Theodoric the Great

1416: 983: 521:(ruled 457–474). Under the terms of the treaty, the Pannonian Goths were required to "surrender a hostage of royal descent" to the emperor's court; in this case that hostage was Theodoric. The treaty also secured a payment to Constantinople of some 300 pounds' worth of gold each year. Theodoric was well educated by Constantinople's best teachers. His status made him valuable, since the Amal family from which he came (as told by Theodoric), allegedly ruled half of all Goths since the third century AD. Historian Peter Heather argues that Theodoric's claims were likely self-aggrandizing propaganda and that the Amal dynasty was more limited than modern commentators presume. Until 469, Theodoric remained in Constantinople where he spent formative years "catching up on all the 1233:(head of all the government and court services). Boethius was a Roman aristocrat and Christian humanist, who was also a philosopher, poet, theologian, mathematician, astronomer, translator and commentator on Aristotle and other Greek luminaries. It is hard to overestimate this one-time servant and eventual victim of Theodoric for his influence on philosophy, particularly Christian philosophy, throughout the Middle Ages. Boethius' treatises and commentaries became textbooks for medieval students, and the great Greek philosophers were unknown except for his Latin translations. The execution of Boethius did nothing to dissipate tensions between Arians and Catholics but merely raised additional questions about barbarian imperial legitimacy. 1089: 1500:. » Demonstrating his doubts on this, Wiemer points out how during Theodoric's rule, he kept the two ethnic groups—Italo-Romans and Goths—clearly separated. For instance, only Goths could carry certain military equipment (swords, lances, shields, and helmets) or assume key positions in the military hierarchy, and the hairstyles between Goths and Romans remained distinctive, let alone their language. Finally, he states that the Eastern court never formally acknowledged Theodoric as a Western Emperor, a necessary condition to become one, the last of which ever recognized by Constantinople being 723: 1496:

should not be used to infer the general opinion toward Theodoric from all classes of the Italian population nor in Constantinople. He further states that this vision of Theodoric's position fails to address the duality of its rule, having to retain the loyalty of both the Roman and the Gothic parts of its people. Wiemer states that, "The “Roman” interpretation of Theodoric has recently been taken to extremes in the theory that Theodoric was virtually a Western Roman emperor in Italy. According to this view, Theodoric restored the Roman Empire in the West, which he ruled as

1237: 734:, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. By 486, there was little disputing the open hostilities between Theodoric and Zeno. The emperor sought the assistance of the Bulgars, who were likewise defeated by Theodoric. In 487, Theodoric began his aggressive campaign against Constantinople, blockading the city, occupying strategically important suburbs, and cutting off its water supply; although it seems Theodoric never intended to occupy the city but instead, to use the assault as a means of gaining power and prestige from the Eastern Empire. 1059:. Athalaric was at first represented by his mother Amalasuintha, who served as regent between 534 and 535. The kingdom of the Ostrogoths, however, began to wane and the personal union of the Gothic tribes, once brought together by Theoderic, collapsed following his demise. The subsequent campaigns into Italy by Justinian—whose long reign from 527 to 565 delineates the transition from "antiquity to the Middle Ages in the Latin West" according to historian Michael Kulikowski—wrought the final blows to Theodoric's once dominant kingdom. 877: 42: 1131: 904:. In reality—at least in part due to his formidable military—he was able to avoid imperial supervision, and dealings between the emperor and Theodoric were as equals. Unlike Odoacer, however, Theodoric respected the agreement he had made and allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the 1296: 1119: 374: 4393: 861: 4216: 4239: 1170:. It was Theodoric's personal church of worship and was modeled specifically according to his tastes. An equestrian statue of Theodoric was erected in the square in front of the palace. Statues like these were symbols of the ancient world, and Theodoric's equestrian likeness was meant to convey his status as the undisputed ruler of the western empire. 954:, the two enjoyed a mutual peace for fifteen years. Then in 522, Sigismund killed his own son—Theodoric's grandson—Sigeric; an act which infuriated Theodoric and he retaliated by invading the Burgundian kingdom, accompanied by the Franks. Between the two peoples, Sigismund's Burgundian forces faced two fronts and were defeated. Meanwhile, Sigismund's 1256:, and in his final years he was no longer the disengaged Arian patron of religious toleration that he had seemed earlier in his reign. "Indeed, his death cut short what could well have developed into a major persecution of Catholic churches in retaliation for measures taken by Justinian in Constantinople against Arians there." Despite the Byzantine 1262:, which conflated imperial and ecclesiastical authority in the same person—whereby Theodoric's Arian beliefs were tolerated under two separate emperors—the fact remained that to most clergy across the Eastern Empire, Theodoric was a heretic. At the end of his reign quarrels arose with his Roman subjects and the Byzantine emperor 1468:, arguing therefrom that Rome in the West did not fall in 476, but merely awaited a "proper Roman emperor to rule it". According to Arnold, these two sources ultimately reveal that Theodoric was actually viewed both by the Italian nobility and the Eastern court in Constantinople as a legitimate Western Roman emperor. 1761:

he might make himself a worthy equal to the great men of old. Ever curious, he desired to hear about the courses of the stars, the tides of the sea, and legendary fountains, that his earnest study of natural science might make him seem to be a veritable philosopher in the purple" (Cassiodorus' letterbook,

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Theodoric promoted the rebuilding of Roman cities and the preservation of ancient monuments in Italy. In 500, Rome itself was given special attention by Theodoric, who wanted to restore the structures previously damaged by time and the barbarians alike, since as he mused, Rome's great buildings were

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serving as regent since Athalaric was but ten years of age when Theodoric died. Her role was to carry out the dead ruler's political testament, to seek accommodation with the senate, and maintain peace with the emperor. Suddenly the once united Goths were split and Theodoric's grandson Amalaric ruled

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in Constantinople, but he nonetheless adopted the trappings of imperial style, increasingly emphasizing his "neo-imperial status". According to historian Peter Brown, Theodoric was in the habit of commenting that "An able Goth wants to be like a Roman; only a poor Roman would want to be like a Goth."

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With Odoacer dead and his forces dispersed, Theodoric now faced the problem of settlement for his people. Concerned about thinning out the Amal line too much, Theodoric believed he could not afford to spread some 40,000 of his tribesmen across the entire Italian peninsula. Such considerations led him

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in 523. The pliant historian and courtier could be counted on to provide refined touches to official correspondence. "To the monarch you were a friendly judge and an honored intimate. For when he became free from his official cares, he looked to your conversation for the precepts of the sages, that

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This view is however rejected by other scholars, such as Theodoric's most recent biographer, Hans-Ulrich Wiemer. He claims that Jonathan J. Arnold takes to face value comments of a few interested parties from the Italian nobility. These few sources, close to Theodoric and of a doubtful impartiality,

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for his building efforts and his religious toleration. His far-sighted goals included taking what was best from Roman culture and combining it with Gothic energy and physical power as a way into the future. Relatively amicable relations between Goths and Romans also make Theodoric's kingdom notable.

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in 497. Beyond these observations, Arnold identifies how Theodoric's imperial authority was implicitly recognized in the East to the extent that the Ostrogothic king was allowed to name consuls. Then there is the latinisation of his name to Flavius Theodoricus, his full administrative career in the

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Northern cities like Ravenna, Verona, Pavia, Milan, Parma, Como, Aquileia, and still others received new or improved walls, palaces, aqueducts, churches, baths, and a host of other impressive and glorious buildings, all reiterating to their respective inhabitants their own importance within a newly

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over the matter of Arianism. These quarrels ultimately led to the martyrdom of Boethius and Pope John I by starvation in 524 and 526, respectively. Relations between the two realms deteriorated, although Theodoric's military abilities dissuaded the Byzantines from waging war against him. After his

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was brought under Theodoric's direct control, forming a Gothic superstate that extended from the Atlantic to the Danube. While territories that were lost to the Franks remained that way, Theodoric concluded a peace arrangement with the heirs of the Frankish Kingdom once Clovis was dead. Additional

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for negotiations with Zeno. While the Roman envoy and Theodoric were negotiating, Zeno sent troops against some of Theodoric's wagons, which were under the protection of his able general Theodimund. Unaware of this treachery, Theodoric's Goths lost around 2,000 wagons and 5,000 of his people were

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Zeno attempted to play one Germanic chieftain against another and take advantage of an opportunity sometime in 476/477 when—after hearing demands from Theodoric for new lands since his people were facing a famine—he offered Theodoric Strabo the command once belonging to Theodoric. Enraged by this

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For a short period, Amalasuintha managed affairs for the Ostrogoths admirably, defeating Gepids and Heruli—who attempted to take Pannonia—in 530; she strengthened the relationship with the Burgundians by ceding lands north of Durance, appealed to Constantinople for political asylum when internal

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Odoacer in Ravenna until 2 February 493, when a treaty was signed making the kings joint rulers of Italy. Theodoric entered Ravenna on 5 March 493, and a banquet celebrating the treaty was organized on 15 March. At this feast, Theodoric, after making a toast, drew his sword and struck Odoacer,

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had extended his authority at Constantinople's expense. Legitimizing his position as a warrior, Theodoric crossed the Danube with six thousand warriors, defeated the Sarmatians and killed Babai; this moment likely crystallized his position and marked the beginning of his kingship, despite not

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Throughout the 470s, sometimes in the name of the empire itself, Theodoric launched campaigns against potential Gothic rivals and other enemies of the Eastern Empire, which made him an important military and political figure. One of his chief rivals was the chieftain of the Thracian Goths

900:, which outlined Theodoric's position as an imperial colleague. Chroniclers like Cassiodorus added a layer of legitimacy for Theodoric and the Amal tribe from which he came by casting them as cooperative participants in the greater history of the Mediterranean dating back to the era of 4219: 1435:

There is an ongoing debate among modern historians as to how qualify the nature of power Theodoric wielded in his domains. Traditionalists have argued for some time that Theodoric was a Germanic king, citing as their frame of reference later Byzantine sources—written during the

499:. To this end, historian Hans-Ulrich Wiemer states that, "Theodoric’s childhood was spent at a time of violent conflicts between non-Roman groups attempting to fill the power vacuum created by the collapse of Attila’s empire". His Gothic name, which is reconstructed by 857:

evidence of the Gothic king's extensive royal reach include the acts of ecclesiastical councils that were held in Tarragona and Gerona; while both occurred in 516 and 517, they date back to the "regnal years of Theoderic, which seem to commence in the year 511".

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When Leo heard that his imperial army was retreating from the Goths near Pannonia, he sent Theodoric home with gifts and no promises of any commitments. On his return in 469/470, Theodoric assumed leadership over the Gothic regions previously ruled by his uncle,

1504:, who died in 480. Likewise, for political reasons, the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms never recognized him as an emperor—each established as rulers in their own right—and as Theodoric's kinsman, they were tied to one another via diplomatic marriages. 1068:

witness to its grandeur, power, and thereto instructed his architects to restore all that was "ancient". His preservation efforts were designed to elicit awe and admiration in future generations. The fame of Theodoric's building works reached far-away

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No other Germanic ruler, setting up his throne on the ruins of the Western Empire, possessed a fraction of his statesmanship and political vision; and when he died ... Italy lost the greatest of her early medieval rulers, unequalled until the days of

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had her, along with the accompanying Gothic retinue, killed. Theodoric was incensed and planned an expedition to restore his power over the Vandal kingdom when he died of dysentery in the summer of 526. The Gothic king was succeeded by his grandson

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and King of Italy, who although ostensibly viceroy for Zeno, was menacing Byzantine territory and not respecting the rights of Roman citizens in Italy. In 488, Zeno ordered Theodoric to overthrow Odoacer. For this task, he received support from

652: 1440:—that brand him as a barbarian king, who merely mimicked Roman customs. One scholar, Jonathan J. Arnold, advocates that this nature changed during the course of the 6th century; Arnold alludes to local and contemporary sources such as 1715:

Historian Johannes Fried points out that no proof ever emerged that Boethius had committed a crime, but he was brought to his end by the mistrust of Theodoric, who Fried argues was guilty of misjudgment and likely "regretted" his

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He visited Rome in 500 where he stayed for 6 months and held games in the Circus, probably also in the Colosseum, and renewed the grain largesse to the Roman populace, which had perhaps been interrupted since the days of Odoacer.

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One of the events comprising Zeno's bad luck was the untimely death of Theodoric Strabo in 481; he was thrown from a horse and impaled on a tent lance. Otherwise, contends Wolfram, Theodoric might not ever have become "the

616:. In 482, he raided Greece and sacked Larissa. Bad luck, rebellions and poor decisions left Zeno in an unfortunate position, which subsequently led him to seek another agreement with Theodoric. In 483, Zeno made Theodoric 1479:

to describe the domain he ruled. These titles, although archaic, were customarily reserved for the emperor and his empire. Thereto Arnold explains that the restraint shown by Theodoric in refraining to use titles such as

432:, the king of Italy, emerging victorious in 493. As the new ruler of Italy, he upheld a Roman legal administration and scholarly culture while promoting a major building program across Italy. In 505 he expanded into the 645: 1696:

suggests this gesture by Leo may have been taken to elevate the Pannonian Goths against his former general, the rebellious Aspar, who had joined up with the leader of the Thracian Goths, Theodoric Strabo.

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Mosaic depiction of the front of Theodoric's Palace on the upper part of the south wall of the nave of San Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna. Theodoric and his court were removed from the image by the Eastern

1105:. According to the chronicles of Cassiodorus, a number of cities were renewed by Theodoric's building enterprises, some of which even surpassed the ancient wonders. Historian Jonathan J. Arnold quips: 931:; somehow, imperial views hardened against the West and talk of Rome's fall emerged during this period, leading to questions about the legitimacy of barbarian rule. Theodoric's good relations with the 919:, but Eutharic died in August 522 or 523, so no lasting dynastic connection of Ostrogoths and Visigoths was established, which highlighted the tensions between the Eastern Empire and the West. The new 1166:

for himself in Ravenna, modeled on the Great Palace of Constantinople. It was an expansion of an earlier Roman structure. The palace church of Christ the Redeemer survives and is known today as the

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is one of the finest monuments in Ravenna. Unlike all the other contemporary buildings in Ravenna, which were made of brick, the Mausoleum of Theodoric was built completely from fine quality stone

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When Theodoric's sister Amalafrida sought to possibly change the direction of Vandal succession following the death of her spouse, the former Vandal king Thrasamund, the new Catholic Vandal king

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Lateinische Paläographie: Hundert Tafeln in Lichtdruck, mit gegenüberstehender Transscription, nebst Erläuterungen und einer systematischen Darstellung der Entwicklung der lateinischen Schrift

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Much like the representatives of the Eastern Empire, Theodoric chose to be clad in robes dyed purple, emulating the imperial colors and perhaps even to reinforce the imperial dispatch of the

1162:. Three more churches built by Theodoric in Ravenna and its suburbs, S. Andrea dei Goti, S. Giorgio and S. Eusebio, were destroyed in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. Theodoric built the 837:. In 504–505, Theodoric extended his realms in the Balkans by defeating the Gepids, acquiring the province of Pannonia. Theodoric became regent for the infant Visigothic king, his grandson 1415: 5137: 810:. Theodoric's kingdom was among the most "Roman" of the barbarian states and he successfully ruled most of Italy for thirty-three years following his treachery against Odoacer. 1783:

East, which culminated with a consulship in 484 that granted him senatorial nobility and the capacity to impose Roman law upon Italo-Romans and Gothic populations alike.

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As a young child of an Ostrogothic nobleman, Theodoric was taken as a hostage to Constantinople, where he spent his formative years and received an East Roman education (

982: 600:. Gothic plundering finally elicited a settlement from Zeno, but Theodoric initially refused any compromise. Theodoric sent one of his confidants, Sidimund, forward to 4355: 798:

splitting him in two from collarbone to thigh. Along with Odoacer, Theodoric had the king's most loyal followers slaughtered as well, making him the master of Italy.

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was aimed at sparing the pride of the Eastern monarchy and ensuring it of its seniority, but that this did not diminish Theodoric's claim to the purple in the West.

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or federates of the Roman army. In 471, Theodoric was recognized as King of the Ostrogoths by 6,000 Goths that had previously rebelled against the Hunnic ruler

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and northern Germany. The legends paint a generally positive picture of Dietrich, with only some influence visible from the negative traditions of the church.

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to acquire. Theodoric was treated with favor by the emperor Leo I. He learned to read, write and perform arithmetic while in captivity in the Eastern Empire.

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Brown, Thomas S. (2007). "The Role of Arianism in Ostrogothic Italy: The Evidence from Ravenna". In J. B. Barnish; Sam J. Barnish; Federico Marazzi (eds.).

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actually having yet assumed the throne. Perhaps to assert his authority as an Amali prince, Theodoric kept the conquered area of Singidunum for himself.

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Theodoric's empire at the height of its power in 523, with territory marked in blue ruled directly by Theodoric and light blue areas under his hegemony

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Whether this is a coin at all or a medallion to be only worn around the neck is debated by historians, due to its weight, detail and thickness. The

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and consul designate in 484, whereby he commanded the Danubian provinces of Dacia Ripensis and Moesia Inferior as well as the adjacent regions.

6789: 3992: 3939: 3920: 3869: 3850: 3829: 3774: 3751: 3702: 3626: 3552: 3511: 3492: 3473: 3452: 3433: 3393: 3374: 3355: 3336: 3317: 3298: 3279: 3241: 5123: 4917: 4348: 3596: 754:, the son of Theodoric's cousin Giso. Theodoric moved with his people towards Italy in the autumn of 488. On the way he was opposed by the 3607: 1420: 1241: 1167: 570:. Finding common ground with the emperor, Theodoric was rewarded by Zeno and made commander of East Roman forces, while his people became 6799: 6774: 4308: 1205:

was reconstructed, using the receipts from a specially levied tax; while the city walls of Rome were rebuilt, a feat celebrated by the

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on 11 August 490. For several years, the armies of Odoacer and Theodoric vied for supremacy across the Italian peninsula. Theodoric

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The Gallic Royalty of the Merovingians in Its Relationship to the Orbis Terrarum Romanum During the 5th and the 6th Centuries A.D.

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Theodoric devoted most of his architectural attention to his capital, Ravenna. He restored Ravenna's water supply by repairing an

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factions threatened her, and convinced her cousin Theodahad to make her co-ruler of the Gothic kingdoms before she was betrayed.

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Jonathan J. Arnold further justifies his claim by stating that Theodoric behaved as an emperor, using and wearing the imperial

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in 484. Nevertheless, Theodoric remained in constant hostilities with the emperor and frequently raided East Roman territory.

6734: 6729: 6288: 5505: 5077: 4584: 3530: 1072:. In the aggregate, Theodoric's building program saw more extensive new construction and restoration than that of any of the 829:—likely in recognition of Frankish power. He sent a substantial dowry accompanied by a guard of 5,000 troops with his sister 1173:

Theodoric the Great was interred in Ravenna, but his bones were scattered and his mausoleum was converted to a church after

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deteriorated due to a presumed senatorial conspiracy in 522, and, in 523, Theodoric had the philosopher and court official

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kingdoms (along with Visigothic royals) through marriage alliances. He had married the sister of the mighty Frankish king,

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Heydemann, Gerda (2016). "The Ostrogothic Kingdom: Ideologies and Transitions". In Jonathan J. Arnold; M. Shane Bjornlie;

1154:" next to a colossal statue of the hero himself. To promote Arianism, the king commissioned a small Arian cathedral, the 6714: 5996: 5069: 5037: 4989: 4965: 4949: 4255: 481: 351:), some scholars characterize him as a Western Roman Emperor in all but name, since he ruled a large part of the former 269: 85: 5045: 5005: 4941: 3880: 5297: 6754: 6589: 5460: 3817: 1279:, Theodoric ruled Italy during one of its most peaceful and prosperous periods and was accordingly hailed as a new 818: 441: 5361: 943:

arrested on charges of treason related to the alleged plot. For his role, Theodoric had Boethius executed in 524.

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and competed for influence among the Goths of the Roman Balkans, gaining recognition as King in 471. The emperor

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revived and reinvigorated Roman Empire and connecting such ideas with the intervention of a caring and devoted

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Home to Jarlabanke: Land, power and eternal life in eastern Mälardalen during the Iron Age and the Middle Ages

1374:. In German legends, Dietrich becomes an exile from his native kingdom of Lombardy, fighting with the help of 4056: 927:—who replaced Anastasius, a man with whom Theodoric had good relations—was under the influence of his nephew 4478: 1300: 759: 679: 4051:(Berlin: de Gruyter 2008) (Millenium-Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr., 12). 1185:. Possibly as a reference to the Goths' tradition of an origin in Scandinavia, the architect decorated the 986:

Bronze weight, inlaid with silver, with the name of Theodoric, issued by prefect Catulinus in Rome, 493–526

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Geary, Patrick J. (1999). "Barbarians and Ethnicity". In G.W. Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (eds.).

1347: 1178: 1123: 1028:—the sister of Clovis, who was baptized an Arian at the time of their wedding—Theodoric had one daughter: 782: 771: 767: 694: 689: 684: 457: 449: 5325: 5198: 5021: 4191: 4049:

Barbar – König – Tyrann. Das Bild Theoderichs des Großen in der Überlieferung des 5. bis 9. Jahrhunderts

1441: 1213:, the city aqueducts, sewers and a granary were refurbished and repaired and statues were set up in the 1007: 951: 367:

by the Italian aristocracy and exercised imperial powers recognized in the East, such as naming consuls.

5230: 5029: 4896: 3727:. Texte und Studien zur mittelhochdeutschen Heldenepik (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin: de Gruyter. 1779: 1424: 1073: 897: 731: 352: 197: 6764: 6759: 6394: 5385: 4882: 4847: 4816: 4781: 4765: 4709: 4401: 3784: 3713: 1575: 1465: 1319: 1245: 1163: 1143: 1069: 901: 717: 320: 217: 63: 41: 554: 4997: 4830: 3653: 1198: 1077: 853: 593: 495:. This was just a year after the Ostrogoths had thrown off nearly a century of domination by the 437: 137: 5347: 4168: 1400: 802:

to the conclusion that it was best to settle the Ostrogoths in three concentrated areas: around

6689: 6684: 6677: 6622: 6227: 5483: 5154: 4923: 4904: 4749: 4502: 4209: 4185: 4131: 4121: 4101: 4091: 4070: 4026: 4007: 3988: 3954: 3935: 3916: 3897: 3865: 3846: 3840: 3825: 3797: 3770: 3747: 3728: 3698: 3679: 3622: 3592: 3569: 3548: 3526: 3507: 3488: 3469: 3448: 3429: 3410: 3389: 3370: 3351: 3332: 3313: 3294: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3218: 1341: 1210: 1048: 585: 453: 234: 3369:. History of the Art of War. Vol. II. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 339:. As ruler of the combined Gothic realms, Theodoric controlled an empire stretching from the 6563: 5497: 5368: 5177: 4838: 4757: 4733: 4074: 3763:

Hem till Jarlabanke: Jord, makt och evigt liv i östra Mälardalen under järnåder och medeltid

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established himself as king over the remaining Burgundian territory and ruled for a decade.

868:, Rome. It reads "+REG(nante) D(omino) N(ostro) THEODERICO OO ROM(a)E", which translates as 618: 597: 563: 485: 418: 336: 27:

King of the Ostrogoths (r. 471–526) & Visigoths (r. 511–526); King of Italy (r. 493–526)

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Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis

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The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

1627: 1387: 1383: 865: 630: 518: 381: 4148: 6518: 5304: 5283: 4933: 4725: 4078: 3584: 1693: 1663: 1644: 1206: 1130: 1118: 1098: 822: 567: 511: 473: 445: 414: 360: 340: 47: 4333: 588:, where his forces commandeered livestock and slaughtered peasants, sacked and burned 6708: 6548: 6506: 6464: 5441: 5222: 5184: 4874: 4364: 4199: 4163: 4143: 4113: 3540: 3463: 3404: 1284: 1258: 1202: 911:

Theodoric experienced difficulties before his death. He had married off his daughter

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to secure the Ostrogoths' compliance with a treaty Theodemir had concluded with the

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Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite

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from the Visigoths, but otherwise Theodoric was able to defeat their incursions.

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The Ostrogoths needed a place to live, and Zeno was having serious problems with

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Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles

1753: 1580: 1535: 1449: 1328: 1292:, as Dietrich von Bern, where the two figures have represented the same person. 1013: 928: 726:

The Ostrogothic Kingdom (in yellow) at the death of Theodoric the Great (AD 526)

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In 461, when Theodoric was seven or eight years of age, he was taken hostage in

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Näsman, Ulf (2008). "Från Attila till Karl den Store". In M. Olausson (ed.).

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Johnson, Mark J. (1988). "Toward a History of Theoderic's Building Program".

1423:. Falsely attributed to Justinian in the 19th century, it may also represent 1403:, based on lost Low German sources, moves the location of Dietrich's life to 6512: 6488: 6330: 6300: 6282: 6270: 6117: 6099: 6020: 6008: 5952: 5844: 5785: 5720: 5701: 5683: 5675: 5421: 5237: 4891: 4741: 4640: 4600: 4576: 4560: 4425: 4417: 4272: 4262: 4135: 4105: 1618:(roughly, 'ever-unconquered leader'). Note Germanic moustache and hairstyle. 1565: 1545: 1379: 1312: 1214: 1189:

with a pattern found in 5th- and 6th-century Scandinavian metal adornments.

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by the Franks under Clovis in 507. The Franks were able to wrest control of

842: 601: 577: 572: 500: 477: 328: 227: 186: 141: 130: 95: 3255:. Translated by P. G. Walsh. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 1055:

After his death in Ravenna in 526, Theodoric was succeeded by his grandson

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Despite the complex relationship between Theodoric and his son-in-law, the

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of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.

4238: 4184: 3987:. Translated by Noël Dillon. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1471:

Arnold built his case on the fact that Theodoric widely used the title of

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by Theodoric in which the restorations carried out between 528 and 529 by

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The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy

1555: 1550: 1540: 1525: 1428: 1263: 1253: 1226: 1151: 966: 955: 947: 936: 924: 916: 838: 826: 751: 730:

Seeking further gains, Theodoric frequently ravaged the provinces of the

613: 542: 492: 469: 406: 289: 279: 169: 1035:, Queen of the Goths. She was married to Eutharic and had two children: 6664: 6446: 6404: 6368: 6362: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6240: 6234: 6159: 6135: 6109: 6043: 6037: 5990: 5946: 5940: 5874: 5838: 5826: 5814: 5791: 5749: 5743: 5645: 5639: 5532: 5431: 5251: 4688: 4680: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4520: 4512: 4441: 4433: 4379: 4282: 4167: 3657: 3447:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1570: 1530: 1044: 959: 885: 807: 778: 763: 738: 534: 433: 429: 401: 254: 213: 159: 120: 6651: 6385: 6312: 6214: 6208: 6055: 6049: 5755: 5426: 5411: 5318: 4616: 4486: 4457: 4449: 1657: 1586: 1514: 1375: 1280: 1186: 1182: 1102: 996: 786: 755: 609: 546: 526: 324: 5452: 3649: 3386:

The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History

584:

betrayal, Theodoric turned his wrath against the communities in the

440:

of Spain under his direct control and established hegemony over the

1419:

Probable portrait of Theodoric adorned in imperial clothing in the

6608: 6220: 5934: 5928: 5904: 5779: 5656: 5611: 4494: 3545:

The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes & Imperial Pretenders

1414: 1294: 1235: 1135: 1129: 1117: 1087: 981: 979:

the newly independent Visigothic kingdom for the next five years.

859: 803: 789:

in 490, but regained the upper hand after securing victory in the

747: 721: 589: 550: 6061: 5958: 4465: 4147: 3697:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 3468:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 496: 5456: 5119: 4337: 766:

in August 489. Arriving in Italy, Theodoric won the battles of

634: 409:

around 470, and throughout the 470s he campaigned against the

2558: 2556: 1648: 4025:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4006:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3842:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe

363:

in 497 which he used, was referred to by the imperial title

4158:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3742:

Mango, Cyril (2002). "Introduction". In Cyril Mango (ed.).

3426:

Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation

1446:

Vita beatissimi viri Epiphani episcopi Ticinensis ecclesiae

1209:

with a gilded statue of Theodoric. The Senate's Curia, the

777:

Once again, Theodoric was pressed by Zeno in 490 to attack

4178:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3822:

The Germanic People: Their Origin, Expansion & Culture

1825: 1823: 507:, translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people". 448:

kingdoms. Theodoric died in 526 and was buried in a grand

2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2433: 2431: 2223: 2221: 537:, while his father became king. Not long afterwards near 3839:

Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1996).

2736: 2734: 2732: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2131: 2129: 1134:

Epigraph originally placed at the amphitheater built in

1010:

as a part of her father's alliance with the Burgundians.

359:, had received the former Western imperial regalia from 3406:

The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity

3312:. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 347:. Though Theodoric himself only used the title 'king' ( 3487:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 3388:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2250: 2248: 1852: 1850: 1725:

Two years later (526) Symmachus was also put to death.

1020:

as a part of her father's alliance with the Visigoths.

3293:. Woodridge; Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. 1638: 870:

With our master Theodoric the Good reigning in Rome

833:

when she married the king of the Vandals and Alans,

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Theoderic the Great: King of Goths, Ruler of Romans

3236:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 3217:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1399:) as Dietrich's antagonist. The 13th century Norse 285: 275: 265: 253: 233: 223: 203: 179: 175: 165: 155: 147: 136: 126: 116: 108: 101: 91: 81: 73: 62: 34: 4195:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3465:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1288:Memories of his reign made him a hero of medieval 995:Theodoric was married once. He had a concubine in 596:and requisitioned supplies from the archbishop at 3565:Einführung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik 3215:People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 2872: 1614:also confounds, with "princis" possibly meaning, 864:Brick with the emblem of Theodoric, found in the 428:At the behest of Zeno, in 489 Theodoric attacked 3725:Dietrich-Testimonien des 6. bis 16. Jahrhunderts 3485:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 999:, name unknown, with whom he had two daughters: 1107: 1016:(ca. 473 – ?). In 494, she was married to 3804:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 3506:(in German). Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer. 1047:first, then, after Witiges' death, married to 884:Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly only a 5468: 5131: 4349: 3712:Langer, William L. (1968). "Italy, 489–554". 3521:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996). 3052: 2956: 2932: 2920: 1006:(ca. 475 – 520). She was married to the king 646: 8: 3769:] (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. 3234:Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration 1681:Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration 3953:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3274:. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Co. 6604: 6390: 5978: 5725: 5671: 5475: 5461: 5453: 5166: 5138: 5124: 5116: 4356: 4342: 4334: 4249: 3915:(in Swedish). Göteborg: Citytidningen CT. 2658: 653: 639: 631: 40: 31: 4023:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples 2944: 2314: 2159: 2012: 1829: 1734:The exact date is given as 30 August 526. 1303:, 1512–13), from the monument of Emperor 1299:Bronze statue of Theodoric the Great (by 817:Theodoric extended his hegemony over the 525:" it had taken generations of Visigothic 3864:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3016: 2980: 2908: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2485: 2188: 1814: 1679:See, for instance, Jonathan J. Arnold's 875: 319:(475–526), and ruler of the independent 6197:List of legendary kings of the Lombards 3896:. Freiburg: Universitäts-Buchhandlung. 3272:The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150–750 3064: 3040: 3028: 2884: 2848: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2740: 2723: 2711: 2670: 2562: 2547: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2449: 2437: 2410: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2278: 2227: 2212: 2176: 2147: 2135: 2120: 2108: 2072: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1904: 1892: 1841: 1795: 1599: 421:of the Eastern Roman forces in 483 and 392:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 3667:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 2992: 2896: 2860: 2836: 2764: 2752: 2574: 2386: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1802: 1267:death, that reluctance faded quickly. 3746:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2968: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2473: 2461: 2422: 2398: 2374: 2326: 2302: 2290: 2266: 2254: 2239: 2200: 2096: 2084: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2000: 1916: 612:in 479 with the help of his relative 7: 6685:List of legendary kings of the Geats 3331:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 3004: 2694: 2682: 1346:Theodoric is an important figure in 1150:He constructed a "Great Basilica of 1024:By his marriage in 493 to the pagan 3547:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3115:, pp. 88–91, 110–113, 170–174. 2024: 1475:for himself, and employed the term 308:(454 – 30 August 526), also called 6617:List of legendary kings of Denmark 4079:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1995.tb00065.x 3862:A Short History of the Middle Ages 3621:. London and New York: Routledge. 3612:. London: Oxford University Press. 1756:succeeded Boethius as Theodoric's 25: 6785:5th-century eastern Roman consuls 6660:List of legendary kings of Sweden 4302:Anicius Acilius Aginatius Faustus 4055:Heather, Peter (September 1995). 3802:Georgetown University online text 3504:Die Königen im frühen Mittelalter 1421:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 1242:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 1168:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 4391: 4318:Decius Marius Venantius Basilius 4237: 4214: 4208:, 1897, by Thomas Hodgkin, from 4189:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3723:Lienert, Elisabeth, ed. (2008). 3715:An Encyclopedia of World History 3589:A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy 3568:. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. 1275:Seeking to restore the glory of 468:Theodoric was born in AD 454 in 436:, and by 511 he had brought the 372: 3744:The Oxford History of Byzantium 3619:Europe's Barbarians, AD 200–600 3428:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2873:Ring, Salkin & La Boda 1996 1561:Liutprand, King of the Lombards 1411:Modern historiographical debate 1177:conquered the city in 540. His 6805:6th-century monarchs in Europe 6795:6th-century Ostrogothic people 6780:5th-century monarchs in Europe 6770:5th-century Ostrogothic people 4057:"Theoderic, king of the Goths" 3860:Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2009). 3789:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 323:of Italy between 493 and 526, 1: 5633: 5600: 5596: 5580: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5536: 5523: 5509: 5501: 4326:Q. Aurelius Memmius Symmachus 3934:. New York: Clarkson Potter. 3669:. Cambridge University Press. 3253:The Consolation of Philosophy 3091:, pp. 7–8, 58–61, 70–92. 1043:(the latter being married to 51: 6790:6th-century Arian Christians 3983:Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (2023). 3966:Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (2015). 3693:Kulikowski, Michael (2019). 3674:Koenigsberger, H.G. (1987). 3591:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 3232:Arnold, Jonathan J. (2014). 3139:, pp. 152–153, 158–159. 1658: 1639: 1612:REX THEODERICVS PIVS PRINCIS 1378:against his usurping uncle, 1254:Arian (nontrinitarian) faith 974:, with Theodoric's daughter 939:and Boethius' father-in-law 491:nobleman, and his concubine 452:. He lived on as the figure 112:15 March 493 – 30 August 526 5146:The Dietrich von Bern Cycle 4224:public domain audiobook at 4186:"Theodoric the Great" 4120:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3791:. London: Guild Publishing. 3424:Frassetto, Michael (2003). 3310:A History of the Ostrogoths 6821: 6800:6th-century kings of Italy 6775:5th-century kings of Italy 6590:List of monarchs of Frisia 3824:. New York: Dorset Press. 3718:. George G. Harrap and Co. 3502:Hartmann, Martina (2009). 3403:Fletcher, Richard (1997). 2995:, pp. 58, 58fn, 73fn. 1649: 1631: 1524:Anicius Manlius Severinus 1339: 841:, following the defeat of 715: 6179:List of kings of Burgundy 5490: 5151: 4389: 4322: 4306: 4298: 4287: 4279: 4269: 4260: 4252: 3930:Tung, Anthony M. (2001). 3911:Stenroth, Ingmar (2015). 3796:O'Donnell, James (1995). 3676:Medieval Europe, 400–1500 3562:Heinzle, Joachim (1999). 3350:. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 3329:Visigothic Spain, 409–711 3053:Haymes & Samples 1996 1611: 1362:), known in Old Norse as 675: 608:He settled his people in 405:). Theodoric returned to 39: 6641:Petty kingdoms of Norway 5298:Jüngeres Hildebrandslied 4804:(title disputed 887–933) 4169:"Dietrich of Bern" 4021:Wolfram, Herwig (1997). 4002:Wolfram, Herwig (1988). 3949:Vasiliev, A. A. (1950). 3890:Steffens, Franz (1903). 3879:Silber, Manfred (1970). 3845:. Taylor & Francis. 3606:Hodgkin, Thomas (1896). 3443:Fried, Johannes (2015). 3409:. New York: Henry Holt. 2637:, pp. 25–26, 34–36. 1391:still contains Odoacer ( 791:Battle of the Adda River 464:Youth and early exploits 394: instead of letters. 5496:(ca. 3,000 BC–500 AD), 4183:Kampers, Franz (1912). 4175:Encyclopædia Britannica 4155:Encyclopædia Britannica 4086:Heather, Peter (1998). 3367:The Barbarian Invasions 3365:Delbrück, Hans (1990). 3327:Collins, Roger (2004). 3213:Amory, Patrick (1997). 1396: 1359: 1301:Peter Vischer the Elder 1225:In 522 the philosopher 785:by Odoacer's forces at 781:. Theodoric's army was 50:) featuring Theodoric, 4263:King of the Ostrogoths 3665:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). 3617:James, Edward (2014). 3609:Italy and Her Invaders 3346:Dailey, E. T. (2015). 3308:Burns, Thomas (1991). 1667: 1432: 1348:Germanic heroic legend 1333: 1315: 1249: 1147: 1127: 1124:Mausoleum of Theodoric 1116: 1094: 987: 881: 873: 727: 458:Germanic heroic legend 380:This article contains 6735:German heroic legends 6730:Deaths from dysentery 6667:(9th–12th centuries) 5504:300–538 AD), and the 5326:Biterolf und Dietleib 5199:Dietrich und Wenezlan 4192:Catholic Encyclopedia 4090:. Oxford, UK: Wiley. 4062:Early Medieval Europe 3638:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 3525:. New York: Garland. 3483:Halsall, Guy (2007). 3270:Brown, Peter (1989). 1442:Magnus Felix Ennodius 1418: 1370:, and Old English as 1324: 1298: 1252:Theodoric was of the 1239: 1158:, which contains the 1133: 1121: 1091: 1008:Sigismund of Burgundy 985: 879: 863: 725: 716:Further information: 46:Medallion (or triple 6619:(7th–10th centuries) 5400:Legendary characters 5231:Rosengarten zu Worms 5170:The Historical Poems 5014:Lothair III (or II) 4367:between 476 and 1556 4246:at Wikimedia Commons 4004:History of the Goths 3785:Norwich, John Julius 3384:Elton, Hugh (2018). 2529:, pp. 176, 225. 1780:Anastasius I Dicorus 1632:𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 1244:, the church of the 1215:Flavian Amphitheatre 1101:originally built by 732:Eastern Roman Empire 472:on the banks of the 450:mausoleum in Ravenna 353:Western Roman Empire 337:Eastern Roman Empire 198:Western Roman Empire 6715:Theoderic the Great 6205:(5th-6th centuries) 6199:(3rd-4th centuries) 6003:Theodoric the Great 5407:Theodoric the Great 5386:Ambraser Heldenbuch 5209:The Fantastic Poems 4244:Theoderic the Great 4200:Theodoric the Great 3885:Zürich: Peter Lang. 3199:, pp. 238–240. 2565:, pp. 225–227. 2517:, pp. 256–257. 2452:, pp. 291–292. 2123:, pp. 277–278. 1979:, pp. 264–265. 1576:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1466:Anonymus Valesianus 1320:John Julius Norwich 1246:Palace of Theodoric 1231:magister officiorum 1164:Palace of Theodoric 1144:Pavia Civic Museums 902:Alexander the Great 718:Ostrogothic Kingdom 667:Theodoric the Great 321:Ostrogothic Kingdom 218:Ostrogothic Kingdom 151:511 – 30 August 526 77:471 – 30 August 526 4221:Theodoric the Goth 4206:Theodoric the Goth 4118:Theoderic in Italy 3678:. Essex: Longman. 2983:, pp. 321–28. 2933:Koenigsberger 1987 2921:Koenigsberger 1987 1844:, pp. 74, 95. 1433: 1336:Medieval reception 1316: 1250: 1199:Palace of Domitian 1148: 1128: 1095: 991:Family and progeny 988: 882: 874: 854:Visigothic Kingdom 728: 480:, the son of king 438:Visigothic Kingdom 315:, was king of the 6755:Ostrogothic kings 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6690:King of the Goths 6643:(6th–9th century) 6623:King of the Wends 6558: 6557: 6071: 6070: 5968: 5967: 5715: 5714: 5506:Germanic Iron Age 5484:Germanic monarchs 5450: 5449: 5362:Guðrúnarkviða III 5335: 5334: 5155:Dietrich von Bern 5113: 5112: 4924:Holy Roman Empire 4332: 4331: 4323:Succeeded by 4270:Succeeded by 4242:Media related to 4210:Project Gutenberg 4202:at MiddleAges.net 4149:"Theodoric" 3994:978-0-30025-443-3 3941:978-0-51770-148-5 3922:978-91-974194-8-2 3913:Goternas Historia 3871:978-1-44260-104-8 3852:978-1-884964-02-2 3831:978-0-88029-579-6 3776:978-91-85507-94-8 3753:978-0-19814-098-6 3704:978-0-67466-013-7 3628:978-0-58277-296-0 3554:978-0-19-936851-8 3513:978-3-17018-473-2 3494:978-0-52143-543-7 3475:978-0-67451-173-6 3454:978-0-67405-562-9 3435:978-1-57607-263-9 3395:978-1-10845-631-9 3376:978-0-80329-200-0 3357:978-9-00429-089-1 3338:978-0-47075-461-0 3319:978-0-25320-600-8 3300:978-1-84383-074-0 3281:978-0-39395-803-4 3251:Boethius (2000). 3243:978-1-107-05440-0 3187:, pp. 22–23. 3127:, pp. 70–72. 3103:, pp. 88–91. 3055:, pp. 20–21. 2923:, pp. 43–44. 2887:, p. 93, 96. 2697:, pp. 36–37. 2317:, pp. 29–30. 2305:, pp. 86–87. 2150:, pp. 50–51. 2039:, pp. 58–59. 1656: 1637: 1583:(Visigothic king) 1352:Dietrich von Bern 1350:as the character 1342:Dietrich von Bern 1211:Theatre of Pompey 1049:Germanus Justinus 713: 712: 662:Conquest of Italy 586:Rhodope Mountains 454:Dietrich von Bern 388:rendering support 331:(511–526), and a 295: 294: 211:(aged 71–72) 16:(Redirected from 6812: 6750:Medieval legends 6745:Magistri militum 6725:Burials in Italy 6605: 6391: 5979: 5726: 5672: 5635: 5602: 5598: 5582: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5538: 5525: 5511: 5503: 5498:Migration Period 5477: 5470: 5463: 5454: 5355:Guðrúnarkviða II 5178:Dietrichs Flucht 5167: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5117: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5081: 5073: 5065: 5057: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5025: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4985: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4918:Kingdom of Italy 4908: 4900: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4856: 4842: 4834: 4820: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4540: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4498: 4490: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4395: 4383: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4299:Preceded by 4280:Preceded by 4253:Preceded by 4250: 4241: 4218: 4217: 4196: 4188: 4179: 4171: 4159: 4151: 4139: 4109: 4082: 4036: 4017: 3998: 3979: 3962: 3951:Justin the First 3945: 3926: 3907: 3886: 3875: 3856: 3835: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3792: 3780: 3757: 3738: 3719: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3661: 3632: 3613: 3602: 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6740:Gothic warriors 6705: 6704: 6703: 6694: 6646: 6627: 6594: 6576: 6554: 6397: 6380: 6203:Lething Dynasty 6183: 6165: 6104: 6067: 6026: 5964: 5803: 5711: 5688: 5670: 5651: 5606: 5562: 5556: 5548: 5521: 5513: 5486: 5481: 5451: 5446: 5395: 5374: 5331: 5291:Nibelungenklage 5277:Hildebrandslied 5264: 5204: 5158: 5147: 5144: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4854: 4840: 4832: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4496: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4328: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4293: 4285: 4275: 4266: 4258: 4234: 4215: 4182: 4162: 4142: 4128: 4112: 4098: 4085: 4054: 4047:Andreas Goltz, 4044: 4042:Further reading 4039: 4033: 4020: 4014: 4001: 3995: 3982: 3965: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3923: 3910: 3904: 3889: 3878: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3783: 3777: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3735: 3722: 3711: 3705: 3692: 3686: 3673: 3664: 3650:10.2307/1291590 3635: 3629: 3616: 3605: 3599: 3582: 3576: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3533: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3445:The Middle Ages 3442: 3436: 3423: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3377: 3364: 3358: 3345: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3307: 3301: 3288: 3282: 3269: 3263: 3250: 3244: 3231: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2659:Kulikowski 2019 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2554: 2546: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1895:, pp. 4–5. 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1773: 1769: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1626: 1622: 1610:inscription of 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1510: 1413: 1393:Old High German 1388:Hildebrandslied 1384:Old High German 1356:Old High German 1344: 1338: 1273: 1223: 1195: 1156:Hagia Anastasis 1142:are mentioned, 1086: 1076:emperors after 1065: 993: 866:Temple of Vesta 741:, the Germanic 720: 714: 709: 671: 666: 663: 661: 659: 629: 605:taken captive. 553:Sarmatian king 466: 397: 396: 395: 386:Without proper 377: 373: 355:described as a 246: 242: 212: 208: 189: 184: 58: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6818: 6816: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6678:House of Munsö 6675: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6519:Childebert III 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6399: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5590: 5584: 5573: 5571: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5529: 5527: 5515: 5514: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412:Etzel (Attila) 5409: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5305:Ermenrichs Tod 5301: 5294: 5287: 5284:Nibelungenlied 5280: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5094:Frederick III 5091: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4902: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4858: 4844: 4836: 4822: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4500: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365:Kings of Italy 4363: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4233: 4232:External links 4230: 4229: 4228: 4212: 4203: 4197: 4180: 4166:, ed. (1911). 4164:Chisholm, Hugh 4160: 4146:, ed. (1911). 4144:Chisholm, Hugh 4140: 4126: 4114:Moorhead, John 4110: 4096: 4083: 4052: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4018: 4012: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3963: 3946: 3940: 3927: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3887: 3876: 3870: 3857: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3814: 3793: 3781: 3775: 3758: 3752: 3739: 3734:978-3484645042 3733: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3684: 3671: 3662: 3633: 3627: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3585:Kristina Sessa 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3541:Heather, Peter 3537: 3531: 3518: 3512: 3499: 3493: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3440: 3434: 3421: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3381: 3375: 3362: 3356: 3343: 3337: 3324: 3318: 3305: 3299: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3229: 3223: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3175:, p. 153. 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3043:, p. 180. 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2957:O'Donnell 1995 2949: 2945:Heydemann 2016 2937: 2925: 2913: 2911:, p. 142. 2901: 2889: 2877: 2875:, p. 556. 2865: 2863:, p. 108. 2853: 2841: 2839:, p. 109. 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2767:, p. 200. 2757: 2755:, p. 199. 2745: 2728: 2716: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2661:, p. 293. 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2601:, p. 269. 2591: 2579: 2567: 2552: 2550:, p. 225. 2531: 2519: 2507: 2505:, p. 256. 2490: 2488:, p. xiv. 2478: 2466: 2464:, p. 132. 2454: 2442: 2440:, p. 291. 2427: 2425:, p. 421. 2415: 2403: 2401:, p. 128. 2391: 2379: 2377:, p. 123. 2367: 2365:, p. 290. 2355: 2343: 2341:, p. 245. 2331: 2319: 2315:Heydemann 2016 2307: 2295: 2293:, pp. 86. 2283: 2281:, p. 275. 2271: 2259: 2244: 2232: 2230:, p. 287. 2217: 2215:, p. 179. 2205: 2203:, p. 221. 2193: 2191:, p. 289. 2181: 2164: 2160:Rosenwein 2009 2152: 2140: 2125: 2113: 2111:, p. 277. 2101: 2089: 2087:, p. 204. 2077: 2075:, p. 276. 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2027:, p. 242. 2017: 2015:, p. 337. 2013:Frassetto 2003 2005: 1993: 1991:, p. 267. 1981: 1969: 1967:, p. 265. 1957: 1955:, p. 263. 1945: 1943:, p. 262. 1933: 1921: 1919:, p. 122. 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1871:, p. 159. 1861: 1846: 1834: 1832:, p. 335. 1830:Frassetto 2003 1819: 1807: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1767: 1746: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1708: 1698: 1694:Herwig Wolfram 1685: 1672: 1620: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1462:Pars Posterior 1412: 1409: 1340:Main article: 1337: 1334: 1290:German legends 1272: 1269: 1222: 1219: 1207:Senate of Rome 1194: 1191: 1085: 1082: 1064: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1022: 1021: 1011: 992: 989: 806:, Ravenna and 711: 710: 708: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 676: 673: 672: 660: 658: 657: 650: 643: 635: 628: 625: 512:Constantinople 474:Neusiedler See 465: 462: 390:, you may see 378: 371: 370: 369: 361:Constantinople 341:Atlantic Ocean 310:Theodoric the 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 257: 251: 250: 237: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 205: 201: 200: 181: 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 60: 59: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6817: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Amali dynasty 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6550: 6549:Childeric III 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507:Theuderic III 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6465:Childebert II 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6425:(481/482–511) 6424: 6421: 6419:(457–481/482) 6418: 6415: 6413:(445/448–457) 6412: 6409: 6407:(428–445/448) 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 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runestone 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269:Related works 5267: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5185:Rabenschlacht 5182: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054:Frederick II 5052: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4864: 4863: 4859: 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4201: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4127:0-19-814781-3 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4097:0-631-20932-8 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4032:0-520-08511-6 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4013:0-520-05259-5 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3903:9783112202593 3899: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818:Owen, Francis 3815: 3803: 3799: 3798:"Cassiodorus" 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3685:0-582-49403-6 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3575:3-11-015094-8 3571: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3416:0-8050-2763-7 3412: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3262:0-19-283883-0 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3224:0-521-57151-0 3220: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3163:, p. 16. 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079:, p. 10. 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3019:, p. 98. 3018: 3017:Fletcher 1997 3013: 3010: 3007:, p. 97. 3006: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981:Vasiliev 1950 2977: 2974: 2971:, p. 14. 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2947:, p. 32. 2946: 2941: 2938: 2935:, p. 44. 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909:Stenroth 2015 2905: 2902: 2899:, p. 31. 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2851:, p. 87. 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2827:, p. 85. 2826: 2821: 2818: 2815:, p. 81. 2814: 2809: 2806: 2803:, p. 82. 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 80. 2790: 2785: 2782: 2779:, p. 79. 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2743:, p. 78. 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2726:, p. 95. 2725: 2720: 2717: 2714:, p. 77. 2713: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685:, p. 36. 2684: 2679: 2676: 2673:, p. 76. 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2649:, p. 25. 2648: 2647:Hartmann 2009 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635:Hartmann 2009 2631: 2628: 2625:, p. 27. 2624: 2623:Hartmann 2009 2619: 2616: 2613:, p. 98. 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589:, p. 97. 2588: 2583: 2580: 2577:, p. 88. 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:Boethius 2000 2482: 2479: 2476:, p. 28. 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413:, p. 74. 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2389:, p. 96. 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2353:, p. 41. 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2329:, p. 87. 2328: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2269:, p. 83. 2268: 2263: 2260: 2257:, p. 81. 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2242:, p. 80. 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189:Delbrück 1990 2185: 2182: 2179:, p. 51. 2178: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2162:, p. 43. 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2138:, p. 50. 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2099:, p. 64. 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2063:, p. 63. 2062: 2057: 2054: 2051:, p. 59. 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003:, p. 56. 2002: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1907:, p. 73. 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1883:, p. 84. 1882: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1859:, p. 83. 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Steffens 1903 1811: 1808: 1805:, p. 42. 1804: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1646: 1641: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1285:Valentinian I 1282: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1259:caesaropapism 1255: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Palatine Hill 1200: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1114:, Theodoric. 1113: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998: 990: 984: 980: 977: 973: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 896: 891: 887: 878: 871: 867: 862: 858: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 811: 809: 805: 799: 796: 792: 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33: 30: 19: 6670: 6543:Theuderic IV 6531:Chilperic II 6525:Dagobert III 6501:Childeric II 6495:Chlothar III 6429:Childebert I 6395:Merovingians 6345: 6226: 6077:Anglo-Saxons 6015:Amalasuintha 6002: 5911:Chindasuinth 5774:Theodoric II 5583:9 BCE–18 CE) 5561:9 BCE–37 CE, 5526:9 BCE–21 CE) 5492:Attested in 5406: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5348:Þiðreks saga 5346: 5340:Scandinavian 5324: 5317: 5312:Wolfdietrich 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5197: 5192:Alpharts Tod 5190: 5183: 5176: 5153: 5030:Frederick I 4897:Berengar II 4890: 4860: 4846: 4824: 4810: 4802:Non-dynastic 4774:Charles III 4718:Charlemagne 4710:Carolingians 4503: 4409: 4373:Non-dynastic 4315: 4309:Roman consul 4307: 4288: 4261: 4220: 4190: 4173: 4153: 4117: 4087: 4066: 4060: 4048: 4022: 4003: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3950: 3931: 3912: 3892: 3881: 3861: 3841: 3821: 3806:. Retrieved 3801: 3788: 3766: 3762: 3743: 3724: 3714: 3694: 3675: 3666: 3641: 3637: 3618: 3608: 3588: 3564: 3544: 3522: 3503: 3484: 3464: 3444: 3425: 3405: 3385: 3366: 3347: 3328: 3309: 3290: 3271: 3252: 3233: 3214: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3065:Heinzle 1999 3060: 3048: 3041:Norwich 1988 3036: 3031:, p. 3. 3029:Lienert 2008 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2885:Johnson 1988 2880: 2868: 2856: 2849:Johnson 1988 2844: 2832: 2825:Johnson 1988 2820: 2813:Johnson 1988 2808: 2801:Johnson 1988 2796: 2789:Johnson 1988 2784: 2777:Johnson 1988 2772: 2760: 2748: 2741:Johnson 1988 2724:Johnson 1988 2719: 2712:Johnson 1988 2690: 2678: 2671:Johnson 1988 2666: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2563:Wolfram 1997 2548:Wolfram 1997 2527:Wolfram 1997 2522: 2515:Wolfram 1997 2510: 2503:Wolfram 1997 2481: 2469: 2457: 2450:Halsall 2007 2445: 2438:Halsall 2007 2418: 2411:Johnson 1988 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2363:Halsall 2007 2358: 2351:Collins 2004 2346: 2339:Wolfram 1988 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2279:Hodgkin 1896 2274: 2262: 2235: 2228:Halsall 2007 2213:Norwich 1988 2208: 2196: 2184: 2177:Heather 2013 2155: 2148:Heather 2013 2143: 2136:Heather 2013 2121:Wolfram 1988 2116: 2109:Wolfram 1988 2104: 2092: 2080: 2073:Wolfram 1988 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1989:Wolfram 1988 1984: 1977:Wolfram 1988 1972: 1965:Wolfram 1988 1960: 1953:Wolfram 1988 1948: 1941:Wolfram 1988 1936: 1931:, p. 6. 1929:Heather 2013 1924: 1912: 1905:Johnson 1988 1900: 1893:Heather 2013 1888: 1876: 1864: 1842:Johnson 1988 1837: 1817:, p. 3. 1810: 1798: 1778:returned by 1775: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1659:Theuderikhos 1623: 1615: 1602: 1502:Julius Nepos 1497: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1434: 1425:Anastasius I 1401:Þiðreks saga 1386: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1351: 1345: 1325: 1317: 1309:Court Church 1305:Maximilian I 1277:ancient Rome 1274: 1257: 1251: 1230: 1224: 1196: 1172: 1155: 1149: 1111: 1108: 1096: 1066: 1054: 1033:Amalasuintha 1023: 994: 976:Amalasuintha 964: 945: 933:Roman Senate 920: 913:Amalasuintha 910: 898:Anastasius I 894: 889: 883: 869: 852:In 511, the 851: 816: 812: 800: 776: 742: 736: 729: 665: 621:praesentalis 617: 607: 582: 580:in 467–468. 571: 560: 531: 522: 515: 509: 504: 467: 427: 400: 398: 379: 364: 356: 348: 345:Adriatic Sea 309: 305: 301: 297: 296: 240:Amalasuintha 29: 6672:Ynglingatal 6572:Agilolfings 6537:Chlothar IV 6483:Sigebert II 6471:Chlothar II 6453:Chilperic I 6441:Charibert I 6417:Childeric I 6228:Interregnum 6171:Burgundians 6120:(until 406) 5917:Recceswinth 5881:Reccared II 5821:Theudigisel 5762:Theodoric I 5539:9 BCE–9 CE) 5437:King Laurin 5104:(1530–1556) 5096:(1452–1493) 5088:(1431–1437) 5080:(1355–1378) 5078:Charles IV 5072:(1327–1347) 5064:(1311–1313) 5056:(1212–1250) 5048:(1209–1212) 5040:(1186–1197) 5032:(1154–1186) 5024:(1138–1152) 5022:Conrad III 5016:(1125–1137) 5008:(1106–1125) 5000:(1093–1101) 4992:(1056–1105) 4984:(1039–1056) 4976:(1026–1039) 4968:(1004–1024) 4960:(1002–1014) 4883:Lothair II 4817:Berengar I 4812:Unruochings 4758:Charles II 4697:Desiderius 4673:Hildeprand 4649:Aripert II 4504:Interregnum 4073:: 145–173. 3197:Wiemer 2023 3185:Wiemer 2023 3173:Wiemer 2023 3161:Wiemer 2023 3149:Wiemer 2015 3137:Arnold 2014 3125:Arnold 2014 3113:Arnold 2014 3101:Arnold 2014 3089:Arnold 2014 3077:Arnold 2014 2993:Arnold 2014 2897:Näsman 2008 2861:Arnold 2014 2837:Arnold 2014 2765:Arnold 2014 2753:Arnold 2014 2575:Dailey 2015 2387:Arnold 2014 1881:Wiemer 2023 1869:Langer 1968 1857:Wiemer 2023 1803:Silber 1970 1754:Cassiodorus 1668:Theoderīcus 1640:*Þiudareiks 1616:"princ i s" 1581:Theodoric I 1536:Charlemagne 1477:Res Publica 1450:Cassiodorus 1382:. Only the 1329:Charlemagne 1229:became his 1080:(395–423). 1014:Theodegotha 545:) in upper 505:*Þiudareiks 417:made him a 384:characters. 357:Res Publica 244:Theodegotha 209:(526-08-30) 156:Predecessor 117:Predecessor 82:Predecessor 6765:526 deaths 6760:454 births 6709:Categories 6633:Norwegians 6477:Dagobert I 6459:Sigebert I 6435:Chlothar I 6375:Desiderius 6357:Hildeprand 6337:Aripert II 6148:Thrasamund 6142:Gunthamund 5974:Ostrogoths 5871:( 610-612) 5851:Reccared I 5833:Athanagild 5808:Post-Balti 5768:Thorismund 5707:Vithimiris 5694:Greuthungi 5665:Radagaisus 5620:Ariovistus 5577:Maroboduus 5554:Marcomanni 5417:Hildebrand 5391:Heldenbuch 5102:Charles V 5086:Sigismund 5062:Henry VII 4998:Conrad II 4982:Henry III 4974:Conrad II 4952:(996–1002) 4927:(962–1556) 4742:Lothair I 4665:Liutprand 4641:Raginpert 4601:Perctarit 4577:Perctarit 4561:Aripert I 4426:Theodahad 4418:Athalaric 4410:Theodoric 4402:Ostrogoths 3532:0815300336 2969:Mango 2002 2611:Burns 1991 2599:Amory 1997 2587:Burns 1991 2474:Fried 2015 2462:Brown 1989 2423:Brown 2007 2399:Brown 1989 2375:Brown 1989 2327:James 2014 2303:James 2014 2291:James 2014 2267:James 2014 2255:Burns 1991 2240:Burns 1991 2201:Elton 2018 2097:Burns 1991 2085:Elton 2018 2061:Burns 1991 2049:Burns 1991 2037:Burns 1991 2001:Burns 1991 1917:Geary 1999 1791:References 1692:Historian 1655:romanized: 1650:Θευδέριχος 1608:Late Latin 1438:Gothic war 1405:Westphalia 1318:Historian 1248:in Ravenna 1175:Belisarius 1126:in Ravenna 1074:West Roman 1041:Matasuntha 1004:Ostrogotho 906:synagogues 835:Thrasamund 831:Amalafrida 819:Burgundian 758:, whom he 743:foederatus 700:Adda River 539:Singidunum 442:Burgundian 411:Sarmatians 317:Ostrogoths 248:Ostrogotho 68:Ostrogoths 18:Theodorich 6551:(737–751) 6545:(721–737) 6539:(717–719) 6533:(715–721) 6527:(711–715) 6521:(695–711) 6515:(691–695) 6513:Clovis IV 6509:(675–691) 6503:(673–675) 6497:(657–673) 6491:(639–657) 6489:Clovis II 6485:(639–656) 6479:(623–639) 6473:(584–629) 6467:(575–595) 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5925:(672-680) 5919:(649-672) 5913:(642-653) 5907:(639-642) 5901:(636-639) 5895:(631-636) 5889:(621-631) 5877:(612-621) 5865:(603-610) 5859:(601-603) 5853:(586-601) 5847:(568-586) 5845:Liuvigild 5841:(567-572) 5835:(554-567) 5829:(549-554) 5823:(548-549) 5817:(531-548) 5800:(522-531) 5794:(507-513) 5788:(484-507) 5786:Alaric II 5782:(466-484) 5776:(453-466) 5770:(451-453) 5764:(418-451) 5758:(415-418) 5746:(410-415) 5740:(395-410) 5721:Visigoths 5702:Ermanaric 5684:Athanaric 5676:Thervingi 5648:(448-456) 5642:(438-448) 5533:Segimerus 5494:Antiquity 5422:Ermanaric 5238:Eckenlied 5070:Louis IV 5038:Henry VI 4990:Henry IV 4966:Henry II 4958:Arduin I 4950:Otto III 4944:(980–983) 4936:(962–973) 4907:(950–963) 4905:Adalbert 4899:(950–963) 4892:Anscarids 4885:(945–950) 4877:(926–947) 4869:(900–905) 4867:Louis II 4855:(922–933) 4841:(891–897) 4833:(889–894) 4826:Guideschi 4819:(887–924) 4784:(896–899) 4776:(879–887) 4768:(877–879) 4766:Carloman 4760:(875–877) 4752:(855–875) 4744:(818–855) 4736:(810–818) 4728:(781–810) 4720:(774–814) 4699:(756–774) 4691:(749–756) 4683:(744–749) 4667:(712–744) 4657:Ansprand 4651:(702–712) 4635:(700–702) 4633:Liutpert 4627:(689–700) 4625:Cunipert 4611:(688–689) 4609:Cunipert 4603:(671–688) 4593:Garibald 4587:(662–671) 4585:Grimoald 4579:(661–662) 4571:(661–662) 4569:Godepert 4563:(653–661) 4555:(652–653) 4547:(636-652) 4539:(626–636) 4531:(616–626) 4529:Adaloald 4523:(590–616) 4515:(584–590) 4507:(574–584) 4497:(572–574) 4489:(568–572) 4468:(552–553) 4460:(541–552) 4444:(540–541) 4436:(536–540) 4428:(534–536) 4420:(526–534) 4412:(493–526) 4382:(476–493) 4273:Athalaric 4256:Theodemir 4088:The Goths 3972:Sehepunkt 3959:310492065 3644:: 73–96. 3005:Owen 1990 2695:Tung 2001 2683:Tung 2001 1566:Liuvigild 1546:Ermanaric 1482:Imperator 1380:Ermenrich 1313:Innsbruck 1179:mausoleum 1140:Athalaric 1057:Athalaric 1037:Athalaric 1026:Audofleda 1018:Alaric II 972:Athalaric 952:Sigismund 941:Symmachus 929:Justinian 847:Aquitaine 843:Alaric II 602:Epidaurum 594:Macedonia 578:Dengizich 573:foederati 523:Romanitas 501:linguists 482:Theodemir 478:Carnuntum 419:commander 333:patrician 329:Visigoths 306:the Great 302:Theoderic 298:Theodoric 270:Theodemir 228:Audofleda 187:Carnuntum 166:Successor 142:Visigoths 131:Athalaric 127:Successor 96:Athalaric 92:Successor 86:Theodemir 35:Theodoric 6582:Frisians 6423:Clovis I 6411:Merovech 6343:Ansprand 6325:Liutpert 6319:Cunipert 6307:Cunipert 6295:Garibald 6289:Grimoald 6277:Godepert 6247:Adaloald 6189:Lombards 6154:Hilderic 6130:Gaiseric 6124:Gunderic 6090:Iclingas 5899:Chintila 5893:Sisenand 5887:Suintila 5869:Gundemar 5863:Witteric 5857:Liuva II 5798:Amalaric 5738:Alaric I 5636:419-438) 5630:Hermeric 5625:Hunimund 5593:Ballomar 5589:(18 CE-) 5587:Catualda 5543:Arminius 5519:Cherusci 5512:476–793) 5259:Wunderer 5245:Goldemar 5217:Virginal 5046:Otto IV 5006:Henry V 4942:Otto II 4862:Bosonids 4853:Rudolph 4839:Lambert 4750:Louis I 4734:Bernard 4689:Aistulf 4681:Ratchis 4553:Rodoald 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6363:Ratchis 6265:Rodoald 6259:Rothari 6253:Arioald 6241:Agilulf 6235:Authari 6160:Gelimer 6136:Huneric 6110:Vandals 6044:Ildibad 6038:Vitiges 5991:Valamir 5947:Roderic 5941:Wittiza 5875:Sisebut 5839:Liuva I 5815:Theudis 5792:Gesalec 5750:Sigeric 5744:Athaulf 5646:Rechiar 5640:Rechila 5379:Sources 5252:Sigenot 4934:Otto I 4920:within 4790:Ratold 4782:Arnulf 4617:Alahis 4487:Alboin 4458:Totila 4450:Eraric 4283:Odoacer 3808:16 July 3658:1291590 3206:Sources 1776:regalia 1706:Great". 1683:(2014). 1630:: * 1571:Odoacer 1531:Ardaric 1464:of the 1460:or the 1397:Otacher 1372:Þēodrīc 1368:Þiðrekr 1360:Deotrīh 1322:wrote: 1307:in the 1201:on the 1183:ashlars 1093:Romans. 1084:Ravenna 1045:Witiges 960:Godomar 886:viceroy 808:Picenum 779:Odoacer 764:Sirmium 739:Odoacer 705:Ravenna 680:Sirmium 535:Valamir 434:Balkans 430:Odoacer 402:paideia 343:to the 335:of the 327:of the 255:Dynasty 214:Ravenna 160:Gesalec 140:of the 121:Odoacer 66:of the 48:solidus 6652:Swedes 6386:Franks 6313:Alahis 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Theodoric the Great

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