751:
areas defending a limited territory, and in exploded lekking, displaying males are covered over an expansive land area and share larger territories. Male grouse can also compete with one another for access to female grouse through territoriality, in which a male defends a territory which has resources that females need, like food and nest sites. These differences in male behavior in mating systems account for the evolution of body size in grouse. Males of territorial species were smaller than those of exploded lekking species, and males of typical lekking species were the largest overall. The male birds that exhibit lekking behavior, and have to compete with other males for females to choose them, have greater sexual dimorphism in size. This suggests the hypothesis of sexual selection affecting male body size and also gives an explanation for why some species of grouse have a more drastic difference between male and female body size than others.
732:. Male grouse tend to be larger than female grouse, which seems to hold true across all the species of grouse, with some difference within each species in terms of how drastic the size difference is. The hypothesis with the most supporting evidence for the evolution of sexual dimorphism in grouse is sexual selection. Sexual selection favors large males; stronger selection for larger size in males leads to greater size dimorphism. Female size will increase correspondingly as male size increases, and this is due to heredity (but not to the extent of the male size). This is because females that are smaller will still be able to reproduce without a substantial disadvantage, but this is not the case with males. The largest among the male grouse (commonly dubbed 'Biggrouse') attract the greatest numbers of females during their mating seasons.
636:, but may replace it if the eggs are lost. She begins to lay about a week after mating and lays one egg every day or two; the clutch comprises five to 12 eggs. The eggs have the shape of hen's eggs and are pale yellow, sparsely spotted with brown. On laying the second-last or last egg, the female starts 21 to 28 days of incubation. Chicks hatch in dense, yellow-brown down and leave the nest immediately. They soon develop feathers and can fly shortly before they are two weeks old. The female (and the male in the willow grouse) stays with them and protects them until their first autumn, when they reach their mature weights (except in the male
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behavior, which is when many males come together in one area and put on displays to attract females. Females selectively choose among the males present for traits they find more appealing. Male grouse exhibit two types: typical lekking and exploded lekking. In typical lekking, males display in small
502:(the largest of the traditional grouse). Like many other galliforms, males often sport incredibly elaborate ornamentation, such as crests, fan-tails, and inflatable, brightly colored patches of bare skin. Many grouse have feathered nostrils, and some species, such as the
435:
are closely allied with grouse, but they have traditionally been excluded from
Tetraonini, often placed in their own tribe, subfamily, or family; certain more modern treatments also exclude them. Later phylogenomic analyses demonstrated conclusively that they are
506:, have legs which are entirely covered in feathers; in winter the toes, too, have feathers or small scales on the sides, an adaptation for walking on snow and burrowing into it for shelter. Unlike many other galliforms, they typically have no
759:
Sexual size dimorphism can manifest itself differently between grouse and other birds. In some cases, the female is dominant over the male in breeding behavior, which can result in females that are larger than the males.
625:, give vocalizations that vary widely between species, and may engage in other activities, such as drumming or fluttering their wings, rattling their tails, and making display flights. Occasionally, males fight.
578:) are the most social, forming flocks of up to 100 in winter. All grouse spend most of their time on the ground, though when alarmed, they may take off in a flurry and go into a long glide.
687:
The three tundra species have maintained their former numbers. The prairie and forest species have declined greatly because of habitat loss, though popular game birds such as the
498:
toms are the largest grouse species, attaining lengths of 130 cm (50 in) and weighing up to 10 kg (22 lb). Male grouse are larger than females, and can be twice as heavy in the
522:, leaves, and twigs—which typically accounts for over 95% of adults' food by weight. Thus, their diets vary greatly with the seasons. Hatchlings eat mostly insects and other
668:
in the Arctic and
Subarctic. Their numbers may fall sharply in years of bad weather or high predator populations—significant grouse populations are a major food source for
2047:
Traditionally excluded, but recent phylogenomic data have suggested a close alliance; these species can thus be regarded as basal
Tetraonini, but treatment still varies.
5727:
8377:
1473:
8416:
715:, and some national and regional populations are also in danger. The wild turkey precipitously declined before returning to abundance, even in developed areas.
456:
Like many other galliforms, grouse are generally heavily-built birds. The traditional grouse (excluding turkeys) range in length from 31 to 95 cm (12 to
8485:
8104:
526:, gradually reducing their proportion of animal food to adult levels. Several of the forest-living species are notable for eating large quantities of
8364:
1959:
Soulsbury, Carl D; Kervinen, Matti; Lebigre, Christophe (2014). "Sexual size dimorphism and the strength of sexual selection in mammals and birds".
8390:
5722:
1550:
374:
7916:
2196:
2111:
1687:
1627:
7921:
1730:"Role of sexual and natural selection in evolution of body size and shape: a phylogenetic study of morphological radiation in grouse"
300:
366:
1170:
5266:
6889:
4111:
2166:
1833:"Sorting out relationships among the grouse and ptarmigan using intron, mitochondrial, and ultra-conserved element sequences"
8395:
6855:
2436:
1542:
1978:
Mueller, H. C. "The
Evolution of Reversed Sexual Dimorphism in Owls: An Empirical Analysis of Possible Selective Factors".
8403:
4131:
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862:
421:
8203:
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1011:
1504:
8066:
7926:
5712:
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1364:
788:, and hunters kill millions each year for food, sport, and other uses. In the United Kingdom, this takes the form of
81:
8480:
8421:
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6975:
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3791:
3204:
581:
Most species stay within their breeding range all year, but make short seasonal movements; many individuals of the
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1831:
Persons, Nicholas W.; Hosner, Peter A.; Meiklejohn, Kelly A.; Braun, Edward L.; Kimball, Rebecca T. (2016).
1294:
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712:
700:
275:
31:
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and in some species, brightly colored inflatable sacs on the sides of their necks. The males display their
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168:
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5702:
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5534:
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5259:
5209:
5089:
4679:
3771:
3394:
3299:
3179:
2956:
2921:
2371:
2361:
1980:
1106:
1036:
804:. Folk dances from the Alps to the North American prairies imitate the displays of lekking males.
417:
405:
389:
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291:
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7758:
7559:
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species flock only in autumn and winter, though individuals tolerate each other when they meet.
8447:
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901:
729:
665:
610:
362:
8382:
8319:
8434:
8223:
8124:
8018:
8013:
7522:
7434:
7360:
7345:
7295:
6477:
5619:
5291:
4844:
4599:
4579:
4285:
4066:
3711:
3701:
3404:
3364:
2836:
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2569:
2520:
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2160:
1939:
1844:
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1488:
1427:
1326:
1186:
887:
848:
839:
606:
602:
441:
340:
312:
1260:
640:). They are sexually mature the following spring, but often do not mate until later years.
8470:
8159:
8061:
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7444:
7285:
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2007:
Storrs L. Olson; John
Farrand, Jr. (1974). "Rhegminornis restudies: a tiny Miocene turkey"
1246:
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832:
708:
648:
347:
333:
1898:
632:
on the ground—often in cover—with a scanty lining of plant material. The female lays one
440:
to the traditionally-defined grouse, and they, along with the somewhat earlier-diverging
1474:"A classification of the grouse (Aves: Tetroninae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences"
8129:
8006:
8001:
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7340:
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2744:
2391:
2322:
2283:
1664:
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1215:
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is listed as "endangered". Some subspecies, such as
Attwater's prairie chicken and the
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3957:
3922:
2896:
2625:
2550:
2481:
2099:
1998:
Larry D. Martin; James Tate, Jr. (1970). "A new turkey from the
Pliocene of Nebraska"
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633:
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586:
432:
296:
46:
1500:
1416:"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths"
448:
members of the
Tetraonini). This is reflected in some more recent circumscriptions.
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210:
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have benefited from habitat management. Most grouse species are listed by the
688:
531:
393:
240:
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1944:
1927:
1439:
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4890:
4805:
3830:
3230:
2988:
2852:
2313:
2096:
Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 2. New World
Vultures to Guineafowl
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555:
551:
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503:
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93:
2017:
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17:
1781:"turkeys, grouse, pheasants, and partridges articles-Encyclopedia of Life"
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1414:
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01).
796:'s tail feathers are a traditional ornament for hats in areas such as
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5574:
5336:
2174:
728:
The phenotypic difference between males and females is called
673:
321:
2144:"Etho-Ecological Apects of Hybridization in the Tetraonidae"
1472:
Gutiérrez, R. J.; Barrowclough, G. F.; Groth, J. G. (2000).
613:
on the ground at dawn and dusk, which in some are given in
315:
6867:
1926:
Fiske, Peder; Rintamaki, Pekka; Karvonen, Eevi (1998).
1899:"Turkey Records - The National Wild Turkey Federation"
2094:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
1595:"Phasianidae: Turkeys, Grouse, Pheasants, Partridges"
664:
Grouse make up a considerable part of the vertebrate
324:
2579:
1084:
510:, although turkeys do possess very prominent spurs.
318:
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1618:Rands, Michael R.W. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
1928:"Mating success in lekking males: a meta-analysis"
1728:Drovetski, S. V.; Rohwer, S.; Mode, N. A. (2006).
1663:
1522:"AOU Checklist of North and Middle American Birds"
534:refuse. To digest vegetable food, grouse have big
470: in), and in weight from 0.3 to 6.5 kg (
699:as "least concern" or "near threatened", but the
617:. The displays feature males' brightly colored
6883:
5260:
2190:
8:
1467:
1465:
542:, eat grit to break up food, and have long
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1873:"Turkey Description, Habitat, & Facts"
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1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1571:"Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List"
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1921:
1919:
816:
2033:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1622:. London: Merehurst Press. p. 91.
1551:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1401:
518:Grouse feed mainly on vegetation—buds,
346:. Grouse are presently assigned to the
2124:. The Upland Hunter. 1 September 2017.
1775:
1773:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1588:
1586:
585:(called rock ptarmigan in the US) and
1837:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1662:Storch, Ilse; Bendell, J. F. (2003).
1420:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
444:, may be treated as grouse (i.e., as
375:International Ornithological Congress
365:sequence studies, and applied by the
7:
6826:
1409:
1407:
1405:
628:The nest is a shallow depression or
589:(called willow ptarmigan in the US)
6850:
707:are listed as "vulnerable" and the
8486:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
2148:World Pheasant Association Journal
25:
5728:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1675:The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
494: lb). If they are included,
361:), a classification supported by
301:Kortright Centre for Conservation
8259:
8258:
8247:
6974:
6968:
6849:
6837:
6825:
6814:
6813:
6704:(New World vultures and condors)
1747:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01097.x
1524:. American Ornithologists' Union
1259:
1049:
755:Contrast with other bird species
311:
80:
5237:185 living species in 32 genera
2138:on the Internet Bird Collection
1734:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1620:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
609:. Many species have elaborate
4112:Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant
2167:New International Encyclopedia
367:American Ornithologists' Union
332:are a group of birds from the
1:
7917:Countries by meat consumption
2967:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
2092:"Family Tetraonidae (Grouse)"
1961:Evolutionary Ecology Research
1807:"Phasianidae Horsfield, 1821"
1116:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
568:species are more social, and
8204:Non-vegetarian food in India
7922:Countries by meat production
3983:Chestnut-necklaced partridge
2018:"BioLib: Biological library"
601:In all but one species (the
7927:Food and drink prohibitions
6768:(woodpeckers and relatives)
3642:Chestnut-breasted partridge
2437:Szechenyi's monal-partridge
1850:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.003
1432:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091
1365:Proagriocharis kimballensis
8502:
6966:
6630:(cormorants and relatives)
5723:Extinct species since 1500
4132:Germain's peacock-pheasant
3792:Chestnut-bellied partridge
2995:Attwater's prairie chicken
2427:Verreaux's monal-partridge
1678:. Firefly Books. pp.
1102:Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
1076:Attwater's prairie chicken
739:
530:needles, which most other
422:Attwater's prairie chicken
29:
8242:
7969:Psychology of eating meat
7513:Black soldier fly maggots
6809:
6760:(kingfishers and rollers)
6614:(albatrosses and petrels)
6498:(swifts and hummingbirds)
6480:(nightjars and relatives)
6330:
6304:(pheasants and relatives)
5862:
5831:
5770:
5766:
5755:
5751:
5287:
5235:
4211:Mountain bamboo partridge
4142:Mountain peacock-pheasant
3837:
3823:
3692:Chestnut-headed partridge
3662:Rufous-throated partridge
3652:White-necklaced partridge
3530:Udzungwa forest partridge
3506:
3492:
2802:Black-billed capercaillie
2258:
2244:
2212:
1599:Aves – A taxonomy in flux
1277:Black-billed capercaillie
1041:Centrocercus urophasianus
736:Mating behavior selection
271:
264:
183:
176:
77:Scientific classification
75:
70:Centrocercus urophasianus
63:
54:
41:
8042:Beef hormone controversy
6659:(seriemas and relatives)
6638:(pelicans and relatives)
4436:White-throated francolin
4221:Chinese bamboo partridge
4172:Bornean peacock-pheasant
4162:Malayan peacock-pheasant
4122:Palawan peacock-pheasant
4032:Crimson-headed partridge
3863:Vietnamese crested argus
2640:C. canadensis franklinii
1843:. Elsevier BV: 123–132.
1111:Tympanuchus phasianellus
593:hundreds of kilometers.
353:(formerly the subfamily
6752:(hornbills and hoopoes)
6667:(falcons and relatives)
5130:Double-spurred spurfowl
5010:Chestnut-naped spurfowl
4990:Mount Cameroon spurfowl
4231:Taiwan bamboo partridge
4152:Hainan peacock-pheasant
3802:Grey-breasted partridge
3742:Orange-necked partridge
3722:White-cheeked partridge
3520:Rubeho forest partridge
3205:Lady Amherst's pheasant
2979:Greater prairie chicken
2790:Cantabrian capercaillie
2073:Extinct species, early
1877:Encyclopedia Britannica
1295:Cantabrian capercaillie
1251:Falcipennis falcipennis
1067:Greater prairie chicken
993:Dendragapus fuliginosus
776:in the coat of arms of
713:Cantabrian capercaillie
32:Grouse (disambiguation)
8067:Water holding capacity
6736:(trogons and quetzals)
6548:(cranes and relatives)
5818:(emus and cassowaries)
5708:Glossary of bird terms
5520:Confuciusornithiformes
5200:Grey-breasted spurfowl
5190:Yellow-necked spurfowl
5120:Hildebrandt's spurfowl
5020:Black-fronted spurfowl
4825:Przevalski's partridge
4521:Orange River francolin
3993:Green-legged partridge
3752:Red-breasted partridge
3320:Tibetan eared pheasant
3007:Lesser prairie chicken
2755:White-tailed ptarmigan
2142:Johnsgard, P. (1982).
2056:Extinct species, late
1945:10.1093/beheco/9.4.328
1382:Rhegminornis calobates
1207:White-tailed ptarmigan
1099:Lesser prairie chicken
790:driven grouse shooting
781:
719:Sexual size dimorphism
705:lesser prairie chicken
661:
304:
8443:Paleobiology Database
8052:Feed conversion ratio
7954:Ethics of eating meat
6577:(kagu and sunbittern)
6540:(gulls and relatives)
5545:Songlingornithiformes
5510:Omnivoropterygiformes
5160:Clapperton's spurfowl
5070:Grey-striped spurfowl
4511:Grey-winged francolin
4471:Ring-necked francolin
4266:Sri Lankan junglefowl
4102:Grey peacock-pheasant
3873:Malayan crested argus
3553:Ferruginous partridge
3435:Hoogerwerf's pheasant
3046:Long-billed partridge
2122:"What Do Grouse Eat?"
2090:De Juana, E. (1994).
1331:Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi
952:Canachites canadensis
771:
651:
572:species (ptarmigans,
294:
8105:Environmental impact
6399:Phoenicopteriformes
5050:Swierstra's spurfowl
4961:) (possibly extinct)
4875:Red-legged partridge
4725:Madagascar partridge
4481:Red-winged francolin
4446:Schlegel's francolin
3732:Bar-backed partridge
3672:Red-billed partridge
3425:Salvadori's pheasant
3330:Brown eared pheasant
3310:White eared pheasant
3150:Mrs. Hume's pheasant
2780:Western capercaillie
1785:Encyclopedia of Life
1670:Perrins, Christopher
1493:10.2981/wlb.2000.017
1286:Western capercaillie
1032:Centrocercus minimus
1002:Dendragapus obscurus
746:Male grouse display
546:with well-developed
500:western capercaillie
30:For other uses, see
6370:Mesitornithiformes
6364:(doves and pigeons)
5698:Families and orders
5560:Ichthyornithiformes
5535:Patagopterygiformes
5210:Red-necked spurfowl
5180:Swainson's spurfowl
5090:Red-billed spurfowl
4980:Hartlaub's spurfowl
4680:Snow Mountain quail
4531:Shelley's francolin
3395:Vietnamese pheasant
3300:Blue eared pheasant
2957:Sharp-tailed grouse
2922:Greater sage-grouse
2402:Temminck's tragopan
1981:The Wilson Bulletin
1281:Tetrao urogalloides
1161:Tetrastes sewerzowi
1107:Sharp-tailed grouse
1037:Greater sage-grouse
883:Meleagris gallopavo
853:Pucrasia macrolopha
843:– koklass pheasant
724:Male size selection
390:Northern Hemisphere
8229:Warmed-over flavor
7997:Semi-vegetarianism
6712:(eagles and hawks)
6612:Procellariiformes
6517:Opisthocomiformes
6486:Steatornithiformes
5713:List by population
5550:Hongshanornithidae
5475:Evolution of birds
5170:Harwood's spurfowl
5150:Heuglin's spurfowl
5080:Jackson's spurfowl
4930:Manipur bush quail
4920:Painted bush quail
4855:Philby's partridge
4590:Himalayan snowcock
4570:Caucasian snowcock
4501:Moorland francolin
4491:Finsch's francolin
4311:Latham's francolin
4176:P. schleiermacheri
4077:Sri Lanka spurfowl
3782:Sumatran partridge
3467:Swinhoe's pheasant
3389:L. erythrophthalma
3385:Crestless fireback
2583:Californian turkey
1932:Behavioral Ecology
1071:Tympanuchus cupido
892:Meleagris ocellata
782:
662:
611:courtship displays
514:Feeding and habits
305:
8481:Bird common names
8458:
8457:
8430:Open Tree of Life
8282:Taxon identifiers
8273:
8272:
7940:
7939:
6865:
6864:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6598:(loons or divers)
6567:Phaethontiformes
6559:Phaethontimorphae
6509:Opisthocomiformes
6478:Caprimulgiformes
6418:
6417:
6407:Podicipediformes
6326:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6044:
6043:
5827:
5826:
5784:Struthioniformes
5652:Waterfowl hunting
5585:Gastornithiformes
5580:Aepyornithiformes
5570:Lithornithiformes
5242:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5154:P. icterorhynchus
5074:P. griseostriatus
5040:Djibouti spurfowl
5030:Erckel's spurfowl
5014:P. castaneicollis
5000:Handsome spurfowl
4924:P. erythrorhyncha
4900:Jungle bush quail
4865:Barbary partridge
4815:Arabian partridge
4635:See-see partridge
4544:
4543:
4401:Chinese francolin
4391:Painted francolin
4336:Crested francolin
4185:
4184:
4006:
4005:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3762:Malayan partridge
3682:Siamese partridge
3632:Sichuan partridge
3576:Crested partridge
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3439:L. i. hoogerwerfi
3415:Imperial pheasant
3375:Edward's pheasant
3355:Bulwer's pheasant
3140:Elliot's pheasant
3115:Tibetan partridge
3105:Daurian partridge
3069:
3068:
3020:
3019:
3011:T. pallidicinctus
2971:T. p. columbianus
2794:T. u. cantabricus
2636:Franklin's grouse
2596:
2595:
2534:
2533:
2495:
2494:
2386:T. melanocephalus
2336:
2335:
2297:
2296:
2113:978-84-87334-15-3
1689:978-1-55297-777-4
1629:978-1-85391-186-6
1347:
1346:
1299:T. u. cantabricus
1152:Tetrastes bonasia
1120:T. p. columbianus
1061:– prairie grouse
957:Franklin's grouse
730:sexual dimorphism
363:mitochondrial DNA
289:
288:
284:
279:
172:
16:(Redirected from
8493:
8451:
8450:
8438:
8437:
8425:
8424:
8412:
8411:
8409:NBNSYS0000172131
8399:
8398:
8386:
8385:
8373:
8372:
8360:
8359:
8347:
8346:
8334:
8333:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8277:
8262:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8224:Roadkill cuisine
8019:Meat alternative
8014:Plant-based diet
7932:Meat substitutes
7827:
6978:
6972:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6869:
6853:
6852:
6841:
6829:
6828:
6817:
6816:
6769:
6761:
6753:
6745:
6742:Leptosomiformes
6737:
6729:
6721:
6713:
6710:Accipitriformes
6705:
6684:
6683:(perching birds)
6676:
6668:
6660:
6639:
6631:
6623:
6615:
6607:
6604:Sphenisciformes
6599:
6578:
6570:
6549:
6541:
6538:Charadriiformes
6520:
6499:
6481:
6460:
6452:
6449:Musophagiformes
6444:
6429:
6410:
6402:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6305:
6292:
6070:
6066:
6059:
5972:
5965:
5929:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5864:
5860:
5833:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5772:
5768:
5757:
5753:
5620:Bird collections
5575:Dinornithiformes
5480:Darwin's finches
5470:Origin of flight
5410:Seabird breeding
5400:Sexual selection
5269:
5262:
5255:
5246:
4845:Chukar partridge
4819:A. melanocephala
4754:C. coromandelica
4639:A. griseogularis
4600:Tibetan snowcock
4580:Caspian snowcock
4556:
4350:O. pondicerianus
4286:Green junglefowl
4197:
4067:Painted spurfowl
4018:
3849:
3839:
3825:
3772:Roll's partridge
3736:A. brunneopectus
3712:Taiwan partridge
3702:Hainan partridge
3676:A.a rubrirostris
3508:
3494:
3405:Crested fireback
3365:Siamese fireback
3279:Catreus wallichi
3180:Reeve's pheasant
3081:
3032:
2841:L. mlokosiewiczi
2837:Caucasian grouse
2723:Willow ptarmigan
2612:
2581:
2570:Ocellated turkey
2546:
2521:Koklass pheasant
2507:
2382:Western tragopan
2372:Cabot's tragopan
2362:Blyth's tragopan
2348:
2309:
2270:
2260:
2246:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2125:
2117:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1740:(4): 1083–1091.
1725:
1694:
1693:
1667:
1659:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1503:. Archived from
1481:Wildlife Biology
1478:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1411:
1327:Caucasian grouse
1313:
1290:Tetrao urogallus
1263:
1232:
1187:Willow ptarmigan
1173:
1134:
1086:
1053:
1014:
975:
961:C. c. franklinii
934:
912:– ruffed grouse
904:
888:Ocellated turkey
865:
849:Koklass pheasant
835:
817:
603:willow ptarmigan
554:bacteria digest
493:
492:
488:
485:
479:
478:
474:
469:
468:
464:
461:
442:koklass pheasant
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
282:
274:
167:
85:
84:
59:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8446:
8441:
8433:
8428:
8420:
8415:
8407:
8402:
8394:
8389:
8381:
8376:
8368:
8363:
8355:
8350:
8342:
8337:
8329:
8327:
8318:
8317:
8312:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8284:
8274:
8269:
8254:Food portal
8246:
8238:
8160:Case-ready meat
8142:
8136:
8110:Factory farming
8071:
8028:
7980:
7946:
7936:
7905:
7818:
7575:
7569:
7494:
7399:
7390:
7212:
7092:
7063:Lamb and mutton
6979:
6973:
6964:
6901:
6896:
6866:
6861:
6773:
6767:
6759:
6751:
6750:Bucerotiformes
6744:(cuckoo-roller)
6743:
6735:
6727:
6719:
6711:
6703:
6702:Cathartiformes
6688:
6682:
6674:
6673:Psittaciformes
6666:
6658:
6643:
6637:
6636:Pelecaniformes
6629:
6621:
6613:
6605:
6597:
6582:
6576:
6575:Eurypygiformes
6568:
6553:
6547:
6539:
6524:
6518:
6503:
6497:
6479:
6464:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6414:
6408:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6378:Pterocliformes
6371:
6363:
6314:
6303:
6290:
6275:
6199:
6158:
6096:
6061:
6060:
6053:
6052:
6040:
6020:
5993:
5970:
5963:
5923:
5922:
5910:
5909:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5823:
5817:
5816:Casuariiformes
5809:
5808:Apterygiformes
5801:
5793:
5785:
5762:
5747:
5718:Lists by region
5686:
5596:
5589:
5530:Chaoyangiformes
5515:Jeholornithidae
5489:
5453:Origin of birds
5439:
5420:Brood parasites
5366:
5296:
5283:
5273:
5243:
5238:
5219:
5134:P. bicalcaratus
5124:P. hildebrandti
5060:Ahanta spurfowl
4994:P. camerunensis
4964:
4959:O. superciliosa
4955:Himalayan quail
4939:
4934:P. manipurensis
4910:Rock bush quail
4884:
4799:
4760:Harlequin quail
4734:
4729:M. madagarensis
4709:
4674:S. ypsilophorus
4654:
4619:
4594:T. himalayensis
4540:
4485:S. levaillantii
4475:S. streptophora
4455:
4426:Coqui francolin
4410:
4381:Black francolin
4365:
4356:Swamp francolin
4320:
4295:
4276:Grey junglefowl
4240:
4181:
4106:P. bicalcaratum
4086:
4041:
4036:H. sanguiniceps
4013:Polyplectronini
4002:
3967:
3932:
3907:
3882:
3833:
3811:
3716:A. crudigularis
3608:
3599:Black partridge
3585:
3562:
3539:
3534:X. udzungwensis
3502:
3476:
3457:Silver pheasant
3451:L. leucomelanos
3339:
3314:C. crossoptilon
3284:
3259:
3240:Common pheasant
3224:
3215:Golden pheasant
3189:
3174:S. soemmerringi
3170:Copper pheasant
3160:Mikado pheasant
3124:
3065:
3056:Dulit partridge
3050:R. longirostris
3016:
2999:T. c. attwateri
2961:T. phasianellus
2941:
2932:Gunnison grouse
2926:C. urophasianus
2906:
2881:
2846:
2811:
2806:T. urogalloides
2764:
2707:
2672:
2663:Siberian grouse
2647:
2605:
2592:
2530:
2491:
2472:Sclater's monal
2462:Himalayan monal
2446:
2411:
2332:
2293:
2254:
2240:
2208:
2203:
2158:
2141:
2132:
2120:
2114:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1787:. 27 April 2013
1779:
1778:
1771:
1727:
1726:
1697:
1690:
1661:
1660:
1637:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1352:
1271:– capercaillies
1247:Siberian grouse
1241:Siberian grouse
1211:Lagopus leucura
1191:Lagopus lagopus
1142:– hazel grouse
1080:T. c. attwateri
1028:Gunnison grouse
942:– spruce grouse
922:Bonasa umbellus
826:Extant Species
815:
810:
766:
757:
744:
738:
726:
721:
709:Gunnison grouse
646:
599:
516:
490:
486:
483:
481:
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
388:regions of the
380:Grouse inhabit
377:, and others.
357:and the family
314:
310:
280:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
166:
79:
68:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8499:
8497:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8463:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8439:
8426:
8413:
8400:
8387:
8374:
8361:
8348:
8335:
8325:
8310:
8294:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8280:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8265:Category: Meat
8256:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8157:
8152:
8146:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8130:Slaughterhouse
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:Pollotarianism
8004:
8002:Pescetarianism
7994:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7824:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7664:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6872:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6763:
6758:Coraciiformes
6755:
6747:
6739:
6734:Trogoniformes
6731:
6723:
6715:
6707:
6698:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6681:Passeriformes
6678:
6670:
6665:Falconiformes
6662:
6657:Cariamiformes
6653:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6620:Ciconiiformes
6617:
6609:
6601:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6572:
6563:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6543:
6534:
6532:
6530:Cursorimorphae
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6513:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6474:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6454:
6446:
6437:
6435:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6395:
6393:
6391:Mirandornithes
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6375:
6367:
6362:Columbiformes
6358:
6356:
6354:Columbimorphae
6347:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6299:
6294:
6289:Meleagridinae
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6207:
6205:Odontophoridae
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5984:Stictonettinae
5981:
5979:Dendrocygninae
5976:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5932:
5930:
5913:
5900:
5857:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5780:
5778:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5732:Notable birds
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5682:Egg collecting
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:Hesperornithes
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5540:Ambiortiformes
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:Enantiornithes
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5194:P. leucoscepus
5187:
5177:
5167:
5164:P. clappertoni
5157:
5147:
5140:Scaly spurfowl
5137:
5127:
5117:
5110:Natal spurfowl
5107:
5097:
5087:
5077:
5067:
5057:
5047:
5044:P. ochropectus
5037:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4907:
4896:
4894:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4862:
4852:
4842:
4835:Rock partridge
4832:
4822:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4780:Japanese quail
4777:
4767:
4764:C. delegorguei
4757:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4687:
4684:S. monorthonyx
4677:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4645:Sand partridge
4642:
4631:
4629:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4610:Altai snowcock
4607:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4566:
4564:
4553:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4440:C. albogularis
4433:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4405:F. pintadeanus
4398:
4388:
4385:F. francolinus
4377:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4346:Grey francolin
4343:
4332:
4330:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4307:
4305:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4256:Red junglefowl
4252:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4218:
4207:
4205:
4194:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4149:
4139:
4129:
4119:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4081:G. bicalcarata
4074:
4064:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4026:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3979:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3948:Indian peafowl
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3859:
3857:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3726:A. atrogularis
3719:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3669:
3666:A. rufogularis
3659:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3622:Hill partridge
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3516:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3447:Kalij pheasant
3444:
3443:
3442:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3399:L. hatinhensis
3392:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3334:C.mantchuricum
3327:
3317:
3307:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:Cheer pheasant
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:Green pheasant
3247:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3095:Grey partridge
3091:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:Chinese grouse
2869:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2745:Rock ptarmigan
2742:
2741:
2740:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2702:D. fuliginosus
2695:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2667:F. falcipennis
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2587:M. californica
2577:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2543:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2392:Satyr tragopan
2389:
2379:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:Blood pheasant
2319:
2317:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:Snow partridge
2280:
2278:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2161:"Grouse"
2156:
2139:
2131:
2130:External links
2128:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2049:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1970:
1951:
1938:(4): 328–338.
1915:
1890:
1864:
1823:
1798:
1769:
1695:
1688:
1635:
1628:
1610:
1582:
1562:
1534:
1513:
1510:on 2015-03-27.
1487:(4): 205–212.
1461:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1358:Proagriocharis
1351:
1350:Extinct genera
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:Lyrurus tetrix
1333:
1322:
1321:– black grouse
1314:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1283:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1216:Rock ptarmigan
1213:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1157:Chinese grouse
1154:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1023:
1022:– sage grouse
1015:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
984:
983:– blue grouse
976:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
943:
935:
927:
926:
925:
924:
913:
905:
897:
896:
895:
894:
885:
874:
866:
858:
857:
856:
855:
844:
836:
828:
827:
824:
821:
814:
811:
809:
806:
765:
762:
756:
753:
740:Main article:
737:
734:
725:
722:
720:
717:
645:
642:
598:
595:
515:
512:
453:
450:
410:rock ptarmigan
287:
286:
269:
268:
262:
261:
181:
180:
174:
173:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
61:
60:
52:
51:
44:
27:Tribe of birds
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8498:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8300:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8278:
8266:
8257:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8172:Cultured meat
8170:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8139:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8077:Meat industry
8074:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7992:Vegetarianism
7990:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7964:Animal rights
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7943:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7823:List articles
7821:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7724:Luncheon meat
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7321:Pacific saury
7319:
7317:
7316:Orange roughy
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6858:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6770:
6764:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6718:Strigiformes
6716:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6569:(tropicbirds)
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6491:Podargiformes
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6441:Cuculiformes
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6139:Macrocephalon
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6026:Anseranatidae
6023:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:Tinamiformes
5798:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5776:Palaeognathae
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Pigeon racing
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:Archaeopteryx
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5234:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5204:P. rufopictus
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5184:P. swainsonii
5181:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5114:P. natalensis
5111:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5100:Cape spurfowl
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5064:P. ahantensis
5061:
5058:
5055:
5054:P. swierstrai
5051:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4794:C. pectoralis
4791:
4790:Stubble quail
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:Margaroperdix
4712:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4574:T. caucasicus
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4525:S. gutturalis
4522:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:S. psilolaema
4502:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4450:C. schlegelii
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:G. sonneratii
4277:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4225:B. thoracicus
4222:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:P. katsumatae
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:P. inopinatum
4143:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4009:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:T. charltonii
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:Tropicoperdix
3970:
3963:
3959:
3958:Green peafowl
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3923:Congo peafowl
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3877:R. nigrescens
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3807:
3806:A. orientalis
3803:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3756:A. hyperythra
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:A. cambodiana
3693:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:A. rufipectus
3633:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:X. obscuratus
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3461:L. nycthemera
3458:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3419:L. imperialis
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3254:P. versicolor
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:C. amherstiae
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3119:P. hodgsoniae
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3061:
3060:R. dulitensis
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2897:Ruffed grouse
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2737:L. l. scotica
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:C. canadensis
2627:
2626:Spruce grouse
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2526:
2525:P. macrolopha
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2482:Chinese monal
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2441:T. szechenyii
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2406:T. temminckii
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2136:Grouse videos
2134:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:Lynx Edicions
2098:. Barcelona:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:(3): 387–406.
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:L. l. scotica
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:– ptarmigans
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
970:
969:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
949:
948:Spruce grouse
946:
945:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
929:
928:
923:
919:
918:Ruffed grouse
916:
915:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
899:
898:
893:
889:
886:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
818:
813:Extant genera
812:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
775:
774:willow grouse
770:
763:
761:
754:
752:
749:
743:
735:
733:
731:
723:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:ruffed grouse
690:
685:
683:
682:birds of prey
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
655:
654:ruffed grouse
650:
643:
641:
639:
638:capercaillies
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:), males are
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
587:willow grouse
584:
579:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:invertebrates
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
329:
309:
302:
299:found at the
298:
297:ruffed grouse
293:
285:
277:
270:
267:
263:
260:
259:and see text
257:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
224:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
206:
201:
200:
195:
194:
189:
188:
182:
179:
175:
170:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
47:Early Miocene
40:
37:
33:
19:
8289:
8194:Mystery meat
8150:Arachnophagy
8090:Branch house
8057:Preservation
8034:Meat science
7985:Alternatives
7974:Meat paradox
7896:Smoked foods
7535:Grasshoppers
7480:Sea cucumber
7475:Shrimp/prawn
6854:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6728:(mousebirds)
6726:Coliiformes
6596:Gaviiformes
6588:Aequornithes
6496:Apodiformes
6457:Otidiformes
6433:Otidimorphae
6380:(sandgrouse)
6309:
6302:Phasianinae
6268:
6261:
6254:
6249:Odontophorus
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6087:Oreophasinae
6033:
6013:
6006:
5911:(waterfowls)
5907:Anseriformes
5657:Cockfighting
5642:Conservation
5637:Bird feeding
5625:Birdwatching
5615:Ornithomancy
5555:Gansuiformes
5502:
5495:Fossil birds
5385:Intelligence
5213:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5163:
5153:
5144:P. squamatus
5143:
5133:
5123:
5113:
5103:
5094:P. adspersus
5093:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5024:P. atrifrons
5023:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4984:P. hartlaubi
4983:
4969:
4958:
4944:
4933:
4923:
4914:P. argoondah
4913:
4903:
4889:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4804:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4770:Common quail
4763:
4753:
4739:
4728:
4714:
4704:S. chinensis
4703:
4694:S. adansonii
4693:
4683:
4673:
4659:
4648:
4638:
4624:
4613:
4604:T. tibetanus
4603:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4561:Tetraogallus
4559:
4534:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4460:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4417:Campocolinus
4415:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4370:
4359:
4349:
4339:
4325:
4314:
4300:
4289:
4279:
4270:G. lafayetii
4269:
4259:
4245:
4235:B. sonorivox
4234:
4224:
4214:
4200:
4175:
4166:P. malacense
4165:
4155:
4145:
4135:
4125:
4116:P. chalcurum
4115:
4105:
4093:Polyplectron
4091:
4080:
4070:
4060:
4057:Red spurfowl
4046:
4035:
4021:
3997:T. chloropus
3996:
3986:
3972:
3961:
3952:P. cristatus
3951:
3937:
3927:A. congensis
3926:
3912:
3901:
3887:
3876:
3866:
3852:
3805:
3795:
3786:A. sumatrana
3785:
3775:
3766:A. campbelli
3765:
3755:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3646:A. mandellii
3645:
3635:
3626:A. torqueola
3625:
3602:
3591:Melanoperdix
3579:
3556:
3533:
3523:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3344:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3303:
3291:Crossoptilon
3289:
3278:
3264:
3253:
3244:P. colchicus
3243:
3229:
3218:
3208:
3196:Chrysolophus
3194:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3129:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3084:
3059:
3049:
3035:
3027:Rhizotherini
3010:
2998:
2982:
2970:
2960:
2946:
2935:
2925:
2913:Centrocercus
2911:
2900:
2886:
2876:T. sewerzowi
2875:
2865:
2862:Hazel grouse
2851:
2840:
2830:
2827:Black grouse
2816:
2805:
2793:
2784:T. urogallus
2783:
2769:
2758:
2748:
2736:
2726:
2712:
2701:
2698:Sooty grouse
2691:
2688:Dusky grouse
2677:
2666:
2652:
2639:
2629:
2615:
2606:
2586:
2573:
2564:M. gallopavo
2563:
2549:
2541:Meleagridini
2524:
2510:
2485:
2475:
2466:L. impejanus
2465:
2451:
2440:
2430:
2418:Tetraophasis
2416:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2351:
2343:Lophophorini
2326:
2312:
2287:
2273:
2165:
2151:
2147:
2095:
2069:
2052:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1935:
1931:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1879:. 4 May 1999
1876:
1867:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1737:
1733:
1674:
1619:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1593:Boyd, John.
1574:. Retrieved
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1544:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1516:
1505:the original
1484:
1480:
1423:
1419:
1380:
1375:Rhegminornis
1373:
1363:
1356:
1339:
1336:Black grouse
1330:
1316:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1266:
1250:
1235:
1220:Lagopus muta
1219:
1210:
1199:
1190:
1176:
1160:
1151:
1148:Hazel grouse
1137:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:T. c. cupido
1091:
1079:
1070:
1056:
1040:
1031:
1019:Centrocercus
1017:
1001:
998:Dusky grouse
992:
989:Sooty grouse
978:
960:
951:
937:
921:
907:
891:
882:
868:
852:
838:
794:black grouse
783:
758:
745:
727:
686:
663:
627:
600:
597:Reproduction
580:
573:
560:
517:
455:
430:
412:in northern
402:mountainside
394:pine forests
379:
358:
354:
350:
307:
306:
283:Vigors, 1825
281:Tetraoninae
273:Tetraonidae
272:
258:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
211:Centrocercus
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
184:
163:
69:
36:
8320:Tetraoninae
8314:Wikispecies
8290:Tetraoninae
8177:Entomophagy
8165:Meat diaper
8155:Cannibalism
7831:Meat dishes
7613:Charcuterie
7576:preparation
7560:Mopane worm
7550:Mezcal worm
6856:WikiProject
6766:Piciformes
6649:Australaves
6628:Suliformes
6546:Gruiformes
6401:(flamingos)
6310:Tetraoninae
6281:Phasianidae
6270:Rhynchortyx
6235:Dactylortyx
6102:Megapodidae
6092:Penelopinae
6050:Galliformes
5792:Rheiformes
5786:(ostriches)
5736:individuals
5610:Ornithology
5597:interaction
5352:Preen gland
5174:P. harwoodi
5104:P. capensis
5084:P. jacksoni
5034:P. erckelii
4904:P. asiatica
4784:C. japonica
4774:C. coturnix
4670:Brown quail
4614:T. altaicus
4551:Coturnicini
4535:S. shelleyi
4462:Scleroptila
4372:Francolinus
4340:O. sephaena
4202:Bambusicola
4136:P. germaini
4126:P. emphanum
4071:G. lunulata
4061:G. spadicea
4048:Galloperdix
4023:Haematortyx
3898:Great argus
3867:R. ocellata
3796:A. javanica
3614:Arborophila
3471:L. swinhoii
3429:L. inornata
3379:L. edwardsi
3109:P. dauurica
2948:Tympanuchus
2901:B. umbellus
2692:D. obscurus
2679:Dendragapus
2654:Falcipennis
2574:M. ocellata
2560:Wild turkey
2476:L. sclateri
2453:Lophophorus
2431:T. obscurus
2327:I. cruentus
2252:Phasianinae
2236:Galliformes
2206:Phasianidae
2102:. pp.
1545:Tetraoninae
1237:Falcipennis
1058:Tympanuchus
980:Dendragapus
879:Wild turkey
792:. The male
784:Grouse are
644:Populations
532:vertebrates
496:wild turkey
452:Description
359:Tetraonidae
355:Tetraoninae
344:Phasianidae
337:Galliformes
235:Falcipennis
223:Tympanuchus
217:Dendragapus
154:Phasianinae
150:Subfamily:
144:Phasianidae
134:Galliformes
66:sage grouse
18:Tetraonidae
8476:Tetraonini
8465:Categories
8234:White meat
8209:Pink slime
8187:Artificial
8062:Tenderness
7947:psychology
7945:Ethics and
7779:Salt-cured
7485:Sea urchin
7053:Guinea pig
6606:(penguins)
6459:(bustards)
6297:Perdicinae
6242:Dendrortyx
6214:Callipepla
6146:Megapodius
6111:Aepypodius
5989:Tadorninae
5971:true geese
5802:(tinamous)
5761:Neornithes
5672:Pheasantry
5647:Aviculture
5415:Incubation
5405:Lek mating
5004:P. nobilis
4971:Pternistis
4869:A. barbara
4859:A. philbyi
4750:Rain quail
4700:King quail
4690:Blue quail
4626:Ammoperdix
4584:T. caspius
4495:S. finschi
4360:O. gularis
4327:Ortygornis
4315:P. lathami
4302:Peliperdix
4215:B. fytchii
3962:P. muticus
3889:Argusianus
3854:Rheinardia
3829:Subfamily
3686:A. diversa
3656:A. gingica
3580:R. rouloul
3557:C. oculeus
3545:Caloperdix
3512:Xenoperdix
3500:Rollulinae
3498:Subfamily
3359:L. bulweri
3324:C. harmani
3304:C. auritum
3184:S. reevesi
3144:S. ellioti
3131:Syrmaticus
3076:Phasianini
3037:Rhizothera
2936:C. minimus
2866:T. bonasia
2759:L. leucura
2733:Red grouse
2727:L. lagopus
2617:Canachites
2603:Tetraonini
2502:Pucrasiini
2486:L. lhuysii
2366:T. blythii
2304:Ithaginini
2250:Subfamily
2060:and early
1604:2014-03-13
1576:2021-08-01
1556:2013-03-13
1528:2014-03-13
1426:: 107091.
1391:References
1196:Red grouse
939:Canachites
873:– turkeys
764:In culture
742:Lek mating
689:red grouse
607:polygamous
544:intestines
504:ptarmigans
351:Tetraonini
241:Canachites
164:Tetraonini
8125:Slaughter
8047:Drip loss
7769:Rillettes
7729:Marinated
7667:Forcemeat
7653:Fermented
7593:Barbecued
7565:Palm grub
7396:Shellfish
7366:Swordfish
7301:Mahi Mahi
7131:Crocodile
7106:Alligator
6985:Livestock
6915:Cassowary
6675:(parrots)
6519:(hoatzin)
6470:Strisores
6451:(turacos)
6443:(cuckoos)
6372:(mesites)
6291:(turkeys)
6263:Philortyx
6180:Agelastes
6173:Acryllium
6164:Numididae
6153:Talegalla
6063:gamebirds
6056:landfowls
6035:Anseranas
5999:Anhimidae
5958:Anserinae
5741:fictional
5463:dinosaurs
5458:Theropoda
5445:Evolution
5390:Migration
5372:Behaviour
4891:Perdicula
4849:A. chukar
4839:A. graeca
4806:Alectoris
4395:F. pictus
4290:G. varius
4260:G. gallus
3831:Pavoninae
3746:A. davidi
3706:A. ardens
3409:L. ignita
3369:L. diardi
3231:Phasianus
3219:C. pictus
3164:S. mikado
3154:S. humiae
3099:P. perdix
2991:(extinct)
2989:Heath hen
2983:T. cupido
2853:Tetrastes
2831:L. tetrix
2551:Meleagris
2396:T. satyra
2376:T. caboti
2314:Ithaginis
2216:Kingdom:
1908:27 August
1883:27 August
1816:27 August
1791:27 August
1456:231963063
1440:1055-7903
1396:Footnotes
1139:Tetrastes
1088:Heath hen
870:Meleagris
778:Enontekiö
583:ptarmigan
556:cellulose
552:symbiotic
550:in which
414:Greenland
386:subarctic
382:temperate
339:, in the
205:Tetrastes
193:Meleagris
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
49:to recent
8328:BioLib:
8299:Wikidata
8219:Red meat
8214:Raw meat
8143:subjects
8024:Veganism
7891:Meatball
7754:Pemmican
7739:Meatloaf
7734:Meatball
7574:Cuts and
7555:Silkworm
7545:Mealworm
7523:Crickets
7435:Crayfish
7415:Calamari
7311:Milkfish
7296:Mackerel
7291:Kingfish
7266:Flounder
7166:Pangolin
7151:Kangaroo
7136:Elephant
7121:Bushmeat
6820:Category
6694:Afroaves
6622:(storks)
6424:Passerea
6409:(grebes)
6345:Columbea
6256:Oreortyx
6228:Cyrtonyx
6118:Alectura
6082:Cracinae
6074:Cracidae
5951:Oxyurini
5941:Aythyini
5936:Anatinae
5920:Anatidae
5667:Falconry
5630:big year
5485:Seabirds
5395:Foraging
5342:Feathers
4946:Ophrysia
4829:A. magna
4741:Coturnix
4661:Synoicus
4430:C. coqui
3914:Afropavo
3902:A. argus
3844:Pavonini
3776:A. rolli
3603:M. niger
3568:Rollulus
2512:Pucrasia
2353:Tragopan
2288:L. lerwa
2224:Chordata
2222:Phylum:
2218:Animalia
2154:: 42–57.
2062:Pliocene
1967:: 63–76.
1859:26879712
1756:16780509
1665:"Grouse"
1501:85807603
1448:33545275
840:Pucrasia
800:and the
798:Scotland
691:and the
540:gizzards
398:moorland
266:Synonyms
187:Pucrasia
140:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
8370:4847862
8305:Q201240
8182:Marbled
8141:Related
8120:Packing
8095:Butcher
7959:Carnism
7901:Sausage
7876:Seafood
7844:Chicken
7814:Tartare
7809:Tandoor
7789:Sausage
7774:Roasted
7759:Poached
7749:Pickled
7672:Cretons
7662:supreme
7603:Braised
7598:Biltong
7500:Insects
7465:Scallop
7455:Octopus
7445:Lobster
7440:Dolphin
7410:Abalone
7402:seafood
7386:Walleye
7371:Tilapia
7346:Sardine
7336:Pollock
7286:Herring
7281:Halibut
7276:Haddock
7271:Grouper
7256:Crappie
7246:Catfish
7226:Anchovy
7196:Venison
7013:Buffalo
7003:Beefalo
6940:Ostrich
6920:Chicken
6907:Poultry
6832:Commons
6336:Neoaves
6221:Colinus
6187:Guttera
6125:Eulipoa
5946:Mergini
5810:(kiwis)
5794:(rheas)
5605:Ringing
5430:Hybrids
5425:Nesting
5380:Singing
5357:Plumage
5332:Dactyly
5302:Anatomy
5292:Outline
5282:: Aves)
5214:P. afer
4879:A. rufa
4649:A. heyi
4515:S. afra
4192:Gallini
3346:Lophura
3266:Catreus
2818:Lyrurus
2749:L. muta
2714:Lagopus
2265:Lerwini
2234:Order:
2228:Class:
2170:. 1905.
2104:376–411
2084:General
2075:Miocene
2058:Miocene
1764:6144117
1680:184–187
1672:(ed.).
1372:Genus â€
1355:Genus â€
1318:Lyrurus
1178:Lagopus
808:Species
748:lekking
701:greater
678:martens
666:biomass
623:plumage
591:migrate
575:Lagopus
566:Prairie
528:conifer
520:catkins
489:⁄
475:⁄
465:⁄
433:turkeys
404:, from
392:, from
253:Lyrurus
229:Lagopus
160:Tribe:
130:Order:
120:Class:
8471:Grouse
8435:999677
8422:466585
8396:553485
8383:108676
8357:1TTRAF
8263:
8115:Jobber
8100:Cutter
8085:Broker
7886:Steaks
7804:Stewed
7794:Smoked
7784:Salumi
7764:Potted
7714:Kidney
7694:Ground
7689:Frozen
7658:Fillet
7638:Cutlet
7628:Corned
7623:Confit
7608:Burger
7539:locust
7518:Cicada
7460:Oyster
7450:Mussel
7420:Chiton
7400:other
7341:Salmon
7306:Marlin
7191:Turtle
7181:Rabbit
7156:Monkey
7146:Iguana
7088:Żubroń
7043:Snails
7038:Donkey
6993:Alpaca
6960:Turkey
6945:Pigeon
6844:Portal
6720:(owls)
6194:Numida
6132:Leipoa
6015:Chauna
6008:Anhima
5703:Genera
5677:Imping
5595:Human
5435:Colony
5362:Vision
5347:Flight
4549:Tribe
4247:Gallus
4190:Tribe
4011:Tribe
3842:Tribe
3086:Perdix
3074:Tribe
3025:Tribe
2888:Bonasa
2771:Tetrao
2607:Grouse
2601:Tribe
2539:Tribe
2500:Tribe
2341:Tribe
2302:Tribe
2263:Tribe
2110:
1857:
1762:
1754:
1686:
1626:
1499:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1268:Tetrao
909:Bonasa
680:, and
658:Canada
634:clutch
630:scrape
570:tundra
562:Forest
438:sister
341:family
308:Grouse
278:, 1825
276:Vigors
247:Tetrao
199:Bonasa
178:Genera
171:, 1819
42:Grouse
8448:67700
8378:IRMNG
8344:628B9
8199:Offal
7910:Other
7799:Steak
7744:Offal
7719:Liver
7709:Kebab
7704:Jerky
7684:Fried
7643:Dried
7633:Cured
7588:Bacon
7528:Flour
7490:Whale
7376:Trout
7351:Shark
7326:Perch
7186:Snake
7161:Mouse
7068:Llama
7058:Horse
7018:Camel
7008:Bison
6950:Quail
6935:Goose
5964:swans
5926:ducks
5896:fowls
5691:Lists
5315:Brain
5280:class
5276:Birds
2275:Lerwa
2029:Notes
1760:S2CID
1668:. In
1508:(PDF)
1497:S2CID
1477:(PDF)
1452:S2CID
823:Genus
820:Image
674:foxes
619:combs
548:caeca
536:crops
508:spurs
446:basal
426:Texas
416:) to
348:tribe
334:order
169:Leach
64:Male
8417:NCBI
8391:ITIS
8365:GBIF
8352:EPPO
8331:8554
7881:Veal
7864:Pork
7859:Lamb
7854:Goat
7849:Fish
7839:Beef
7677:Pâté
7618:Chop
7583:Aged
7508:Ants
7470:Seal
7430:Crab
7425:Clam
7381:Tuna
7361:Swai
7356:Sole
7331:Pike
7241:Carp
7236:Bass
7231:Basa
7218:Fish
7206:Wolf
7176:Hare
7126:Boar
7116:Bear
7098:Game
7078:Veal
7073:Pork
7048:Frog
7028:Goat
6998:Beef
6955:Rhea
6925:Duck
6899:Meat
5337:Eggs
5325:milk
5320:Crop
5310:Beak
3939:Pavo
2230:Aves
2108:ISBN
1910:2023
1885:2023
1855:PMID
1818:2023
1811:GBIF
1793:2023
1752:PMID
1684:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1444:PMID
1436:ISSN
802:Alps
786:game
703:and
697:IUCN
670:lynx
615:leks
538:and
431:The
428:).
418:28°N
406:83°N
400:and
384:and
371:ITIS
124:Aves
8404:NBN
8339:CoL
7869:Ham
7699:Ham
7648:Dum
7398:and
7261:Eel
7251:Cod
7201:Dog
7171:Rat
7141:Fox
7111:Bat
7083:Yak
7033:Dog
7023:Cat
6930:Emu
4438:, (
2152:VII
1940:doi
1845:doi
1742:doi
1489:doi
1428:doi
1424:158
656:in
480:to
424:in
396:to
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