1130:
Masters. Celestial
Masters used an 精室 "essential chamber" for ceremonies. Specific attire was worn by Daoists. Celestial Master collectives had secretaries assigned to them on the basis of their population. Clerics of the Celestial Masters were referred to as 黃赤祭酒 "libationers of the yellow and red" in the era of the Six dynasties. There were stationery clerics and roving clerics. Distinctions between different social groups in civilization were recognized and utilized accordingly by the Celestial Masters. The Celestial Masters did not find monastic lifestyle attractive and rather passed down their teachings to their biological heirs. Children and widows were part of the Celestial Master groups. Tablets were clutched and prostrations were conducted by clerics. The Dadaojia Lingjie denounced the Yellow Turbans who were enemies of the Celestial Masters. A ritual master of the Celestial Masters may have been a 齋官 fast officer. Daoist Lingbao and Celestial Masters may have overlapped in customs with the Daoist Louguan ceremonies.
1334:
1177:
Celestial
Masters and fangshi all contributed to the religious canon of Lingbao. Celestial Master petitions to divinities were copied by the canon of the Lingbao and fangshi rites were also copied by them. Sichuan was the origin of the Celestial Masters. Different beliefs were held by the different groups of Daoists. 天師治儀 Tianshi zhiyi.
1387:("returning the semen/essence to replenish the brain"), which the Celestial Masters frowned upon, and simply advocated celibacy as a way to avoid losing qi. In addition, the Celestial Masters thought that the macrobiotic method of stealing a woman's qi to replenish the man's own qi was completely wrong, and should not be practiced.
175:
1369:. This was because sin caused qi to leave the body. In order to cure any illness, repentance was a crucial factor in ensuring that the loss of qi could be staunched. Repentance could be accomplished by spending time in a 'Chamber of Silence,' and reflecting on one's sins, or by beating one's breasts and
1091:
had appeared to him, and commanded him to rid the world of decadence and establish a new state consisting only of the "chosen people". Zhang became the first
Celestial Master, and began to spread his newly founded movement throughout the province of Sichuan. The movement was initially called the "Way
1129:
A 173 AD Sichuan stele provides physical proof for the
Celestial Masters existence at its oldest. China's southeastern area may have seen the spread of Celestial Masters in the Six Dynasties. At the start of their existence a large amount of religious text canon was already written by the Celestial
1341:
Each of the three different eras of the
Celestial Masters had distinct beliefs. However, because the Southern and Northern Celestial Masters both descended directly from the initial movement founded by Zhang Daoling, there are many beliefs that are shared. A number of texts exist that give insight
1230:
dynasty. Among the court members who fled were members of the
Celestial Masters. There is also evidence that after Zhang Lu's submission to Cao Cao, numerous adherents fled south from Sichuan. These various followers of The Way of the Celestial Master coalesced to form a distinct form of Celestial
1203:
The collapse of the Wei
Kingdom in 260 CE, along with the fall of Northern China to the Huns in 317, further scattered adherents to the Celestial Masterhood. The Celestial Masters later reemerged in the 4th and 5th centuries as two distinct offshoots, the Northern and Southern Celestial Masters.
1373:
to heaven. Illness could also be cured in other ways as well, among them using medicinal herbs and by listening to ritual music. Eating very little was also of extreme importance, and an ideal diet would consist of no food at all, but only noncorporeal things such as air, which the person could
1154:
under the Taiwu
Emperor. The Celestial Masters of the north urged the persecution of Buddhists under the Taiwu Emperor in the Northern Wei, attacking Buddhism and the Buddha as wicked, and as anti-stability and anti-family. Anti-Buddhism was the position of Kou Qianzhi. There was no ban on the
1176:
Religious canon was divided into 七部 7 sections during the
Southern dynasties by the Celestial Masters. Non specific designations were used for the divinities of the most sublime station by the Celestial Masters. 道門定制 Daomen dingzhi was a religious texts composed in the Song dynasty. Buddhism,
1361:
that pervades all things. The human body also contains qi, but it only has a limited amount of qi. Qi could be lost from the body through things such as sweating and ejaculation. The
Celestial Masters shared these foundational Daoist beliefs, but modified them slightly.
1395:
The Celestial Masters were the first group of organized Daoists. Before their foundation, Daoism did not exist as an organized religion. Being the first organized religious Daoists, the Celestial Masters are the ancestors of subsequent Daoist movements such as the
1146:
Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi were where the Celestial Masters northern branch operated, while Louguan and Guanzhong Daoism developed around Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi. Celestial Masters are not believed to be connected with stele founded in Shaanxi.
1184:, the ruler of the Wei Kingdom, surrendering his state in exchange for gaining state religion status for Tianshi Daoism. Zhang was given a title and land, as were several other family members and generals. His daughter was married to Cao Cao's son,
1122:
originated in southern China. Sin was punished by ailments in the view of the Heavenly Masters. The Shangqing syncretized the Heavenly Masters with fangshi. Buddhism, Fangshi, and Heavenly Masters were synchronized in Lingbao.
1200:. He then used his own popularity as a religious leader to lend legitimacy to the Wei, proclaiming that the Wei court had inherited divine authority from the Tao church, as well as from Confucian laws.
1115:
is known as the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. After the success of the rebellion in 194, they founded the theocratic state of Zhang Han in the Hanzhong Valley of Sichuan, enjoying full independence.
1161:
In the Southern dynasties 正一經 Zhengyi Jing was part of the religious canon of the Celestial Masters. In the Tang and Sui Daoists reconciled the Zhengyi jing with the religious texts of the Lingbao.
1143:
Celestial Masters north branch under Kou Qianzhi worshipped divinities described in the 魏書 Book of Wei. Yin Xi and the Elder Lord are absent from the Celestial Masters of Kou Qianzhi.
1248:, who was raised in a Celestial Master family, received two visions of Laozi in 415 and in 423. In 424, he brought the work that resulted from these visions to the court of the
1303:
Daoism's biggest known conceptions are folk religion, the Celestial Masters, and Quanzhen Daoism in the modern era since Wang Changyue launched a renaissance of the Quanzhen.
1252:
dynasty. The rulers put his works into practice, and Kou became the Celestial Master of the Daoist theocracy of the Northern Wei. After Kou died in 448, the prime minister,
2393:
306:
1256:, became power hungry and began to insult the Wei rulers. Unhappy with his insubordination, the rulers had Cui executed in 450, and ended the Daoist theocracy.
1164:
Celestial Masters and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Eastern Jin and Western Jin in Jiangnan in particular.
1207:
Celestial Masters had prophecy rituals banned since what happens in the future it was supposed to be just known already by the member without rituals.
1314:
with the Kuomintang government. After his death, a succession dispute arose between different branches of the family in Taiwan and mainland China.
1381:, or 'The Union of the Breaths') were not part of Celestial Master Daoism. While the School of the Naturalists (and offshoot schools) advocated
1306:
The Celestial Masters have survived into the 20th century. In 1949, after the communists dominated mainland China, the 63rd Celestial Master,
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Master Daoism known as the Southern Celestial Masters. The Southern Celestial Masters lasted as a distinct movement into the fifth century.
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in 142 AD. Its followers rebelled against the Han dynasty, and won their independence in 194. At its height, the movement controlled a
1274:
School of Daoism claimed lineage to the Celestial Masters. They became one of the two leading schools of Daoism in China, along with
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Jonathan Fuqua; Robert C. Koons, eds. (2023). "Searching for the Ineffable: Classical Theism and Eastern Thought about God".
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In the Eastern Han the Celestial Masters spread to the northwest. Celestial Masters believed in communication with spirits.
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Zhang Yucai, the Celestial Master (38th) drew a handscroll of a dragon. Zhang Sicheng was the 39th and succeeded him.
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The ceremonies of the Celestial Masters, Sanhuang, Lingbao, and Shangqing were categorized and grouped by Lu Xiujing.
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Celestial Masters despite the non-fulfillment of Cui Hao and Kou Qianzhi's agenda in their anti-Buddhist campaign.
1118:正一 Zhengyi included in their religious liturgy, the Daoist writings of the Han, Laozi, the 3 caves and 7 parts. 方士
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The 180 precepts of the Celestial Masters were rules on morality. Stocking up riches was banned by Daoism.
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Celestial Master teachings and Daoxue were mixed together by Yu Ji, whose teacher was 吳澄 Wu Cheng.
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For the water, earth, and heaven officials, Celestial Masters wrote the 三官手書 sanguan shoushu.
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of the Five Pecks of Rice", because each person wishing to join was required to donate five
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An anti-Buddhist plan was concocted by the Celestial Masters under Kou Qianzhi along with
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The Celestial Master canon was not found among the religious texts in the Lingbao caves.
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to non-Chinese invaders in 311, the remnants of the court fled to Jiankang (modern-day
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Building temples, effigies and fasting was practiced by Daoists to gain blessings.
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Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD) (2 vols)
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Hendrischke, Barbara (2000). "Early Daoist Movements". In Livia Kohn (ed.).
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The foundation of Daoist belief is that there is an energy source known as
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1502:
Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art
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but managed to survive. They were finally allowed to ordain priests into
906:
828:
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Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol. set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)
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The Celestial Masters Order in mainland China suffered badly during the
1196:. Zhang relocated to the Han court until the Han dynasty changed to the
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of rice. The movement spread rapidly, particularly under his son
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Website of the (disputed) 65th Celestial Master based in Taiwan
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1158:太上老君 Taishang Laojun was the Celestial Masters' main deity.
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Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
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into early Celestial Master practice, in particular the
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Classical Theism: New Essays on the Metaphysics of God
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was the leader of the Celestial Masters north branch.
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1365:One such change was that illness was caused by
2472:Lagerwey, John; Marsone, Pierre, eds. (2014).
2419:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBokenkamp1997 (
2297:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBokenkamp1997 (
1068:
63:
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8:
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1325:at the Celestial Master's Mansion in 1982.
1226:) and established a new state known as the
1075:
1061:
153:
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2414:
2394:"Who's going to be the 65th Taoist pope?"
2292:
1337:Zhang Daoling, the first Celestial Master
1278:. Zhengyi Daoists became common in the
1087:In 142 CE, Zhang Daoling announced that
1449:
165:
31:
2437:. Berkeley: University of California.
7:
1457:
1455:
1453:
2451:Lagerwey, John; Pengzhi Lü (2010).
1505:. Barnes & Noble. p. 218.
1017:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
2446:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 134–164.
1290:provinces of China, as well as in
635:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
25:
945:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
2497:. Stanford: Stanford University.
2312:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2273:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2257:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2241:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2225:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2209:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2193:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2177:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2161:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2145:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2129:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2113:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2097:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2081:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2065:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2049:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2033:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2017:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
2001:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1985:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1969:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1953:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1937:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1921:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1905:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1889:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1873:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1857:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1841:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1825:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1809:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1793:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1777:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1761:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1745:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1729:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1713:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1697:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1681:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1665:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1649:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1633:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1617:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1601:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1585:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1569:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1553:Lagerwey & Pengzhi Lü (2010)
1192:area, and another being sent to
173:
738:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
1241:The Northern Celestial Masters
1235:The Northern Celestial Masters
1214:The Southern Celestial Masters
1180:In 215, Zhang Lu submitted to
1111:. Their rebellion against the
1031:Institutions and organizations
930:The Northern Celestial Masters
94:
64:
50:
1:
2392:Joe Hung (15 December 2008).
2376:Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)
2360:Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)
2344:Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)
2328:Lagerwey & Marsone (2014)
1270:During the Yuan dynasty, the
920:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
620:Three Great Emperor-Officials
150:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
144:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
123:movement that was founded by
2535:Way of the Celestial Masters
2512:(Terry Kleeman), entry from
2495:Daoism: Growth of a Religion
915:Way of the Celestial Masters
113:Way of the Celestial Masters
35:Way of the Celestial Masters
2433:Bokenkamp, Stephen (1999).
1377:Sexual practices (known as
1374:absorb through meditation.
1260:The Celestial Masters today
2561:
2514:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
2493:Robinet, Isabelle (1997).
1263:
1238:
1037:Chinese Taoist Association
147:
27:Religious school of Taoism
1424:List of Celestial Masters
1354:commentary to the Laozi.
975:Sacred Mountains of China
357:Three Treasures (virtues)
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71:
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610:Queen Mother of the West
45:Traditional Chinese
2435:Early Daoist Scriptures
615:King Father of the East
583:Four heavenly ministers
59:Simplified Chinese
1338:
1336:
1329:Beliefs and practices
117:Heavenly Masters Sect
879:Way of the Li Family
1499:Greg Woolf (2007).
1319:Cultural Revolution
1310:(張恩溥), migrated to
2540:142 establishments
1541:Hendrischke (2000)
1526:Hendrischke (2000)
1339:
1012:Cebu Taoist Temple
1002:White Cloud Temple
864:Way of the Taiping
2485:978-90-04-27164-7
2464:978-90-474-2929-6
1512:978-1-4351-0121-0
1477:978-1-000-83688-2
1085:
1084:
1042:Celestial Masters
598:Tianhuang Emperor
206:Taoist philosophy
109:
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82:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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2519:Official Website
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131:in what is now
28:
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2545:Taoist schools
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2504:External links
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2407:
2404:on 2016-03-04.
2398:The China Post
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2295:, p. 150.
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1384:Huanjing bunao
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1264:Main article:
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1239:Main article:
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1047:Taoist priests
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76:Transcriptions
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1414:Zhang Daoling
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1323:Zhengyi Order
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1107:and grandson
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997:Taoist temple
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987:Mount Penglai
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964:Sacred places
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824:Zhang Sanfeng
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576:Daode Tianzun
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556:Hongjun Laozu
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521:Qingjing Jing
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365:
363:
362:Five Precepts
360:
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348:
347:
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339:
335:
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327:
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259:
255:
253:(five phases)
252:
251:
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228:
226:
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164:
160:
156:
155:
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143:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:Zhang Daoling
122:
119:is a Chinese
118:
114:
104:
92:
90:
86:
83:
79:
74:
70:
62:
60:
56:
48:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2513:
2494:
2474:
2453:
2443:
2434:
2410:
2402:the original
2397:
2387:
2371:
2355:
2339:
2323:
2307:
2288:
2268:
2252:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2188:
2172:
2156:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2044:
2028:
2012:
1996:
1980:
1964:
1948:
1932:
1916:
1900:
1884:
1868:
1852:
1836:
1820:
1804:
1788:
1772:
1756:
1740:
1724:
1708:
1692:
1676:
1660:
1644:
1628:
1612:
1596:
1580:
1564:
1548:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1463:
1439:Mount Longhu
1394:
1391:Significance
1382:
1376:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1345:Taiping Jing
1343:
1340:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1276:Quanzhen Dao
1269:
1250:Northern Wei
1244:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1086:
992:Mount Kunlun
914:
836:
796:Zhang Boduan
778:Tao Hongjing
690:Heshang Gong
588:Jade Emperor
533:
526:
519:
512:
507:Sanhuangjing
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
465:Tao Te Ching
463:
456:
431:
413:
402:
395:
386:
379:
367:Ten Precepts
337:
333:
323:
311:
294:
286:
279:
276:(non-action)
271:
263:
256:
248:
237:Yin and yang
229:
222:
215:
116:
112:
110:
95:Tiān Shī Dào
89:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
2510:Tianshi dao
2275:, pp.
1429:Zhengyi Dao
1404:movements.
1272:Zhengyi Dao
1266:Zhengyi Dao
1246:Kou Qianzhi
1228:Eastern Jin
1138:Kou Qianzhi
1113:Han dynasty
1101: [
935:Zhengyi Dao
899:Dragon Gate
768:Kou Qianzhi
763:Bao Jingyan
677:Zhuang Zhou
486:Taipingjing
2529:Categories
2378:, p.
2362:, p.
2346:, p.
2330:, p.
2314:, p.
2259:, p.
2243:, p.
2227:, p.
2211:, p.
2195:, p.
2179:, p.
2163:, p.
2147:, p.
2131:, p.
2115:, p.
2099:, p.
2083:, p.
2067:, p.
2051:, p.
2035:, p.
2019:, p.
2003:, p.
1987:, p.
1971:, p.
1955:, p.
1939:, p.
1923:, p.
1907:, p.
1891:, p.
1875:, p.
1859:, p.
1843:, p.
1827:, p.
1811:, p.
1795:, p.
1779:, p.
1763:, p.
1747:, p.
1731:, p.
1715:, p.
1699:, p.
1683:, p.
1667:, p.
1651:, p.
1635:, p.
1619:, p.
1603:, p.
1587:, p.
1571:, p.
1555:, p.
1486:1353836889
1445:References
1308:Zhang Enpu
1218:After the
1098:Zhang Heng
1007:Louguantai
950:Yao Taoism
773:Lu Xiujing
753:Wei Huacun
748:Sun Hanhua
695:Wei Boyang
439:Priesthood
372:Meditation
291:(immortal)
268:(reversal)
2478:. BRILL.
2457:. BRILL.
1468:Routledge
1398:Shangqing
1371:kowtowing
859:Huang–Lao
811:Qiu Chuji
801:Sun Bu'er
791:Chen Tuan
743:Guo Xiang
710:Zhang Jue
682:Lie Yukou
514:Huahujing
479:Huainanzi
351:Practices
302:True form
1434:Xiang'er
1419:Zhang Lu
1408:See also
1351:Xiang'er
1348:and the
1190:Chang'an
1109:Zhang Lu
907:Wuliupai
829:Zhu Quan
715:Zhang Lu
549:Theology
493:Xiang'er
472:Zhuangzi
376:Alchemy
200:Concepts
159:a series
157:Part of
1402:Lingbao
1284:Jiangsu
1280:Jiangxi
1254:Cui Hao
1224:Nanjing
1194:Luoyang
1182:Cao Cao
1152:Cui Hao
1120:Fangshi
869:Xuanxue
852:Schools
838:Fangshi
758:Ge Hong
730:Wang Bi
720:Ge Xuan
652:Li Hong
647:Guan Yu
630:Chang'e
535:Daozang
528:Baopuzi
458:I Ching
296:Zhenren
258:Bianhua
190:History
185:Outline
139:History
133:Sichuan
115:or the
18:Tianshi
2482:
2461:
1509:
1484:
1474:
1312:Taiwan
1292:Taiwan
1288:Fujian
1286:, and
1186:Cao Yu
725:He Yan
705:Gan Ji
665:People
397:Bugang
388:Waidan
381:Neidan
273:Wu wei
250:Wuxing
167:Taoism
121:Taoist
1105:]
1094:pecks
1089:Laozi
672:Laozi
603:Houtu
500:Liezi
451:Texts
281:Ziran
244:Bagua
231:Taiji
2480:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2421:help
2380:1158
2348:1035
2299:help
2281:1428
2277:1316
2261:1441
2245:1401
2229:1283
2213:1280
2197:1254
2181:1190
2149:1073
2133:1072
1507:ISBN
1482:OCLC
1472:ISBN
1400:and
1379:heqi
1136:寇謙之
433:Fulu
415:Bigu
410:Diet
336:and
325:Shen
313:Jing
288:Xian
224:Wuji
111:The
2332:986
2316:370
2165:838
2117:837
2101:833
2085:831
2069:806
2053:805
2037:793
2021:539
2005:535
1989:534
1973:533
1957:532
1941:531
1925:527
1909:526
1893:524
1877:519
1861:518
1845:502
1829:422
1813:466
1797:427
1781:420
1765:416
1749:413
1733:412
1717:407
1701:404
1685:400
1669:399
1653:395
1637:380
1621:379
1367:sin
1198:Wei
427:Art
404:Chu
334:Hun
265:Fan
211:Tao
65:天师道
51:天師道
2531::
2396:.
2364:61
2279:,
1605:41
1589:40
1573:39
1557:23
1533:^
1480:.
1470:.
1466:.
1452:^
1359:qi
1294:.
1282:,
1103:zh
338:po
319:Qi
217:De
161:on
135:.
2488:.
2467:.
2423:)
2382:.
2366:.
2350:.
2334:.
2318:.
2301:)
2283:.
2263:.
2247:.
2231:.
2215:.
2199:.
2183:.
2167:.
2151:.
2135:.
2119:.
2103:.
2087:.
2071:.
2055:.
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