710:
687:
64:
1568:
1164:. This effect is rare but sometimes fatal. The risk of AA is high enough that alternatives should be strongly considered. Treatments are available but expensive. No way exists to predict who may or may not suffer this side effect. The effect usually occurs weeks or months after treatment has been stopped, and a genetic predisposition may be involved. It is not known whether monitoring the
55:
6299:
1617:
and must first be hydrolysed to chloramphenicol; however, the hydrolysis process is often incomplete, and 30% of the dose is lost and removed in the urine. Serum concentrations of IV chloramphenicol are only 70% of those achieved when chloramphenicol is given orally. For this reason, the dose needs
1544:
In 2007, the accumulation of reports associating aplastic anemia and blood dyscrasia with chloramphenicol eye drops led to the classification of "probable human carcinogen" according to World Health
Organization criteria, based on the known published case reports and the spontaneous reports submitted
1314:
The majority of the chloramphenicol dose is excreted by the kidneys as the inactive metabolite, chloramphenicol glucuronate. Only a tiny fraction of the chloramphenicol is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. Plasma levels should be monitored in patients with renal impairment, but this is not
1199:
levels, which occurs quite predictably once a cumulative dose of 20 g has been given. The anaemia is fully reversible once the drug is stopped and does not predict future development of aplastic anaemia. Studies in mice have suggested existing marrow damage may compound any marrow damage
4229:
Black LA, McLachlan AJ, Griffith JE, Higgins DP, Gillett A, Krockenberger MB, et al. (October 2013). "Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol following administration of intravenous and subcutaneous chloramphenicol sodium succinate, and subcutaneous chloramphenicol, to koalas (Phascolarctos
1655:). It has the great advantage of requiring only a single injection, whereas ceftriaxone is traditionally given daily for five days. This recommendation may yet change, now that a single dose of ceftriaxone (cost US$ 3) has been shown to be equivalent to one dose of oily chloramphenicol.
1168:
of patients can prevent the development of aplastic anaemia, but patients are recommended to have a baseline blood count with a repeat blood count every few days while on treatment. Chloramphenicol should be discontinued if the complete blood count drops. The highest risk is with oral
1597:
Manufacture of oral chloramphenicol in the U.S. stopped in 1991, because the vast majority of chloramphenicol-associated cases of aplastic anaemia are associated with the oral preparation. No oral formulation of chloramphenicol is available in the U.S. for human use.
4051:
1287:
and penetrates effectively into all tissues of the body, including the brain. Distribution is not uniform, with highest concentrations found in the liver and kidney, with lowest in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration achieved in brain and
900:, nausea, and diarrhea. The bone marrow suppression may result in death. To reduce the risk of side effects treatment duration should be as short as possible. People with liver or kidney problems may need lower doses. In young infants, a condition known as
1311:(which is inactive). In liver impairment, the dose of chloramphenicol must therefore be reduced. No standard dose reduction exists for chloramphenicol in liver impairment, and the dose should be adjusted according to measured plasma concentrations.
3268:
Lagatolla C, Milic J, Imperi F, Cervoni M, Bressan R, Luzzati R, et al. (February 2021). "Synergistic activity of fosfomycin and chloramphenicol against vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) isolates from bloodstream infections".
4439:
4112:
According to current health policy in Mexico, preventive treatment for ophthalmia neonatorum in neonates is a medico-legal requirement and consists of the application of a single drop of ophthalmic chloramphenicol in both eyes shortly after
1558:
Chloramphenicol is available as a generic worldwide under many brandnames and also under various generic names in eastern Europe and Russia, including chlornitromycin, levomycetin, and chloromycetin; the racemate is known as synthomycetin.
1319:
form) is readily excreted unchanged by the kidneys, more so than chloramphenicol base, and this is the major reason why levels of chloramphenicol in the blood are much lower when given intravenously than orally. Chloramphenicol passes into
1228:. This phenomenon occurs in newborn infants because they do not yet have fully functional liver enzymes (i.e. UDP-glucuronyl transferase), so chloramphenicol remains unmetabolized in the body. This causes several adverse effects, including
1646:
Oily chloramphenicol was first used to treat meningitis in 1975 and numerous studies since have demonstrated its efficacy. It is the cheapest treatment available for meningitis (US$ 5 per treatment course, compared to US$ 30 for
4152:
Govendir M, Hanger J, Loader JJ, Kimble B, Griffith JE, Black LA, et al. (April 2012). "Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol after subcutaneous administration to koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with chlamydiosis".
951:
During the last decade chloramphenicol has been re-evaluated as an old agent with potential against systemic infections due to multidrug-resistant gram positive microorganisms (including vancomycin resistant enterococci).
4798:
4432:
1175:, a related compound with a similar spectrum of activity, is available in Italy and China for human use, and has never been associated with aplastic anaemia. Thiamphenicol is available in the U.S. and Europe as a
1352:
Administration of chloramphenicol concomitantly with bone marrow depressant drugs is contraindicated, although concerns over aplastic anaemia associated with ocular chloramphenicol have largely been discounted.
893:. Its use by mouth or by injection is only recommended when safer antibiotics cannot be used. Monitoring both blood levels of the medication and blood cell levels every two days is recommended during treatment.
1626:
Oily chloramphenicol (or chloramphenicol oil suspension) is a long-acting preparation of chloramphenicol first introduced by
Roussel in 1954; marketed as Tifomycine, it was originally used as a treatment for
5238:
4425:
1335:
levels of chloramphenicol must be monitored in neonates and patients with abnormal liver function. Plasma levels should be monitored in all children under the age of four, the elderly, and patients with
1340:. Because efficacy and toxicity of chloramphenicol are associated with a maximum serum concentration, peak levels (one hour after the intravenous dose is given) should be 10–20 μg/mL with toxicity
1691:
Although its use in veterinary medicine is highly restricted, chloramphenicol still has some important veterinary uses. It is currently considered the most useful treatment of chlamydial disease in
1264:
have been reported, usually following long-term therapy. If this occurs, the drug should be promptly withdrawn. It is theorized that this is caused by chloramphenicol's effects on the metabolism of
328:
948:
In low-income countries, the WHO no longer recommends only chloramphenicol as first-line to treat meningitis, but recognises it may be used with caution if there are no available alternatives.
4791:
3457:
Wolfe AD, Hahn FE (January 1965). "Mode of action of chloramphenicol IX. Effects of chloramphenicol upon a ribosomal amino acid polymerization system and its binding to bacterial ribosome".
3851:
Rey M, Ouedraogo L, Saliou P, Perino L (1976). "Traitement minute de la méningite cérébrospinale épidémique par injection intramusculaire unique de chloramphénicol (suspension huileuse)".
785:
4267:"The gene cluster for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 includes novel shikimate pathway homologues and a monomodular non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene"
3740:
Glazko AJ, Dill WA, Kinkel AW (1977). "Absorption and excretion of parenteral doses of chloramphenicol sodium succinate in comparison with per oral doses of chloramphenicol (abstract)".
3948:
PĂ©coul B, Varaine F, Keita M, Soga G, Djibo A, Soula G, et al. (October 1991). "Long-acting chloramphenicol versus intravenous ampicillin for treatment of bacterial meningitis".
1082:
groups on the chloramphenicol molecule. The acetylation prevents chloramphenicol from binding to the ribosome. Resistance-conferring mutations of the 50S ribosomal subunit are rare.
6384:
4784:
3878:
Wali SS, Macfarlane JT, Weir WR, Cleland PG, Ball PA, Hassan-King M, et al. (1979). "Single injection treatment of meningococcal meningitis. 2. Long-acting chloramphenicol".
5231:
4130:
213:
1541:
and the 1958 Los
Angeles Infant Chloramphenicol experiments as initial subjects of a Senate Subcommittee investigation into dangerous medical experimentation on human subjects.
2265:
Gil JA, Kieser HM, Hopwood DA (1985). "Cloning of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of
Streptomyces acrimycini and its expression in Streptomyces and Escherichia coli".
1675:
following use of chloramphenicol eyedrops exist, but the risk is estimated to be of the order of less than one in 224,716 prescriptions. In Mexico, this is the treatment used
3913:
Puddicombe JB, Wali SS, Greenwood BM (1984). "A field trial of a single intramuscular injection of long-acting chloramphenicol in the treatment of meningococcal meningitis".
2702:
1292:
is around 30 to 50% of the overall average body concentration, even when the meninges are not inflamed; this increases to as high as 89% when the meninges are inflamed.
2902:
5224:
2756:
2984:
Yogev R, Kolling WM, Williams T (May 1981). "Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous and oral chloramphenicol in patients with
Haemophilus influenzae meningitis".
4003:"Ceftriaxone as effective as long-acting chloramphenicol in short-course treatment of meningococcal meningitis during epidemics: a randomised non-inferiority study"
1632:
6319:
6339:
94:
6354:
799:
6379:
4002:
3205:
1054:
by serial passage of bacteria, and this is the most common mechanism of low-level chloramphenicol resistance. High-level resistance is conferred by the
3621:
Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT (September 2013). "Restricting topical ocular chloramphenicol eye drop use in the United States. Did we overreact?".
2379:"Inactivation of chloramphenicol by O-phosphorylation. A novel resistance mechanism in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230, a chloramphenicol producer"
1991:
2459:
Wallerstein RO, Condit PK, Kasper CK, Brown JW, Morrison FR (June 1969). "Statewide study of chloramphenicol therapy and fatal aplastic anemia".
3106:
2054:
1415:
1208:
Leukemia, a cancer of the blood or bone marrow, is characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells. The risk of childhood
6090:
6034:
4356:
2968:
1947:
1169:
chloramphenicol (affecting 1 in 24,000–40,000) and the lowest risk occurs with eye drops (affecting less than one in 224,716 prescriptions).
926:
2616:
Shu XO, Gao YT, Linet MS, Brinton LA, Gao RN, Jin F, et al. (October 1987). "Chloramphenicol use and childhood leukaemia in
Shanghai".
2338:"Chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces: cloning and characterization of a chloramphenicol hydrolase gene from Streptomyces venezuelae"
2300:
3128:
1891:
1813:
1745:
4126:
971:
surgery, a 2017 systematic review found moderate evidence that using chloramphenicol eye drops in addition to an antibiotic injection (
6359:
1885:
4308:"Biosynthesis of the dichloroacetyl component of chloramphenicol in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230: genes required for halogenation"
3656:
6334:
4074:"A Survey of Current Prophylactic Treatment for Ophthalmia Neonatorum in Croatia and a Review of International Preventive Practices"
3692:
3027:
1739:
1613:(IV) preparation of chloramphenicol is the succinate ester. This creates a problem: Chloramphenicol succinate ester is an inactive
1067:
819:
1050:, and elaboration of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. It is easy to select for reduced membrane permeability to chloramphenicol
2128:
6364:
5216:
1913:
1852:
1004:
3389:
2573:
Morley A, Trainor K, Remes J (April 1976). "Residual marrow damage: possible explanation for idiosyncrasy to chloramphenicol".
452:
313:
126:
39:
987:
Chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of activity and has been effective in treating ocular infections such as conjunctivitis,
2898:
193:
3440:
2019:"Could chloramphenicol be used against ESKAPE pathogens? A review of in vitro data in the literature from the 21st century"
145:
1085:
Chloramphenicol resistance may be carried on a plasmid that also codes for resistance to other drugs. One example is the
3759:
Bhutta ZA, Niazi SK, Suria A (March–April 1992). "Chloramphenicol clearance in typhoid fever: implications for therapy".
827:
InChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O5/c12-10(13)11(18)14-8(5-16)9(17)6-1-3-7(4-2-6)15(19)20/h1-4,8-10,16-17H,5H2,(H,14,18)/t8-,9-/m1/s1
558:
3595:
6051:
5251:
4372:
Fernández-MartĂnez LT, Borsetto C, Gomez-Escribano JP, Bibb MJ, Al-Bassam MM, Chandra G, et al. (December 2014).
2499:"Risk of serious haematological toxicity with use of chloramphenicol eye drops in a British general practice database"
1711:
ISP5230 a.k.a. ATCC 17102. Currently the chloramphenicol biosynthetic gene cluster has 17 genes with assigned roles.
1481:
666:
1256:
Headache, mild depression, mental confusion, and delirium have been described in patients receiving chloramphenicol.
2151:"High incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant cells in cultures of in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7"
6344:
6289:
6083:
5983:
4417:
1963:
1704:
909:
3154:"Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes"
1370:
in the liver. Inhibition of CYP2C19 causes decreased metabolism and therefore increased levels of, for example,
1245:
908:. Its use near the end of pregnancy and during breastfeeding is typically not recommended. Chloramphenicol is a
6369:
5502:
3201:
2717:
1407:
1102:
4072:
Kaštelan S, Anić Jurica S, Orešković S, Župić T, Herman M, Gverović Antunica A, et al. (November 2018).
3541:
Mildred C, Crooks HM, John C, Quentin RB (July 1949). "Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin).IV.Chemical
Studies".
6126:
6039:
5199:
3408:"Studies on the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol. I. The conformation of chlioramphenicol in solution"
1680:
1538:
1518:
1387:
1188:
921:
897:
205:
182:
1575:
Chloramphenicol is available as a capsule or as a liquid. In some countries, it is sold as chloramphenicol
1213:
705:
6234:
5385:
4971:
4908:
4624:
1395:
1284:
1280:
1236:. The condition can be prevented by using the drug at the recommended doses, and monitoring blood levels.
1132:
1120:
396:
1781:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
1759:
1618:
to be increased to 75 mg/kg/day when administered IV to achieve levels equivalent to the oral dose.
5739:
5643:
5294:
4989:
3324:"Mycobacterial toxin MazF-mt6 inhibits translation through cleavage of 23S rRNA at the ribosomal A site"
3059:"Laboratory guidelines for monitoring of antimicrobial drugs. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry"
2696:
2420:"Laboratory guidelines for monitoring of antimicrobial drugs. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry"
1995:
1676:
1379:
1296:
1157:
1047:
1043:
979:) will likely lower the risk of endophthalmitis, compared to eye drops or antibiotic injections alone.
63:
4776:
1504:
formation. Chloramphenicol directly interferes with substrate binding in the ribosome, as compared to
627:
6374:
6329:
6131:
6076:
5692:
4550:
3335:
2219:
2162:
1780:
1489:
1477:
1464:
1423:
1114:
862:
418:
3403:
3098:
1030:
Each of these concentrations is dependent upon the bacterial strain being targeted. Some strains of
6324:
6135:
5321:
5104:
4632:
4190:"Diagnosis, treatment and outcomes for koala chlamydiosis at a rehabilitation facility (1995-2005)"
3568:
Controulis J, Rebstock MC, Crooks HM (July 1949). "Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin). V. Synthesis".
2018:
1289:
945:
has meant it is seldom used for this indication except when the organism is known to be sensitive.
682:
473:
201:
197:
3494:"Mode of action of chloramphenicol. III. Action of chloramphenicol on bacterial energy metabolism"
925:
in 1947. Its chemical structure was identified and it was first synthesized in 1949. It is on the
4933:
4043:
3983:
3833:
3784:
3304:
3009:
2748:
2684:
2641:
2598:
2046:
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1225:
901:
352:
156:
3035:
2311:
1942:. Antibiotics Volume V Part 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 26–42.
1386:
if they are given concomitantly. Inhibition of CYP3A4 causes increased levels of, for example,
648:
6171:
5963:
5959:
5528:
4492:
4452:
4403:
4352:
4329:
4288:
4247:
4211:
4170:
4103:
4035:
3975:
3930:
3895:
3825:
3776:
3638:
3523:
3474:
3432:
3363:
3296:
3250:
3183:
3135:
3080:
3001:
2964:
2941:
2873:
2846:
2797:
2740:
2676:
2633:
2590:
2555:
2528:
2476:
2441:
2400:
2359:
2282:
2247:
2188:
2106:
2038:
1943:
1881:
1875:
1735:
1729:
1497:
1485:
638:
607:
340:
76:
1809:
6011:
5955:
5583:
4751:
4393:
4385:
4319:
4278:
4239:
4201:
4162:
4093:
4085:
4025:
4017:
3965:
3957:
3922:
3887:
3860:
3815:
3768:
3630:
3577:
3550:
3513:
3505:
3466:
3422:
3353:
3343:
3322:
Schifano JM, Edifor R, Sharp JD, Ouyang M, Konkimalla A, Husson RN, et al. (May 2013).
3286:
3278:
3240:
3232:
3173:
3165:
3070:
2993:
2933:
2836:
2828:
2789:
2732:
2668:
2625:
2582:
2518:
2510:
2468:
2431:
2390:
2349:
2274:
2237:
2227:
2178:
2170:
2096:
2088:
2030:
1971:
1672:
1527:
1161:
996:
942:
882:
722:
378:
6068:
3664:
1567:
1086:
567:
6303:
6002:
5997:
5578:
5573:
5188:
4850:
4705:
4497:
2077:"Perioperative antibiotics for prevention of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery"
1591:
1587:
1371:
1357:
1308:
964:
547:
406:
386:
296:
3686:
3339:
2223:
2166:
709:
686:
482:
6349:
6239:
6216:
6045:
5862:
5792:
5777:
5538:
5423:
5411:
5289:
5143:
5122:
4928:
4918:
4810:
4667:
4647:
4529:
4487:
4456:
4398:
4373:
4098:
4073:
3358:
3323:
3282:
2841:
2816:
2780:
Feder HM (September 1986). "Chloramphenicol: what we have learned in the last decade".
2586:
2242:
2207:
2183:
2150:
2125:"Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) | the Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase - TOKU-E"
2124:
2101:
2076:
1905:
1848:
1435:
1427:
1399:
1375:
1337:
1257:
1244:
Fever, macular and vesicular rashes, angioedema, urticaria, and anaphylaxis may occur.
1094:
913:
870:
104:
4374:"New insights into chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712"
4021:
3864:
3820:
3803:
3518:
3493:
3427:
3245:
3221:"Antagonistic effect of chloramphenicol in combination with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone"
3220:
3204:[Facts for prescribers] (in Swedish). FASS – Swedish National Drug Formulary.
3178:
3153:
2629:
2075:
Gower EW, Lindsley K, Tulenko SE, Nanji AA, Leyngold I, McDonnell PJ (February 2017).
1143:
are known, such as chloramphenicol hydrolase, and chloramphenicol phosphotransferase.
6313:
6229:
6224:
6186:
6156:
6151:
6007:
5951:
5943:
5905:
5895:
5867:
5847:
5837:
5832:
5797:
5782:
5719:
5714:
5638:
5603:
5391:
5205:
5056:
5046:
5006:
4979:
4961:
4827:
4756:
4657:
4652:
4637:
4565:
4561:
4206:
4189:
4166:
3961:
3926:
3891:
3470:
3308:
3169:
2937:
2793:
2752:
2523:
2498:
2278:
1447:
1431:
1383:
1172:
890:
698:
365:
118:
34:
4047:
3987:
3837:
3788:
2688:
2602:
2050:
956:
data have shown an activity against the majority (> 80%) of vancomycin resistant
6244:
6206:
6104:
5991:
5987:
5915:
5852:
5822:
5787:
5757:
5593:
5568:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5507:
5448:
5396:
5343:
5316:
5306:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5183:
5173:
5076:
5061:
5041:
5011:
4943:
4818:
4761:
4715:
4615:
4586:
4554:
4502:
4478:
4460:
3013:
2645:
2092:
1501:
1332:
1192:
1098:
866:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
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256:
251:
246:
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231:
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221:
3134:. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB). June 2005. Archived from
4283:
4266:
3509:
3407:
3075:
3058:
2436:
2419:
2232:
2208:"Pediatric fecal microbiota harbor diverse and novel antibiotic resistance genes"
2174:
2034:
507:
6196:
6121:
5977:
5923:
5900:
5827:
5812:
5807:
5724:
5611:
5588:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5523:
5367:
5338:
5094:
5071:
5066:
5051:
5036:
5031:
4956:
4951:
4923:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4807:
4730:
4685:
4680:
4596:
3381:
2206:
Moore AM, Patel S, Forsberg KJ, Wang B, Bentley G, Razia Y, et al. (2013).
1652:
1610:
1534:
1523:
1403:
1321:
1269:
1229:
1165:
1126:
988:
905:
874:
112:
46:
3328:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2924:
Ramilo O, Kinane BT, McCracken GH (May 1988). "Chloramphenicol neurotoxicity".
2354:
2337:
6258:
6176:
6166:
6161:
6141:
5973:
5933:
5928:
5877:
5857:
5842:
5817:
5772:
5767:
5701:
5672:
5652:
5472:
5467:
5458:
5453:
5438:
5433:
5381:
5333:
5247:
5193:
5163:
5138:
5026:
5016:
4913:
4870:
4845:
4835:
4814:
4700:
4591:
4538:
4518:
4469:
4448:
3634:
2832:
1648:
1583:
1530:
published their identification of the chemical structure and their synthesis.
1459:
1458:
Chloramphenicol has been demonstrated a synergistic effect when combined with
1265:
1196:
1176:
1136:
strains have also developed resistance to chloramphenicol to varying degrees.
1090:
976:
972:
878:
858:
761:
538:
54:
2736:
2546:
Yunis AA (September 1989). "Chloramphenicol toxicity: 25 years of research".
2514:
2472:
2395:
2378:
1344:; trough levels (taken immediately before a dose) should be 5–10 μg/mL.
1046:
to chloramphenicol are known: reduced membrane permeability, mutation of the
6276:
6266:
6254:
6201:
6191:
6113:
6100:
5802:
5762:
5749:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5488:
5443:
5406:
5401:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5178:
5117:
5021:
4998:
4899:
4889:
4710:
4695:
4690:
4675:
4601:
4576:
4572:
4001:
Nathan N, Borel T, Djibo A, Evans D, Djibo S, Corty JF, et al. (2005).
3348:
1695:. The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol have been investigated in koalas.
1576:
1505:
1411:
1106:
431:
98:
4407:
4333:
4292:
4251:
4215:
4174:
4107:
4039:
3642:
3527:
3478:
3436:
3367:
3300:
3187:
2744:
2680:
2251:
2192:
2110:
2042:
1968:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
4324:
4307:
3979:
3934:
3829:
3780:
3254:
3236:
3084:
3005:
2997:
2945:
2877:
2850:
2801:
2637:
2594:
2559:
2532:
2480:
2445:
2404:
2377:
Mosher RH, Camp DJ, Yang K, Brown MP, Shaw WV, Vining LC (November 1995).
2363:
2286:
1671:) for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Isolated case reports of
1450:
and using both together should be avoided in the treatment of infections.
17:
6181:
5887:
5357:
5328:
5112:
5086:
4725:
4642:
4543:
4533:
4389:
3899:
3459:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
3291:
1668:
1664:
1493:
1360:
1261:
1233:
1209:
1079:
1034:, for example, show spontaneous emergence of chloramphenicol resistance.
968:
518:
140:
4089:
3714:
3581:
3554:
1976:
527:
6271:
5872:
5168:
4880:
4720:
4030:
3970:
3772:
1628:
1614:
1363:
1316:
1224:
Intravenous chloramphenicol use has been associated with the so-called
938:
886:
493:
189:
4243:
2672:
5969:
4735:
2301:"Chloramphenicol spectrum of bacterial susceptibility and Resistance"
1419:
1367:
1324:, so should therefore be avoided during breast feeding, if possible.
1191:
during treatment; this is a direct toxic effect of the drug on human
1071:
1070:, which inactivates chloramphenicol by covalently linking one or two
1063:
1031:
618:
436:
2817:"Chloramphenicol toxicity in neonates: its incidence and prevention"
1631:. Roussel stopped production of oily chloramphenicol in 1995; the
937:
The original indication of chloramphenicol was in the treatment of
587:
3915:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
3880:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2963:(12th revised ed.). New York: Bantam Dell. pp. 593–596.
2864:
Forster J, Hufschmidt C, Niederhoff H, KĂĽnzer W (April 1985). "".
2017:ÄŚivljak R, Giannella M, Di Bella S, Petrosillo N (February 2014).
1692:
1640:
1636:
1579:
1566:
1279:
Chloramphenicol is extremely lipid-soluble; it remains relatively
784:
775:
654:
598:
411:
1508:, which sterically block the progression of the growing peptide.
1938:
Pongs O (1979). "Chapter 3: Chloramphenicol". In Hahn FE (ed.).
1059:
578:
346:
6072:
5220:
4780:
4421:
3804:"Long-acting oily chloramphenicol for meningococcal meningitis"
2659:
McIntyre J, Choonara I (2004). "Drug toxicity in the neonate".
1307:
Chloramphenicol is metabolized by the liver to chloramphenicol
359:
135:
5629:
5280:
1788:
1601:
In molecular biology, chloramphenicol is prepared in ethanol.
1545:
to the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects.
2336:
Mosher RH, Ranade NP, Schrempf H, Vining LC (February 1990).
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
1315:
mandatory. Chloramphenicol succinate ester (an intravenous
671:
1496:. It specifically binds to A2451 and A2452 residues in the
322:
167:
1734:(2009 ed.). Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar. p. 296.
919:
Chloramphenicol was discovered after being isolated from
1980:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1707:
and pathway for chloroamphenicol was characterized from
335:
2149:
Carone BR, Xu T, Murphy KC, Marinus MG (January 2014).
927:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
844:
4265:
He J, Magarvey N, Piraee M, Vining LC (October 2001).
1906:"Chloramphenicol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings"
1877:
Optometry: Science, Techniques and Clinical Management
6287:
3688:
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition, 1970–1979
1851:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1200:
resulting from the toxic effects of chloramphenicol.
6253:
6215:
6112:
5942:
5914:
5886:
5748:
5737:
5700:
5691:
5637:
5628:
5602:
5516:
5501:
5481:
5420:
5303:
5288:
5279:
5156:
5131:
5103:
5085:
4997:
4988:
4970:
4942:
4898:
4879:
4826:
4744:
4666:
4623:
4614:
4511:
4477:
4468:
4232:
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4155:
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
3802:Lewis RF, Dorlencourt F, Pinel J (September 1998).
2815:Mulhall A, de Louvois J, Hurley R (November 1983).
1216:, and the risk increases with length of treatment.
1179:antibiotic, but is not approved for use in humans.
773:
760:
721:
716:
697:
665:
637:
617:
597:
577:
557:
537:
517:
492:
472:
443:
430:
417:
405:
395:
385:
377:
312:
307:
212:
181:
155:
125:
111:
93:
85:
75:
70:
4349:Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production
3219:Asmar BI, Prainito M, Dajani AS (September 1988).
3129:"Practice Guidance: OTC Chloramphenicol Eye Drops"
1003:. The following susceptibility data represent the
1663:Chloramphenicol is used in topical preparations (
1283:and is a small molecule. It has a large apparent
904:may occur which results in a swollen stomach and
3492:Hahn FE, Wisseman CL, Hopps HE (February 1955).
2492:
2490:
1248:have occurred during therapy for typhoid fever.
506:
2497:Lancaster T, Swart AM, Jick H (February 1998).
1633:International Dispensary Association Foundation
1124:strains are resistant to chloramphenicol. Some
993:Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
481:
4306:Piraee M, White RL, Vining LC (January 2004).
3271:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
2959:Silverman HM, ed. (2006). "Iron Supplements".
2701:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
991:etc. caused by a number of bacteria including
941:, but the presence of multiple drug-resistant
6385:World Health Organization essential medicines
6084:
5232:
4792:
4433:
2716:Piñeiro-Carrero VM, Piñeiro EO (April 2004).
1356:Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of the
8:
3657:"International listings for chloramphenicol"
1522:in 1947 and in 1949 a team of scientists at
1295:Chloramphenicol increases the absorption of
144:
45:
3028:"Drugs and Other Substances in Breast Milk"
2081:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1992:"WHO meningitis epidemic guidelines Africa"
1940:Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents
1843:
1212:is increased, as demonstrated in a Chinese
1195:. This effect manifests first as a fall in
1007:for a few medically significant organisms.
929:. It is available as a generic medication.
295:
6091:
6077:
6069:
5745:
5697:
5634:
5513:
5300:
5285:
5239:
5225:
5217:
4994:
4799:
4785:
4777:
4620:
4474:
4440:
4426:
4418:
1933:
1931:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1594:is noted between chloramphenicol and CPE.
1446:Chloramphenicol is antagonistic with most
708:
685:
546:
62:
53:
4397:
4323:
4282:
4205:
4188:Griffith JE, Higgins DP (November 2012).
4129:. Rahway, NJ, USA: Merck & Co., Inc.
4097:
4029:
3969:
3819:
3596:""Kennedy Says 45 Babies Died in a Test""
3517:
3426:
3388:. Rahway, NJ, USA: Merck & Co., Inc.
3357:
3347:
3290:
3244:
3177:
3152:Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL (November 2003).
3074:
2840:
2522:
2435:
2394:
2353:
2241:
2231:
2182:
2100:
1975:
1880:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 102.
1635:has manufactured it since 1998, first in
1500:of the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing
566:
3570:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3543:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3057:Hammett-Stabler CA, Johns T (May 1998).
2926:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2418:Hammett-Stabler CA, Johns T (May 1998).
1516:Chloramphenicol was first isolated from
916:by stopping the production of proteins.
861:useful for the treatment of a number of
6294:
2310:. TOKU-E. December 2010. Archived from
2023:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1720:
824:
804:
681:
526:
457:
117:
2694:
1014:: 0.015 – 10,000 μg/mL
699:
44:
6320:Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
4378:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
3691:(3rd ed.). The Gale Group, Inc.
3225:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
3158:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1970:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1916:from the original on 8 September 2015
647:
626:
606:
103:
7:
6340:Chlorine-containing natural products
4133:from the original on 31 October 2014
653:
285:
275:
265:
255:
245:
235:
225:
6355:Halogen-containing natural products
3415:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2383:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1139:Some other resistance genes beyond
586:
497:
6380:Substances discovered in the 1940s
3283:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115241
2905:from the original on 19 April 2014
2587:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1976.tb00955.x
807:c1cc(ccc1((CO)NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)O)(=O)
25:
4351:. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
3853:MĂ©decine et Maladies Infectieuses
3695:from the original on 11 July 2015
3623:American Journal of Ophthalmology
3109:from the original on 26 July 2013
1586:to active chloramphenicol in the
1537:combined the two examples of the
1068:chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
1020:: 0.06 – 128 μg/mL
6297:
4207:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00963.x
4167:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01307.x
3742:Clinical Pharmacological Therapy
3446:from the original on 2015-12-11.
3392:from the original on 2010-03-10.
3208:from the original on 2002-06-11.
3170:10.1128/AAC.47.11.3464-3469.2003
2938:10.1097/00006454-198805000-00015
2794:10.1097/00007611-198609000-00022
2548:The American Journal of Medicine
1894:from the original on 2017-03-07.
1816:from the original on 2016-11-15.
1748:from the original on 2016-03-05.
1160:of chloramphenicol treatment is
1005:minimum inhibitory concentration
745:
739:
733:
6099:Drugs used for diseases of the
4127:"Chloramphenicol and Congeners"
4054:from the original on 2021-08-28
2762:from the original on 2021-08-28
2342:Journal of General Microbiology
2131:from the original on 2014-04-23
2057:from the original on 2022-03-03
1855:from the original on 2015-06-24
1760:"Antibiotic abbreviations list"
1582:(CPE). CPE is inactive, and is
832:Key:WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N
40:Chloramphenicol (The Americans)
5740:transpeptidation/translocation
3099:"Chloramphenicol (Lexi-Drugs)"
2575:British Journal of Haematology
2093:10.1002/14651858.CD006364.pub3
999:. It is not effective against
751:
727:
1:
4347:Vining L, Stuttard C (1995).
4194:Australian Veterinary Journal
4022:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66792-X
3865:10.1016/S0399-077X(76)80134-5
3821:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60723-4
3428:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68000-2
2866:Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde
2630:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91420-6
1462:against clinical isolates of
1026:: 2 – 16 μg/mL
963:In the context of preventing
4284:10.1099/00221287-147-10-2817
3962:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91511-R
3927:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90132-9
3892:10.1016/0035-9203(79)90024-5
3761:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
3602:. New York. October 12, 1972
3510:10.1128/JB.69.2.215-223.1955
3471:10.1016/0005-2787(65)90219-4
2279:10.1016/0378-1119(85)90197-0
2233:10.1371/journal.pone.0078822
2175:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.11.008
2035:10.1586/14787210.2014.878647
1731:Delmar nurse's drug handbook
1651:and US$ 15 for five days of
1482:inhibiting protein synthesis
1074:groups, derived from acetyl-
896:Common side effects include
81:Chloromycetin, Abeed, others
2899:"Drug Insert from DailyMed"
1910:Multum Information Services
6401:
3076:10.1093/clinchem/44.5.1129
2437:10.1093/clinchem/44.5.1129
2355:10.1099/00221287-136-2-293
1492:activity of the bacterial
1303:Use in special populations
1240:Hypersensitivity reactions
1187:Chloramphenicol may cause
865:. This includes use as an
717:Chemical and physical data
31:
6360:IARC Group 2A carcinogens
6029:
5984:Quinupristin/dalfopristin
5252:inhibit protein synthesis
3635:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.004
2833:10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1424
2308:Product Data Safety Sheet
1964:World Health Organization
1705:biosynthetic gene cluster
1408:tricyclic antidepressants
910:broad-spectrum antibiotic
840:
815:
795:
448:
61:
52:
6335:Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines
5503:Tetracycline antibiotics
4125:Boothe DM (March 2012).
2782:Southern Medical Journal
2737:10.1542/peds.113.S3.1097
2515:10.1136/bmj.316.7132.667
2473:10.1001/jama.208.11.2045
2396:10.1074/jbc.270.45.27000
1486:protein chain elongation
1388:calcium channel blockers
1105:in typhoid (also called
1103:multiple drug resistance
1093:, C=chloramphenicol, Co=
1024:Streptococcus pneumoniae
6365:4-Nitrophenyl compounds
6127:Aluminium acetotartrate
5200:Lactobacillus fermentum
4078:Medical Science Monitor
3498:Journal of Bacteriology
3349:10.1073/pnas.1222031110
3202:"Fakta för förskrivare"
2821:British Medical Journal
2675:(inactive 2024-08-26).
1709:Streptomyces venezuelae
1681:neonatal conjunctivitis
1539:Tuskegee Syphilis Study
1519:Streptomyces venezuelae
1424:cardiac antiarrhythmics
1189:bone marrow suppression
1183:Bone marrow suppression
1162:aplastic anaemia ('AA')
922:Streptomyces venezuelae
898:bone marrow suppression
206:intramuscular injection
6235:Fluocinolone acetonide
4909:Diiodohydroxyquinoline
2731:(4 Suppl): 1097–1106.
2661:Biology of the Neonate
1572:
1396:chemotherapeutic drugs
1380:proton-pump inhibitors
1285:volume of distribution
1246:Herxheimer's reactions
1133:Staphylococcus capitis
1121:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1001:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
914:stops bacterial growth
877:, it is used to treat
4325:10.1099/mic.0.26319-0
3237:10.1128/AAC.32.9.1375
2998:10.1542/peds.67.5.656
1570:
1476:Chloramphenicol is a
1048:50S ribosomal subunit
1018:Staphylococcus aureus
875:injection into a vein
6132:Aluminium triacetate
5693:Peptidyl transferase
4390:10.1128/AAC.04272-14
4277:(Pt 10): 2817–2829.
1643:from December 2004.
1571:Pure chloramphenicol
1490:peptidyl transferase
1465:Enterococcus faecium
1252:Neurotoxic reactions
1115:Enterococcus faecium
1078:-coenzyme A, to the
1042:Three mechanisms of
967:, a complication of
863:bacterial infections
439:(5–15%), faeces (4%)
5322:Dihydrostreptomycin
4633:Silver sulfadiazine
4090:10.12659/MSM.910705
3582:10.1021/ja01175a066
3555:10.1021/ja01175a065
3340:2013PNAS..110.8501S
2827:(6403): 1424–1427.
2389:(45): 27000–27006.
2317:on 11 February 2014
2224:2013PLoSO...878822M
2167:2014MRFMM.759....1C
1874:Edwards KH (2009).
1590:. No difference in
1549:Society and culture
1472:Mechanism of action
1290:cerebrospinal fluid
202:intravenous therapy
49:
32:For the episode of
6056:Never to phase III
3773:10.1007/BF02759987
3600:The New York Times
3063:Clinical Chemistry
2424:Clinical Chemistry
1573:
1488:by inhibiting the
1392:immunosuppressants
1281:unbound to protein
1226:gray baby syndrome
1220:Gray baby syndrome
1214:case–control study
1101:), which mediates
906:low blood pressure
902:gray baby syndrome
353:Pharmacy medicines
6345:CYP3A4 inhibitors
6285:
6284:
6172:Hydrogen peroxide
6066:
6065:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
5733:
5732:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5529:Chlortetracycline
5497:
5496:
5214:
5213:
5152:
5151:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4616:Chemotherapeutics
4610:
4609:
4493:Chlortetracycline
4453:chemotherapeutics
4384:(12): 7441–7450.
4358:978-0-7506-9095-9
4244:10.1111/jvp.12024
4016:(9482): 308–313.
3956:(8771): 862–866.
3715:"Chloramphenicol"
3382:"Chloramphenicol"
3334:(21): 8501–8506.
3164:(11): 3464–3469.
2970:978-0-553-58892-7
2673:10.1159/000079656
2624:(8565): 934–937.
2467:(11): 2045–2050.
2155:Mutation Research
1949:978-3-642-46403-4
1849:"Chloramphenicol"
1810:"Chloramphenicol"
1728:Woods AL (2008).
1533:In 1972, Senator
1442:Drug antagonistic
1348:Drug interactions
1156:The most serious
873:. By mouth or by
852:
851:
786:Interactive image
667:CompTox Dashboard
363:
355:) / POM
350:
338:
331:(Pharmacist only)
326:
171:
138:
16:(Redirected from
6392:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6293:
6136:Burow's solution
6093:
6086:
6079:
6070:
5746:
5698:
5635:
5584:Rolitetracycline
5514:
5301:
5286:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5144:Methylrosaniline
4995:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4778:
4752:Ingenol mebutate
4621:
4475:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4101:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4033:
4007:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3973:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3823:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3663:. Archived from
3653:
3647:
3646:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3576:(7): 2463–2468.
3565:
3559:
3558:
3549:(7): 2458–2462.
3538:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3421:(7): 2498–2508.
3412:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3386:The Merck Manual
3378:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3294:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3103:Lexi-Comp Online
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3069:(5): 1129–1140.
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3034:. Archived from
3024:
3018:
3017:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2788:(9): 1129–1134.
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2430:(5): 1129–1140.
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1785:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1725:
1679:in newborns for
1677:prophylactically
1673:aplastic anaemia
1528:Mildred Rebstock
1343:
1275:Pharmacokinetics
1112:As of 2014 some
1012:Escherichia coli
997:Escherichia coli
943:Salmonella typhi
848:
847:
788:
768:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
712:
701:
690:
689:
675:
673:
657:
651:
630:
610:
590:
570:
550:
530:
510:
500:
499:
485:
422:
368:
361:
358:
348:
345:
337:
334:
324:
321:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
239:
229:
169:
166:
148:
137:
134:
121:
107:
66:
57:
50:
48:
21:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6370:Organochlorides
6310:
6309:
6308:
6298:
6296:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6249:
6217:Corticosteroids
6211:
6147:Chloramphenicol
6108:
6097:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6046:Clinical trials
6017:
6003:Streptogramin B
5998:Streptogramin A
5938:
5910:
5882:
5729:
5710:Chloramphenicol
5687:
5641:
5616:
5598:
5579:Penimepicycline
5574:Oxytetracycline
5505:
5493:
5477:
5416:
5292:
5290:Aminoglycosides
5275:
5245:
5215:
5210:
5189:Povidone-iodine
5148:
5127:
5099:
5081:
4984:
4966:
4938:
4894:
4875:
4851:Oxytetracycline
4841:Chloramphenicol
4822:
4811:anti-infectives
4805:
4775:
4766:
4740:
4706:Podophyllotoxin
4662:
4606:
4530:Aminoglycosides
4523:Chloramphenicol
4507:
4498:Oxytetracycline
4481:and derivatives
4464:
4446:
4416:
4415:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4318:(Pt 1): 85–94.
4305:
4304:
4300:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4200:(11): 457–463.
4187:
4186:
4182:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3721:. June 23, 2023
3719:go.drugbank.com
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3038:on 23 June 2007
3026:
3025:
3021:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2693:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2554:(3N): 44N–48N.
2545:
2544:
2540:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2087:(2): CD006364.
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1998:on 5 March 2016
1990:
1989:
1985:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1701:
1689:
1687:Veterinary uses
1661:
1624:
1607:
1592:bioavailability
1588:small intestine
1565:
1556:
1551:
1514:
1484:. It prevents
1474:
1456:
1444:
1436:PDE5 inhibitors
1400:benzodiazepines
1372:antidepressants
1358:cytochrome P450
1350:
1341:
1330:
1328:Dose monitoring
1305:
1277:
1268:, specifically
1260:and peripheral
1254:
1242:
1222:
1206:
1185:
1154:
1152:Aplastic anemia
1149:
1147:Adverse effects
1040:
985:
965:endophthalmitis
935:
912:that typically
855:Chloramphenicol
843:
841:
836:
833:
828:
823:
822:
811:
808:
803:
802:
791:
766:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
693:
669:
661:
633:
613:
593:
573:
553:
533:
513:
496:
488:
468:
465:
456:
455:
420:
397:Protein binding
387:Bioavailability
379:Pharmacokinetic
373:
366:
303:
184:
177:
158:
151:
146:Chloramphenicol
47:Chloramphenicol
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6398:
6396:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6240:Hydrocortisone
6237:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5981:
5967:
5948:
5946:
5944:Streptogramins
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Troleandomycin
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5793:Flurithromycin
5790:
5785:
5780:
5778:Clarithromycin
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5743:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5604:Glycylcyclines
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5539:Demeclocycline
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5511:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5430:
5428:
5424:Micromonospora
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5412:Nourseothricin
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5298:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5248:Antibacterials
5246:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5123:Amphotericin B
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4929:Broxyquinoline
4926:
4921:
4919:Chlorquinaldol
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:Sulfamethizole
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:Demeclocycline
4484:
4482:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4457:dermatological
4447:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4364:
4357:
4339:
4298:
4257:
4238:(5): 478–485.
4221:
4180:
4161:(2): 147–154.
4144:
4117:
4064:
3993:
3940:
3921:(3): 399–403.
3905:
3886:(6): 698–702.
3870:
3859:(4): 120–124.
3843:
3794:
3767:(2): 213–219.
3751:
3732:
3706:
3678:
3648:
3629:(3): 420–422.
3613:
3587:
3560:
3533:
3504:(2): 215–223.
3484:
3449:
3395:
3373:
3314:
3260:
3211:
3193:
3144:
3141:on 2005-10-22.
3120:
3090:
3049:
3032:kidsgrowth.org
3019:
2992:(5): 656–660.
2976:
2969:
2961:Pill Book, The
2951:
2932:(5): 358–359.
2916:
2883:
2872:(4): 209–213.
2856:
2807:
2772:
2708:
2667:(4): 218–221.
2651:
2608:
2581:(4): 525–531.
2565:
2538:
2486:
2451:
2410:
2369:
2348:(2): 293–301.
2328:
2292:
2257:
2218:(11): e78822.
2198:
2141:
2116:
2067:
2029:(2): 249–264.
2009:
1983:
1955:
1948:
1927:
1897:
1887:978-0750687782
1886:
1866:
1819:
1801:
1772:
1751:
1740:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1697:
1688:
1685:
1660:
1657:
1623:
1620:
1606:
1603:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1513:
1510:
1478:bacteriostatic
1473:
1470:
1455:
1454:Drug synergism
1452:
1448:cephalosporins
1443:
1440:
1432:anticoagulants
1384:anticoagulants
1376:antiepileptics
1349:
1346:
1338:kidney failure
1329:
1326:
1304:
1301:
1276:
1273:
1253:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1221:
1218:
1205:
1202:
1184:
1181:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1095:co-trimoxazole
1039:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1015:
984:
981:
934:
931:
871:conjunctivitis
850:
849:
838:
837:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
818:
817:
816:
813:
812:
810:
809:
806:
798:
797:
796:
793:
792:
790:
789:
781:
779:
771:
770:
764:
758:
757:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
725:
719:
718:
714:
713:
703:
695:
694:
692:
691:
678:
676:
663:
662:
660:
659:
643:
641:
635:
634:
632:
631:
623:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
603:
601:
595:
594:
592:
591:
583:
581:
575:
574:
572:
571:
563:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
543:
541:
535:
534:
532:
531:
523:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
503:
501:
490:
489:
487:
486:
478:
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
451:
450:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
434:
428:
427:
424:
415:
414:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
375:
374:
372:
371:
356:
343:
332:
318:
316:
310:
309:
305:
304:
302:
301:
218:
216:
210:
209:
187:
185:administration
179:
178:
176:
175:
173:
163:
161:
153:
152:
150:
149:
131:
129:
123:
122:
115:
109:
108:
101:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6397:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6305:
6295:
6291:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:Dexamethasone
6228:
6226:
6225:Betamethasone
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:Nitrofurazone
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6157:Ciprofloxacin
6155:
6153:
6152:Chlorhexidine
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6013:
6009:
6008:Virginiamycin
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5952:Pristinamycin
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5906:Solithromycin
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:Telithromycin
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Tulathromycin
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Telithromycin
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:Solithromycin
5836:
5834:
5833:Roxithromycin
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Gamithromycin
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5783:Dirithromycin
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Thiamphenicol
5718:
5716:
5715:Azidamfenicol
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5639:Oxazolidinone
5636:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:Tetracyclines
5515:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Spectinomycin
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5207:
5206:Copper usnate
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Propenidazole
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Fenticonazole
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:Metronidazole
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4980:Sulfatolamide
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4962:Ascorbic acid
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4944:Organic acids
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:Gynecological
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Metronidazole
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4658:Sulfamerazine
4656:
4654:
4653:Sulfanilamide
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Sulfathiazole
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:Virginiamycin
4563:
4562:Streptogramin
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4084:: 8042–8047.
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:(in French).
3854:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3814:(9130): 823.
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3667:on 2015-07-11
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:(July 1963).
3405:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3292:11368/2973877
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:(2): 115241.
3276:
3272:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:(9): 1375–8.
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:(in German).
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:(7132): 667.
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1741:9781428361065
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:antibiotics,
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1342:> 40 ÎĽg/mL
1339:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:Thiamphenicol
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:codes for an
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
924:
923:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
891:typhoid fever
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
846:
839:
830:
825:
821:
814:
805:
801:
794:
787:
783:
782:
780:
777:
772:
765:
763:
759:
726:
724:
720:
715:
711:
707:
704:
702:
700:ECHA InfoCard
696:
688:
684:
683:DTXSID7020265
680:
679:
677:
668:
664:
656:
655:RCSB PDB
650:
645:
644:
642:
640:
636:
629:
625:
624:
622:
620:
616:
609:
605:
604:
602:
600:
596:
589:
585:
584:
582:
580:
576:
569:
565:
564:
562:
560:
556:
549:
545:
544:
542:
540:
536:
529:
525:
524:
522:
520:
516:
509:
505:
504:
502:
495:
491:
484:
480:
479:
477:
475:
471:
463:
460:2,2-dichloro-
458:
454:
447:
442:
438:
435:
433:
429:
426:1.6–3.3 hours
425:
423:
416:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
357:
354:
344:
342:
333:
330:
320:
319:
317:
315:
311:
306:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
220:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
186:
180:
174:
165:
164:
162:
160:
154:
147:
142:
133:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:Clinical data
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
41:
37:
36:
35:The Americans
30:
19:
6245:Prednisolone
6207:Tetracycline
6146:
5992:Quinupristin
5988:Dalfopristin
5916:Lincosamides
5853:Tildipirosin
5823:Oleandomycin
5788:Erythromycin
5758:Azithromycin
5709:
5594:Tetracycline
5569:Omadacycline
5554:Meclocycline
5544:Eravacycline
5534:Clomocycline
5449:Micronomicin
5422:
5397:Hygromycin B
5386:+loteprednol
5344:Ribostamycin
5317:Streptomycin
5307:Streptomyces
5305:
5198:
5184:Furazolidone
5174:Policresulen
5077:Flutrimazole
5062:Butoconazole
5042:Ketoconazole
5012:Clotrimazole
4972:Sulfonamides
4934:Oxyquinoline
4840:
4762:Tirbanibulin
4716:Tromantadine
4625:Sulfonamides
4587:Fusidic acid
4583:
4555:Nadifloxacin
4522:
4503:Tetracycline
4479:Tetracycline
4381:
4377:
4367:
4348:
4342:
4315:
4312:Microbiology
4311:
4301:
4274:
4271:Microbiology
4270:
4260:
4235:
4231:
4230:cinereus)".
4224:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4135:. Retrieved
4120:
4111:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4056:. Retrieved
4013:
4009:
3996:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3718:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3687:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:the original
3660:
3651:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3573:
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3123:
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3036:the original
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2307:
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2026:
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1996:the original
1986:
1977:10665/325771
1967:
1958:
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1909:
1900:
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1804:
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1784:
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1754:
1730:
1723:
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1702:
1699:Biosynthesis
1690:
1662:
1645:
1639:and then in
1625:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1574:
1563:Formulations
1557:
1543:
1532:
1517:
1515:
1502:peptide bond
1475:
1463:
1457:
1445:
1355:
1351:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1294:
1278:
1255:
1243:
1223:
1207:
1193:mitochondria
1186:
1171:
1166:blood counts
1155:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1099:tetracycline
1084:
1075:
1058:-gene; this
1055:
1051:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1000:
992:
986:
962:
957:
953:
950:
947:
936:
933:Medical uses
920:
918:
895:
867:eye ointment
854:
853:
842:
461:
419:Elimination
314:Legal status
308:Legal status
127:License data
33:
29:
6375:Otologicals
6330:Amphenicols
6259:anesthetics
6197:Polymyxin B
6122:Acetic acid
6042:from market
5978:Linopristin
5924:Clindamycin
5901:Cethromycin
5828:Rokitamycin
5813:Midecamycin
5808:Kitasamycin
5725:Florfenicol
5702:Amphenicols
5646:inhibitors)
5612:Tigecycline
5589:Sarecycline
5564:Minocycline
5559:Metacycline
5549:Lymecycline
5524:Doxycycline
5368:Bekanamycin
5339:Paromomycin
5297:inhibitors)
5095:Terconazole
5072:Oxiconazole
5067:Omoconazole
5052:Azanidazole
5037:Tioconazole
5032:Isoconazole
4990:Antifungals
4957:Acetic acid
4952:Lactic acid
4924:Dequalinium
4902:derivatives
4866:Clindamycin
4861:Mepartricin
4856:Carfecillin
4828:Antibiotics
4815:antiseptics
4731:Ibacitabine
4686:Idoxuridine
4681:Penciclovir
4597:Tyrothricin
4470:Antibiotics
4449:Antibiotics
4031:10144/23232
3971:10144/19393
3606:18 December
3465:: 146–155.
3404:Jardetzky O
2002:29 February
1812:. PubChem.
1653:ceftriaxone
1611:intravenous
1605:Intravenous
1535:Ted Kennedy
1524:Parke-Davis
1404:antifungals
1322:breast milk
1309:glucuronate
1230:hypotension
1158:side effect
1127:Veillonella
1089:plasmid (A=
989:blepharitis
769: g·mol
706:100.000.262
608:CHEBI:17698
444:Identifiers
113:MedlinePlus
86:Other names
77:Trade names
6325:Acetamides
6314:Categories
6255:Analgesics
6177:Miconazole
6167:Gentamicin
6162:Clioquinol
6142:Boric acid
5974:Flopristin
5934:Pirlimycin
5929:Lincomycin
5878:Tylvalosin
5858:Tilmicosin
5843:Spiramycin
5818:Miocamycin
5773:Carrimycin
5768:Carbomycin
5750:Macrolides
5673:Ranbezolid
5653:Eperezolid
5644:initiation
5473:Astromicin
5468:Verdamicin
5459:Isepamicin
5454:Plazomicin
5439:Netilmicin
5434:Gentamicin
5382:Tobramycin
5334:Framycetin
5295:initiation
5194:Protiofate
5164:Clodantoin
5139:Ciclopirox
5027:Ornidazole
5017:Miconazole
4999:Imidazoles
4914:Clioquinol
4871:Pentamycin
4846:Hachimycin
4836:Candicidin
4701:Resiquimod
4668:Antivirals
4592:Bacitracin
4551:Quinolones
4539:Gentamicin
4519:Amphenicol
4137:31 October
4058:2019-09-24
2986:Pediatrics
2766:2012-01-09
2725:Pediatrics
2135:2014-04-21
2061:2021-07-02
1715:References
1649:ampicillin
1584:hydrolysed
1526:including
1506:macrolides
1460:fosfomycin
1428:antivirals
1266:B-Vitamins
1197:hemoglobin
1177:veterinary
1091:ampicillin
1044:resistance
1038:Resistance
977:penicillin
973:cefuroxime
958:E. faecium
879:meningitis
859:antibiotic
774:3D model (
762:Molar mass
639:PDB ligand
568:66974FR9Q1
539:ChemSpider
474:CAS Number
464:-acetamide
453:IUPAC name
407:Metabolism
27:Antibiotic
18:Tifomycine
6277:Phenazone
6267:Lidocaine
6202:Rifamycin
6192:Ofloxacin
6114:Infection
6052:Phase III
6040:Withdrawn
5888:Ketolides
5803:Josamycin
5763:Boromycin
5683:Tedizolid
5678:Sutezolid
5668:Radezolid
5663:Posizolid
5658:Linezolid
5489:Butirosin
5444:Sisomicin
5407:Apramycin
5402:Totomycin
5373:Dibekacin
5363:Arbekacin
5353:Kanamycin
5179:Nifuratel
5118:Natamycin
5087:Triazoles
5022:Econazole
4900:Quinoline
4890:Acetarsol
4883:compounds
4711:Docosanol
4696:Imiquimod
4691:Edoxudine
4676:Aciclovir
4602:Mupirocin
4577:Rifaximin
4573:Rifamycin
3661:Drugs.com
3309:225174927
2753:264867934
1920:26 August
1669:eye drops
1665:ointments
1659:Eye drops
1577:palmitate
1412:macrolide
1130:spp. and
1107:R factors
960:strains.
869:to treat
628:ChEMBL130
432:Excretion
421:half-life
351: P (
194:eye drops
183:Routes of
157:Pregnancy
105:Monograph
99:Drugs.com
6304:Medicine
6182:Neomycin
5510:binding)
5421:-micin (
5358:Amikacin
5329:Neomycin
5304:-mycin (
5113:Nystatin
5105:Polyenes
4726:Lysozyme
4643:Mafenide
4544:Amikacin
4534:Neomycin
4408:25267678
4334:14702400
4293:11577160
4252:23157306
4216:23106328
4175:21569052
4131:Archived
4108:30413681
4052:Archived
4048:20885088
4040:16039333
3988:31211632
3838:42224633
3789:13369284
3693:Archived
3643:23953152
3528:14353832
3479:14289020
3441:Archived
3437:13957484
3390:Archived
3368:23650345
3301:33130503
3206:Archived
3188:14576103
3113:18 April
3107:Archived
2909:18 April
2903:Archived
2757:Archived
2745:15060205
2689:29906856
2681:15249753
2603:40234293
2252:24236055
2212:PLOS ONE
2193:24361397
2129:Archived
2111:28192644
2055:Archived
2051:34134573
2043:24392752
1966:(2019).
1914:Archived
1892:Archived
1853:Archived
1814:Archived
1746:Archived
1498:23S rRNA
1494:ribosome
1402:, azole
1361:isoforms
1262:neuritis
1234:cyanosis
1210:leukemia
1204:Leukemia
1080:hydroxyl
1052:in vitro
983:Spectrum
969:cataract
954:In vitro
845:(verify)
519:DrugBank
292:QJ51BA01
214:ATC code
198:by mouth
159:category
141:DailyMed
89:C/CHL/CL
6272:Cocaine
5873:Tylosin
5169:Inosine
4881:Arsenic
4721:Inosine
4399:4249514
4099:6240167
3980:1681224
3935:6464136
3830:9737323
3781:1398851
3725:23 June
3699:10 July
3359:3666664
3336:Bibcode
3255:3195999
3085:9590397
3042:19 June
3014:8701518
3006:6973130
2946:3380586
2878:4000136
2851:6416440
2842:1549666
2802:3529436
2718:"Liver"
2646:3217082
2638:2889862
2595:1259934
2560:2486534
2533:9522792
2481:5818983
2446:9590397
2405:7592948
2364:2324705
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2243:3827270
2220:Bibcode
2184:3913999
2163:Bibcode
2161:: 1–8.
2102:5375161
1765:22 June
1629:typhoid
1615:prodrug
1512:History
1480:agent,
1420:statins
1364:CYP2C19
1317:prodrug
1066:called
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723:Formula
528:DB00446
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483:56-75-7
370:Rx-only
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294: (
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282:S03AA08
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272:S02AA01
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262:S01AA01
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190:Topical
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883:plague
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437:Kidney
391:75–90%
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2304:(PDF)
2047:S2CID
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3896:PMID
3826:PMID
3777:PMID
3727:2023
3701:2015
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3608:2022
3524:PMID
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2323:2012
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1944:ISBN
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