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43:
1144:, which was raised a little higher and stood a little way off from the furnace. It was already considerably heated from its contiguity to the furnace and the hypocaust below it, so that it supplied the deficiency of the former without materially diminishing its temperature; and the vacuum in this last was again filled up from the farthest removed, which contained the cold water received directly from the square reservoir seen behind them. The boilers themselves no longer remain, but the impressions which they have left in the mortar in which they were embedded are clearly visible, and enable us to determine their respective positions and dimensions. Such coppers or boilers appear to have been called
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1138:, of more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in). in diameter, which heated the water and poured hot air into the hollow cells of the hypocaustum. It passed from the furnace under the first and last of the caldrons by two flues, which are marked on the plan. The boiler containing hot water was placed immediately over the furnace; as the water was drawn out from there, it was supplied from the next, the
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Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day." Emperors often built baths to gain favour for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favour of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a
2209:
842:). It did not contain water either at Pompeii nor at the Baths of Hippias, but was merely heated with warm air of an agreeable temperature, in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden transition to the open air. In the baths at Pompeii this chamber also served as an
1060:
1409:
The Romans believed that good health came from bathing, eating, massages, and exercise. The baths, therefore, had all of these things in abundance. Since some citizens would be bathing multiple times a week, Roman society was surprisingly clean. When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a
1327:
In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centres. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans
1338:
One important function of the baths in Roman society was their role as what we would consider a "branch library" today. Many in the general public did not have access to the grand libraries in Rome and so as a cultural institution the baths served as an important resource where the more common
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all contained rooms determined to be libraries. They have been identified through the architecture of the baths themselves. The presence of niches in the walls are assumed to have been bookcases and have been shown to be sufficiently deep to have contained ancient scrolls. There is little
273:, and is expressly used to characterize the modesty of republican manners as compared with the luxury of his own times. But when the baths of private individuals became more sumptuous and comprised many rooms, instead of the one small chamber described by Seneca, the plural
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advocated for public access to books and that libraries be open to all readers, there is little evidence that public libraries existed in the modern sense as we know it. It is more likely that these reserves were maintained for the wealthy elite.
248:
signifies, in its primary sense, a bath or bathing-vessel, such as most persons of any consequence among the Romans possessed in their own houses, and hence the chamber which contained the bath, which is also the proper translation of the word
889:
is generally the most highly ornamented room in baths. It was merely a room to sit and be anointed in. In the Forum Baths at
Pompeii the floor is mosaic, the arched ceiling adorned with stucco and painting on a coloured ground, the walls red.
592:, for the convenience of the better classes while awaiting the return of their acquaintances from the interior. In this court, advertisements for the theatre or other announcements of general interest were posted, one of which, announcing a
521:(barely visible, right side, one third of the total length from above), which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the building and after descending three steps, the bather would find a small chamber on his left (
1334:
had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa.
490:'s Old Baths, otherwise known as the Forum Baths, which are among the best-preserved Roman baths. These baths were connected to the forum at Pompeii, hence the name. The references are to the floor plan pictured to the right.
848:
for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures of the kind called
1352:
documentation from the writers of the time that there did exist definitive public libraries maintained in the baths, but records have been found that indicated a slave from the imperial household was labelled
1276:, or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves and remove the excess with a
729:). Holes are still visible on the walls, and probably mark the places where the pegs for the bathers' clothes were set. The chamber was lighted by a glass window, and had six doors. One of these led to the
129:
Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private
905:. It sometimes took place before going to the hot bath, and sometimes after the cold bath, before putting on the clothes, in order to check the perspiration. Some baths had a special room (
1298:, a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.
713:), a room for undressing in which all visitors must have met before entering the baths proper. Here, the bathers removed their clothing, which was taken in charge by slaves known as
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1358:('maintenance man of the Greek library of the baths'). However, this may only indicate that the same slave held two positions in succession: "maintenance man of the baths" (
316:
have no singular number, were the public baths, but this accuracy of diction is neglected by many of the subsequent writers, and particularly by the poets, amongst whom
607:
1756:
815:
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was opened in New York City, with a Main
Waiting Room that borrowed heavily from the frigidarium of the Baths of Diocletian, especially with the use of repeated
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This palaestra was the exercise ground for the young men, or perhaps served as a promenade for visitors to the baths. Within this court the keeper of the baths (
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1951:
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1134:). The warm water was filled into the warm bath by a pipe through the wall, marked on the plan. Underneath the hot chamber was set the circular furnace
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493:
This specific complex consists of a double set of baths, one for men and one for women. It has six different entrances from the street, one of which (
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392:, as well as a regular establishment appropriated for bathing. Writers, however, use these terms without distinction. Thus the baths erected by
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374:, 'hot') meant properly warm springs, or baths of warm water; but came to be applied to those magnificent edifices which grew up under the
2399:
874:), in which the charcoal ashes were still remaining when the excavation was made. Sitting and perspiring beside such a brazier was called
997:
held cold water, for pouring upon the bather's head before he left the room. These basins are of marble in the Old Baths, but we hear of
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2283:
Roman Baths and
Bathing: Proceedings of the First International Conference On Roman Baths Held At Bath, England, 30 March-4 April 1992.
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in the ceiling. The success of the design of
Pennsylvania Station in turn was copied in other railroad stations around the world.
955:. Its walls also were hollow, behind the decorated plaster one part of the wall was made from interconnected hollow bricks called
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1240:. The floor of this chamber is suspended, and its walls perforated for flues, like the corresponding one in the men's baths. The
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1955:
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A number of Roman public baths survive, either as ruins or in varying degrees of conservation. Among the more notable are the
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The Baths of
Caracalla: A Study In the Design, Construction, and Economics of Large-Scale Building Projects In Imperial Rome.
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Andrews, Cath. "Ancient Roman Baths: Cleanliness and
Godliness under one roof". Explore Italian Culture. Web. 4/22/12.
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497:) gives admission to the smaller women's set only. Five other entrances lead to the men's department, of which two (
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might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.
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Fagan, Garrett G. 2001. "The genesis of the Roman public bath: Recent approaches and future directions".
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of the men's set, but of much smaller dimensions. There are four steps on the inside to descend into it.
285:
was adopted, which still, in correct language, had reference only to the baths of private persons. Thus,
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This article is about buildings used for Roman recreation and cleaning. For the activity in general, see
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1035:, and used simply as a sweating-room, having no bath. It was said to have been introduced at Rome by
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428:—the terms are not applied to the whole building, but to two different chambers in the same edifice.
1422:
860:
Three bronze benches were also found in the room, which was heated as well by its contiguity to the
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which runs back from the portico, might have been appropriated to him; but most probably it was an
388:, and which comprised within their range of buildings all the appurtenances belonging to the Greek
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126:
were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.
46:
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225:
may all be translated as 'bath' or 'baths', though Latin sources distinguish among these terms.
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53:, England. The entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction.
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Virtual historical reconstruction of the Roman Baths in Weißenburg, Germany, using data from
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1234:), on one side of which is a warm bath in a square recess, and at the farther extremity the
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The adjoining, smaller set of baths were assigned to the women. The entrance is by the door
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Baths were a site for important sculpture; among the well-known pieces recovered from the
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155:
2095:"NOVA Online | Secrets of Lost Empires | Roman Bath | A Day at the Baths"
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is not uncommonly used in the plural number to signify the public baths, since the word
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An
Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World
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141:. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by
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from "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities", pub. John Murray, London, 1875.
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the bather who wished to go through the warm bath and sweating process entered the
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2422:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas) with data from a City of Weissenburg/
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Thermae Et Balnea: The
Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths.
2066:
Dix, Keith (1994). "'Public
Libraries' in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality".
801:. The bath in this chamber is of white marble, surrounded by two marble steps.
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in the women's baths had no brazier, but it had a hanging or suspended floor.
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Ring, James W. 1996. "Windows, baths and solar energy in the Roman Empire".
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Information regarding a 19th-century version of the Roman or "Turkish" bath
2266:
The water supply of ancient Rome: A study of Roman imperial administration.
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1270:
The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a
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has a passage (q) communicating with the mouth of the furnace (i), called
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1201:) on either side built up against the wall. This opens upon a cold bath (
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183:
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2302:
Marvin, M. 1983. "Freestanding sculptures from the Baths of Caracalla".
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Behind the boilers, another corridor leads into the court or palaestra (
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was a spacious chamber, with stone seats along three sides of the wall (
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and, passing down that passage, we reach the chamber M, into which the
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1554:. Probably the most complete are various public and private baths in
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and over life-size early 3rd century patriotic figures, (now in the
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2212: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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2423:
2297:
Ancient Baths and Bathing: A Bibliography for the Years 1988-2001.
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313:
169:
134:
56:
41:
1490:'to burn') were utilised to heat the piped water from a furnace (
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provided illustrations envisioning the rooms of the Old Baths at
486:
By way of illustration, this article will describe the layout of
4228:
3795:
3735:
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505:), communicate directly with the furnaces, and the other three (
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1871:
De Ling. Lat. viii. 25, ix. 41, ed. Müller (cited by Rich, 183)
2789:
2386:
An interactive site using the Baths of Caracalla as an example
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show, still remains. At the sides of the entrance were seats (
2182:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1890:
1783:
1694:
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome: The Evidence of Frontinus
357:
243:
145:. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the
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78:
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of solid silver. Because of the great heat of the room, the
336:
also, in the same sentence, makes use of the neuter plural
447:
A public bath was built around three principal rooms: the
1773:
More literally, "It is a healthful thing to have bathed."
186:, and the slogan SALVOM LAVISSE, "A bath is good for you"
2203:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray. p. 183 et seq.
149:(hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by
1819:, De Ling. Lat. ix. 68, ed. Müller (cited by Rich, 183)
719:, notorious in ancient times for their dishonesty. The
1187:), which, like the one in the men's bath, has a seat (
1230:), which also communicates with the thermal chamber (
368:, 'hot springs, hot baths', from the Greek adjective
576:
paid by each visitor, was also stationed. The room (
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1472:were built around them. Alternatively, a system of
1434:Baths sprang up all over the empire. Where natural
1099:projects, and which is entered from the street at
967:), and at the other a quadrangular bathing place (
26:"Roman baths" redirects here. For other uses, see
2313:2nd ed. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
539:), which ran round three sides of an open court (
2409:Roman Baths of Weissenburg Digital Media Archive
1697:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 9, 10.
1370:). The reason for this debate is that, although
2380:– Technical investigation of Roman public works
2366:ThermeMuseum (Museum of the Thermae) in Heerlen
1724:Daily life in ancient Rome : a sourcebook
991:), approached from the platform by steps. The
2459:
2299:Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
2285:Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
2278:Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
1339:citizen could enjoy the luxury of books. The
1161:), appropriated to the servants of the bath.
16:Public facilities for bathing in ancient Rome
8:
2281:DeLaine, Janet, and David E Johnston. 1999.
2234:"Mass Bathing: The Roman Balnea and Thermae"
1862:Ad Q. Frat. iii. 1. § 1 (cited by Rich, 183)
1029:, which was a chamber still hotter than the
749:), with its cold plunge-bath referred to as
608:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
289:terms the baths at the villa of his brother
2341:New York: Architectural History Foundation.
2224:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
2041:. University of Michigan Press. p. 9.
1952:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
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1755:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1214:Opposite to the door of entrance into the
2439:. solarhousehistory.com. 20 January 2014.
2339:Baths and bathing in classical antiquity.
2200:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1364:) and "employee in the Greek library" (a
1173:, which conducts into a small vestibule (
893:Anointing was performed by slaves called
1116:There were three boilers, one of which (
951:floor was directly above the furnace or
517:Passing through the principal entrance,
2268:Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.
1949:The following is adapted from the 1898
1913:Juv. Sat. vii. 233 (cited by Rich, 184)
1844:, Ad Fam. xiv. 20 (cited by Rich, 183).
1727:. Brian K. Harvey. Indianapolis. 2016.
1683:
1292:). Often wealthy bathers would bring a
820:Pompeian interior, The Thermae by Forum
617:
440:Plan of the Old Baths (Forum Baths) at
2007:Plin. H. N.xxxiii. 152 (cited by Peck)
1748:
1355:vilicus thermarum bybliothecae Graecae
1220:is another doorway which leads to the
1150:, from their similarity of shape to a
2348:New York: Cambridge University Press.
2330:Roupas, N. 2012. "Roman bath tiles".
1506:List of remains of Roman public baths
61:Bulla Regia, inside the thermal baths
7:
2038:Bathing in Public in the Roman World
822:by Joseph Theodor Hansen (1848–1912)
2437:"The Roman Baths and Solar Heating"
2395:3d reconstruction of a Roman baths
2025:Pallad. i. 40; v. 8 (cited by Peck)
1922:Sylv. i. 5. 13 (cited by Rich, 184)
1301:The changing room was known as the
2227:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
2016:Dio Cass. liii. 27 (cited by Peck)
864:of the adjoining chamber, as by a
14:
556:), in which the servants waited.
182:, showing bathing sandals, three
2207:
2055:from the original on 2018-05-07.
1880:Ep. ii. 17. (cited by Rich, 184)
1711:from the original on 2018-05-07.
1583:
668:
652:
636:
620:
2318:American Journal of Archaeology
2304:American Journal of Archaeology
2290:American Journal of Archaeology
2232:Aaland, Mikkel (May 15, 1998).
2101:from the original on 2012-11-13
509:) with the bathing apartments.
471:also featured steam baths: the
107:) were facilities for bathing.
2384:Roman Bath: a day at the baths
2295:Manderscheid, Hubertus. 2004.
1980:Dig. xlvii. 17 (cited by Peck)
531:), and proceed into a covered
477:, a moist steam bath, and the
396:, the freedman of the Emperor
1:
1989:Suet. Aug. 82 (cited by Peck)
1500:Remains of Roman public baths
1063:A three-tiered water boiler (
1009:was but slightly ornamented.
546:). These together formed the
328:could not be introduced in a
265:to designate the bathroom of
3038:Frontiers and fortifications
1998:Galen. x. 49 (cited by Peck)
1971:Pro Cael. 26 (cited by Peck)
1486:
1480:
1315:
1309:
1128:); and the third, the cold (
370:
364:
113:usually refers to the large
103:
84:
28:Roman Baths (disambiguation)
3097:Decorations and punishments
2346:Bathing In the Roman World.
1940:ix. 76 (cited by Rich, 184)
1931:vi. 42 (cited by Rich, 184)
1853:Ep. 86 (cited by Rich, 183)
1516:Ravenglass Roman Bath House
1262:, completed in 216 on a 25
685:Apodyterium and frigidarium
4432:
4004:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2579:historiography of the fall
1891:
1784:
1503:
1328:to join their causes. The
1177:) and from there into the
1016:
924:
808:
688:
358:
244:
98:
79:
32:
25:
18:
4385:External wars and battles
2509:
2482:
2221:, ed. (1898). "Balneae".
2125:. Springer. p. 227.
2119:Shephard, Roy J. (2014).
2035:Garrett G. Fagan (2002).
1103:. It was assigned to the
378:, in place of the simple
2323:Rotherham, Ian D. 2012.
21:Thermae (disambiguation)
4380:Roman–Iranian relations
2855:Optimates and populares
2391:Roman baths and bathing
2337:Yegül, Fikret K. 1992.
2325:Roman Baths In Britain.
2264:Bruun, Christer. 1991.
2068:Libraries & Culture
1800:A Greek–English Lexicon
1691:Harry B. Evans (1997).
1662:Ancient Baths of Alauna
1657:Victorian Turkish baths
1562:is still in use today.
937:a door opened into the
4390:Civil wars and revolts
3656:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3303:Conflict of the Orders
2662:Legislative assemblies
2430:Victorian Turkish bath
1558:and nearby sites. The
1492:
1468:
1431:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1330:
1294:
1267:
1258:Ruins of the enormous
1242:
1236:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1197:
1189:
1179:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:containing the water.
1105:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1047:
1031:
1023:The Old Baths have no
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
957:
939:
933:
885:
876:
844:
834:
828:
823:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
755:(more commonly called
721:
598:
566:
552:
467:
444:
425:subice balneum thermis
424:
414:
405:
380:
352:
344:
338:
324:
318:
308:
302:
294:
281:
275:
257:
251:
235:
229:
221:
215:
207:
199:
191:
187:
174:Mosaic bath sign from
122:
109:
91:
72:
62:
54:
4099:Simplicius of Cilicia
3851:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3080:Siege in Ancient Rome
2689:Executive magistrates
2360:Roman Baths (Balneae)
2309:Nielsen, Inge. 1993.
1791:Liddell, Henry George
1759:) CS1 maint: others (
1615:History of sanitation
1599:Ancient Roman bathing
1425:
1323:Cultural significance
1257:
1062:
818:
739:) and another to the
439:
312:, which according to
173:
60:
45:
35:Ancient Roman bathing
4109:Stephanus Byzantinus
4014:Eusebius of Caesaria
3876:Sidonius Apollinaris
3566:Ammianus Marcellinus
2905:Tribune of the plebs
2426:research partnership
2219:Peck, Harry Thurston
1567:Pennsylvania Station
1400:Museo di Capodimonte
1367:bybliothecae Graecae
1280:(cf. the well known
1205:), answering to the
1164:
1039:and was also called
917:) for this purpose.
605:The 1898 edition of
560:Use of the palaestra
553:vestibulum balnearum
459:(hot room), and the
348:for a private bath.
19:For other uses, see
4411:Ancient Roman baths
4285:Distinguished women
3936:Velleius Paterculus
3776:Nicolaus Damascenus
3756:Marcellus Empiricus
3145:Republican currency
2389:Barbara F. McManus
2292:105, no. 3: 403–26.
1960:Harry Thurston Peck
1591:Ancient Rome portal
1512:Roman baths of Bath
570:), who exacted the
418:. In an epigram by
342:for public, and of
239:, derived from the
4059:Phlegon of Tralles
3866:Seneca the Younger
3340:Naming conventions
3070:Personal equipment
2603:Later Roman Empire
2414:2011-12-02 at the
2402:2011-05-31 at the
2371:2008-03-16 at the
2154:"Welcome to nginx"
1620:Roman architecture
1524:Baths of Caracalla
1432:
1384:Baths of Caracalla
1268:
1260:Baths of Caracalla
1071:
824:
483:, a dry hot room.
465:(cold room). Some
445:
188:
63:
55:
47:Roman public baths
4398:
4397:
4360:Pontifices maximi
4142:
4141:
3999:Diogenes Laërtius
3821:Pliny the Younger
3576:Asconius Pedianus
3536:Romance languages
3408:Civil engineering
3150:Imperial currency
3023:Political control
2984:
2983:
2618:
2617:
2327:Stroud: Amberley.
1734:978-1-58510-795-7
1630:Roman engineering
1604:Diocletian window
1560:Hammam Essalihine
1542:and the baths of
1361:vilicus thermarum
877:ad flammam sudare
703:) leads into the
525:) with a toilet (
453:(warm room), the
415:Etrusci thermulae
394:Claudius Etruscus
255:. The diminutive
4423:
4350:Magistri equitum
4265:Cities and towns
4258:
4184:Constantinopolis
3994:Diodorus Siculus
3926:Valerius Maximus
3861:Seneca the Elder
3781:Nonius Marcellus
3549:
3102:Hippika gymnasia
3065:Infantry tactics
2971:Consular tribune
2961:Magister equitum
2910:Military tribune
2875:
2835:Pontifex maximus
2830:Princeps senatus
2820:Magister militum
2586:Byzantine Empire
2507:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2440:
2420:creative commons
2397:Limes in Austria
2253:
2251:
2249:
2244:on June 26, 2016
2240:. Archived from
2228:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
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2141:
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2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
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2085:
2082:
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2057:
2056:
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2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
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1963:
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1713:
1712:
1688:
1667:Bliesbruck Baths
1635:Roman technology
1606:(thermal window)
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1471:
1395:Farnese Hercules
1369:
1363:
1357:
1333:
1319:'to take off').
1318:
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766:
724:
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656:
640:
624:
601:
569:
555:
470:
427:
417:
408:
400:, are styled by
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269:in the villa at
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3974:Aëtius of Amida
3955:
3941:Verrius Flaccus
3921:Valerius Antias
3881:Silius Italicus
3816:Pliny the Elder
3761:Marcus Aurelius
3636:Cornelius Nepos
3586:Aurelius Victor
3540:
3462:
3374:
3308:Secessio plebis
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2416:Wayback Machine
2404:Wayback Machine
2373:Wayback Machine
2355:
2261:
2259:Further reading
2256:
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2194:"Balneae"
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1805:Perseus Project
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1716:
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1690:
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1680:
1675:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1522:as well as the
1508:
1502:
1444:Băile Herculane
1438:existed (as in
1420:
1341:Baths of Trajan
1325:
1252:
1167:
1057:
1021:
1015:
958:tubuli lateraci
929:
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813:
807:
697:
689:Main articles:
687:
680:
673:
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641:
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434:
432:Building layout
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156:De architectura
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3826:Pomponius Mela
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3561:Aelius Donatus
3557:
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3542:
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3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:Ecclesiastical
3526:
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3506:
3501:
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3491:
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3270:Toys and games
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2810:Vigintisexviri
2807:
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2797:
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2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:Cursus honorum
2767:
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2582:
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2569:Western Empire
2566:
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2551:
2545:
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2358:William Smith
2354:
2353:External links
2351:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2334:65, no. 2: 12.
2328:
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2314:
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2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:DeLaine, Janet
2269:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2229:
2205:
2191:, ed. (1890).
2189:Smith, William
2179:
2177:
2174:
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2131:
2111:
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2047:
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2018:
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1982:
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1504:Main article:
1501:
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1376:Asinius Pollio
1324:
1321:
1290:Vatican Museum
1266:(33 acre) site
1251:
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1166:
1163:
1056:
1053:
1017:Main article:
1014:
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988:calida piscina
925:Main article:
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806:
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799:swimming pools
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619:
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550:of the baths (
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261:is adopted by
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118:bath complexes
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4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
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4087:
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4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
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3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
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3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
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3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
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3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
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3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
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3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Julius Paulus
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Fabius Pictor
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
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3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Amphitheatres
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Deforestation
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Siege engines
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Establishment
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:Extraordinary
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Promagistrate
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Twelve Tables
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
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2525:
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2503:
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2469:
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2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2238:Cyber-Bohemia
2235:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:public domain
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:public domain
2181:
2180:
2175:
2160:on 2008-05-10
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2132:9783319116716
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2100:
2096:
2090:
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2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:0-472-08865-3
2044:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
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1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:Scott, Robert
1792:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1704:0-472-08446-1
1700:
1696:
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1684:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1646:Thermae Romae
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Roman culture
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
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1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:of Diocletian
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Aquae Calidae
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Bath, England
1437:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:Julius Caesar
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
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1162:
1160:
1155:
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1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1055:Service areas
1054:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
966:
965:
959:
954:
950:
946:
941:
935:
928:
920:
918:
916:
915:
910:
909:
908:destrictarium
904:
903:
898:
897:
891:
887:
881:
878:
873:
872:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
846:
841:
836:
830:
821:
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804:
802:
800:
795:
789:
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777:
771:
765:
760:
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753:
748:
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743:
738:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
717:
712:
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696:
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671:
666:
663:
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646:
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634:
631:
630:
623:
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616:
614:
610:
609:
603:
600:
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568:
559:
557:
554:
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545:
543:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
481:
476:
475:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
452:
451:
443:
438:
431:
429:
426:
421:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
354:
349:
346:
340:
335:
331:
326:
320:
315:
310:
304:
299:
296:
292:
288:
283:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
253:
242:
237:
231:
226:
223:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
172:
165:
163:
161:
158:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:
119:
116:
111:
105:
95:
93:
88:, "hot") and
86:
76:
74:
68:
59:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
22:
4416:Hydrotherapy
4330:Institutions
4194:Leptis Magna
4147:Major cities
4054:Philostratus
3841:Quadrigarius
3661:Rufus Festus
3524:Contemporary
3457:
3245:Romanization
3168:Architecture
2775:Collegiality
2624:Constitution
2475:Ancient Rome
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2320:100: 717–24.
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2237:
2222:
2198:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2148:
2138:19 September
2136:. Retrieved
2121:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1812:
1798:
1778:
1769:
1723:
1717:
1693:
1686:
1650:
1644:
1571:groin vaults
1564:
1509:
1484:'below' and
1473:
1433:
1408:
1393:
1389:Farnese Bull
1387:
1381:
1337:
1326:
1307:(from Greek
1302:
1300:
1271:
1269:
1231:
1227:
1213:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:Women's bath
1158:
1156:
1135:
1115:
1106:fornacatores
1100:
1072:
1040:
1024:
1022:
962:
944:
930:
912:
906:
900:
894:
892:
882:
869:
859:
839:
825:
819:
785:; the terms
756:
752:baptisterium
750:
746:
740:
736:
730:
726:
714:
710:
704:
700:
698:
675:
659:
643:
627:
606:
604:
594:gladiatorial
587:
581:
577:
571:
563:
540:
536:
526:
522:
518:
516:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
485:
478:
472:
460:
454:
448:
446:
419:
350:
300:
227:
211:
203:
195:
189:
154:
128:
96:(from Greek
89:
77:(from Greek
70:
67:ancient Rome
64:
39:
4325:Geographers
4009:Dioscorides
3989:Cassius Dio
3611:Cassiodorus
3514:Renaissance
3120:Agriculture
3092:Auxiliaries
3033:Engineering
2870:Magistrates
2722:Citizenship
2717:Mos maiorum
2652:Late Empire
2332:Archaeology
2306:87: 347–84.
1610:Greek baths
1493:praefurnium
1436:hot springs
1310:apodyterion
1304:apodyterium
1282:Apoxyomenus
1217:apodyterium
1180:apodyterium
1131:frigidarium
1096:praefurnium
1083:praefurnium
1076:apodyterium
868:of bronze (
845:apodyterium
829:apodyterium
742:frigidarium
722:apodyterium
706:apodyterium
699:A passage (
695:Frigidarium
691:Apodyterium
677:Frigidarium
629:Apodyterium
462:frigidarium
166:Terminology
135:town houses
4405:Categories
4214:Mediolanum
4154:Alexandria
4119:Themistius
4084:Porphyrius
3911:Tertullian
3846:Quintilian
3836:Propertius
3731:Lactantius
3681:Fulgentius
3616:Censorinus
3438:Sanitation
3423:Metallurgy
3380:Technology
3345:Demography
3293:Patricians
3260:Spectacles
3218:Literature
3213:Hairstyles
3050:Technology
2800:Praefectus
2752:Government
2742:Litigation
2727:Auctoritas
2672:Centuriate
2559:Principate
2554:Pax Romana
2514:Foundation
2344:--. 2010.
2164:2008-05-09
2105:2012-08-24
1958:edited by
1830:Ad Atticum
1673:References
1475:hypocausta
1430:technology
1428:laser scan
1349:Diocletian
1243:tepidarium
1223:tepidarium
1141:tepidarium
1125:tepidarium
1090:propigneum
1042:sudatorium
934:tepidarium
886:tepidarium
835:tepidarium
811:Tepidarium
805:Tepidarium
794:natatorium
758:natatorium
732:tepidarium
645:Tepidarium
474:sudatorium
450:tepidarium
252:balnearium
4370:Quaestors
4300:Empresses
4290:Dynasties
4280:Dictators
4255:and other
4244:Volubilis
4239:Vindobona
4199:Londinium
4124:Theodoret
4094:Procopius
4074:Polyaenus
4049:Pausanias
3951:Vitruvius
3896:Symmachus
3891:Suetonius
3801:Petronius
3786:Obsequens
3751:Macrobius
3746:Lucretius
3671:Frontinus
3646:Eutropius
3631:Columella
3581:Augustine
3571:Appuleius
3519:Neo-Latin
3494:Classical
3485:Versions
3393:Aqueducts
3335:Patronage
3255:Sexuality
3228:Mythology
3203:Education
3193:Cosmetics
3018:Campaigns
3013:Structure
2966:Decemviri
2825:Imperator
2524:overthrow
2248:August 2,
2074:(3): 288.
1896: in
1785:βαλανεῖον
1751:cite book
1743:924682988
1678:Citations
1653:and film)
1565:In 1910,
1536:of Trajan
1345:Caracalla
1295:capsarius
1288:from the
1273:palaestra
1152:milestone
1119:caldarium
1066:miliarium
1032:caldarium
1026:laconicum
1019:Laconicum
1013:Laconicum
1006:caldarium
953:hypocaust
947:), whose
940:caldarium
931:From the
927:Caldarium
921:Caldarium
914:unctorium
862:hypocaust
855:telamones
826:From the
661:Caldarium
567:balneator
548:vestibule
542:palaestra
513:Palaestra
507:a3, a2, a
480:laconicum
456:caldarium
409:, and by
330:hexameter
295:balnearia
258:balneolum
245:βαλανεῖον
151:Vitruvius
147:caldarium
104:balaneion
99:βαλανεῖον
4375:Tribunes
4365:Praetors
4315:Generals
4295:Emperors
4204:Lugdunum
4189:Eboracum
4179:Carthage
4164:Aquileia
4079:Polybius
4069:Plutarch
4039:Libanius
4029:Josephus
4024:Herodian
3916:Tibullus
3831:Priscian
3806:Phaedrus
3766:Manilius
3711:Jordanes
3696:Hydatius
3626:Claudian
3606:Catullus
3596:Boëthius
3591:Ausonius
3509:Medieval
3481:Alphabet
3453:Theatres
3428:Numerals
3413:Concrete
3403:Circuses
3370:Bagaudae
3360:Adoption
3355:Marriage
3328:Assembly
3233:Religion
3208:Folklore
3188:Clothing
3183:Calendar
3140:Currency
3130:Commerce
3028:Strategy
2990:Military
2976:Triumvir
2956:Dictator
2951:Interrex
2930:Governor
2915:Quaestor
2878:Ordinary
2860:Province
2850:Tetrarch
2840:Augustus
2805:Vicarius
2795:Officium
2732:Imperium
2682:Plebeian
2642:Republic
2564:Dominate
2531:Republic
2492:Timeline
2412:Archived
2400:Archived
2378:Traianus
2369:Archived
2274:. 1997.
2099:Archived
2053:Archived
1828:Cicero,
1709:Archived
1640:Spa town
1577:See also
1532:of Titus
1514:and the
1464:Bulgaria
1418:Location
1386:are the
1316:apoduein
1286:Lysippus
1190:pulvinus
1147:miliaria
896:unctores
851:atlantes
716:capsarii
573:quadrans
398:Claudius
390:gymnasia
386:republic
356:(Greek:
309:balineae
271:Liternum
236:balineum
222:balineum
208:balineae
184:strigils
176:Sabratha
143:aqueduct
120:, while
115:imperial
4345:Legions
4305:Fiction
4275:Consuls
4270:Climate
4224:Ravenna
4219:Pompeii
4209:Lutetia
4174:Bononia
4169:Berytus
4159:Antioch
4134:Zosimus
4129:Zonaras
4104:Sozomen
4089:Priscus
4064:Photius
3906:Terence
3901:Tacitus
3886:Statius
3871:Servius
3856:Sallust
3811:Plautus
3791:Orosius
3771:Martial
3726:Juvenal
3701:Hyginus
3686:Gellius
3545:Writers
3476:History
3458:Thermae
3448:Temples
3398:Bridges
3365:Slavery
3313:Equites
3285:Society
3265:Theatre
3238:Deities
3198:Cuisine
3178:Bathing
3160:Culture
3135:Finance
3112:Economy
3003:Borders
2998:History
2900:Tribune
2895:Praetor
2785:Legatus
2780:Emperor
2667:Curiate
2637:Kingdom
2632:History
2608:History
2591:decline
2549:History
2519:Kingdom
2502:History
2487:Outline
2216::
2186::
2176:Sources
2097:. PBS.
1898:Liddell
1803:at the
1556:Pompeii
1548:Serdica
1520:England
1469:thermae
1460:Serdica
1448:Romania
1412:Tribune
1331:thermae
1278:strigil
1264:hectare
1250:Purpose
1208:natatio
1111:boilers
1037:Agrippa
902:aliptae
871:foculus
866:brazier
788:natatio
776:natatio
770:loutron
764:piscina
613:Pompeii
599:scholae
533:portico
528:latrina
488:Pompeii
468:thermae
442:Pompeii
420:Martial
411:Martial
402:Statius
384:of the
381:balneae
371:thermos
365:Thermai
353:Thermae
345:balneum
332:verse.
325:balneae
303:Balneae
291:Quintus
282:balinea
230:Balneum
216:balneum
200:balneae
192:Thermae
123:balneae
110:Thermae
92:balneae
85:thermos
73:thermae
4355:Nomina
4340:Legacy
4320:Gentes
4257:topics
4253:Lists
4234:Smyrna
4114:Strabo
4044:Lucian
4034:Julian
3984:Arrian
3979:Appian
3969:Aelian
3946:Vergil
3721:Justin
3706:Jerome
3691:Horace
3676:Fronto
3666:Florus
3641:Ennius
3621:Cicero
3601:Caesar
3499:Vulgar
3323:Tribes
3250:Romans
3060:Legion
3043:castra
2920:Aedile
2890:Censor
2885:Consul
2845:Caesar
2815:Lictor
2737:Status
2677:Tribal
2657:Senate
2647:Empire
2541:Empire
2477:topics
2129:
2045:
1892:Θέρμαι
1842:Cicero
1832:ii. 3.
1741:
1731:
1701:
1478:(from
1456:Burgas
1404:Naples
1347:, and
1237:labrum
1198:gradus
994:labrum
982:solium
976:alveus
970:puelos
964:labrum
949:mosaic
782:puteus
589:exedra
406:balnea
376:empire
359:Θέρμαι
339:balnea
319:balnea
287:Cicero
276:balnea
267:Scipio
263:Seneca
160:(V.10)
137:, and
131:villas
80:θερμός
4019:Galen
3961:Greek
3931:Varro
3741:Lucan
3553:Latin
3468:Latin
3443:Ships
3433:Roads
3418:Domes
3350:Women
3298:Plebs
3223:Music
2765:Forum
2760:Curia
2424:CyArk
1956:entry
1902:Scott
1817:Varro
1651:manga
1552:Varna
1544:Sofia
1454:near
1343:, of
1313:from
1000:alvei
779:, or
583:oecus
334:Pliny
314:Varro
241:Greek
180:Libya
139:forts
4335:Laws
4310:Film
4229:Roma
3796:Ovid
3736:Livy
3504:Late
3318:Gens
3275:Wine
3087:Navy
3055:Army
2694:SPQR
2596:fall
2574:fall
2250:2006
2140:2023
2127:ISBN
2043:ISBN
1900:and
1761:link
1757:link
1739:OCLC
1729:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1550:and
1540:Rome
1487:kaio
1481:hypo
1458:and
1392:and
1374:and
1073:The
1048:assa
1045:and
899:and
883:The
791:and
693:and
537:g, g
501:and
306:and
219:and
51:Bath
3489:Old
3173:Art
2946:Rex
2790:Dux
2704:Law
1538:in
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1496:).
1450:or
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1087:or
911:or
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