention stage on a specially-constructed broadcasting gantry. This placement of the center prompter creates the illusion that the speaker is periodically looking straight into the camera lens and thereby appears to directly address the TV audience watching the televised Convention coverage.
515:
398:
752:(A) The first three teleprompters: A monitor screen partly embedded in the lectern's desktop displays the scrolling text of the speech in synchrony with two screens embedded in the podium floor. They are on either side of the speaker, reflected by the angled glass teleprompters above them. Click this image and the ones below to see the four-teleprompter system more clearly.
385:
72:, so that they are read by looking directly at the lens position, but are not imaged by the lens. Light from the performer passes through the front side of the glass into the lens, while a shroud surrounding the lens and the back side of the glass prevents unwanted light from entering the lens. Optically this works in a very similar way to the
770:
758:
732:(2008–2015) – to abandon the podium lectern and roam the stage, speaking with apparent spontaneity but in fact constantly assisted by three large autocue screens placed throughout the conference hall. Ironically, this use of the system was adopted by Clegg to counter the oratorical success of another party leader,
316:, also held in Chicago, using a mechanical-roll teleprompter on a long pole held by a TV technician in the convention audience, while the 1952 Republican National Convention used a smaller teleprompter placed in front of the speaker's rostrum. Mechanical prompters were still being used as late as 1992.
375:
computer, which featured smooth hardware-assisted scrolling. Their company later became ProPrompt, Inc., still in business as of 2021. Paper-based teleprompting companies
Electronic Script Prompting, QTV, and Telescript followed suit and developed their own software several years later when computers
79:
Because the speaker can look straight at the lens while reading the script, the teleprompter creates the illusion that the speaker has memorized the speech or is speaking spontaneously, looking directly into the camera lens. Notes or cue cards, on the other hand, require the presenter to look at them
739:
This use of multiple off-stage confidence monitors also dispenses with the need for glass teleprompters to be present on the conference stage, thereby reducing "stage clutter", and removing the inevitable restrictions on the speaker's movement and field of vision imposed by on-stage glass prompters.
561:
as well as free Web-based teleprompter applets, many different disciplines are now using teleprompters to help them deliver sermons, deliver speeches, and create quality audio recordings. Unlike their more advanced counterparts, these entry-level products work on desktop computers, laptop computers,
234:
who suggested the concept of the teleprompter as a means of assisting television performers who had to memorize large amounts of material in a short time. Schlafly built the first teleprompter in 1950. It was simply a mechanical device, operated by a hidden technician, located near the camera. The
630:
system... The prompter, hidden in the base, reflected the text on the glass to the speaker while the audience looked through the glass without being aware of the text. Two such prompters, one on the right and one on the left of the speaker allowed him to switch from one to the other and appear to
634:
Schlafly's company then created a speaker's lectern that included two synchronized glass teleprompters and a range of technological innovations including air conditioning and an adjustable-height speaker's platform. The success of the system led the company to develop a new model for use on TV
260:
and served for its first five years as its producer and head writer, developed the first "in-the-lens" prompter and was awarded U.S. patents for its creation. His system uses a mirror to reflect a script onto a piece of glass placed in front of the camera lens, thus allowing the reader to look
84:
to the camera lens, and how long the speaker needs to glance away to glean the next speaking point; speakers who can internalize a full sentence or paragraph in a single short glance timed to natural breaks in the spoken cadence will create only a small or negligible impression of distraction.
697:
parties' national conventions: the two glass teleprompters on either side of the speaker's lectern create the illusion that the speaker is looking directly at the audience in the hall, the monitor embedded in the lectern, together with the fourth, much larger teleprompter screen, known as a
1158:
869:
562:
and even tablet computers to enable the speaker to control the rate and flow of their speech. They are also used by many different organizations and schools to deliver prewritten information by relative novices. They are usually called "personal teleprompters".
538:. A peripheral device attached has a knob that can be turned to speed up, slow down, or even reverse the scrolling of the text. The text is usually displayed in white letters on a black background for the best readability, while cues are in inverse video (
534:. In certain systems, the PC connects to a separate display device to offer greater flexibility in setup, distances, and cabling. The monitors are often black-and-white and have the scanning reversed to compensate for the reflection of the
881:
635:
cameras, with the glass placed directly in front of the lens. The camera "looked through the glass; the performer looked directly at the TV audience and was able to read the text word for word. This device now has worldwide use".
371:-based teleprompter, CompuPrompt, appeared in 1982. It was invented and marketed by Courtney M. Goodin and Laurence B. Abrams in Los Angeles, California. The custom software and specially-redesigned camera hardware ran on the
1139:
626:. The inventor of the teleprompter, Hubert Schlafly, explained that he wanted to create a less obtrusive teleprompting system than the ones used at the time. He said, "We developed a 'one-way mirror' device we called the
970:
713:, UK also used a three-screen system (but this time consisting entirely of large off-stage confidence monitors mounted on poles — which are often described outside North America, together with glass teleprompters, as "
235:
script, in inch-high letters, was printed by a special electric typewriter on a paper scroll, which was advanced as the performer read, and the machines rented for the then-considerable sum of $ 30 per hour.
642:
at the top, angled down towards the screen. The speaker sees the text on the screen reflected in the mirror, while the audience sees what looks like a sheet of tinted glass on each side of the speaker.
764:(B) The fourth teleprompter: A large confidence monitor displays the scrolling text of the speech immediately below the lenses of the broadcast TV cameras, several meters/feet away from the speaker.
728:
As well as helping the speaker to appear to sometimes directly address the TV audience during his or her speech, this system allows the speaker – in another case cited, the party's then-new leader,
1393:
37:
Schematic representation: (1) Video camera; (2) Shroud; (3) Video monitor; (4) Clear glass or beam splitter; (5) Image from subject; (6) Image from video monitor
376:
powerful enough to scroll text smoothly became available. In
January 2010 Compu=Prompt received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for "Pioneering Development in Electronic Prompting".
601:
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857:
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was the first to advertise the availability of three-camera synchronized filming with a teleprompter when in 1954 they began to advertise their use of the new technology in
155:
740:
The disadvantage of such a system is that the provision of "giant teleprompters" becomes essential to maintaining the illusion of speaking with apparent spontaneity.
575:
1257:
98:
computer-based rolls of 1982 and the four-prompter system for U.S. conventions — added a large off-stage confidence monitor and inset lectern monitor in 1996
1598:
842:
323:, a Democratic Senator from Oregon, proposed legislation that if a politician used a teleprompter the use of the device had to be noted in the speech.
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824:
725:(2006—2008), is to move their gaze seamlessly from one screen to the other: left, center (near the broadcast TV cameras), right and then back again.
1401:
612:
1527:
474:, because it is used to refer to similar systems manufactured by many different companies. Some other common terms for this type of device are:
804:
736:(later to become British Prime Minister), who bestrode stages while speaking seemingly off-the-cuff, having memorized key parts of his speech.
1546:
638:
Typically, a screen on either side of the speaker shows mirrored text from upward-facing floor monitors at the base of a stand supporting a
925:, a similar device displaying a live image of an interviewer or interviewee instead of text, allowing both to look straight at the camera
1356:
777:
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313:
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1156:, Oppenheimer, Jess, "Prompting apparatus for cameras", published 1960(1951 TV series)]]-03-01, assigned to Jayo Corp.
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1458:
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445:
185:
349:, a magazine dedicated to the sponsored film industry. Cinécraft used the technique to film the 1953–1960 weekly television series
1094:
Green Bay-de Pere
Telephone Directory | Even Our Phone Number Tells Our Story... ADAMS 1 → TV gadgets that save money for sponsors
694:
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80:
instead of at the lens, which can cause the speaker to appear distracted, depending on the degree of deflection from the natural
1567:
1966 Cinécraft production film demonstrating the use of multi-cameras with teleprompters. Source: Hagley
Library digital archive
326:
1613:
663:
1608:
1571:
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https://digital.hagley.org/islandora/search/%22Building%20economic%20understanding%22?type=edismax&cp=islandora%3A2623872
655:
611:
in 2012, behind two teleprompters, whose monitors are embedded in the floor of the stage. Teleprompters were an issue in the
423:
92:
first mechanical paper roll teleprompters — used by television presenters and speakers at U.S. political conventions in 1952
1357:"The Emmy Awards - NATIONAL TELEVISION ACADEMY ANNOUNCES 59th ANNUAL WINNERS OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING EMMY® AWARDS"
659:
419:
1603:
1505:
333:
used teleprompters extensively in their filmed made for television programs. Image courtesy of Hagley Museum and
Library
101:
replacement of glass teleprompters at U.K. political conferences by several large off-stage confidence monitors in 2006.
1579:
946:
1093:
702:
1122:
Luck...and Lucy: How I Came to Create the Most
Popular Sitcom of All Time, by Jess Oppenheimer with Gregg Oppenheimer
1028:
408:
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industry where cutting production costs made the difference between a film that made money and one that lost money.
539:
427:
412:
531:
124:
61:
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470:, which first developed the device in the 1950s. The word "teleprompter", with no capitalization, has become a
467:
266:
215:
207:
27:
342:
330:
1228:
Cinecraft
Productions, Fourth Production Review, Business Screen Magazine, v. 15, no. 1 February 1954, p. 96
49:, is a display device that prompts the person speaking with an electronic visual text of a speech or script.
482:
110:
849:
718:
947:"A Brief History of the Teleprompter (click on fourth photo image box for description and clearer view)"
471:
372:
114:
1153:
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219:
892:
788:, USA (the large confidence monitor under the TV cameras is near the bottom far right of this frame).
558:
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20:
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319:
In the early years of teleprompter use by politicians, some saw the device as cheating. in 1955,
227:
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This modification to the traditional two-teleprompter set-up continues to be in use at both the
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650:, and at both parties' conventions from then on. In 1964, glass teleprompters were used by
1487:
706:
290:
238:
The teleprompter was used for the first time on
December 4, 1950, in filming the CBS soap
223:
128:
1256:
See, for example, the
Republic Steel Corporation “Building Economic Understanding series
1506:"Clegg's conference speech: 'definitely OK, absolutely fine, without any doubt not bad'"
16:
Display device that provides a speaker with electronic visual text of a speech or script
639:
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33:
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estimated the use of teleprompters cut the show's production time by as much as 50%
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dual glass teleprompters — used by TV presenters and for U.S. conventions in 1964
76:
illusion from classic theatre: an image viewable from one angle but not another.
922:
514:
397:
364:
was the first
President to use a teleprompter for a State of the Union address.
283:
256:
57:
1572:
Kevin Martin, Innovation At Cinécraft: Multi-Camera Production For Television.
1326:
888:
729:
463:
247:
88:
The technology has continued to develop, including the following iterations:
1334:
1137:, Oppenheimer, Jess, "Prompting apparatus", published 1959-04-28
459:
53:
1528:"The Interrotron: How Errol Morris Changed The Way Documentaries Watch Us"
384:
113:
and some European countries, were originally trade names, but have become
1547:"Errol Morris's Secret Weapon for Unsettling Interviews: The Interrotron"
917:
785:
710:
546:, as are other particulars like "Nine-eleven" (to specify that the event
543:
1310:"Paper, glass, algorithm: teleprompters and the invisibility of screens"
714:
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106:
1245:
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717:"), where the skill required for those using it, according to the
551:
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383:
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197:
1429:(Pleasant Ridge, Michigan: The Difference Press, 2006), pp. 5–6.
863:
Teleprompter glass on left and right from speaker's point of view
542:). Difficult words (mainly international names) are spelled out
776:(C) The above-described four-teleprompter set-up in use at the
666:
Administrations (1961–1964), to deliver his convention speech.
64:, and the words on the screen are reflected to the eyes of the
811:
391:
138:
1092:"TV's Cost-Cutting Gadgets," Sponsor, 22 September 1952, 36.
154:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
488:
Autoscript is used to brand the devices in the United States
481:, the trademark of Autocue Group Ltd, most commonly used in
300:
used a Schlafly-designed speech teleprompter to address the
1374:
1202:
George E. Condon, Radio and Television Editor, On The Air,
26:"TelePrompTer" redirects here. For the media company, see
1375:"Reuters | Breaking International News & Views"
1104:
Stromberg, Joseph, A Brief History of the Teleprompter,
615:
as Republicans criticized Obama for using teleprompters.
1580:
Joseph Stromberg, A Brief History of the Teleprompter.
1244:
TV episodes and posted them on their research website.
163:
646:
Schlafly's glass teleprompters were also used for the
999:"The Benefits of Using a Teleprompter on your Laptop"
293:
and is the primary system used by newscasters today.
522:
Modern teleprompters for news programs consist of a
56:. The screen is in front of, and usually below, the
1307:Alexander, Neta; Keren, Tali (September 27, 2021).
1308:
353:. Cinécraft also used the technique for executive
557:With the development of inexpensive teleprompter
1230:https://digital.hagley.org/businessscreen?page=4
1240:Hagley Library has digitized a number of the
1178:, V. 145. No. 1, (February 1954), pp. 122–113
1116:
1114:
1079:Engineers' Device Eased Speechmakers' Minds,
940:
938:
674:In 1996, for the first time, speakers at the
337:The new technology saw quick adoption in the
8:
585:between two reflective teleprompters in the
1499:
1497:
1394:"Republicans mock Obama's teleprompter use"
622:Glass teleprompters were first used at the
426:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1215:Political Burlesque Blamed on TV Dubbing,
1022:
1020:
518:Studio camera with Autoscript teleprompter
446:Learn how and when to remove this message
206:uses a teleprompter while announcing the
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
52:Using a teleprompter is similar to using
613:2012 United States presidential election
119:
32:
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963:
934:
800:
742:
289:The technology soon became a staple of
250:in 1953 to read commercials on-camera.
1483:
1473:
1421:
1419:
1190:"What is a Presidential Teleprompter?"
152:The examples and perspective in this
68:using a sheet of clear glass or other
1283:"A Brief History of the Teleprompter"
1174:New Business Tool: the TelePromTer,”
993:
991:
945:Stromberg, Joseph (22 October 2012).
798:Various types of modern teleprompters
566:Presidential (or glass) teleprompters
7:
1027:Hoggart, Simon (18 September 2008).
424:adding citations to reliable sources
286:were early users of the technology.
1574:Hagley Collection Research and News
1504:Atkinson, Max (24 September 2009).
1392:Rucker, Philip (October 19, 2011).
778:2008 Democratic National Convention
648:1956 Republican National Convention
624:1956 Democratic National Convention
591:1988 Republican National Convention
314:1952 Democratic National Convention
302:1952 Republican National Convention
1545:Pavlus, John (30 September 2016).
1450:Menzies Campbell: My Autobiography
1268:"Ike Uses Pair of Teleprompters".
1246:https://digital.hagley.org/2019227
170:, or create a new, as appropriate.
127:with lens and a teleprompter on a
14:
1599:Audiovisual introductions in 1950
1359:. January 7, 2012. Archived from
1029:"Bog standard search for Elysium"
835:Salzburg today (Bundesland heute)
117:used for any such display device.
1526:Nobile, Jr, Phil (7 July 2017).
899:
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875:Three teleprompters near a stage
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143:
105:'TelePrompTer' in the US, and '
1188:Help Center, TeleprompterPAD.
676:Democratic National Convention
631:address the entire audience".
458:The word "TelePrompTer", with
388:A teleprompter displaying text
1:
1055:Brown, Laurie (2005-12-28).
218:was founded in the 1950s by
703:Liberal Democrat Conference
166:, discuss the issue on the
1635:
1453:. Hodder & Stoughton.
1447:Campbell, Menzies (2014).
550:should not be pronounced "
261:directly into the camera.
25:
18:
1327:10.1177/14704129211026358
1315:Journal of Visual Culture
1272:, January 6, 1954, p. 13.
887:Teleprompter used during
701:In 2006, speakers at the
658:, who served in both the
532:professional video camera
296:In 1952 former President
62:professional video camera
1619:TelePrompTer Corporation
1219:, August 20, 1955, P. 19
1176:Business Screen Magazine
468:TelePrompTer Corporation
357:in the 1950s and 1960s.
216:TelePrompTer Corporation
208:Civil Rights Act of 1964
28:TelePrompTer Corporation
1427:The Teleprompter Manual
1083:, April 26, 2011, p. A6
1057:The Teleprompter Manual
971:"Kiss and Teleprompter"
833:broadcasting studio of
494:electronic speech notes
460:internal capitalization
240:The First Hundred Years
19:For the racehorse, see
1614:Television terminology
1270:Cleveland Plain Dealer
1217:Cleveland Plain Dealer
1204:Cleveland Plain Dealer
519:
389:
334:
211:
131:
115:genericized trademarks
38:
1609:Television technology
1206:, May 13, 1955, p. 14
848:Two teleprompters at
559:software applications
517:
472:genericized trademark
387:
343:Cinécraft Productions
331:Cinécraft Productions
329:
201:
123:
36:
1582:Smithsonian Magazine
1106:Smithsonian Magazine
420:improve this section
360:On January 4, 1954,
321:Richard L. Neuberger
280:Sir Cedric Hardwicke
21:Teleprompter (horse)
1604:American inventions
1404:on October 19, 2011
1398:The Washington Post
1081:Wall Street Journal
906:Teleprompter in use
670:Confidence monitors
587:Louisiana Superdome
497:idiot board (slang)
45:, also known as an
1584:, October 22, 2012
1532:Birth.Movies.Death
1059:. The Difference.
850:Latvian Television
654:, at the time the
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462:, originated as a
390:
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228:Irving Berlin Kahn
212:
132:
39:
1108:, 22 October 2012
1005:. January 6, 2022
721:' former leader,
719:Liberal Democrats
652:Robert F. Kennedy
554:", for example).
524:personal computer
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369:personal computer
362:Dwight Eisenhower
264:The producers of
242:. It was used by
204:Lyndon B. Johnson
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252:Jess Oppenheimer
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224:Hubert Schlafly
202:U.S. President
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1363:on 2012-01-07.
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1321:(2): 395–417.
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628:Speech View
589:during the
284:Helen Hayes
257:I Love Lucy
1593:Categories
1293:2013-07-22
1242:Ohio Story
1154:US 2926559
1135:US 2883902
1009:January 6,
889:NBC Sports
730:Nick Clegg
695:Republican
691:Democratic
662:and early
607:President
581:President
510:Television
464:trade name
367:The first
355:desk talks
248:Desi Arnaz
1486:ignored (
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1335:1470-4129
485:countries
436:June 2017
407:does not
380:Etymology
373:Atari 800
168:talk page
125:TV camera
66:presenter
54:cue cards
1120:Laughs,
1003:VTP Apps
918:Cue card
912:See also
786:Colorado
715:autocues
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530:on each
500:prompter
162:You may
129:pedestal
1379:Reuters
818:studio.
814:in the
794:Gallery
684:Chicago
664:Johnson
660:Kennedy
479:Autocue
428:removed
413:sources
306:Chicago
267:Dragnet
135:History
107:Autocue
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782:Denver
536:mirror
282:, and
1339:S2CID
930:Notes
232:actor
109:' in
60:of a
1513:2018
1488:help
1468:2018
1455:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1410:2024
1331:ISSN
1061:ISBN
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816:nano
693:and
548:9/11
411:any
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