607:) is extremely common in some areas of North America. In the United States, it grows in all states east of the Rockies. It also grows in Central America. Appearing as a creeping vine, a climbing vine, or a shrub, it reproduces both by creeping rootstocks and by seeds. The appearance varies. Leaves, arranged in an alternate pattern, usually in groups of three, are from 20 to 50 mm long, pointed at the tip, and can be toothed, smooth, or lobed, but never serrated. Leaves may be shiny or dull, and the color varies with the season. Vines grow almost straight up rather than wrapping around their support and can grow to 8–10 m in height. In some cases, Poison ivy may entirely engulf the supporting structure, and vines may extend outward like limbs so that it appears to be a Poison ivy "tree".
42:
620:) is found in northern parts of the eastern United States. It also exists in the western United States and Canada but is much less common than poison oak. It may grow as a vine or a shrub. It was once considered a subspecies of poison ivy. It does sometimes hybridize with the climbing species. Western poison ivy is found in much of western and central United States and Canada, although not on the West Coast. In the eastern United States, it is rarely found south of New England.
65:
33:
594:) grows mostly in sandy soils in eastern parts of the United States. Growing as a shrub, its leaves are in groups of three. Leaves are typically rounded or lobed and are densely-haired. Although it is often confused with the more common poison ivy, even in the scientific literature, Atlantic Poison oak has small clumps of hair on the veins on the underside of the leaves, while Poison ivy does not.
517:. It is extremely common in that region, where it is the predominant species of the genus. Indeed, it is California's most prevalent woody shrub. Extremely variable, it grows as a dense shrub in open sunlight, or as a climbing vine in shaded areas. It propagates by creeping
658:), a native of Asia, although it has been planted elsewhere, most notably in Australia and New Zealand. It is a large shrub or tree, up to 8 m tall, somewhat similar to a sumac tree. Because of its beautiful autumn foliage, it has been planted outside of Asia as an
346:. They are quite variable in appearance. The leaves may have smooth, toothed, or lobed edges, and all three types of leaf edges may be present in a single plant. The plants grow as creeping vines, climbing vines, shrubs, or, in the case of lacquer tree (
521:
or by seed. The compound leaves are divided into three leaflets, 35–100 mm long, with scalloped, toothed, or lobed edges. The leaves may be red, yellow, green, or some combination of those colors, depending on various factors, such as the time of
662:, often by gardeners who were apparently unaware of the dangers of allergic reactions. It is now officially classified as a noxious weed in Australia and New Zealand. The fatty-acid methyl ester of the kernel oil meets all of the major
359:, as trees. While leaves of poison ivy and poison oaks usually have three leaflets, sometimes there are five or, occasionally, even seven leaflets. Leaves of poison sumac have 7–13 leaflets, and of Lacquer Tree, 7–19 leaflets.
719:. Other names for this species include Japanese lacquer tree, Japanese Varnish Tree, and Japanese Sumac (Note: the term "varnish tree" is also occasionally applied to the
1174:
957:"Phylogenetic analysis ofToxicodendron(Anacardiaceae) and its biogeographic implications on the evolution of north temperate and tropical intercontinental disjunctions"
744:) is a tall shrub or a small tree, from 2–7 m tall. It is found in swampy, open areas and reproduces by seeds. The leaves have between 7–13 untoothed leaflets, in a
1443:
539:) is very similar to the American poison ivy, and replaces it throughout east Asia (so similar that some texts treat it as just a variety of the American species).
1180:
Mohibbeazam, M; Waris, A; Nahar, N (2005). "Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India".
1068:
Mohibbeazam, M; Waris, A; Nahar, N (2005). "Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India".
1482:
397:
The common names come from similar appearances to other species that are not closely related and to the allergic response to the urushiol. Poison oak is not an
711:. The leaves have 7–19 leaflets (most often 11–13). The sap contains the allergenic oil, urushiol. Urushiol gets its name from this species which in
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862:(1,21-heneicosanedioic acid). It is still used in many tropical and subtropical countries in the production of wax match sticks.
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candles produced from sumac wax burn with smokeless flame and were favored in many respects over candles made from
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310:
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requirements in the USA (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and
European Union (EN 14214).
445:
937:"Molecular Systematics of the Cashew Family (Anacardiaceae) (PhD dissertation at Louisiana State University)"
670:
561:
261:
253:
1378:
707:) grows in Asia, especially China and Japan. Growing up to 20 m tall, its sap produces an extremely durable
612:
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374:, and has at various times been categorized as being either its own genus or a sub-genus of
879:
276:, practically ubiquitous throughout most of eastern North America, and western poison oak (
1169:
810:
553:
202:
102:
1137:
Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac and Their
Relatives; Pistachios, Mangoes and Cashews
940:
756:
species, even more virulent than poison ivy and poison oak. According to some botanists,
427:), but has a superficially similar growth form. Technically, the plants do not contain a
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89:
32:
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818:, rather than beeswax or animal fats. The sumac wax was a byproduct of traditional
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282:), similarly ubiquitous throughout much of the western part of the continent.
233:
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on low elevation slopes. The name should not be confused with the unrelated
383:
327:
319:
301:
1549:
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573:
but with (usually) fewer leaflets per leaf. Growing up to 20 m tall, like
1158:
Article about urushi lacquer made from the sap of the Urushi tree of Japan
1544:
1260:
1021:"Western Poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum ) - - GlobalTwitcher.com"
847:
432:
409:), but this common name comes from the leaves' resemblance to white oak (
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groups are complex and require more study to be fully understood.
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416:
398:
998:"The Toxicodendrons: Poison Ivy, Poison Oak and Poison Sumac"
645:, a poisonous tree that is not a member of the Anacardiaceae.
240:. All members of the genus produce the skin-irritating oil
268:), meaning "tree". The best known members of the genus in
914:(4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 382.
890:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-11-23
1250:
764:
plant species in the United States (Frankel, 1991).
1209:Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac) identification
1104:
1053:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
342:compound, alternate leaves and whitish or grayish
748:arrangement. In terms of its potential to cause
559:Potanin's lacquer tree or Chinese varnish tree (
752:, poison sumac is far more virulent than other
248:reaction. The generic name is derived from the
1016:Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum
8:
386:genus, but researchers have stated that the
1139:. The Boxwood Press. Pacific Grove, Calif.
1238:
935:Pell, Susan Katherine (18 February 2004).
378:There is evidence which points to keeping
40:
31:
20:
972:
814:), among other sumac plants in the genus
581:production. The leaves have 7–9 leaflets.
1018:, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
1225:. University of Michigan. February 2011
888:Germplasm Resources Information Network
871:
727:, a southeast Asian tree unrelated to
490:) is found throughout much of western
846:but a solid fat that contains 10-15%
415:) leaves, while poison ivy is not an
7:
1498:187950a2-887e-4130-97a7-8992dd6a7354
961:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
569:) from central China, is similar to
775:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
750:urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
1537:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002515-2
14:
552:) grows in the Himalayas between
326:, their berries are used to make
974:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00045.x
63:
1055:Rocky Mountain Research Station
1051:Fire Effects Information System
784:In East Asia, in particular in
1202:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001
1175:UVSC Herbarium - Toxicodendron
1107:A Field Guide to Eastern Trees
1090:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001
697:Lacquer tree or varnish tree (
637:poisonous tree growing in the
1:
1135:Frankel, Edward, Ph.D. 1991.
996:Brooks, Bill (4 March 1999).
542:Small-flowered poison sumac (
367:The genus is a member of the
289:of certain species native to
1619:Taxa named by Philip Miller
1103:George A. Petrides (1998).
1057:, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
244:, which can cause a severe
1635:
1047:"Toxicodendron toxicarium"
795:Toxicodendron vernicifluum
772:
700:Toxicodendron vernicifluum
483:Toxicodendron diversilobum
822:manufacture. The conical
806:Toxicodendron succedaneum
651:Toxicodendron succedaneum
545:Toxicodendron parviflorum
338:Plants in the genus have
260:), meaning "poison," and
187:
182:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1163:Article about poison oak
1045:Sullivan, Janet (1994).
474:Toxicodendron calcicolum
446:Toxicodendron acuminatum
431:; they contain a potent
304:, such as lacquer tree (
1014:C.Michael Hogan (2008)
671:Toxicodendron sylvestre
613:Toxicodendron rydbergii
587:Toxicodendron pubescens
562:Toxicodendron potaninii
528:Toxicodendron orientale
626:Toxicodendron striatum
600:Toxicodendron radicans
52:Toxicodendron radicans
1223:Michigan Flora Online
1182:Biomass and Bioenergy
1070:Biomass and Bioenergy
908:Gledhill, D. (2008).
639:tropical rain forests
584:Atlantic poison oak (
1614:Anacardiaceae genera
1111:. Houghton Mifflin.
955:Ze-Long NIE (2009).
737:Toxicodendron vernix
610:Western poison ivy (
480:Western poison oak (
352:) and poison sumac (
314:), are used to make
1194:2005BmBe...29..293M
1082:2005BmBe...29..293M
943:on 5 February 2012.
911:The Names of Plants
725:Aleurites moluccana
513:and southward into
494:, ranging from the
1168:2015-10-06 at the
836:Tokugawa shogunate
792:was produced from
556:, India and Bhutan
525:Asian poison ivy (
477:, endemic to China
1596:
1595:
1506:Open Tree of Life
1244:Taxon identifiers
1118:978-0-395-90455-8
921:978-0-521-86645-3
509:between southern
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1032:
1023:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
1004:on 17 July 2012.
1000:. Archived from
993:
987:
986:
976:
952:
946:
944:
939:. Archived from
932:
926:
925:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
876:
820:Japanese lacquer
801:Rhus verniciflua
746:feather-compound
705:Rhus verniciflua
660:ornamental plant
511:British Columbia
488:Rhus diversiloba
439:Selected species
308:) and wax tree (
203:flowering plants
174:
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67:
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811:Rhus succedanea
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676:Rhus sylvestris
656:Rhus succedanea
592:Rhus toxicarium
577:it is used for
575:T. vernicifluum
571:T. vernicifluum
550:Rhus parviflora
515:Baja California
507:mountain ranges
441:
365:
349:T. vernicifluum
336:
306:T. vernicifluum
279:T. diversilobum
272:are poison ivy
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16:Genus of plants
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1188:(4): 293–302.
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858:with about 1%
842:is not a true
788:, traditional
781:
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773:Main article:
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734:Poison sumac (
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635:South American
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618:Rhus rydbergii
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567:Rhus potaninii
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533:Rhus orientale
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451:Rhus acuminata
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311:T. succedaneum
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860:japanic acid
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412:Quercus alba
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1418:iNaturalist
1276:Wikispecies
1229:11 February
834:during the
790:candle fuel
742:Rhus vernix
678:) grows in
453:) grows in
334:Description
324:manufacture
322:of lacquer
155:Subfamily:
103:Angiosperms
1603:Categories
1130:References
1031:2009-07-21
894:2010-02-12
808:(synonym:
798:(synonym:
715:is called
648:Wax tree (
643:Manchineel
537:R. ambigua
425:Araliaceae
297:and other
236:, and the
234:poison oak
230:poison ivy
139:Sapindales
945:, page 89
840:Japan wax
758:T. vernix
721:Candlenut
664:biodiesel
498:into the
423:, family
405:, family
355:T. vernix
340:pinnately
328:japan wax
320:byproduct
302:countries
189:See text
73:Kingdom:
1557:VASCAN:
1550:40015853
1545:Tropicos
1267:Q1777115
1261:Wikidata
1166:Archived
983:84305917
848:palmitin
769:Toxicity
713:Japanese
519:rhizomes
433:allergen
407:Fagaceae
363:Taxonomy
246:allergic
242:urushiol
209:family,
183:Species
145:Family:
116:Eudicots
1449:1073748
1397:3190610
1190:Bibcode
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852:stearin
832:beeswax
824:rousoku
709:lacquer
633:) is a
579:lacquer
504:Cascade
403:Quercus
372:complex
316:lacquer
266:dendron
262:δένδρον
258:toxikos
254:τοξικός
205:in the
165:Genus:
135:Order:
77:Plantae
1586:416080
1519:PLANTS
1511:411493
1495:NZOR:
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1371:133197
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1293:195524
1290:APDB:
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429:poison
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344:drupes
287:resins
252:words
219:shrubs
129:Rosids
1581:WoRMS
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1488:43852
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1444:IRMNG
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1358:1TOXG
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979:S2CID
884:Mill"
866:Notes
856:olein
786:Japan
762:toxic
688:Korea
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467:Nepal
463:India
455:China
376:Rhus.
299:Asian
295:China
291:Japan
250:Greek
226:vines
223:woody
215:trees
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1532:POWO
1483:NCBI
1457:ITIS
1431:IPNI
1405:GRIN
1392:GBIF
1353:EPPO
1332:7Y43
1314:BOLD
1301:APNI
1231:2023
1141:ISBN
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780:Uses
690:and
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390:and
370:Rhus
285:The
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1470:NBN
1379:FoC
1366:FNA
1340:EoL
1327:CoL
1198:doi
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830:or
740:or
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