Terraforming - Knowledge (XXG)

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estimates that a 1 PSI atmosphere of pure oxygen on the Moon would require on the order of two hundred trillion tons of oxygen, and suggests it could be produced by reducing the oxygen from an amount of lunar rock equivalent to a cube about fifty kilometers on an edge. Alternatively, he suggests that the water content of "fifty to a hundred comets" the size of Halley's comet would do the job, "assuming that the water doesn't splash away when the comets hit the moon." Likewise, Benford calculates that terraforming the moon would require "about 100 comets the size of Halley's."

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Mercury's magnetic field is only 1.1% that of Earth's, and, being closer to the Sun, any atmosphere would be stripped rapidly unless it can be protected from the solar wind. It is conjectured that Mercury's magnetic field should be much stronger, up to 30% of Earth's, if it weren't being suppressed by certain solar wind feedback effects. If some means of shielding Mercury from solar wind by placing an artificial

6291: 1485:), and then use that knowledge to genetically engineer specifically Martian-designed microbes". He sees the project's biggest bottleneck in the ability to genetically tweak and tailor the right microbes, estimating that this hurdle could take "a decade or more" to be solved. He also notes that it would be best to develop "not a single kind of microbe but a suite of several that work together". 1118: 668: 1027: 1007: 886: 45: 627: 570:. It has been argued that habitability can be conceived of as a balance between life's demand for energy and the capacity for the environment to provide such energy. For humans, energy comes in the form of sugars, fats, and proteins provided by consuming plants and animals, necessitating in turn that a habitable planet for humans can sustain such organisms. 613:. These elements are considered "essential" for all known life and plentiful within biological systems. Additional elements crucial to life include the cations Mg, Ca, K and Na and the anion Cl. Many of these elements may undergo biologically facilitated oxidation or reduction to produce usable metabolic energy. 1480:

studying the most extreme organisms on Earth, notes that "synthetic biology has given us a remarkable toolkit that can be used to manufacture new kinds of organisms specially suited for the systems we want to plan for" and outlines the prospects for terraforming, saying "we'll want to investigate our

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would be difficult to terraform. Beech states "There seems little prospect of terraforming Mercury such that any animals or plants might exist there," and suggests that its primary use in a terraforming project would be as a mining source for minerals. Nevertheless, terraforming has been considered.

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The general temperature range for all life on Earth is -20°C to 122°C, set primarily by the ability of water (possibly saline, or under high pressure in the ocean bottom) to be available in liquid form. This may constitute a bounding range for the development of life on other planets, in the context

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criteria must be met before the surface of such a body is considered habitable. Modifying a planetary surface such that it is able to sustain life, particularly for humans, is generally the end-goal of the hypothetical process of terraforming. Of particular interest in the context of terraforming is

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solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus's upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick: the high atmospheric pressure would result in a "atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen" at high pressure.

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Also known as the "world house" concept, para-terraforming involves the construction of a habitable enclosure on a planet that encompasses most of the planet's usable area. The enclosure would consist of a transparent roof held one or more kilometers above the surface, pressurized with a breathable

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an area the size of Mexico at each pole with habitable temperatures). The total habitable area could be even larger if the planetary albedo were increased from 0.12 to ~0.6, potentially increasing the habitable area. Roy proposes that the temperature could be further managed by decreasing the solar

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One proposal for terraforming Ceres would involve heating it (using orbital mirrors, detonating thermonuclear devices or colliding small asteroids with Ceres), creating an atmosphere and deep ocean. However, this appears to be based on a misconception that Ceres' surface is icy in a similar way to

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of water vapour, splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen. The former would be rapidly lost to space, leaving behind the oxygen (this already occurs on the moons to a minor extent, giving them thin atmospheres of oxygen). For Saturn's moons, the water vapour could be split by using orbital mirrors to

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Classifications of the criteria of habitability can be varied, but it is generally agreed upon that the presence of water, non-extreme temperatures, and an energy source put broad constraints on habitability. Other requirements for habitability have been defined as the presence of raw materials, a

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requires two major changes: removing most of the planet's dense 9 MPa (1,300 psi; 89 atm) carbon dioxide atmosphere, and reducing the planet's 450 °C (842 °F) surface temperature. These goals are closely interrelated because Venus's extreme temperature may result from the

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and is one of the first stages of terraformation. This primary stage of ecosystem creation is usually restricted to the initial seeding of microbial life. A 2019 opinion piece by Lopez, Peixoto and Rosado has reintroduced microbiology as a necessary component of any possible colonization strategy

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Challenges to terraforming the moons include their high amounts of ice and their low gravity. If all of the ice were fully melted, it would result in deep moon-spanning oceans, meaning any settlements would have to be floating (unless some of the ice was allowed to remain, to serve as land). Low

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Terraforming a planet would involve making it fit the habitability requirements listed in the previous section. For example, a planet may be too cold for liquid water to exist on its surface. Its temperature could be raised by adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, using orbiting mirrors to

992:. Because the raised temperature would add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, the two processes would augment each other. Carbon dioxide alone would not suffice to sustain a temperature above the freezing point of water, so a mixture of specialized greenhouse molecules might be manufactured. 1103:

is too low to hold an atmosphere for geological spans of time, if given one, it would retain it for spans of time that are long compared to human lifespans. Landis and others have thus proposed that it could be feasible to terraform the moon, although not all agree with that proposal. Landis

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that covers approximately 40% of its surface. Rather than uniformly covering and protecting the atmosphere from solar wind, however, the magnetic field takes the form of a collection of smaller, umbrella-shaped fields, mainly clustered together around the planet's southern hemisphere.

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in the atmosphere. This concept, however, was based in a flawed 1960s understanding of Venus's atmosphere as much lower pressure; in reality, the Venusian atmospheric pressure (93 bars) is far higher than early estimates. Sagan's idea is therefore untenable, as he later conceded.

1629:, who argues that terraforming is ethically sound only once we have completely assured that an alien planet does not harbor life of its own; but that if it does, we should not try to reshape it to our own use, but we should engineer its environment to artificially nurture the 167:

The long timescales and practicality of terraforming are also the subject of debate. As the subject has gained traction, research has expanded to other possibilities including biological terraforming, para-terraforming, and modifying humans to better suit the environments of

268:, "Planetary Engineering on Mars" (1973). Three years later, NASA addressed the issue of planetary engineering officially in a study, but used the term "planetary ecosynthesis" instead. The study concluded that it was possible for Mars to support life and be made into a 5405: 1633:

and help it thrive and co-evolve, or even co-exist with humans. Even this would be seen as a type of terraforming to the strictest of ecocentrists, who would say that all life has the right, in its home biosphere, to evolve without outside interference.

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Terraforming: a process of planetary engineering, specifically directed at enhancing the capacity of an extraterrestrial planetary environment to support life as we know it. The ultimate achievement in terraforming would be to create an open planetary

581:. For the development of life on other planetary bodies, chemical energy may have been critical, while for sustaining life on another planetary body in our solar system, sufficiently high solar energy may also be necessary for phototrophic organisms. 897:

is the most Earth-like planet in the Solar System. It is thought that Mars once had a more Earth-like environment early in its history, with a thicker atmosphere and abundant water that was lost over the course of hundreds of millions of years.

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is researching the use of photosynthesizing plants, bacteria, and algae grown directly on the Mars surface that could warm up and thicken its atmosphere. In 2015 the agency and some of its research partners created an software called

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Easily Terraformable Planet (ETP): A planet that might be rendered biocompatible, or possibly habitable, and maintained so by modest planetary engineering techniques and with the limited resources of a starship or robot precursor

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have been studied in relation to the subject, Mars is usually considered to be the most likely candidate for terraforming. Much study has been done concerning the possibility of heating the planet and altering its atmosphere, and

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ceased to function long ago, and the magnetic field of Mars has largely disappeared, probably due to "loss of core heat, solidification of most of the core, and/or changes in the mantle convection regime." Results from the NASA

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Cockell, C.S.; Bush, T.; Bryce, C.; Direito, S.; Fox-Powell, M.; Harrison, J.P.; Lammer, H.; Landenmark, H.; Martin-Torres, J.; Nicholson, N.; Noack, L.; O'Malley-James, J.; Payler, S.J.; Rushby, A.; Samuels, T. (2016-01-20).

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to reduce sunlight reaching the planet, or increasing the albedo. Atmospheric pressure is another issue: various celestial bodies including Mars, Mercury and most moons have lower pressure than Earth. At pressures below the

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This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that had been reduced by photosynthesis would be quickly oxidized in this atmosphere through combustion, "short-circuiting" the terraforming process.

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of gas would be required; or a somewhat lower amount if lower pressure is acceptable. Water could be delivered from the outer solar system. Once this water has been delivered, it would split the water into its constituent

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Temperature management would be required, due to the equilibrium average temperature of ~159 Celsius. However, millions of square kilometers at the poles have an average temperature of 0-50 Celsius, or 32-122 Fahrenheit

1427:, resulting in an Earth-like nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. This atmosphere would protect the surface from Jupiter's radiation, but it would also be possible to clear said radiation using orbiting tethers or radio waves. 394:: planetary engineering applied specifically to Earth. It includes only those macro engineering concepts that deal with the alteration of some global parameter, such as the greenhouse effect, atmospheric composition, 1443:

the gas giant moons. In reality, Ceres' surface is "a layer of mixed ice, silicates and light strong phases best matched by hydrated salts and clathrates". It is unclear what the result of heating this up would be.

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The moons are covered in ice, so heating them would make some of this ice sublimate into an atmosphere of water vapour, ammonia and other gases. For Jupiter's moons, the intense radiation around Jupiter would cause

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may be within humanity's technological capabilities, but according to Martin Beech, the economic attitude of preferring short-term profits over long-term investments will not support a terraforming project.

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Even if the environment of a planet could be altered deliberately, the feasibility of creating an unconstrained planetary environment that mimics Earth on another planet has yet to be verified. While Venus,

530:" of a solar system is generally defined as the region in which stable surface liquid water may be present on a planetary body. The boundaries of the Habitable Zone were originally defined by water loss by 1504:', in which genomes of several organisms can be pulled up on the program to immediately show a list of known genes and where they are located in the genome. According to Alicia Jackson, deputy director of 5310: 361:. As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could be brought in, and this will accelerate the production of oxygen, theoretically making the planet eventually able to support animal life. 352:. In the context of space exploration, Haynes describes ecopoiesis as the "fabrication of a sustainable ecosystem on a currently lifeless, sterile planet". Fogg defines ecopoiesis as a type of 925:

works to cause volcanic eruptions that vent carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere. On Mars, the lack of such tectonic activity worked to prevent the recycling of gases locked up in sediments.

843:. A thin atmosphere could be thickened using gases produced locally (e.g. the Moon could be given an atmosphere of oxygen by reducing lunar rock) or gases could be imported from elsewhere. 1469:

matures over the coming decades it may become possible to build designer organisms from scratch that directly manufacture desired products efficiently. Lisa Nip, Ph.D. candidate at the

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flux at Mercury to near the terrestrial value by solar sails reflecting sunlight. He calculates that 16 to 17 million sails, each with an area of one square kilometer would be needed.

518:; terraforming concepts may include modifying temperature by methods including solar reflectors to increase or decrease the amount of solar illumination, and hence modify temperature. 4145: 1473:'s Molecular Machines group, said that by synthetic biology, scientists could genetically engineer humans, plants and bacteria to create Earth-like conditions on another planet. 3977: 1646:

has not yet been developed, let alone financially feasible at the moment. John Hickman has pointed out that almost none of the current schemes for terraforming incorporate

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Biocompatible Planet (BP): A planet possessing the necessary physical parameters for life to flourish on its surface. If initially lifeless, then such a world could host a

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The initial cost of such projects as planetary terraforming would be massive, and the infrastructure of such an enterprise would have to be built from scratch. Such

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of terraforming. For Earth, the temperature is set by the equilibrium of incident solar radiation absorbed and outgoing infrared radiation, including the effect of

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of the planet. Conversely, a planet too hot for liquid water could be cooled down by removing greenhouse gases (if these are present), placing a sunshade in the

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was a biologically compatible planet in its youth, but is not now in any of these three categories, because it can only be terraformed with greater difficulty.

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An additional step noted by Martin Beech includes the injection of water and/or hydrogen into the planetary atmosphere; this step follows after sequestering CO

1625:, and that given humanity's past treatment of Earth, other planets may be better off without human interference. Still others strike a middle ground, such as 6328: 5696: 6294: 1508:, they have developed a "technological toolkit to transform not just hostile places here on Earth, but to go into space not just to visit, but to stay". 4771: 3904: 984:

Terraforming Mars would entail two major interlaced changes: building the atmosphere and heating it. A thicker atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as

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produced by other means, an estimated 4*10 kg of hydrogen is necessary; this may need to be mined from another source, such as Uranus or Neptune.

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The exact mechanism of this loss is still unclear, though three mechanisms, in particular, seem likely: First, whenever surface water is present,

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It has also been suggested that instead of or in addition to terraforming a hostile environment humans might adapt to these places by the use of

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could also be brought in. This would accelerate the production of oxygen, which theoretically would make the planet eventually able to support

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BBC article on Charles Darwin's and Joseph Hooker's artificial ecosystem on Ascension Island that may be of interest to terraforming projects

4540: 4368: 3018: 2824: 2783: 2384: 1903: 297:. The paper discussed the prospects of a self-regulating Martian biosphere, and the word "terraforming" has since become the preferred term. 3931: 6139: 6077: 5832: 5460: 5295: 4490: 1910:"The present economic fashion of favoring short-term gain over long term investment will never be able to support a terraforming project." 4149: 5711: 5350: 5234: 246:

in the form of "graphite or some involatile form of carbon" on the planet's surface. However, later discoveries about the conditions on

2309:"The Habitability of Our Earth and Other Earths: Astrophysical, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Biological Limits on Planet Habitability" 493:

has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex

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atmosphere, and anchored with tension towers and cables at regular intervals. The world house concept is similar to the concept of a

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Habitable Planet (HP): A world with an environment sufficiently similar to Earth's as to allow comfortable and free human habitation.

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to pre-industrial climate parameters. In order to achieve this, multiple approaches have been proposed, such as the management of

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molecules, possibly using a photo-catalytic dust, with the hydrogen rapidly being lost to space. At an oxygen pressure of 0.2-0.3

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would be reduced until surface temperatures dropped to "comfortable" levels. The resulting plant matter, Sagan proposed, would be

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Other possible candidates for terraforming (possibly only partial or paraterraforming) include large moons of Jupiter or Saturn (

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Hiscox, Juliana A.; Thomas, David J. (October 1995). "Genetic modification and selection of microorganisms for growth on Mars".

835:(611.7 Pa), water cannot be liquid at any temperature. Human survival requires a still-higher pressure of at least 6.3 kPa, the 526:

All known life requires water; thus the capacity for planetary body to sustain water is a critical aspect of habitability. The "

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Christopher McKay and Robert Zubrin, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?", pp. 177–182, in

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Solé, Ricard V.; Montañez, Raúl; Duran-Nebreda, Salva; Rodriguez-Amor, Daniel; Vidiella, Blai; Sardanyés, Josep (4 July 2018).

1659: 1439:. However, atmospheric escape would take place over spans of time that are long compared to human lifespans, as with the Moon. 839:; below this pressure, exposed body fluids boil at body temperature. Furthermore, a thick atmosphere protects the surface from 2464: 1614:, so that humanity faces a very long-term choice between terraforming other worlds or allowing all terrestrial life to become 6580: 6240: 6113: 5752: 5647: 5604: 5599: 5465: 4801: 2221: 1753: 1139: 689: 563: 291:

used in the title of a published journal article. Planetologist Christopher McKay wrote "Terraforming Mars", a paper for the

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McKay Christopher P. & Haynes, Robert H. (1997). "Implanting Life on Mars as a Long Term Goal for Mars Exploration", in

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chosen microbes, find the genes that code for the survival and terraforming properties that we want (like radiation and

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Planetary habitability, broadly defined as the capacity for an astronomical body to sustain life, requires that various

272:. The first conference session on terraforming, then referred to as "Planetary Modeling", was organized that same year. 250:

made this particular approach impossible. One problem is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated

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started publishing several articles on terraforming. He also served as editor for a full issue on terraforming for the

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events, where outbursts of high-velocity protons from the Sun impact the atmosphere. Mars does still retain a limited

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in Houston. Oberg popularized the terraforming concepts discussed at the colloquium to the general public in his book

2547: 1161: 711: 6351: 6159: 5159: 5103: 4833: 4788: 4649: 2121: 2087: 1669: 1477: 1319: 921:, thus drawing atmosphere off and binding it to the planetary surface. On Earth, this process is counteracted when 316: 38: 31: 1618:. Terraforming totally barren planets, it is asserted, is not morally wrong as it does not affect any other life. 1128: 678: 196:

of altering the environment of an extraterrestrial world, presenting issues to the implementation of the concept.

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and hydrogen escape, setting a limit on how close a planet may be to its orbited star, and the prevalence of CO

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Gronstal, Aaron; Perez, Julio Aprea; Bittner, Tobias; Clacey, Erik; Grubisic, Angelo; Rogers, Damian (2005).

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Venus's atmosphere currently contains little oxygen, so an additional step would be to inject breathable O

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Knoll, Andrew H. (2008). "Cyanobacteria and earth history". In Herrero, Antonia; Flores, Enrique (eds.).

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Hoehler, Tori M.; Som, Sanjoy M.; Kiang, Nancy Y. (2018), Deeg, Hans J.; Belmonte, Juan Antonio (eds.),

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animals in addition to simpler organisms on Earth. Research and theory in this regard is a component of

385: 353: 209: 119: 5410: 4568:, ed. Thomas R. Meyer (San Diego, California: American Astronautical Society/Univelt), Pp. 209–15. 1720:, also known as Geoengineering – Deliberate and large-scale intervention in Earth's climate system 981:

of Mars suggests that these impacts could have ejected much of the Martian atmosphere into deep space.

3687: 2493: 6498: 6448: 6361: 6255: 6210: 6062: 5975: 5879: 5864: 5822: 5586: 5355: 5335: 4821: 4811: 4634: 4462: 3615: 3488: 3429: 3370: 3152: 3097: 2716: 2653: 2587: 2505: 2422: 2320: 2258: 1946: 1833: 1792: 1723: 1673: 1393: 1323: 880: 160: 4700: 4119: 3856: 3606:(November 10–15, 1996). "High-Voltage Tethers For Enhanced Particle Scattering In Van Allen Belts". 6570: 6407: 6356: 6250: 6154: 5325: 4951: 4735: 3268: 1717: 1611: 1533: 1331: 391: 243: 6290: 4743: 3662: 6402: 6371: 6337: 6134: 5804: 5769: 5761: 5435: 5385: 5360: 5272: 5052: 4816: 4638: 4034: 3419: 3199: 2685: 2619: 1786: 1584: 1524:

Potential targets for paraterraforming include Mercury, the Moon, Ceres and the gas giant moons.

1432: 1227: 851: 388:: the application of technology for the purpose of influencing the global properties of a planet. 309: 4630: 4430:

Fogg, Martyn J. (1996). "A Planet Dweller's Dream". In Schmidt, Stanley; Zubrin, Robert (eds.).

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Zubrin, Robert; McKay, Christopher (1993). "Technological requirements for terraforming Mars".

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Fogg also devised definitions for candidate planets of varying degrees of human compatibility:

381:(1995), Fogg proposed the following definitions for different aspects related to terraforming: 6195: 6144: 5945: 5920: 5495: 5370: 5005: 4961: 4956: 4653: 4626: 4609: 4594: 4576: 4536: 4520: 4505: 4416: 4400: 4386: 4364: 4241: 4212: 4207: 4091: 4057: 3954: 3811: 3732: 3623: 3514: 3457: 3388: 3187: 3177: 3125: 3084:

Gerstell, M. F.; Francisco, J. S.; Yung, Y. L.; Boxe, C.; Aaltonee, E. T. (27 February 2001).

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Landis, Geoffrey (2011). "Terraforming Venus: A Challenging Project for Future Colonization".

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Gerstell, M. F.; Francisco, J. S.; Yung, Y. L.; Boxe, C.; Aaltonee, E. T. (27 February 2001).

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caused significant changes to the surface environment of objects in the Solar System. The low

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in 1961, which is considered one of the first accounts of the concept. The term was coined by

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Many proposals for planetary engineering involve the use of genetically engineered bacteria.

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Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Park, R. S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018).

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change the Earth or other planets to suit their own needs, already suggested in the classic

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who believe that it is humanity's moral obligation to make other worlds suitable for human

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On the most fundamental level, the only absolute requirement of life may be thermodynamic

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This section is about the hypothetical planetary engineering process. For other uses, see

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Haynes, RH (1990), "Ecce Ecopoiesis: Playing God on Mars", in MacNiven, D. (1990-07-13),

308:. Lovelock's book was one of the first to describe a novel method of warming Mars, where 4482: 4466: 3619: 3492: 3433: 3374: 3156: 3101: 2763: 2720: 2657: 2591: 2509: 2426: 2332: 2324: 2262: 1950: 1837: 1214: 6412: 6235: 6220: 6215: 6037: 6032: 5789: 5541: 5475: 5450: 5420: 5395: 5315: 5300: 4443: 4439: 3806: 3781: 3509: 3476: 3452: 3407: 3010: 2180: 2155: 1599: 1311: 1231: 1054: 1046: 1010:

True-color image of Venus. To terraform, this dense atmosphere will need to be removed.

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The opposing argument posits that terraforming would be an unethical interference in

1595: 1537: 1470: 1373: 1245: 962: 949: 929: 551: 543: 251: 6524: 6027: 5817: 5774: 5505: 5425: 5365: 5340: 5277: 4311: 3782:"Towards synthetic biological approaches to resource utilization on space missions" 2689: 2623: 2468: 2376: 2028: 1588: 1411: 1389: 475: 462: 458: 3978:"DARPA Wants To Use Genetically Engineered Organisms To Make Mars More Earth-Like" 3780:

Menezes, Amor A.; Cumbers, John; Hogan, John A.; Arkin, Adam P. (6 January 2015).

1801: – Engineering the global environment of Venus to make it suitable for humans 550:

with ice-covered oceans, where the energy source to keep the water liquid is from

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Astronautics: A Historical Perspective of Mankind's Efforts to Conquer the Cosmos

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Bioforming and terraforming: A balance of methods for feasible space colonization

3750: 2775: 1867: 1845: 5964: 5556: 5455: 5430: 5415: 4922: 3955:"We Definitely Want to Live on Mars – Here's How We Plan to Tame the Red Planet" 1711: 1698: 1681: 1497: 1423: 1417: 1117: 667: 370: 276: 193: 72: 2843: 2012: 1244:

only slightly less than that of Mars due to its higher density and could, if a

1026: 1006: 5970: 5925: 5915: 5551: 5305: 5128: 5064: 4680: 4586: 3442: 2879: 1643: 1615: 1603: 1518: 1406: 1401: 1276: 1256: 1042: 937: 933: 885: 840: 578: 531: 498: 454: 395: 205: 115: 111: 76: 68: 64: 44: 4731:"Bugs in Space: Microscopic miners could help humans thrive on other planets" 3627: 3392: 2673: 2607: 2525: 2442: 2340: 2278: 1409:. The ammonia could be converted to nitrogen by introducing bacteria such as 5731: 5619: 5400: 5079: 5074: 5047: 5017: 5000: 4619:

Taylor, Richard L. S. (1992). "Paraterraforming – The world house concept".

4573:

The Martian climate revisited: atmosphere and environment of a desert planet

4494: 4258: 4010:"Making a Greenhouse on Another World: Paraterraforming in Our Solar System" 3191: 2665: 2599: 2231: 2171: 1493: 1385: 1069:

and reducing the mass of the atmosphere. In order to combine hydrogen with O

918: 855: 547: 422: 407: 403: 320: 239: 185: 181: 4718: 3815: 3797: 3736: 3518: 3461: 3129: 3110: 2748: 2729: 2681: 2615: 2533: 2517: 2450: 2286: 2189: 1853: 1687:

A related concept from science fiction is xenoforming – a process in which

17: 4379:

Ancient Earth, ancient skies: the age of Earth and its cosmic surroundings

4312:"Themes : Xenoforming : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 2434: 2270: 312:(CFCs) are added to the atmosphere to produce a strong greenhouse effect. 159:

has even hosted debates on the subject. Several potential methods for the

6001: 5143: 5069: 4885: 3383: 3358: 3171: 1768: 1545: 1280: 1272: 1263: 1249: 970: 598: 594: 189: 3642:"NASA Finds Lightning Clears Safe Zone in Earth's Radiation Belt - NASA" 3500: 3070: 2816: 2156:"Inevitable future: space colonization beyond Earth with microbes first" 2154:

Lopez, Jose V; Peixoto, Raquel S; Rosado, Alexandre S (22 August 2019).

6200: 5895: 5059: 4550:

MacNiven, D. (1995). "Environmental Ethics and Planetary Engineering".

4182:"Decolonizing Mars: Are We Thinking About Space Exploration All Wrong?" 4146:"Be Your Own Spaceship: How We Can Adapt Human Bodies for Alien Worlds" 3220: 2492:

Kasting, James F.; Whitmire, Daniel P.; Reynolds, Ray T. (1993-01-01).

1647: 1572: 1568: 1284: 1142: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 978: 169: 107: 80: 3406:

Solé, Ricard V.; Montañez, Raúl; Duran-Nebreda, Salva (18 July 2015).

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may be added as required to allow for plant growth in the presence of

319:

worked behind the scenes to promote terraforming, and contributed the

279:

organized the First Terraforming Colloquium, a special session at the

6539: 6306: 4939: 4500:

Forget, François; Costard, François & Lognonné, Philippe (2007).

3359:"Mercury's weak magnetic field: A result of magnetospheric feedback?" 1622: 1576: 1541: 1501: 1268: 1253: 1041:

into the atmosphere. An early proposal for such a process comes from

863: 859: 819: 610: 602: 590: 539: 84: 4208:

The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must

3830:"Video: Humans Could Engineer Themselves for Long-Term Space Travel" 2770:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 645–659, 1756: – Cancer causing exposure to ionizing radiation in spaceflight 1650:, and most of their models and expectations seem highly optimistic. 357:

based on the principles of microbial symbiosis and their beneficial

3424: 1594:

On the pro-terraforming side of the argument, there are those like

5022: 4895: 4749: 4341:

On the Habitability of Mars: An Approach to Planetary Ecosynthesis

3932:"DARPA: We Are Engineering the Organisms That Will Terraform Mars" 2640:

Falkowski, Paul G.; Fenchel, Tom; Delong, Edward F. (2008-05-23).

2574:

Falkowski, Paul G.; Fenchel, Tom; Delong, Edward F. (2008-05-23).

1488: 1315: 1213: 1086: 1031: 1025: 1015: 1005: 954: 884: 589:

On Earth, life generally requires six elements in high abundance:

449:

Necessary conditions for habitability, adapted from Hoehler (2007)

247: 223: 219: 173: 143: 123: 92: 43: 4670: 1795: – Hypothetical modification of Mars into a habitable planet 6529: 4690: 4686:

Research Paper: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars

2642:"The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles" 2576:"The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles" 1607: 1330:

organisms. These are typically referred to as geoengineering or

1100: 1092: 941: 894: 847: 490: 483: 434: 262:

habitable for human life in an article published in the journal

259: 176:. Despite this, questions still remain in areas relating to the 156: 151: 147: 49: 6310: 4753: 1765: – Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space 3341:

Inner Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources,

2056:

Moral Expertise: studies in practical and professional ethics,

1999:

McKay, Christopher P. (January 1982). "On Terraforming Mars".

1937:

Sagan, Carl (December 1973). "Planetary engineering on Mars".

1789: – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth 1612:

Earth would eventually be destroyed if nature takes its course

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Finally, between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago,

763: 661: 620: 226:, which would convert water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide into 4604:

Schubert, Gerald; Turcotte, Donald L.; Olson, Peter. (2001).

4533:

The cyanobacteria: molecular biology, genomics, and evolution

4397:

Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective

2110: 2076: 957:

mission show that the atmosphere is removed primarily due to

425:

of considerable complexity without the need for terraforming.

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of Earth, one that would be fully habitable for human beings.

339: 329: 1783: – Known extent to which a planet is suitable for life 3173:

Pale blue dot : a vision of the human future in space

2764:"Mars Climate Engineering Using Orbiting Solar Reflectors" 2371:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–22, 2548:"Cell Energy, Cell Functions | Learn Science at Scitable" 1314:, an interventionist program might be designed to return 1310:

It has been recently proposed that due to the effects of

3477:"Population dynamics of synthetic terraformation motifs" 1868:"Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction: terraforming" 1326:

dioxide, and the design and release of climate altering

858:

life could begin. As conditions approach that of Earth,

4566:

The Case for Mars IV: Considerations for Sending Humans

1758:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1726: – Proposed concepts for human settlements on Mars 818:

reflect more sunlight onto the planet, or lowering the

780: 242:

by the high surface temperatures of Venus, and thus be

4211:, pp. 248–249, Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1996, 4053:

Man and the Planets: The Resources of the Solar System

3853:"You Can Now Play God From The Comfort Of Your Garage" 2214:

Terraforming : engineering planetary environments

1750: – Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth 1262:

To provide one atmosphere of pressure, roughly 1.1×10

2307:

Lineweaver, Charles H.; Chopra, Aditya (2012-05-30).

1898:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 17. 1240:

Despite being much smaller than Mars, Mercury has an

4591:

Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space

4259:"The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects" 3408:"Synthetic circuit designs for earth terraformation" 1521:, but one which covers all (or most) of the planet. 91:, or other body to be similar to the environment of 6517: 6491: 6421: 6390: 6344: 6188: 6168: 6101: 6015: 5984: 5888: 5803: 5760: 5751: 5687: 5666: 5630: 5585: 5578: 5529: 5286: 5265: 5258: 5152: 5092: 5038: 4852: 4787: 3688:"Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution" 3086:"Keeping Mars warm with new super greenhouse gases" 2705:"Keeping Mars warm with new super greenhouse gases" 692:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4681:Visualizing the steps of Solar System terraforming 4646:Visions of the future: astronomy and Earth science 2027: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1777: – Influencing a planet's global environments 1771: – Hypothetical process of space colonization 1744: – Medical issues associated with spaceflight 1738: – Process of man-made reclamation of deserts 1049:bacteria into the Venusian atmosphere to reduce CO 218:in 1961. Sagan imagined seeding the atmosphere of 4489:, 16, 205–211. Also presented (1999) at the 50th 4444:"Terraforming Mars: A Review of Current Research" 3143:Fogg, M. J. (1987). "The terraforming of Venus". 3001:Carr, Michael H.; Bell, James F. (2014). "Mars". 2762:McInnes, Colin R. (2009), Badescu, Viorel (ed.), 1986:New Earths: Restructuring Earth and Other Planets 1732: – Proposed colonization of the planet Venus 1218:An artist's conception of the terraformed Mercury 1057:, and increase the atmospheric concentration of O 940:within the core of Mars, which is made mostly of 4413:Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments 3608:APS Division of Plasma Physics Meeting Abstracts 3343:pp. 421-435. Springer International Publishing. 3339:Roy, Kenneth (2015). "Terraforming Mercury". In 2141:Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments 1587:has even called terraforming a "planetary-scale 466:the set of factors that have sustained complex, 379:Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments 212:of Venus in an article published in the journal 102:The concept of terraforming developed from both 4395:Faure, Gunter & Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). 3880:"Here's How We'll Terraform Mars With Microbes" 3357:Gómez-Pérez, Natalia; Solomon, Sean C. (2010). 3090:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2925: 2923: 2709:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1971: 4360:Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds 4338:Averner, M. M.; MacElroy, R. D., eds. (1976). 3325:pp. 217-219. Springer. Retrieved 29 Dec. 2023. 3321:Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds 3236: 3234: 2929:Forget, Costard & Lognonné 2007, pp. 80–2. 2026:Lovelock, James & Allaby, Michael (1984). 1895:Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds 1575:as to whether terraforming other worlds is an 577:for an energy source, while a further ~40% is 6322: 4765: 4622:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4553:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 3905:"Will tweaked microbes make Mars Earth-like?" 3725:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 3145:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2802: 2800: 2313:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 375:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 294:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 8: 4039:. 56th International Astronautical Congress. 3063:29th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit 3042:Forget, Costard & Lognonné 2007, pp. 80. 2494:"Habitable Zones around Main Sequence Stars" 2247:"An Energy Balance Concept for Habitability" 1988:. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 4535:. Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 1–20. 2991:Schubert, Turcotte & Olson 2001, p. 692 2809:AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition 1714: – Study of plants grown in spacecraft 1045:, who suggested the injection of floating, 655:Learn how and when to remove these messages 315:Motivated by Lovelock's book, biophysicist 48:An artist's conception shows a terraformed 6329: 6315: 6307: 5757: 5582: 5262: 5096: 4856: 4772: 4758: 4750: 4606:Mantle convection in the Earth and planets 4571:Read, Peter L.; Lewis, Stephen R. (2004). 4483:The Ethical Dimensions of Space Settlement 3295:"Why The Moon Should Never Be Terraformed" 3204:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1920: 1918: 1916: 27:Hypothetical planetary engineering process 4363:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4180:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (November 20, 2018). 3805: 3508: 3451: 3441: 3423: 3382: 3119: 3109: 2972:"APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core" 2738: 2728: 2179: 1279:, the atmosphere would be breathable and 1202:Learn how and when to remove this message 889:Artist's conception of a terraformed Mars 846:Once conditions become more suitable for 805:Learn how and when to remove this message 752:Learn how and when to remove this message 573:Much of earth's biomass (~60%) relies on 348:, "production". Ecopoiesis refers to the 4746:Principal Investigator: Paul Todd (2004) 1824:Sagan, Carl (1961). "The Planet Venus". 444: 275:In March 1979, NASA engineer and author 1811: 1742:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 1567:There is a philosophical debate within 1364:Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects 1248:prevents atmospheric stripping, hold a 5516:Writers and Illustrators of the Future 3786:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3545:"How Do We Terraform Jupiter's Moons?" 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3197: 2487: 2485: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2134: 2132: 2130: 1974:, pp. front cover, study results. 1579:endeavor. From the point of view of a 1506:DARPA's Biological Technologies Office 1368:Colonization of the outer Solar System 281:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 67:process of deliberately modifying the 4729:Choi, Charles Q. (November 1, 2010). 4415:. SAE International, Warrendale, PA. 3579:"How Do We Terraform Saturn's Moons?" 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 2838: 2836: 2635: 2633: 2569: 2567: 2403: 2401: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 1602:, Richard L. S. Taylor, and the late 1030:Artist's conception of a terraformed 7: 4625:, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 341–352. 4491:International Astronautical Congress 3704:from the original on 30 January 2020 2940:"Solar wind ripping chunks off Mars" 2143:. SAE International, Warrendale, PA. 1932: 1930: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1664:Terraforming is a common concept in 1140:adding citations to reliable sources 690:adding citations to reliable sources 482:solvent, and clement conditions, or 287:(1981). Not until 1982 was the word 4502:Planet Mars: Story of Another World 4434:. New York: Wiley. pp. 143–67. 4263:Journal of Evolution and Technology 4240:, Apogee Books Space Series, 2002, 4008:Williams, Matthew S. (2019-08-09). 3851:Brown, Kristen V. (29 March 2016). 3695:European Planetary Science Congress 2333:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105531 2216:. Society of Automotive Engineers. 936:to gradually erode the atmosphere. 406:emulating all the functions of the 130:in a science-fiction short story (" 4719:The Terraforming Information Pages 4238:On to Mars: Colonizing a New World 4148:. Vice Motherboard. Archived from 3011:10.1016/B978-0-12-415845-0.00017-7 2948:. 25 November 2008. Archived from 328:, forming the word from the Greek 25: 4744:Robotic Lunar Ecopoiesis Test Bed 3878:Herkewitz, William (7 May 2015). 3293:Dorminey, Bruce (July 27, 2016). 3267:Williams, Matt (March 31, 2016). 3051:Faure & Mensing 2007, p. 252. 1344:Colonization of the asteroid belt 1023:caused by its dense atmosphere. 932:around Mars may have allowed the 636:This section has multiple issues. 516:planetary equilibrium temperature 6289: 6280: 6279: 4864:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 4144:Ferreira, Becky (29 July 2013). 4118:Cain, Fraser (10 January 2017). 3003:Encyclopedia of the Solar System 1338:Other bodies in the Solar System 1116: 1099:Although the gravity on Earth's 767: 666: 625: 497:, and energy sources to sustain 4515:Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart (2004). 4357:Beech, Martin (21 April 2009). 4257:Hickman, John (November 1999). 4120:"Could We Marsiform Ourselves?" 3930:Koebler, Jason (24 June 2015). 3602:Mirnov, Vladimir; Üçer, Defne; 3269:"How Do We Terraform the Moon?" 3241:Benford, Greg (July 14, 2014). 2245:Hoehler, Tori M. (2007-12-28). 1892:Beech, Martin (21 April 2009). 1660:Terraforming in popular culture 1127:needs additional citations for 677:needs additional citations for 644:or discuss these issues on the 474:and the emerging discipline of 6241:Science and technology studies 4676:Terraformers Society of Canada 4608:. Cambridge University Press. 4050:Lunan, Duncan (January 1983). 3976:Depra, Dianne (27 June 2015). 2878:Landis, Geoffrey (June 1990). 2377:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_74-1 1754:Health threat from cosmic rays 1095:terraformed as seen from Earth 52:in four stages of development. 1: 4517:Mars: a warmer, wetter planet 4475:10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00166-5 3953:Smith, Chris (25 June 2015). 3661:Williams, Matt (2016-05-05). 3577:Williams, Matt (2016-04-27). 3543:Williams, Matt (2016-04-22). 2974:. Argonne National Laboratory 1748:Extraterrestrial liquid water 1476:Gary King, microbiologist at 489:In its astrobiology roadmap, 304:and Michael Allaby published 258:Sagan also visualized making 4701:The Terraformation of Worlds 4377:Dalrymple, G. Brent (2004). 3832:. Live Science. 7 April 2016 3663:"How Do We Terraform Ceres?" 3363:Geophysical Research Letters 3176:(First ed.). New York. 2776:10.1007/978-3-642-03629-3_25 2467:. 2011-01-17. Archived from 1984:Oberg, James Edward (1981). 1959:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90026-2 1846:10.1126/science.133.3456.849 1763:In situ resource utilization 1458:Interplanetary contamination 1334:, rather than terraforming. 917:) reacts with rocks to form 554:, rather than solar energy. 5785:Space stations and habitats 4644:Thompson, J. M. T. (2001). 4459:Committee on Space Research 3243:"How to Terraform the Moon" 2880:"Air Pollution on the Moon" 1972:Averner & MacElroy 1976 1091:Artist's conception of the 538:clouds that would increase 6612: 6352:Interplanetary spaceflight 4650:Cambridge University Press 4589:& Druyan, Ann (1997). 4451:Advances in Space Research 4014:interestingengineering.com 3481:Royal Society Open Science 2970:Dave Jacqué (2003-09-26). 2111: 2077: 2013:10.3828/extr.1982.23.4.309 1657: 1560: 1478:Louisiana State University 1455: 1341: 1303: 1080: 999: 878: 340: 330: 230:. As this process removed 200:History of scholarly study 136:Astounding Science Fiction 36: 29: 6274: 6231:Museum of Science Fiction 6176:Christian science fiction 6140:Self-replicating machines 5099: 4859: 4383:Stanford University Press 4084:Spitzmiller, Ted (2007). 3443:10.1186/s13062-015-0064-7 2896:Read and Lewis 2004, p.16 2160:FEMS Microbiology Ecology 1437:problems for human health 1306:Climate change mitigation 944:, originally generated a 441:Habitability requirements 234:from the atmosphere, the 63:("Earth-shaping") is the 4481:Fogg, Martyn J. (2000). 4411:Fogg, Martyn J. (1995). 3855:. Fusion. Archived from 2411:"Habitability: A Review" 2212:Fogg, Martyn J. (1995). 2139:Fogg, Martyn J. (1995). 2058:Routledge. pp. 161–163. 1435:over time and may cause 1405:focus sunlight, causing 1392:), and the dwarf planet 1352:Colonization of Callisto 1083:Colonization of the Moon 134:") published in 1942 in 37:For the video game, see 6476:Trans-Neptunian objects 6109:Artificial intelligence 6007:Simulated consciousness 4316:www.sf-encyclopedia.com 3347:retrieved 29 Dec. 2023. 2905:Kargel 2004, pp. 185–6. 2666:10.1126/science.1153213 2600:10.1126/science.1153213 2093:A Greek–English Lexicon 1542:cybernetic enhancements 1452:Biological terraforming 1324:sequestration of carbon 1259:for millions of years. 365:Aspects and definitions 99:for humans to live on. 39:Syd Mead's TerraForming 6586:Science fiction themes 6535:National Space Society 6367:Planetary habitability 6261:Technology and society 5129:Science Fiction Museum 4713:Terraformation de Mars 4691:Terraformers Australia 3798:10.1098/rsif.2014.0715 3111:10.1073/pnas.051511598 2730:10.1073/pnas.051511598 2518:10.1006/icar.1993.1010 2465:"Astrobiology Roadmap" 2369:Handbook of Exoplanets 1924:Sagan 1997, pp. 276–7. 1781:Planetary habitability 1563:Ethics of terraforming 1348:Colonization of Europa 1328:genetically engineered 1219: 1096: 1034: 1011: 975:Late Heavy Bombardment 928:Second, the lack of a 890: 484:elemental requirements 450: 350:origin of an ecosystem 53: 6581:Planetary engineering 6545:The Planetary Society 5860:Organ transplantation 5119:Libraries and museums 5040:Cyberpunk derivatives 4994:Utopian and dystopian 2435:10.1089/ast.2015.1295 2365:"Life's Requirements" 2271:10.1089/ast.2006.0095 2172:10.1093/femsec/fiz127 2084:Liddell, Henry George 1799:Terraforming of Venus 1775:Planetary engineering 1730:Colonization of Venus 1694:The War of the Worlds 1360:Colonization of Ceres 1356:Colonization of Titan 1217: 1090: 1029: 1009: 1002:Terraforming of Venus 959:Coronal Mass Ejection 888: 854:, the importation of 833:triple point of water 566:, or the presence of 448: 386:Planetary engineering 377:in 1992. In his book 354:planetary engineering 210:planetary engineering 120:planetary engineering 47: 6492:Terraforming targets 6422:Colonization targets 6362:Intergalactic travel 6211:Fictional technology 6206:Fictional astronauts 6063:Frankenstein complex 4593:. Ballantine Books. 4497:(IAA-99-IAA.7.1.07). 3384:10.1029/2010GL044533 3170:Sagan, Carl (1994). 3005:. pp. 359–377. 2030:The Greening of Mars 1793:Terraforming of Mars 1724:Colonization of Mars 1431:gravity would cause 1136:improve this article 988:would trap incoming 881:Terraforming of Mars 686:improve this article 306:The Greening of Mars 161:terraforming of Mars 6357:Interstellar travel 6251:Speculative fiction 5845:Genetic engineering 4736:Scientific American 4639:1992JBIS...45..341T 4467:1998AdSpR..22..415F 4292:sf-encyclopedia.com 4288:"SFE: Terraforming" 3620:1996APS..DPP..7E06M 3501:10.1098/rsos.180121 3493:2018RSOS....580121S 3434:2015arXiv150305043S 3375:2010GeoRL..3720204G 3157:1987JBIS...40..551F 3102:2001PNAS...98.2154G 3071:10.2514/6.1993-2005 2817:10.2514/6.2011-7215 2721:2001PNAS...98.2154G 2658:2008Sci...320.1034F 2652:(5879): 1034–1039. 2592:2008Sci...320.1034F 2586:(5879): 1034–1039. 2510:1993Icar..101..108K 2427:2016AsBio..16...89C 2325:2012AREPS..40..597L 2263:2007AsBio...7..824H 1951:1973Icar...20..513S 1838:1961Sci...133..849S 1718:Climate engineering 1648:economic strategies 1544:. This is known as 1534:genetic engineering 1447:Other possibilities 1332:climate engineering 973:impacts during the 870:Prospective targets 433:Fogg suggests that 310:chlorofluorocarbons 6591:Space colonization 6403:McKendree cylinder 6372:Space and survival 6338:Space colonization 6078:Message from space 6043:Ancient astronauts 5931:Parallel universes 5906:Extrasolar planets 5813:Biological warfare 4935:Parallel universes 4817:Scientific romance 4706:2019-06-09 at the 4432:Islands in the Sky 4152:on 13 January 2017 4056:. Ashgrove Press. 3934:. Vice Motherboard 3909:The Times of India 3630:. Abstract #7E.06. 2850:. 27 November 2018 2844:"Cosmic Radiation" 1787:Space colonization 1654:In popular culture 1585:Lucianne Walkowicz 1581:cosmocentric ethic 1483:drought resistance 1433:atmospheric escape 1220: 1097: 1035: 1012: 893:In many respects, 891: 852:introduced species 779:. You can help by 617:Preliminary stages 451: 359:ecosystem services 54: 6553: 6552: 6304: 6303: 6196:Alternate history 6184: 6183: 6145:Simulated reality 5875:Sex and sexuality 5828:Extraterrestrials 5747: 5746: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5311:Campbell Memorial 5088: 5087: 4957:Planetary romance 4542:978-1-904455-15-8 4370:978-0-387-09796-1 3884:Popular Mechanics 3792:(102): 20140715. 3604:Danilov, Valentin 3020:978-0-12-415845-0 2826:978-1-60086-953-2 2785:978-3-642-03628-6 2386:978-3-319-30648-3 1905:978-0-387-09796-1 1627:Christopher McKay 1467:synthetic biology 1212: 1211: 1204: 1186: 1021:greenhouse effect 815: 814: 807: 797: 796: 762: 761: 754: 736: 659: 568:Gibbs Free Energy 514:in modifying the 512:greenhouse gasses 495:organic molecules 472:planetary science 236:greenhouse effect 228:organic compounds 16:(Redirected from 6603: 6566:1940s neologisms 6408:O'Neill cylinder 6377:Space settlement 6331: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6293: 6283: 6282: 6121:Astroengineering 6053:Evil corporation 5780:Matrioshka brain 5758: 5697:List of TV shows 5583: 5263: 5097: 4967:Sword and planet 4857: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4740: 4717:Fogg, Martyn J. 4561: 4546: 4478: 4448: 4435: 4426: 4374: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4254: 4248: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4090:. Apogee Books. 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3697:. Vol. 12. 3692: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3574: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3540: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3445: 3427: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3326: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3195: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3096:(5): 2154–2157. 3081: 3075: 3074: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033:Solar Wind, 2008 3031: 3025: 3024: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2715:(5): 2154–2157. 2700: 2694: 2693: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2360: 2345: 2344: 2304: 2291: 2290: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2183: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2125: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2034:. Warner Books. 2033: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1934: 1925: 1922: 1911: 1909: 1889: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1832:(3456): 849–58. 1821: 1759: 1512:Paraterraforming 1207: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1144: 1120: 1112: 916: 915: 914: 810: 803: 792: 789: 771: 764: 757: 750: 746: 743: 737: 735: 694: 670: 662: 651: 629: 628: 621: 343: 342: 333: 332: 270:habitable planet 21: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6513: 6487: 6429:Lagrange points 6417: 6386: 6340: 6335: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6270: 6246:Sense of wonder 6180: 6164: 6097: 6093:Xenoarchaeology 6068:Galactic empire 6023:Africanfuturism 6011: 5980: 5884: 5799: 5743: 5683: 5662: 5626: 5566: 5525: 5288: 5282: 5254: 5148: 5084: 5034: 5011:Techno-thriller 4979:Climate fiction 4947:Science fantasy 4901:Anime and manga 4848: 4807:Anthropological 4783: 4781:Science fiction 4778: 4728: 4708:Wayback Machine 4696:Terraformers UK 4667: 4549: 4543: 4530: 4446: 4440:Fogg, Martyn J. 4438: 4429: 4423: 4410: 4371: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4294: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4205:Robert Zubrin, 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3526: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3329: 3318:Beech, Martin. 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3196: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2914:Kargel 2004, 99 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2877: 2876: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2362: 2361: 2348: 2306: 2305: 2294: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2224: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2108: 2104: 2098:Perseus Project 2074: 2070: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2025: 2024: 2020: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1914: 1906: 1891: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1823: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1757: 1736:Desert greening 1707: 1668:, ranging from 1666:science fiction 1662: 1656: 1640: 1638:Economic issues 1565: 1559: 1554: 1530: 1528:Adapting humans 1514: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1370: 1340: 1320:solar radiation 1308: 1302: 1242:escape velocity 1235: 1230:at Mercury-Sun 1228:magnetic shield 1208: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1145: 1143: 1133: 1121: 1110: 1085: 1079: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1052: 1040: 1004: 998: 990:solar radiation 923:plate tectonics 913: 910: 909: 908: 906: 883: 877: 872: 837:Armstrong limit 827: 811: 800: 799: 798: 793: 787: 784: 777:needs expansion 758: 747: 741: 738: 695: 693: 683: 671: 630: 626: 619: 587: 560: 537: 524: 507: 443: 398:or impact flux. 367: 338:, "house", and 204:The astronomer 202: 150:, and even the 132:Collision Orbit 128:Jack Williamson 118:, proposed the 104:science fiction 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6609: 6607: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 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5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855:Nanotechnology 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5790:Stellar engine 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5287:Literary, art, 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4710: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4671:New Mars forum 4666: 4665:External links 4663: 4662: 4661: 4642: 4617: 4602: 4584: 4569: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4513: 4498: 4485:(PDF format). 4479: 4436: 4427: 4421: 4408: 4393: 4375: 4369: 4354: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4303: 4279: 4249: 4229: 4220: 4198: 4172: 4163: 4136: 4124:Universe Today 4110: 4096: 4076: 4062: 4042: 4025: 4000: 3991: 3968: 3945: 3922: 3911:. 29 June 2015 3896: 3870: 3843: 3821: 3772: 3742: 3731:(10): 419–26. 3715: 3678: 3667:Universe Today 3653: 3633: 3594: 3583:Universe Today 3560: 3549:Universe Today 3524: 3467: 3412:Biology Direct 3398: 3349: 3327: 3311: 3285: 3273:Universe Today 3259: 3230: 3225:jamesoberg.com 3219:Oberg, James. 3211: 3182: 3162: 3135: 3076: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3019: 2993: 2984: 2962: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2861: 2832: 2825: 2796: 2784: 2754: 2695: 2629: 2563: 2552:www.nature.com 2539: 2504:(1): 108–128. 2481: 2456: 2397: 2385: 2346: 2319:(1): 597–623. 2292: 2257:(6): 824–838. 2237: 2222: 2204: 2195: 2146: 2126: 2102: 2068: 2047: 2040: 2018: 2007:(4): 309–314. 1991: 1976: 1964: 1945:(4): 513–514. 1926: 1912: 1904: 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Fogg 1561:Main article: 1558: 1557:Ethical issues 1555: 1553: 1550: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1510: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1339: 1336: 1312:climate change 1304:Main article: 1301: 1298: 1233: 1210: 1209: 1151:"Terraforming" 1124: 1122: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1050: 1047:photosynthetic 1038: 1000:Main article: 997: 994: 986:carbon dioxide 948:. However the 946:magnetic field 911: 903:carbon dioxide 879:Main article: 876: 873: 871: 868: 825: 813: 812: 795: 794: 774: 772: 760: 759: 701:"Terraforming" 674: 672: 665: 660: 634: 633: 631: 624: 618: 615: 586: 583: 575:photosynthesis 564:disequilibrium 559: 556: 535: 528:Habitable Zone 523: 520: 506: 503: 442: 439: 431: 430: 426: 419: 412: 411: 399: 392:Geoengineering 389: 366: 363: 302:James Lovelock 232:carbon dioxide 201: 198: 61:terraformation 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6608: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576:Open problems 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518:Organizations 6516: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345:Core concepts 6343: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6286: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Magic realism 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102:Technological 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083:Transhumanism 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6058:First contact 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985:Psychological 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Teleportation 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5936:Portable hole 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5762:Architectural 5759: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5658:Short stories 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Tähtivaeltaja 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928:Space Western 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4913:Space warfare 4911: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4658:0-521-80537-6 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4614:0-521-79836-1 4611: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4599:0-345-37659-5 4596: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581:3-540-40743-X 4578: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4525:1-85233-568-8 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510:0-387-48925-8 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4422:1-56091-609-5 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4405:1-4020-5233-2 4402: 4398: 4394: 4392: 4391:0-8047-4933-7 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246:1-896522-90-4 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217:0-684-83550-9 4214: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4173: 4170:MacNiven 1995 4167: 4164: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4137: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4099: 4097:9781894959667 4093: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4077: 4065: 4063:9780906798171 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4026: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3859:on 2016-04-02 3858: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487:(7): 180121. 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3183:0-679-76486-0 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2952:on 2012-04-27 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2471:on 2011-01-17 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2421:(1): 89–117. 2420: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088:Scott, Robert 2085: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064:0-415-03576-7 2061: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2041:9780446329675 2037: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Extrapolation 1995: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:Robert Zubrin 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:biotechnology 1535: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1519:domed habitat 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1471:MIT Media Lab 1468: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:magnetosphere 1243: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1195: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: – 1152: 1148: 1147:Find sources: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1125:This section 1123: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1014:Terraforming 1008: 1003: 995: 993: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 967: 964: 963:magnetosphere 960: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:magnetosphere 926: 924: 920: 904: 899: 896: 887: 882: 874: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 829: 821: 809: 806: 791: 788:December 2022 782: 778: 775:This section 773: 770: 766: 765: 756: 753: 745: 742:December 2022 734: 731: 727: 724: 720: 717: 713: 710: 706: 703: – 702: 698: 697:Find sources: 691: 687: 681: 680: 675:This article 673: 669: 664: 663: 658: 656: 649: 648: 643: 642: 637: 632: 623: 622: 616: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 584: 582: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 557: 555: 553: 552:tidal heating 549: 545: 541: 533: 529: 521: 519: 517: 513: 504: 502: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 479: 477: 473: 469: 468:multicellular 464: 463:astrophysical 460: 456: 447: 440: 438: 436: 427: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 409: 405: 400: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 383: 382: 380: 376: 372: 364: 362: 360: 355: 351: 347: 337: 327: 326: 322: 318: 317:Robert Haynes 313: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 295: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 266: 261: 256: 253: 252:sulfuric acid 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 216: 211: 208:proposed the 207: 199: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 165: 162: 158: 153: 149: 145: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 6596:Terraforming 6525:Mars Society 6434:Solar System 6382:Terraforming 6381: 6256:Supernatural 6028:Afrofuturism 5941:Space travel 5850:Invisibility 5818:Energy being 5795:Terraforming 5775:Dyson sphere 5770:Colonization 5702:Australasian 5595:Film history 5376:Grand Master 4734: 4645: 4620: 4605: 4590: 4575:. Springer. 4572: 4565: 4557: 4551: 4532: 4519:. Springer. 4516: 4504:. Springer. 4501: 4487:Space Policy 4486: 4454: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4399:. Springer. 4396: 4378: 4359: 4346:. Retrieved 4340: 4319:. Retrieved 4315: 4306: 4295:. Retrieved 4291: 4282: 4271:. Retrieved 4266: 4262: 4252: 4237: 4232: 4223: 4206: 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4185: 4175: 4166: 4154:. Retrieved 4150:the original 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4123: 4113: 4101:. Retrieved 4086: 4079: 4067:. Retrieved 4052: 4045: 4035: 4028: 4017:. Retrieved 4013: 4003: 3998:Taylor, 1992 3994: 3982:. Retrieved 3980:. Tech Times 3971: 3959:. Retrieved 3948: 3936:. Retrieved 3925: 3913:. Retrieved 3908: 3899: 3887:. Retrieved 3883: 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3857:the original 3846: 3834:. Retrieved 3824: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3758: 3754: 3745: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3694: 3681: 3670:. Retrieved 3666: 3656: 3645:. Retrieved 3636: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3586:. Retrieved 3582: 3552:. Retrieved 3548: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3340: 3319: 3314: 3302:. Retrieved 3298: 3288: 3276:. Retrieved 3272: 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3246: 3224: 3221:"New Earths" 3214: 3172: 3165: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3062: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3002: 2996: 2987: 2976:. Retrieved 2965: 2954:. Retrieved 2950:the original 2943: 2934: 2915: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2852:. Retrieved 2847: 2808: 2789:, retrieved 2767: 2757: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2649: 2645: 2583: 2579: 2555:. Retrieved 2551: 2542: 2501: 2497: 2473:. Retrieved 2469:the original 2459: 2418: 2415:Astrobiology 2414: 2390:, retrieved 2368: 2316: 2312: 2254: 2251:Astrobiology 2250: 2240: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2140: 2105: 2091: 2071: 2055: 2050: 2029: 2021: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1985: 1979: 1967: 1942: 1938: 1894: 1871:. Retrieved 1862: 1829: 1825: 1692: 1686: 1663: 1641: 1620: 1593: 1591:operation". 1589:strip mining 1566: 1531: 1523: 1515: 1487: 1475: 1464: 1461: 1441: 1429: 1422: 1416: 1412:Nitrosomonas 1410: 1398: 1371: 1309: 1292: 1289: 1261: 1239: 1221: 1198: 1189: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1146: 1134:Please help 1129:verification 1126: 1098: 1064: 1055:organic form 1036: 1013: 983: 968: 927: 900: 892: 845: 816: 801: 785: 781:adding to it 776: 748: 739: 729: 722: 715: 708: 696: 684:Please help 679:verification 676: 652: 645: 639: 638:Please help 635: 588: 572: 561: 525: 508: 488: 480: 476:astrobiology 452: 432: 413: 378: 374: 368: 349: 345: 335: 324: 323: 314: 305: 299: 292: 289:terraforming 288: 284: 274: 263: 257: 213: 203: 166: 140: 135: 101: 65:hypothetical 60: 57:Terraforming 56: 55: 6398:Bishop Ring 6114:AI takeover 5961:Time travel 5921:Inertialess 5911:Force field 5901:Black holes 5870:Prosthetics 5732:Live-action 5501:Translation 5496:Tour-Apollo 5371:Golden Duck 5273:Jules Verne 5139:Women in SF 5104:Conventions 4989:Libertarian 4952:Dying Earth 4923:Space opera 4891:Inner space 4802:Definitions 4587:Sagan, Carl 4461:: 415–420. 4191:October 31, 3755:The Society 3369:(20): n/a. 2854:December 8, 1712:Astrobotany 1682:video games 1498:Google Maps 1424:Clostridium 1418:Pseudomonas 841:cosmic rays 579:chemotropic 505:Temperature 459:geochemical 455:geophysical 371:Martyn Fogg 277:James Oberg 244:sequestered 194:methodology 106:and actual 95:to make it 73:temperature 18:Terraformer 6571:Ecosystems 6560:Categories 6483:Free space 6150:Spacecraft 6126:Holography 5992:Group mind 5971:Warp drive 5926:Multiverse 5916:Hyperspace 5805:Biological 5689:Television 5653:Publishers 5631:Literature 5530:Multimedia 5446:Prometheus 5381:Grand Prix 5296:Astounding 5160:Australian 5065:Dieselpunk 5030:Underwater 4829:Golden Age 4332:References 4321:2021-08-24 4297:2022-07-28 4273:2006-04-28 4156:10 January 4129:10 January 4103:10 January 4069:10 January 4019:2023-12-12 3984:10 January 3961:10 January 3938:10 January 3915:10 January 3889:10 January 3863:10 January 3836:10 January 3765:10 January 3672:2023-12-12 3647:2023-12-11 3588:2023-12-12 3554:2023-12-08 3425:1503.05043 3304:30 January 3278:30 January 3252:30 January 2978:2009-06-10 2956:2009-06-18 2791:2023-12-07 2557:2023-04-13 2475:2023-03-17 2392:2023-03-14 2223:1560916095 2202:Fogg, 1996 1873:2022-11-14 1699:H.G. 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