2326:, which evolved both from traditional marching bands and concert bands, began to include marching timpani. Unlike concert timpani, marching versions had fiberglass shells to make them light enough to carry. Each player carried a single drum, which was tuned by a hand crank. Often, during intricate passages, the timpani players would put their drums on the ground by means of extendable legs, and perform more like conventional timpani, yet with a single player per drum. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, marching arts-based organizations' allowance for timpani and other percussion instruments to be permanently grounded became mainstream. This was the beginning of the end for marching timpani: eventually, standard concert timpani found their way onto the football field as part of the
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These gauges are accurate when used correctly. However, when the instrument is disturbed in some fashion (transported, for example), the overall pitch can change, thus the markers on the gauges may not remain reliable unless they have been adjusted immediately preceding the performance. The pitch can also be changed by room temperature and humidity. This effect also occurs due to changes in weather, especially if an outdoor performance is to take place. Gauges are especially useful when performing music that involves fast tuning changes that do not allow the timpanist to listen to the new pitch before playing it. Even when gauges are available, good timpanists will check their intonation by ear before playing. Occasionally, timpanists use the pedals to retune while playing.
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800:. In these systems, all the tension screws can then be tightened or loosened by one handle. Though far less common than pedal timpani, chain and cable drums still have practical uses. Occasionally, a timpanist is forced to place a drum behind other items, so he cannot reach it with his foot. Professionals may also use exceptionally large or small chain and cable drums for special low or high notes.
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760:-style pedal is attached by means of a long arm to the opposite side of the timpani, and the timpanist must use their entire leg to adjust the pitch. In addition to a pedal, high-end instruments have a hand-operated fine-tuner, which allows the timpanist to make minute pitch adjustments. The pedal is on either the left or right side of the drum depending on the direction of the setup.
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884:
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2176:, which altered the tension in the head when turned by players. Thus, tuning was a relatively slow operation, and composers had to allow a reasonable amount of time for players to change notes if they were called to tune in the middle of a work. The first 'machine' timpani, with a single tuning handle, was developed in 1812. The first pedal timpani originated in
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1319:) is executed by striking the timpani at varying velocities; the speed of the strokes are determined by the pitch of the drum, with higher pitched timpani requiring a quicker roll than timpani tuned to a lower pitch. While performing the timpani roll, mallets are usually held a few inches apart to create more sustain.
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requires as many as eleven drums, with actual melodies played on them in octaves by two players.) Many professional orchestras and timpanists own more than just one set of timpani, allowing them to execute music that cannot be more accurately performed using a standard set of four or five drums. Many
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apart. Until the early 19th century the dominant (the note of the large drum) was written as G and the tonic (the note of the small drum) was written as C no matter what the actual key of the work was, and whether it was major or minor, with the actual pitches indicated at the top of the score (for
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The medieval
European timpani were typically put together by hand in the southern region of France. Some drums were tightened together by horses tugging from each side of the drum by the bolts. Over the next two centuries, a number of technical improvements were made to the timpani. Originally, the
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Some timpani are equipped with tuning gauges, which provide a visual indication of the pitch. They are physically connected either to the counterhoop, in which case the gauge indicates how far the counterhoop is pushed down, or the pedal, in which case the gauge indicates the position of the pedal.
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writes that the timpanist is "king of his own province", and that "a good timpanist really does set the standard of the whole orchestra." A qualified member of the percussion section sometimes doubles as associate timpanist, performing in repertoire requiring multiple timpanists and filling in for
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to hold the pedal in place. The timpanist must first disengage the clutch before using the pedal to tune the drum. When the desired pitch is achieved, the timpanist must then reengage the clutch. Because the ratchet engages in only a fixed set of positions, the timpanist must fine-tune the drum by
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grips. In the German grip, the palm of the hand is approximately parallel with the drum head and the thumb should be on the side of the stick. In the French grip, the palm of the hand is approximately perpendicular with drum head and the thumb is on top of the stick. In both of these styles, the
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In the 2010s, even though they are written at concert pitch, timpani parts continue to be most often but not always written with no key signature, no matter what key the work is in: accidentals are written in the staff, both in the timpanist's part and the conductor's score. By 1977 in Vienna,
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Prior to playing, the timpanist must clear the heads by equalizing the tension at each tuning screw. This is done so every spot is tuned to exactly the same pitch. When the head is clear, the timpani will produce an in-tune sound. If the head is not clear, the pitch will rise or fall after the
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level use less expensive, more durable timpani with copper, fiberglass, or aluminum bowls. The mechanical parts of these instruments are almost completely contained within the frame and bowl. They may use any of the pedal mechanisms, though the balanced action system is by far the most common,
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is an inherent part of playing. Often, timpanists will muffle notes so they only sound for the length indicated by the composer. However, early timpani did not resonate nearly as long as modern timpani, so composers often wrote a note when the timpanist was to hit the drum without concern for
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Although not usually stated in the score (excepting the occasional request to use wooden sticks), timpanists will change sticks to suit the nature of the music. However, the choice during a performance is subjective and depends on the timpanist's preference and occasionally the wishes of the
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Throughout their education, timpanists are trained as percussionists, and they learn to play all instruments of the percussion family along with timpani. However, when appointed to a principal timpani chair in a professional ensemble, a timpanist is not normally required to play any other
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bands started seeking to diversify their sound, timpani found their way into the studio. In 1959 Leiber and
Stoller made the innovative use of timpani in their production of the Drifters' recording, "There Goes My Baby." Starting in the 1960s, drummers for high-profile rock acts like
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was used for the heads of the drums, automated solutions were difficult to implement since the tension would vary unpredictably across the drum. This could be compensated for by hand-tuning, but not easily by a pedal drum. Mechanisms continued to improve in the early 20th century.
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The typical method of muffling is to place the pads of the fingers against the head while holding onto the timpani stick with the thumb and index finger. Timpanists are required to develop techniques to stop all vibration without making any sound from the contact of their fingers.
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ensembles unable to afford purchase of this equipment regularly rely on a set of two or three timpani, sometimes referred to as "the orchestral three". It consists of 29-inch (74 cm), 26-inch (66 cm), and 23-inch (58 cm) drums. Its range extends down only to
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is one of the few timpanists who markets himself as a soloist. Haas, who began his career as a solo timpanist in 1980, is notable for performing music from many genres including jazz, rock, and classical. He released an album with a rather unconventional jazz band called
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Changing the pitch of a timpani by turning each tension rod individually is a laborious process. In the late 19th century, mechanical systems to change the tension of the entire head at once were developed. Any timpani equipped with such a system may be considered
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The tone quality can be altered without switching sticks or adjusting the tuning. For example, by playing closer to the edge, the sound becomes thinner. A more staccato sound can be produced by changing the velocity of the stroke or playing closer to the center.
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875:. Timpani heads are determined based on the size of the head, not the bowl. For example, a 23-inch (58 cm) drum may require a 25-inch (64 cm) head. This 2-inch (5 cm) size difference has been standardized by most timpani manufacturers since 1978.
2093:, which translates roughly to "Sound off, ye timpani! Sound, trumpets!" Naturally, the timpani are placed at the forefront: the piece starts with an unusual timpani solo and the chorus and timpani trade the melody back and forth. Bach reworked this movement in
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conductor. Thus, most timpanists own a great number of sticks. The weight of the stick, size and latent surface area of the head, materials used for the shaft, core, and wrap, and method used to wrap the head all contribute to the timbre the stick produces.
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grip is a hybrid of these two grips. Another known grip is known as the
Amsterdam Grip, made famous by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, which is similar to the Hinger grip, except the stick is cradled on the lower knuckle of the index finger.
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for a work in D major or D minor). This notation style however was not universal: Bach, Mozart, and
Schubert (in his early works) used it, but their respective contemporaries Handel, Haydn, and Beethoven wrote for the timpani at concert pitch.
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revolutionized timpani music in the early 19th century. He not only wrote for drums tuned to intervals other than a fourth or fifth, but he gave a prominence to the instrument as an independent voice beyond programmatic use. For example, his
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In the early 20th century and before, sticks were often made with whalebone shafts, wooden cores, and sponge wraps. Composers of that era often specified sponge-headed sticks. Modern timpanists execute such passages with felt sticks.
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Tympanum est pellis vel corium ligno ex una parte extentum. Est enim pars media symphoniae in similitudinem cribri. Tympanum autem dictum quod medium est, unde et margaritum medium tympanum dicitur; et ipsud ut symphonia ad virgulam
2253:, an outstanding Iranian-Austrian composer and conductor commenced the concert with one of his own compositions entitled, Persian Mysticism Around G which, starts with a short introduction written for timpani (five timpani tuned in
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A standard set of timpani (sometimes called a console) consists of four drums: roughly 32 inches (81 cm), 29 inches (74 cm), 26 inches (66 cm), and 23 inches (58 cm) in diameter. The range of this set is roughly
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By far the most common type of timpani used today are pedal timpani, which allows the tension of the head to be adjusted using a pedal mechanism. Typically, the pedal is connected to the tension screws via an assembly of either
2067:"No written kettledrum music survives from the 16th century, because the technique and repertory were learned by oral tradition and were kept secret. An early example of trumpet and kettledrum music occurs at the beginning of
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The opening section of
Persian Mysticism Around G featured by solo timpani using the glissando effect (recorded 1980 by Colosseum Musikstudios, performed by the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra conducted by Alexander Rahbari).
1331:, as the soft nature of timpani sticks causes the rebound of the stick to be reduced, causing multiple bounce rolls to sound muffled. However, when playing with wood mallets, timpanists sometimes use multiple bounce rolls.
871:). Plastic heads are durable, weather-resistant, and relatively inexpensive. Thus, they are more commonly used than skin heads. However, many professional timpanists prefer skin heads because they produce a "warmer"
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head was nailed directly to the shell of the drum. In the 15th century, heads began to be attached and tensioned by a counterhoop tied directly to the shell. In the early 16th century, the bindings were replaced by
1368:, though this use of the term is not strictly correct. The most effective glissandos are those from low to high notes and those performed during rolls. One of the first composers to call for a timpani glissando was
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calls for a "whale sound" on the timpani. This is achieved by moistening the thumb and rubbing it from the edge to the center of the head. Among other techniques used primarily in solo work, such as John Beck's
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Modern composers will often specify the beating spot to alter the sound of the drum. When the timpani are struck directly in the center, they have a sound that is almost completely devoid of tone and resonance.
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Composers will sometimes specify that the timpani should be struck with implements other than timpani sticks. It is common in timpani etudes and solos for timpanists to play with their hands or fingers.
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realizes fully voiced chords from the timpani by requiring three timpanists and assigning one drum to each. He goes as far as ten timpanists playing three- and four-part chords on sixteen drums in his
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and must develop techniques to tune in an undetectable manner and accurately in the middle of a performance. Tuning is often tested with a light tap from a finger, which produces a near-silent note.
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For general playing, a timpanist will beat the head approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in from the edge. Beating at this spot produces the round, resonant sound commonly associated with timpani. A
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935:. Unwrapped sticks with heads of wood, felt, flannel, and leather are also common. Wooden sticks are used as a special effect—specifically requested by composers as early as the Romantic era—and in
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followed by the friction clutch system. Many professionals also use these drums for outdoor performances due to their durability and lighter weight. The pedal is in the center of the drum itself.
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to more fully realize the flexibility the new mechanism had to offer. Many of his timpani parts require such a range of notes that it would be unthinkable to attempt them without pedal drums.
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enabled the introduction of new construction techniques and materials, in particular machine and pedal tuning mechanisms. Plastic heads were introduced in the mid-20th century, led by
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bowls produce darker tones. Modern timpani are generally made with copper due to its efficient regulation of internal and external temperatures relative to aluminum and fiberglass.
1472:, respectively. All pedaling is executed on the middle two drums. Each pedal change is indicated by a colored line: red for the larger and blue for the smaller of the middle drums.
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up to C and then rolling down back to G (You can see the glissando notation and also listen to the whole timpani introduction on the right). Rahbari also makes use of a series of
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Although by the early 19th century, timpani were most commonly found in orchestras, ceremonial trumpet and timpani ensembles still existed. Image from late 18th century, Valencia.
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The
Timpanist plays these successive glissandos at the end of the timpani introduction in Persian Mysticism Around G composed by Alexander Rahbari and premiered in Vienna, 1977.
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and can be tuned quickly and accurately to specific pitches by skilled players through the use of a movable foot-pedal. They are played by striking the head with a specialized
2269:). After a few bars fomenting the primary stormy passage, he uses an effective glissando effect produced by the back and forth switching of the timpani pedals, moving from B
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used it occasionally in his
Arkestra (played, for example, by percussionist Jim Herndon on the songs "Reflection in Blue" and "El Viktor," both recorded in 1957). In 1964,
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1809:, is striking the bowls. Timpanists tend to be reluctant to strike the bowls at loud levels or with hard sticks since copper can be dented easily due to its soft nature.
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is used to balance the tension on the head so the pedal will stay in position and the head will stay at pitch. The pedal on a balanced action drum is sometimes called a
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823:, developed a tuning mechanism in which the bowl is moved via a handle that connects to the base and the head remains stationary. These instruments are referred to as
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requires the timpanist to use the pedals to play all the pitches. One way of executing this passage is annotated here: The lowest and highest drum stay on F and E
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1435:. In general, timpanists reserve this term for passages where they must change the pitch in the midst of playing. Early 20th-century composers such as Nielsen,
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placed regularly around the circumference. The head's tension can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the rods. Most timpani have six to eight tension rods.
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For an example where this is not done, i.e. where the timpani part carries the same signature as all the other parts, see the orchestral score of
Prokofiev's
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is written in the staff; nos. 29 to 30 non-transposing parts have a key signature of four sharps but, again, the timpani part has no key signature, and so on.
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sticks. However, snare drum sticks tend to produce too loud a sound, and since this work's premiere, the passage has been performed by striking with coins.
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257:, also known as vessel drums and semispherical drums, whose body is similar to a section of a sphere whose cut conforms the head. Most modern timpani are
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A variation of this is to strike the head while two fingers of one hand lightly press and release spots near the center. The head will then vibrate at a
1006:. A great majority of the orchestral repertoire can be played using these four drums. However, contemporary composers have written for extended ranges.
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requires a continuous roll on a drum for over two and a half minutes. In general, timpanists do not use multiple bounce rolls like those played on the
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35:
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513:. The tympanum is so named because it is a half, whence also the half-pearl is called a tympanum. Like the symphonia, it is struck with a drumstick.
1284:, considered one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century, wrote a double concerto at the behest of soloist Jonathan Haas titled
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Professional-level timpani use either the ratchet or friction system and have copper bowls. These drums can have one of two styles of pedals. The
3574:: through no. 6 non-transposing parts have a key signature of one flat but the timpani part has no key signature, in bar 7 of no. 1 the timpani B
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Among the professionals who have been highly regarded for their virtuosity and impact on the development of the timpani in the 20th century are
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fulcrum is the contact between the thumb and middle finger. The index finger is used as a guide and to help lift the stick off of the drum. The
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1700:. Struck close to the edge, timpani produce a very thin, hollow sound. This effect is used by composers such as Bartók, Bernstein, and Kodály.
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major, where, incidentally, transposing instrument parts are also written at concert pitch with the same key signature as all the other parts.
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For a thorough scholarly analysis of the Pejeng Moon and the type of drum named after it, see August Johan Bernet
Kempers, "The Pejeng type,"
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Resonance can cause timpani not in use to vibrate, causing a quieter sound to be produced. Timpanists must normally avoid this effect, called
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also wrote pieces for timpani and orchestra. Throughout the 19th century and much of the 20th, there were few new timpani concertos. In 1983,
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The first recorded use of early
Tympanum was in "ancient times when it is known that they were used in religious ceremonies by Hebrews." The
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system uses a clutch that moves along a post. Disengaging the clutch frees it from the post, allowing the pedal to move without restraint.
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1666:. Some modern composers occasionally require more than two notes. In this case, a timpanist can hold two sticks in one hand much like a
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The basic timpano consists of a drum head stretched across the opening of a bowl typically made of copper or, in less expensive models,
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2408:(1980) albums and tours, and would later sample tympani in his drum solo, "The Rhythm Method" in 1988. More recently, the rock band
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It is typical for only one timpani to be struck at a time, but occasionally composers will ask for two notes. This is called a
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has incorporated timpani into some of their classically based songs, most notably in Exogenesis: Symphony, Part I (Overture).
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for eight timpani and orchestra, which requires the solo timpanist to play eight drums simultaneously. Rough contemporaries
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in the world, is more than two thousand years old. The Moon of Pejeng is "the largest known relic from Southeast Asia's
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1732:(covered), both of which indicate that mutes - typically small pieces of felt or leather - should be placed on the head.
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1724:. Resonance is reduced by damping or muting the drums, and in some cases composers will specify that timpani be played
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907:. Timpani sticks are used in pairs. They have two components: a shaft and a head. The shaft is typically made from
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Krentzer, Bill (December 1969). "The Beethoven Symphonies: Innovations of an Original Style in Timpani Scoring".
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timpanists set their drums up with the lowest drum on the left and the highest on the right (commonly called the
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A rare tuning mechanism allows the pitch to be changed by rotating the drum itself. A similar system is used on
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Despite these problems, composers eagerly exploited the opportunities the new mechanism had to offer. By 1915,
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wrote many works for the timpani and even started putting it in their symphonies and other orchestral works.
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system). This distinction is not strict, as many North American players use the German setup and vice versa.
669:, although this term commonly refers to drums that use a handle connected to a spider-type tuning mechanism.
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On chain timpani, a chain links the tension rods so a master handle can be used to turn them all at once.
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effects can be achieved by changing the pitch while it can still be heard. This is commonly called a
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2330:, and marching timpani fell out of common usage. Timpani are still used by the Mounted Bands of the
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Until the late 19th century, timpani were hand-tuned; that is, there was a sequence of screws with
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took advantage of the freedom that pedal timpani afforded, often giving the timpani the bass line.
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3431:(1st ed.). Rochester: University of Rochester Press, Boydell & Brewer. pp. 149–150.
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have been written for timpani, and are for timpani and orchestral accompaniment. The 18th-century
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3110:"Wiener Pauken - handmade timpani of Anton Mittermayr - timpani builder of Wiener Philharmoniker"
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asks for cymbals resting on the head while the drum is struck in his later works. Additionally,
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wrapped around a wooden core is the most common. Other core materials include compressed felt,
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is only widely in use by practitioners: several are more typically referred to collectively as
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1024:. A piccolo drum is typically 20 inches (51 cm) in diameter and can reach pitches up to C
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timpano—the clutch (seen here on the left) must be disengaged to change the pitch of the drum.
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has been widely adopted in the English language, some English speakers choose to use the word
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The inside, bottom of a Yamaha pedal timpano, showing the mechanical tension-adjusting system
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Music from Cuba: Mongo Santamaria, Chocolate Armenteros, and Other Stateside Cuban Musicians
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Samuel Z. Solomon, "How to Write for Percussion", pp. 65–66. Published by the author, 2002.
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on timpani in his Fourth Symphony—impossible on the old hand-tuned drums. However, it took
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Balanced action timpani are often used in outdoor performances because of their durability.
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players set them up in the reverse order, as to resemble a drum set or upright bass (the
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Timpani come in a variety of sizes from about 33 inches (84 cm) in diameter down to
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The tympanum is a skin or hide stretched over one end of a wooden frame. It is half of a
1411:'s Sonata for two pianos and percussion features pedal glissandos during a timpani roll.
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developed a pedal-operated version of this tuning mechanism in the early 21st century.
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pedal is attached at the side nearest the timpanist and is operated by ankle motion. A
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Website of Guido Rückel, solo-timpanist of Munich Philharmonic; many timpani pictures
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Ireland uses and delights in two instruments only, the harp namely, and the tympanum.
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initial impact of a stroke, and the drum will produce different pitches at different
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of the orchestra, an atypical placement for the instruments. Haas also commissioned
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2138:(1824) sets the timpani (tuned an octave apart) against the orchestra in a sort of
2023:
1955:
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1281:
1207:
969:
964:
960:
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1980:
inches (20–22 cm)) and mounted to the player's belt, were used primarily for
3891:
1812:
On some occasions a composer may ask for a metal object, commonly an upside-down
1496:
1399:
1198:
1140:
943:. Wooden timpani sticks are also occasionally used to play the suspended cymbal.
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2011:
1898:
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Beyond this extended set of five instruments, any added drums are nonstandard. (
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2149:. He was the first composer to indicate the exact sticks that should be used—"
2072:
1902:
1781:
1686:, although with the introduction of pedal tuning, this number can be reduced.
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1225:
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679:
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301:
262:
3992:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 763–766.
3109:
284:
by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in many types of
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2197:
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3481:
3341:
The Natural Guide to Bali: Enjoy Nature, Meet the People, Make a Difference
2388:
recorded a number of rock covers of classical pieces that utilize timpani.
1774:
attempts to use the timpani to imitate the engine of an ocean liner in his
923:. The head can be constructed from a number of different materials, though
887:
Timpanists use a variety of timpani sticks since each produces a different
776:
689:
588:
115:
3950:
3760:
Percussion in Medieval and Renaissance Dance Music: Theory and Performance
2207:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, timpani were almost always tuned with the
1987:. This form of timpani remained in use until the 16th century. In 1457, a
1372:, who used two sets of timpani playing glissandos at the same time in his
573:
The shape and material of the bowl's surface help to determine the drum's
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4147:
4137:
4094:
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4020:
3570:
See, as an early 20th-century example, the orchestral score of Debussy's
3032:"Playing Timpani | Timpani Techniques | High School Percussion"
2380:
incorporated timpani into their music. This led to the use of timpani in
2314:
Later, timpani were adopted into other classical music ensembles such as
2026:, and timpani continued to be paired with trumpets when they entered the
1991:
1984:
1981:
1963:
1704:
1431:
refers to changing the pitch with the pedal; it is an alternate term for
1250:
1243:
1239:
1153:
916:
908:
856:
848:
653:
582:
539:
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246:
3911:
was created from a revision of this article dated 12 June 2008
2773:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
432:—are occasionally encountered in older English texts. Although the word
4224:
4142:
4104:
3855:. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.). Grove's Dictionaries of Music. 826–837.
3673:
3307:
The Kettledrums of Southeast Asia: A Bronze Age World and Its Aftermath
2899:
2875:
Power, Andrew (April 1983). "Sound Production of the Timpani, Part 1".
2488:
2177:
2131:
2084:
2019:
2015:
1988:
1959:
1947:
1917:
1867:
1863:
1667:
1606: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1316:
1073:
1069:
932:
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809:
793:
144:
39:
17:
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2228:
517:
The reference comparing the tympanum to half a pearl is borrowed from
4234:
4229:
4209:
4194:
4189:
2664:(2nd ed.). Grove's Dictionaries of Music. Volume 18, pp826–837.
2417:
2185:
2112:
2007:
1950:, the direct ancestors of most timpani, were brought to 13th-century
1813:
1757:
1077:
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912:
888:
872:
627:
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352:
First attested in English in the late 19th century, the Italian word
250:
1052:
The drums are set up in an arc around the performer. Traditionally,
562:. The counter hoop is usually held in place with a number of tuning
551:
3837:. Cloyd E. Duff, Principal Timpani – retired – Cleveland Orchestra.
3819:"Credits: Beatles for Sale". Allmusic. Retrieved February 18, 2005.
4254:
4244:
4214:
4152:
2513:
2298:
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2038:
1999:
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510:
158:
3977:
3834:
3822:"Credits: A Love Supreme". Allmusic. Retrieved February 18, 2005.
3808:
2722:
3.22.10, Bill Thayer's edition of the Latin text at LacusCurtius
1670:, or more than one timpanist can be employed. In his Overture to
796:, though some manufacturers have used other materials, including
475:
The tympanum is mentioned, along with a faux name origin, in the
4264:
3825:"Credits: Tubular Bells". Allmusic. Retrieved February 18, 2005.
2758:
2413:
2150:
2050:
1894:
924:
852:
819:
In the early 20th century, Hans Schnellar, the timpanist of the
238:
30:"Kettledrum" and "Timpan" redirect here. For the racehorse, see
4024:
2396:
added a tympani to his expanding arsenal of percussion for the
709:
There are three types of pedal mechanisms in common use today:
610:
of 12 inches (30 cm) or less. A 33-inch drum can produce C
3967:
2453:
employs three pedal timpani upon which are played glissandos.
1575:
1393:
Sonata for two pianos and percussion, first movement (excerpt)
139:
2924:
Vibration patterns and sound analysis of the Viennese Timpani
2153:-covered", "wooden", etc. In several of his works, including
398:
380:
3889:
1478:
1381:
1348:. Timpanists are required to have a well-developed sense of
1176:
1122:
3699:
3460:
2165:(1837), he demanded the use of several timpanists at once.
1752:
calls for this technique to be used for a certain passage.
409:), meaning 'to strike, to hit'. Alternative spellings with
204:
198:
3633:
page, showing image of mounted bands with timpani in 2008.
2014:
since the 12th century. These drums evolved together with
1290:, which features its soloists playing nine drums a piece.
2022:. This practice continues to this day in sections of the
1714:, but composers have exploited it in solo pieces such as
959:
The two most common grips in playing the timpani are the
189:
3816:
Zoutendijk, Marc. Letters to Flamurai. February 8, 2005.
2041:. This allowed timpani to become tunable instruments of
1744:
utilizes this technique during a timpani cadenza. Also,
851:, timpani heads can be made from two materials: animal
241:
categorised as a hemispherical drum, they consist of a
3018:
Slow Motion of Timpani Technique | Percussion Research
2952:
1562:, which can also refer to playing with mutes on them (
1547:
sustain. Today, timpanists must use their ear and the
618:), and specialty piccoli timpani can play up into the
397:), 'a hand drum', which in turn derives from the verb
2926:. Bertsch, Matthias. (2001), Proceedings of ISMA 2001
2130:(1806) opens with four solo timpani strokes, and the
1707:
much like the similar effect on a string instrument.
201:
34:. For the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection, see
3670:"Samuel Barber -- 'A Stopwatch and an Ordnance Map'"
3038:. Toronto, ON: Stewart Hoffman Music. Archived from
1280:. There have been other timpani concertos, notably,
895:
Timpani are typically struck with a special type of
195:
186:
4367:
4321:
4293:
4170:
4080:
4071:
3206:"Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra"
3128:"Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame: Fred Hinger"
2063:
Evolution of Timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
1876:
Evolution of Timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
1646:uses this effect in the slow third movement of his
192:
183:
152:
129:
105:
93:
77:
69:
62:
3417:Topographia Hibernica, III.XI; tr. O'Meary, p. 94.
3154:"Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame: Cloyd Duff"
1780:by requesting the timpanist play a soft roll with
249:stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of
3852:The New Grove Encyclopædia of Music and Musicians
3734:. W. W. Norton & Company, 3rd edition, 2002.
3524:"The Impact of Technology on Musical Instruments"
3361:Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of
2661:The New Grove Encyclopædia of Music and Musicians
1287:Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra
1157:begins with the main theme played on the timpani.
985:A standard set of timpani consists of four drums.
1788:asks for the timpanist to use drumsticks in his
3427:Seaman, Christopher; Richards, Michael (2013).
2010:. This variety of timpani had been used in the
1551:to determine the length the note should sound.
1117:, Hans Schnellar, Fred Hinger, and Cloyd Duff.
602:timpani set up in three different combinations.
310:is an Italian plural, the singular of which is
3226:
3224:
2961:. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. p.
4036:
3831:. Composer John Beal. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
3259:"How and When to Play a Buzz Roll on Timpani"
737:since there is no clutch holding it in place.
459:
453:
447:
353:
311:
8:
4471:Musical instruments played with soft mallets
3239:. Las Vegas, Nevada: Timeless Communications
2546:
2544:
2468:, commissioned by Haas, put two soloists in
2291:This 1976 photograph shows marching timpani
1862:In the 15th century, timpani were used with
558:), which in turn is held onto the bowl by a
441:
45:
490:
370:
362:
4077:
4043:
4029:
4021:
3395:Get in touch with Bali's cultural heritage
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2424:incorporated timpani into his drum kit on
2416:musicians also experimented with timpani.
2211:note of the piece on the low drum and the
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2739:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
2090:Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten!
1622:Learn how and when to remove this message
1216:, the two timpanists echo the main theme.
763:Most school bands and orchestras below a
336:. They are also often incorrectly termed
36:Kettle Drums (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
4375:Classification of percussion instruments
3919:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3902:
3748:. University of California Press, 1984.
2646:
2644:
2642:
2227:
2184:timpani for this reason. However, since
1962:. These drums, which were small (with a
1832:utilizes this technique in his concerto
1564:
775:
587:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2524:
1374:Symphony No. 4 ("The Inextinguishable")
1110:the principal timpanist when required.
4065:List of percussion instruments by type
2900:"In Search of the Missing Fundamental"
2587:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2571:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1523:
1418:
1307:(most commonly signaled in a score by
1223:
1164:
816:, made timpani tuned in this fashion.
788:, the tension rods are connected by a
44:
3835:"Timpanist – Musician or Technician?"
3762:". 1997. Retrieved February 22, 2006.
2737:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
2018:to be the primary instruments of the
1767:Symphonic Dances from West Side Story
648:Each drum typically has a range of a
216:
7:
3322:Iain Stewart and Ryan Ver Berkmoes,
3180:"The Guardian Profile: Philip Glass"
3178:O'Mahony, John (November 24, 2001),
2462:Johnny H. and the Prisoners of Swing
1794:to evoke the sound of a field drum.
1604:adding citations to reliable sources
812:. Jenco, a company better known for
645:(at the bottom of the treble clef).
340:. A musician who plays timpani is a
3810:Timpani: Frequently Asked Questions
3339:Yayasan Bumi Kita and Anne Gouyon,
2691:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 67.
1538:Since timpani have a long sustain,
1206:In the beginning of "Jupiter" from
581:bowls produce brighter tones while
348:Etymology and alternative spellings
38:. For the stringed instrument, see
3283:"From me flows what you call Time"
3231:Jones, Brett (November 19, 2013).
2556:www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
1998:carried larger timpani mounted on
1271:Concerto for Timpani and Orchestra
599:
595:
25:
4446:Orchestral percussion instruments
3797:. Published by the author, 2002.
3645:"Hey, what's that sound: Timpani"
3560:. University of California Press.
1897:, the largest single-cast bronze
1866:as ceremonial instruments in the
1760:on timpani in his Symphony No. 1
1558:Muffling is often referred to as
440:. The German word for timpani is
253:. Thus timpani are an example of
89:with membrane lapped on by a rim)
4405:List of vibraphone manufacturers
3949:
3935:
3901:
3620:from the original on 2021-11-07.
3482:"Kettledrum; Musical Instrument"
3365:. Short History of Asia Series.
3233:"Percussion Performance:Timpani"
2898:Jones, Richard K. (March 2017).
1839:From me flows what you call Time
1580:
1524:Problems playing this file? See
1494:
1490:Concerto for Orchestra (excerpt)
1454:This chromatic passage from the
1419:Problems playing this file? See
1397:
1273:, which won second prize in the
1224:Problems playing this file? See
1196:
1165:Problems playing this file? See
1138:
179:
121:
114:
51:
3783:. Alfred Publishing Co., 1993.
3769:. Yale University Press, 2002.
3680:from the original on 2021-11-07
3087:Alfred Publishing Company, Inc.
2447:A Stopwatch and an Ordnance Map
1591:needs additional citations for
544:Sachs–Hornbostel classification
316:. However, in English the term
79:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4451:Pitched percussion instruments
4431:Directly struck membranophones
4061:List of percussion instruments
3964:—Timpani harmonics information
3781:Fundamental Method for Timpani
3309:(Taylor & Francis, 1988),
1654:in the second movement of his
722:means of a fine-tuning handle.
464:, not to be confused with the
1:
4410:List of timpani manufacturers
4400:List of marimba manufacturers
3940:The dictionary definition of
3813:. Retrieved February 4, 2005.
3643:McNamee, David (2009-04-27).
3217:Philip Glass Official Website
2499:List of timpani manufacturers
2279:during this opening section.
2145:The next major innovator was
1721:Eight Pieces for Four Timpani
1265:, principal timpanist of the
792:much like the one found on a
458:), the French and Spanish is
98:
27:Pitched percussion instrument
4466:Continuous pitch instruments
4390:List of cymbal manufacturers
3558:The Anatomy of the Orchestra
3020:. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
2852:"Definition of COUNTER HOOP"
2797:"Timpani Construction paper"
2180:in the 1870s and are called
1905:period." The drum is in the
405:
393:
387:
3795:How to Write for Percussion
3343:(Tuttle Publishing, 2005),
2442:, made use of the timpani.
1638:, a term borrowed from the
1037:Al gran sole carico d'amore
636:, the timpanist must play F
550:. The head is affixed to a
466:latin percussion instrument
413:in place of either or both
120:Ranges of individual sizes
4502:
4395:List of drum manufacturers
4344:Indoor percussion ensemble
3732:The Study of Orchestration
3522:Bowles, Edmund A. (1999).
2828:"Definition of FLESH HOOP"
2386:Emerson, Lake & Palmer
2060:
1873:
1010:specifically writes for a
915:but may also be made from
399:
381:
277:to become a staple of the
73:Kettledrums, Timps, Pauken
29:
4456:Italian words and phrases
4133:
4058:
3962:The Well-Tempered Timpani
3829:"William Kraft Biography"
3713:"Susman-Floating Falling"
3263:freepercussionlessons.com
3237:School Band and Orchestra
3075:Modern Method for Tympani
2904:The Well-Tempered Timpani
2509:Vibrations of a drum head
2428:'s four-part composition
1850:to be placed on timpani.
1504:In this passage from the
1101:instruments. In his book
837:Adams Musical Instruments
682:or metal rods called the
507:i.e. another type of drum
452:in plural (from the word
157:
136:
112:
50:
3767:Timpani & Percussion
3746:Anatomy of the Orchestra
3556:Del Mar, Norman (1981).
3357:Pringle, Robert (2004).
2958:The Instruments of Music
2735:Barney, Stephen (2010).
2464:. Philip Glass with his
2172:-shaped handles, called
1267:Los Angeles Philharmonic
1103:Anatomy of the Orchestra
225:(also informally called
3989:Encyclopædia Britannica
3509:Percussive Arts Society
3486:Encyclopædia Britannica
3326:(Lonely Planet, 2007),
3036:stewarthoffmanmusic.com
2951:Kallen, Stuart (2003).
2885:Percussive Arts Society
2856:www.merriam-webster.com
2832:www.merriam-webster.com
2770:Encyclopædia Britannica
2685:Charley Gerard (2001).
2589:A Greek-English Lexicon
2573:A Greek-English Lexicon
2479:for timpani and cello.
1820:uses this technique in
1802:Songs of Sailor and Sea
804:Other tuning mechanisms
273:. Timpani evolved from
4476:Orchestral instruments
4052:Percussion instruments
3897:
3877:Listen to this article
2752:IX. 35, 23. Quoted in
2311:
2296:
2245:
2233:
2109:
2075:(1607)." Later in the
1928:
1881:Pre-orchestral history
1871:
1822:From A Dark Millennium
1514:Concerto for Orchestra
1483:
1473:
1464:Concerto for Orchestra
1386:
1294:Performance techniques
1259:Johann Melchior Molter
1181:
1127:
1097:
986:
977:In the modern ensemble
937:authentic performances
892:
781:
706:
698:
603:
515:
509:) and it looks like a
498:
491:
483:St. Isidore of Seville
460:
454:
448:
446:; the Swedish word is
442:
371:
363:
354:
312:
214:Italian pronunciation:
167:
4295:Electronic percussion
3998:"534m Membranophones"
3974:Schlesinger, Kathleen
3896:
3447:10.7722/j.ctt3fgm4p.2
2755:Schlesinger, Kathleen
2302:
2290:
2283:Outside the orchestra
2242:
2231:
2156:Symphonie fantastique
2107:
2081:Johann Sebastian Bach
2061:Further information:
2047:Industrial Revolution
1915:
1874:Further information:
1861:
1848:Japanese temple bowls
1712:sympathetic resonance
1506:Intermezzo interrotto
1482:
1456:Intermezzo interrotto
1453:
1385:
1180:
1126:
1095:
984:
886:
779:
704:
692:
591:
546:, this makes timpani
499:
487:
166:Timpani F major triad
165:
64:Percussion instrument
4322:Percussion groupings
4172:Unpitched percussion
3958:at Wikimedia Commons
3928:More spoken articles
3758:Ferrell, Robert G. "
3591:Piano Concerto No. 1
3572:Pelléas et Mélisande
3393:Rita A. Widiadana, "
2936:"Timpani Head Guide"
2718:Isidore of Seville,
2602:"Tympani, Tympanist"
2445:In his choral piece
2440:Allman Brothers Band
2324:drum and bugle corps
2123:Ludwig van Beethoven
1907:Pura Penataran Sasih
1889:, also known as the
1697:An American in Paris
1694:uses this effect in
1644:Ludwig van Beethoven
1600:improve this article
729:system, a spring or
633:La création du monde
4481:Baroque instruments
4354:Percussion ensemble
4334:Marching percussion
4082:Keyboard percussion
3793:Solomon, Samuel Z.
3616:. 3 February 2020.
3610:"Persian Mysticism"
3114:www.wienerpauken.at
2504:Missing fundamental
2438:, drummer with the
2295:with legs extended.
2215:on the high drum—a
1966:of about 8 to
1572:Extended techniques
821:Vienna Philharmonic
300:, and even in some
231:musical instruments
131:Related instruments
47:
4349:Percussion section
4073:Pitched percussion
3979:"Kettledrum"
3898:
3779:Peters, Mitchell.
3676:. 2 January 2017.
3400:2009-07-05 at the
3211:2011-05-20 at the
3030:Hoffman, Stewart.
2345:Garde Républicaine
2332:Household Division
2312:
2297:
2246:
2234:
2110:
2099:Christmas Oratorio
2069:Claudio Monteverdi
1952:Continental Europe
1929:
1872:
1807:Sonata for Timpani
1484:
1474:
1387:
1182:
1128:
1098:
1017:The Rite of Spring
987:
893:
879:Sticks and mallets
782:
731:hydraulic cylinder
707:
699:
604:
379:of the Greek word
218:[ˈtimpani]
168:
32:Kettledrum (horse)
4418:
4417:
4385:Percussion mallet
4166:
4165:
3954:Media related to
3894:
3862:978-1-56159-239-5
3765:Montagu, Jeremy.
3744:Del Mar, Norman.
3717:Steve Weiss Music
3438:978-1-58046-411-6
3429:Inside Conducting
3380:978-1-86508-863-1
3367:Allen & Unwin
3324:Bali & Lombok
3095:978-0-7579-9100-4
3042:on April 24, 2012
2972:978-1-59018-127-0
2940:Steve Weiss Music
2760:"Symphonia"
2671:978-1-56159-239-5
2251:Alexander Rahbari
2240:
2140:call and response
2057:Role in orchestra
1830:Michael Daugherty
1818:Joseph Schwantner
1777:Enigma Variations
1754:Leonard Bernstein
1746:Michael Daugherty
1673:Benvenuto Cellini
1640:string instrument
1632:
1631:
1624:
1499:
1402:
1255:Georg Druschetzky
1201:
1143:
833:Schnellar timpani
814:mallet percussion
614:(the C below the
358:derives from the
235:percussion family
172:
171:
163:
16:(Redirected from
4493:
4078:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4008:on July 10, 2006
4004:. Archived from
3993:
3981:
3953:
3939:
3918:
3916:
3905:
3904:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3866:
3845:(January 2001).
3807:Thomas, Dwight.
3719:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3534:. Archived from
3519:
3513:
3512:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:The Jakarta Post
3391:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3354:
3348:
3337:
3331:
3320:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3228:
3219:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3130:. Archived from
3124:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3067:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2877:Percussive Notes
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2802:. Archived from
2801:
2795:Bridge, Robert.
2792:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2654:(January 2001).
2648:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2539:
2529:
2494:Electronic tuner
2477:Floating Falling
2466:Concerto Fantasy
2382:progressive rock
2318:. In the 1970s,
2274:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2159:(1830), and his
2083:wrote a secular
2004:King Charles VII
2002:to the court of
1996:King Ladislaus V
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1786:Benjamin Britten
1742:Concerto Fantasy
1627:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1584:
1576:
1501:
1500:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1407:This segment of
1404:
1403:
1384:
1314:
1278:Friedheim Awards
1203:
1202:
1179:
1145:
1144:
1125:
825:Viennese timpani
719:ratchet and pawl
641:
640:
495:
463:
457:
451:
445:
419:
408:
402:
401:
396:
390:
384:
383:
375:), which is the
374:
368:
357:
315:
220:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
164:
125:
118:
100:
55:
48:
21:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4363:
4317:
4308:Electronic drum
4289:
4162:
4129:
4067:
4063:
4054:
4049:
4011:
4009:
3996:
3972:
3932:
3931:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3909:This audio file
3906:
3899:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3863:
3841:
3730:Adler, Samuel.
3727:
3725:Further reading
3722:
3711:
3707:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3631:Beating Retreat
3629:
3625:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3555:
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3550:
3541:
3539:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3402:Wayback Machine
3392:
3388:
3381:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3213:Wayback Machine
3204:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3069:
3068:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
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2973:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2778:
2753:
2750:Natural History
2748:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2650:
2649:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2606:Merriam-Webster
2600:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2485:
2405:Permanent Waves
2310:with a timpano.
2285:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2128:Violin Concerto
2065:
2059:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1937:Gerald of Wales
1883:
1878:
1856:
1836:. In his piece
1798:Robert W. Smith
1728:(with mute) or
1692:George Gershwin
1676:, for example,
1664:El Salón México
1652:Johannes Brahms
1628:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1585:
1574:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1445:Richard Strauss
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1341:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1269:, composed his
1236:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1192:suite (excerpt)
1188:"Jupiter" from
1183:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1149:Richard Strauss
1146:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1090:
1068:system), while
1048:
1042:youth orchestra
1027:
1023:
1012:piccolo timpano
1008:Igor Stravinsky
1004:
1000:
992:
979:
957:
881:
845:
806:
774:
746:post and clutch
742:friction clutch
727:balanced action
675:
667:machine timpani
662:
660:Machine timpani
644:
638:
637:
613:
608:piccoli timpani
577:. For example,
554:(also called a
532:
527:
519:Pliny the Elder
417:
350:
213:
182:
178:
159:
84:
58:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Front ensemble
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3994:
3984:Chisholm, Hugh
3970:
3965:
3959:
3947:
3921:
3907:
3900:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:External links
3869:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3805:
3791:
3777:
3763:
3756:
3742:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3705:
3700:"Philip Glass"
3691:
3661:
3635:
3623:
3601:
3582:
3563:
3548:
3528:COSMOS Journal
3514:
3491:
3473:
3452:
3437:
3419:
3410:
3386:
3379:
3349:
3332:
3315:
3298:
3274:
3250:
3220:
3198:
3170:
3144:
3119:
3101:
3094:
3053:
3022:
3010:
2985:
2971:
2943:
2928:
2916:
2890:
2867:
2843:
2819:
2776:
2765:Chisholm, Hugh
2742:
2727:
2711:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2618:
2593:
2577:
2561:
2540:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2431:A Love Supreme
2374:The Beach Boys
2328:front ensemble
2320:marching bands
2284:
2281:
2222:Timpani in D–A
2217:perfect fourth
2196:was demanding
2147:Hector Berlioz
2136:Ninth Symphony
2058:
2055:
2043:definite pitch
1887:Moon of Pejeng
1882:
1879:
1855:
1852:
1844:Tōru Takemitsu
1834:Raise The Roof
1750:Raise The Roof
1716:Elliott Carter
1678:Hector Berlioz
1656:German Requiem
1648:Ninth Symphony
1630:
1629:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1350:relative pitch
1346:dynamic levels
1340:
1337:
1325:Symphony No. 7
1321:Anton Bruckner
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1275:Kennedy Center
1247:Johann Fischer
1235:
1232:
1221:
1205:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1107:Norman Del Mar
1089:
1086:
1054:North American
1046:
1025:
1021:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
978:
975:
956:
953:
905:timpani mallet
880:
877:
844:
841:
805:
802:
773:
770:
750:
749:
738:
735:floating pedal
723:
717:system uses a
715:ratchet clutch
674:
671:
661:
658:
642:
624:Darius Milhaud
611:
548:membranophones
531:
528:
526:
523:
349:
346:
294:marching bands
275:military drums
271:timpani mallet
170:
169:
155:
154:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
134:
133:
127:
126:
110:
109:
103:
102:
101:6th century AD
95:
91:
90:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4498:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Temple blocks
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
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4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
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4169:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Tubular bells
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3946:at Wiktionary
3945:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3910:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3847:Stanley Sadie
3844:
3843:Grove, George
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3803:0-9744721-0-7
3800:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:0-7390-2051-X
3786:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:0-300-09337-3
3772:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:0-520-05062-2
3751:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:0-393-97572-X
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3654:September 23,
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3538:on 2014-07-12
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:Percussionist
3495:
3492:
3488:. 2014-08-19.
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3408:(06/06/2002).
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3152:Atwood, Jim.
3148:
3145:
3134:on 2015-06-18
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:Goodman, Saul
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2909:September 23,
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2809:on 2016-05-29
2805:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2698:9780275966829
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:Stanley Sadie
2653:
2652:Grove, George
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:0-9744721-0-7
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2457:Jonathan Haas
2454:
2452:
2451:Samuel Barber
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2426:John Coltrane
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2357:rock and roll
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:concert bands
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2268:
2252:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
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2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:Cambro-Norman
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1853:
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1831:
1827:
1823:
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1815:
1810:
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1773:
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1699:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Aaron Copland
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1615:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1589:This section
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:Samuel Barber
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1410:
1394:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:three slashes
1313:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:William Kraft
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1193:
1191:
1170:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1135:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
989:
983:
976:
974:
971:
966:
962:
955:Popular grips
954:
952:
948:
944:
942:
941:Baroque music
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:timpani stick
898:
890:
885:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:Wiener Pauken
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:chain timpani
778:
772:Chain timpani
771:
769:
766:
761:
759:
755:
747:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
710:
703:
696:
693:A pedal on a
691:
687:
685:
681:
673:Pedal timpani
672:
670:
668:
659:
657:
655:
651:
650:perfect fifth
646:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:Basic timpani
529:
524:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
497:
496:
494:
486:
484:
480:
479:
473:
471:
467:
462:
456:
450:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:
412:
407:
395:
389:
378:
373:
367:
366:
361:
356:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:concert bands
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:timpani stick
264:
260:
259:pedal timpani
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
209:
176:
156:
151:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
111:
108:
107:Playing range
104:
96:
92:
88:
87:membranophone
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4486:Modern drums
4461:Bass (sound)
4441:Battle drums
4303:Drum machine
4157:
4100:Glockenspiel
4010:. Retrieved
4006:the original
4001:
3987:
3942:
3851:
3809:
3794:
3780:
3766:
3745:
3731:
3716:
3708:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3649:The Guardian
3648:
3638:
3626:
3613:
3604:
3585:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3540:. Retrieved
3536:the original
3527:
3517:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3465:. Retrieved
3455:
3428:
3422:
3413:
3405:
3389:
3360:
3352:
3340:
3335:
3323:
3318:
3306:
3301:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:
3277:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3236:
3216:
3201:
3192:December 14,
3190:, retrieved
3185:The Guardian
3183:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:
3147:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:the original
3122:
3113:
3104:
3074:
3044:. Retrieved
3040:the original
3035:
3025:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2957:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2846:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:
2822:
2811:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2768:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2719:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2687:
2680:
2660:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2591:, on Perseus
2588:
2580:
2575:, on Perseus
2572:
2564:
2555:
2527:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2436:Butch Trucks
2429:
2403:
2397:
2370:Led Zeppelin
2354:
2344:
2340:Mounted Band
2336:British Army
2313:
2308:Led Zeppelin
2292:
2277:acciaccatura
2254:
2247:
2221:
2206:
2194:Carl Nielsen
2191:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2121:
2111:
2088:
2066:
2035:
2024:British Army
1945:
1940:
1930:
1890:
1884:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1775:
1772:Edward Elgar
1765:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1738:Philip Glass
1734:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1671:
1642:vocabulary.
1633:
1618:
1612:January 2021
1609:
1598:Please help
1593:verification
1590:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1508:movement of
1505:
1458:movement of
1455:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1370:Carl Nielsen
1363:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1333:
1309:
1305:timpani roll
1302:
1285:
1282:Philip Glass
1270:
1237:
1211:
1189:
1152:
1115:Saul Goodman
1112:
1102:
1099:
1081:
1065:
1051:
1040:schools and
1030:
1020:, tuned to B
1015:
1011:
993:
990:Standard set
958:
949:
945:
921:carbon fiber
904:
900:
894:
846:
832:
828:
824:
818:
807:
790:roller chain
785:
783:
762:
757:
753:
751:
745:
741:
734:
726:
714:
708:
694:
683:
676:
666:
663:
647:
631:
607:
605:
593:Walter Light
572:
568:tension rods
567:
560:counter hoop
559:
555:
533:
525:Construction
516:
506:
500:
489:
488:
476:
474:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
410:
377:latinisation
351:
341:
337:
333:
330:temple drums
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
306:
288:, including
270:
266:
258:
255:kettle drums
254:
237:. A type of
226:
222:
174:
173:
153:Sound sample
113:
4359:Drum circle
3614:youtube.com
3532:Cosmos Club
3369:. pp.
3243:October 12,
3003:October 31,
2978:October 31,
2720:Etymologiae
2704:October 28,
2611:October 28,
2422:Elvin Jones
2402:(1978) and
2399:Hemispheres
2362:The Beatles
2350:French Army
2338:and of the
2304:John Bonham
2202:Béla Bartók
2012:Middle East
1935:chronicler
1899:kettle drum
1891:Pejeng Moon
1791:War Requiem
1764:and in his
1726:con sordino
1636:double stop
1437:Béla Bartók
1238:A few solo
1213:The Planets
1190:The Planets
867:(typically
855:(typically
798:steel cable
652:, or seven
620:treble clef
579:hemispheric
493:percutitur.
478:Etymologiae
438:kettledrums
322:kettledrums
223:kettledrums
70:Other names
57:A timpanist
4425:Categories
4380:Drum stick
4285:Wood block
4260:Tambourine
4250:Snare drum
4120:Vibraphone
4012:January 4,
3924:Audio help
3915:2008-06-12
3840:"Timpani"
3542:2008-02-19
3467:2016-05-21
3463:. Remo Inc
3292:2021-01-02
3268:2022-07-09
3138:2015-06-18
3083:California
2861:2018-05-13
2837:2018-05-13
2813:2008-02-18
2520:References
2394:Neil Peart
2198:glissandos
1985:ceremonies
1903:Bronze Age
1846:calls for
1782:snare drum
1756:calls for
1526:media help
1421:media help
1360:Portamento
1329:snare drum
1226:media help
1167:media help
1033:Luigi Nono
897:drum stick
847:Like most
765:university
680:cast metal
556:flesh hoop
536:fiberglass
302:rock bands
298:orchestras
263:drum stick
83:211.11-922
4240:Mark tree
4205:Castanets
4180:Bass drum
4125:Xylophone
4110:Tubaphone
3461:"Company"
3073:(1988) .
3046:August 9,
2998:Vic Firth
2994:"T5 Wood"
2552:"timpani"
2220:example,
2071:'s opera
2031:orchestra
2028:classical
2000:horseback
1989:Hungarian
1956:Crusaders
1931:In 1188,
1922:Rajasthan
1909:temple."
1826:Carl Orff
1668:marimbist
1565:see below
1365:glissando
1240:concertos
1234:Concertos
899:called a
849:drumheads
654:semitones
616:bass clef
583:parabolic
542:. In the
503:symphonia
342:timpanist
286:ensembles
282:orchestra
279:classical
265:called a
245:called a
97:at least
94:Developed
4329:Drum kit
4280:Triangle
4275:Timbales
4148:Steelpan
4138:Handbell
4095:Crotales
4090:Carillon
3976:(1911).
3926: ·
3684:19 April
3678:Archived
3618:Archived
3596:♭
3577:♭
3511:: 55–62.
3398:Archived
3287:englisch
3209:Archived
3188:, London
3163:19 April
3079:Van Nuys
2887:: 62–64.
2757:(1911).
2569:τύμπανον
2483:See also
2474:Susman's
2392:drummer
2293:grounded
2272:♭
2264:♭
2258:♭
2209:dominant
2016:trumpets
1994:sent by
1992:legation
1982:military
1964:diameter
1960:Saracens
1946:Arabian
1939:wrote, "
1864:trumpets
1762:Jeremiah
1705:harmonic
1650:, as do
1540:muffling
1534:Muffling
1469:♭
1429:Pedaling
1299:Striking
1251:symphony
1249:wrote a
1244:composer
1154:Burleske
1134:Burleske
1074:Austrian
1066:American
970:American
917:aluminum
909:hardwood
869:PET film
861:goatskin
857:calfskin
810:rototoms
639:♯
626:'s 1923
540:aluminum
470:Charanga
461:timbales
388:tumpanon
382:τύμπανον
365:tympanum
338:timpanis
243:membrane
85:(Struck
4313:Octapad
4265:Tam-tam
4235:Maracas
4225:Cymbals
4220:Cowbell
4185:Bodhrán
4158:Timpani
4143:Handpan
4105:Marimba
3986:(ed.).
3956:Timpani
3943:timpani
3913: (
3884:minutes
3849:(ed.).
3674:YouTube
3158:Pas.org
2767:(ed.).
2724:online.
2658:(ed.).
2489:Lytavry
2348:in the
2342:of the
2334:of the
2182:Dresden
2178:Dresden
2162:Requiem
2134:of his
2132:scherzo
2097:of the
2087:titled
2085:cantata
2077:Baroque
2073:L'Orfeo
2020:cavalry
1975:⁄
1918:naqareh
1868:cavalry
1854:History
1770:suite.
1758:maracas
1730:coperti
1683:Requiem
1544:damping
1088:Players
1058:British
933:leather
865:plastic
794:bicycle
754:Dresden
725:In the
695:Dresden
566:called
434:timpani
430:timpany
426:tympany
422:tympani
394:tumpana
372:tympana
355:timpani
326:timpani
318:timpano
313:timpano
308:Timpani
233:in the
175:Timpani
145:Naqareh
46:Timpani
40:Tiompan
18:Timpany
4230:Djembe
4210:Claves
4195:Cabasa
4190:Bongos
3859:
3801:
3787:
3773:
3752:
3738:
3445:
3435:
3377:
3092:
2969:
2695:
2668:
2535:
2418:Sun Ra
2376:, and
2261:-C-D-E
2186:vellum
2113:Mozart
2095:Part I
2045:. The
2039:screws
2008:France
1948:nakers
1814:cymbal
1560:muting
1510:Bartók
1460:Bartók
1443:, and
1433:tuning
1409:Bartók
1339:Tuning
1082:German
1076:, and
1070:German
1062:French
1060:, and
965:French
961:German
931:, and
913:bamboo
889:timbre
873:timbre
758:Berlin
684:spider
630:score
628:ballet
575:timbre
564:screws
443:Pauken
391:, pl.
251:copper
229:) are
4436:Drums
4368:Other
4255:Taiko
4245:Parai
4215:Conga
4200:Cajón
4153:Tabla
3982:. In
3507:(2).
3443:JSTOR
3373:–40.
3313:–340.
2953:"One"
2883:(4).
2807:(PDF)
2800:(PDF)
2763:. In
2585:τύπτω
2514:Davul
2470:front
2378:Queen
2366:Cream
2213:tonic
2117:Haydn
2079:era,
1926:India
1920:from
1893:, in
1549:score
1208:Holst
1078:Greek
863:) or
843:Heads
831:) or
622:. In
600:chain
596:pedal
511:sieve
449:pukor
428:, or
418:'
406:tuptō
400:τύπτω
369:(pl.
360:Latin
334:timps
332:, or
227:timps
221:) or
4014:2007
3857:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3686:2021
3656:2018
3593:in D
3433:ISBN
3375:ISBN
3245:2018
3194:2015
3165:2021
3090:ISBN
3048:2012
3005:2018
2980:2018
2967:ISBN
2911:2018
2706:2018
2693:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2613:2018
2533:ISBN
2414:Jazz
2410:Muse
2390:Rush
2322:and
2174:taps
2151:felt
2115:and
2051:Remo
1958:and
1895:Bali
1658:and
1257:and
1001:to A
963:and
929:cork
925:felt
853:skin
740:The
713:The
598:and
552:hoop
455:puka
247:head
239:drum
4002:SIL
3404:,"
3345:109
3328:203
3311:327
2355:As
2306:of
2006:in
1954:by
1800:'s
1748:'s
1740:'s
1718:'s
1662:in
1602:by
1568:).
1542:or
1512:'s
1462:'s
1323:'s
1315:or
1210:'s
1151:'s
1035:'s
1014:in
939:of
919:or
911:or
903:or
859:or
784:On
744:or
538:or
481:of
269:or
140:Kus
4427::
4000:.
3882:33
3715:,
3672:.
3647:.
3612:.
3530:.
3526:.
3503:.
3484:.
3441:.
3371:28
3285:.
3261:.
3235:.
3223:^
3215:,
3182:,
3156:.
3112:.
3085::
3081:,
3077:.
3056:^
3034:.
2996:.
2965:.
2963:24
2955:.
2938:,
2902:.
2881:21
2879:.
2854:.
2830:.
2779:^
2621:^
2604:.
2554:.
2543:^
2449:,
2434:.
2384:.
2372:,
2368:,
2364:,
2352:.
2267:-G
2142:.
2101:.
2053:.
2033:.
1943:"
1924:,
1916:A
1842:,
1824:.
1439:,
1376:.
1311:tr
1105:,
1072:,
1056:,
1049:.
1028:.
835:.
686:.
656:.
521:.
485::
472:.
424:,
420:s—
344:.
328:,
324:,
304:.
296:,
292:,
212:;
99:c.
4044:e
4037:t
4030:v
4016:.
3930:)
3922:(
3917:)
3886:)
3879:(
3865:.
3702:.
3688:.
3658:.
3545:.
3505:7
3470:.
3449:.
3383:.
3347:.
3330:.
3295:.
3271:.
3247:.
3167:.
3141:.
3116:.
3098:.
3050:.
3007:.
2982:.
2913:.
2864:.
2840:.
2816:.
2708:.
2674:.
2615:.
2558:.
2255:B
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