1105:, "was seen forced the strange spectacle of an English commissioner addressing men who wished to be free of British control as the friendly and well-disposed inhabitants, while for those who desired to remain British subjects and who claimed that protection to which they believed themselves entitled he had no sympathising word." While the elected delegates sent two members to England to try and induce the government to alter their decision, Sir George Clerk speedily came to terms with a committee formed by the republican party and presided over by Mr J. H. Hoffman. Even before this committee met a royal proclamation had been signed (30 January 1854) "abandoning and renouncing all dominion" in the Sovereignty.
169:
1347:
carried on by barter, and many cases of bankruptcy occurred in the state. The influx of
British and other immigrants to the diamond fields, in the early 1870s, restored public credit and individual prosperity to the Boers of the Free State. The diamond fields offered a ready market for stock and other agricultural produce. Money flowed into the pockets of the farmers. Public credit was restored. "Bluebacks" recovered par value, and were called in and redeemed by the government. Valuable diamond mines were also discovered within the Free State, of which the one at
1400:, should be sent into the Transvaal to endeavour to gauge the true state of affairs in that country. This suggestion was not acted upon, but when war broke out in the Transvaal, Brand declined to take any part in the struggle. In spite of the neutral attitude taken by their government a number of the Orange Free State Boers, living in the northern part of the country, went to the Transvaal and joined their brethren then in arms against the British. This fact was not allowed to influence the friendly relations between the Free State and Great Britain. In 1888 Sir
106:
1327:, British territory. Waterboer's claims were based on the treaty concluded by his father with the British in 1834, and on various arrangements with the Kok chiefs; the Free State based its claim on its purchase of Adam Kok's sovereign rights and on long occupation. The difference between proprietorship and sovereignty was confused or ignored. That Waterboer exercised no authority in the disputed district was admitted. When the British annexation took place a party in the Volksraad wished to go to war with Britain, but the counsels of President
1408:
181:
1429:
far-reaching consequences, bringing the Boer republics into contact with the new industrial era. The Orange Free
Staters, under Brand's rule, had shown considerable ability to adapt their policy to meet the altered situation. In 1889 an agreement made between the Orange Free State and the Cape Colony government, whereby the latter was empowered to extend, at its own cost, its railway system to Bloemfontein. The Orange Free State retained the right to purchase this extension at cost, a right it exercised after the
92:
853:, in which three tribes roamed across the land attacking settled groups, absorbing them and their resources until they collapsed because of their sheer size. Consequently, large areas were depopulated. The Boers soon came into collision with Mzilikazi's raiding parties, which attacked Boer hunters who crossed the Vaal River. Reprisals followed, and in November 1837 the Boers decisively defeated Mzilikazi, who thereupon fled northward and eventually established himself on the site of the future
1166:
525:
500:
1145:. Executive authority was entrusted to a president elected by the burghers from a list submitted by the Volksraad. The president was to be assisted by an executive council, was to hold office for five years and was eligible for re-election. The constitution was subsequently modified but remained of a liberal character. A residence of five years in the country was required before aliens could become naturalised. The first president was
1245:, an advocate at the Cape bar, was elected president. He assumed office in February 1864. His election proved a turning-point in the history of the country, which, under his guidance, became peaceful and prosperous. But before peace could be established an end had to be made of the difficulties with the Basothos. Moshoeshoe continued to menace the Free State border. Attempts at accommodation made by the Governor of Cape Colony,
4843:
876:, first south-westwards to the Langberg, and then eastwards to Thaba Nchu. The emigrants were treated with great kindness by Moroka, and with the Barolong the Boers maintained uniformly friendly relations after they defeated Mzilikazi. In December 1836 the emigrants beyond the Orange drew up in general assembly an elementary republican form of government. After the defeat of Mzilikazi the town of
2622:
2253:
1540:
1204:. Pretorius and Kruger, realising that they would have to sustain attack from both north and south, abandoned their enterprise. Their force, too, only amounted to some three hundred. Kruger came to Boshoff's camp with a flag of truce, the "army" of Pretorius returned north and on 2 June a treaty of peace was signed, each state acknowledging the absolute independence of the other.
1208:
heal the party strife within the Orange Free State. In consequence of the dissensions among the burghers, President
Boshoff tendered his resignation in February 1858, but was for a time induced to remain in office. The difficulties of the state were at that time so great that the Volksraad in December 1858 passed a resolution in favour of confederation with the
1101:
country guarded against its enemies. The representations of their delegates, who drew up a proposed constitution retaining
British control, were unavailing. Sir George Clerk announced that, as the elected delegates were unwilling to take steps to form an independent government, he would enter into negotiations with other persons. " And then," wrote
1112:, recognising the independence of the country, was signed at Bloemfontein on 23 February by Sir George Clerk and the republican committee, and in March the Boer government assumed office and the republican flag was hoisted. Five days later the representatives of the elected delegates had an interview in London with the colonial secretary, the
1220:
thereupon the Orange Free State appealed to Sir George Grey, who induced
Moshoeshoe to come to terms. On 15 October 1858, a treaty was signed defining the new boundary. The peace was nominal only, while the burghers were also involved in disputes with other tribes. Mr. Boshoff again tendered his resignation in February 1859 and retired to
1183:, who had succeeded to his father's position as commandant general of Potchefstroom, wished to bring about a confederation between the two Boer states. Peaceful overtures from Pretorius were declined, and some of his partisans in the Orange Free State were accused of treason in February 1857. Thereupon Pretorius, aided by
1820:. Between 1871 and 1902, the consul general in the Netherlands at times also held diplomatic prerogatives, with the title of 'special envoy'. In this capacity the incumbent was charged with negotiating and concluding treaties with other states and international organisations on behalf of the Orange Free State government.
888:, one of the ablest of the Voortrekkers, chosen "governor and commandant-general". The emigrants already numbered some 500 men, besides women and children and many servants. Dissensions speedily arose among the emigrants, whose numbers were constantly added to, and Retief, Potgieter and other leaders crossed the
1207:
The conduct of
Pretorius was stigmatised as "blameworthy." Several of the malcontents in the Orange Free State who had joined Pretorius permanently settled in the Transvaal, and other Orange Free Staters who had been guilty of high treason were arrested and punished. This experience did not, however,
1947:
An estimate in 1875: White: 75,000; Native and
Coloured: 25,000. The first census, carried out in March 1880, reported 61,022 Europeans and 72,496 Black natives, total 133,518 inhabitants, out of which 70,150 were men. 'Europeans' made up 45.7% of the population. Bloemfontein, the capital, had 2,567
1346:
At this time, largely owing to the struggle with the
Basothos, the Free State Boers, like their Transvaal neighbors, had drifted into financial straits. A paper currency had been instituted, and the notes, known as "bluebacks", soon dropped to less than half their nominal value. Commerce was largely
1262:
being stormed. Moshoeshoe now turned to Sir Philip
Wodehouse for preservation. His call was heeded, and in 1868 he and his country were taken under British protection. Thus the thirty years' strife between the Basothos and the Boers came to an end. The intervention of the Governor of Cape Colony led
1232:
was, however, elected president in place of
Boshoff. Though unable to effect a durable peace with the Basotho, or to realise his ambition for the creation of a single united Boer republic, Pretorius oversaw a period of increased strength and prosperity for the Orange Free State. The fertile district
1136:
On the abandonment of British rule, representatives of the people were elected and met at Bloemfontein on 28 March 1854, and between then and 18 April were engaged in framing a constitution. The country was declared a republic and named the Orange Free State. All persons of European blood possessing
1100:
At that time there were some 15,000 Europeans in the country, many of them recent immigrants from Cape Colony. There were among them numbers of farmers and tradesmen of British descent. The majority of the whites still wished for the continuance of British rule provided that it was effective and the
1027:
became governor of the Cape at the end of 1847. He recognised the failure of the attempt to govern on the lines of the treaties with the Griquas and Basotho, and on 3 February 1848 he issued a proclamation declaring British sovereignty over the country between the Orange and the Vaal eastward to the
1237:
as well as Adam Kok's territory was acquired, and there was a considerable increase in the Boer population. The burghers generally, however, had little confidence in their elected rulers and little desire for taxes to be levied. Wearied like Boshoff, and disillusioned with the affairs of the Orange
1951:
In 1904 the colonial census was taken. The population was 387,315, of whom 225,101 (58.11%) were blacks, 142,679 (36.84%) were whites, 19,282 (4.98%) were coloureds and 253 (0.07%) were Indians. The largest cities were Bloemfontein (33,883) (whites – 15,501 or 45.74%), Harrismith (8,300) (whites –
1306:
The Basutoland difficulties were no sooner arranged than the Free Staters found themselves confronted with a serious difficulty on their western border. In the years 1870–1871 a large number of foreign diggers had settled on the diamond fields near the junction of the Vaal and Orange rivers, which
1087:
A meeting of representatives of all European inhabitants of the Sovereignty, elected on manhood suffrage, held at Bloemfontein in June 1852, nevertheless declared in favour of the retention of British rule. At the close of that year a settlement was at length concluded with Moshoeshoe, which left,
1800:
The Orange Free State was one of two Boer Republics, alongside the Transvaal, able to persist and prosper long enough to gain international recognition. The Orange Free State would eventually establish diplomatic relations with the Netherlands, France, Germany, Belgium, the United States, and the
1477:
and the Orange Free State, and bound each of them to help the other, whenever the independence of either should be assailed or threatened from without, unless the state so called upon for assistance should be able to show the injustice of the cause of quarrel in which the other state had engaged.
1063:
The British Resident had, however, no force sufficient to maintain his authority, and Moshoeshoe and all the neighboring clans became involved in hostilities with one another and with the Europeans. In 1851 Moshoeshoe joined the republican party in the Sovereignty in an invitation to Pretorius to
1050:
In March 1849 Major Warden was succeeded at Bloemfontein as civil commissioner by Mr C. U. Stuart, but he remained the British resident until July 1852. A nominated legislative council was created, a high court established and other steps taken for the orderly government of the country, which was
1547:
In December 1897 the Free State revised its constitution in reference to the franchise law, and the period of residence necessary to obtain naturalization was reduced from five to three years. The oath of allegiance to the state was alone required, and no renunciation of nationality was insisted
1191:
proclaimed martial law throughout the country. The majority of the burghers rallied to his support, and on 25 May, the two opposing forces faced one another on the banks of the Rhenoster. President Boshoff not only got together some 800 men within the Orange Free State, but he received offers of
760:
Europeans first visited the country north of the Orange River towards the close of the 18th century. One of the most notable visitors was the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon, who mapped the region and gave the Orange River its name. At that time, the population was sparse. The majority of the
1219:
In the same year, the disputes between the Basotho and the Boers culminated in open war. Both parties laid claims to land beyond the Warden line, and each party had taken possession of what it could, the Basotho being also expert cattle-lifters. In the war the advantage rested with the Basotho;
995:, and expressing the desire to come under British protection under such terms. Shortly afterwards hostilities between the farmers and the Griqua broke out. British troops moved up to support the Griquas, and after a skirmish at Zwartkopjes (2 May 1845) a new arrangement was made between Kok and
1579:
was committed by Orange Free State Boers, who, on 11 October 1899, seized a train upon the border belonging to Natal. For President Steyn and the Free State of 1899, neutrality was impossible. A resolution was passed by the Volksraad on 27 September declaring that the state would observe its
916:
chief, had welded together a number of scattered and broken clans which had sought refuge in that mountainous region after fleeing from Mzilikazi, and had formed the Basotho nation which acknowledged him as king. In 1833 he had welcomed as workers among his people a band of French Protestant
1339:, who granted to the Free State a £90,000 payment "in full satisfaction of all claims which it considers it may possess to Griqualand West." Lord Carnarvon declined to entertain the proposal made by Mr Brand that the territory should be given up by Great Britain. In the opinion of historian
1428:
people, and had active branches in the Free State. This alteration in the political outlook was accompanied, and in part occasioned, by economic changes of great significance. The development of the diamond mines and of the gold and coal industries – of which Brand saw the beginning – had
1249:, failed, and war between the Orange Free State and Moshoeshoe was renewed in 1865. The Boers gained considerable successes, and this induced Moshoeshoe to sue for peace. The terms exacted were, however, too harsh for a nation yet unbroken to accept permanently. A treaty was signed at
809:, seeking pasture for their flocks and to escape British governmental oversight, settling in the country. Up to this time the few Europeans who had crossed the Orange had come mainly as hunters or as missionaries. These early migrants were followed in 1836 by the first parties of the
1509:, where he received an ovation as the probable future president of the two Republics. A further offensive and defensive alliance between the two Republics was then entered into, under which the Orange Free State took up arms on the outbreak of hostilities between the British and the
1023:, which made a similar claim upon the Great Boers living north of the Vaal. In 1846 Major Warden occupied Winburg for a short time, and the relations between the Boers and the British were in a continual state of tension. Many of the farmers deserted Winburg for the Transvaal.
1367:. From 1936 to 1947, approximately 190 miles of drilling had been accomplished by over 50 companies for prospecting the area, and in 1951, the first gold bar was produced from these fields. By 1981, gold mining was contributing 37.4% of the provinces GDP, and the city of
1473:, at which various terms were discussed and decided upon regarding an agreement dealing with the railways, terms of a treaty of amity and commerce, and what was called a political treaty. The political treaty referred in general terms to a federal union between the
1253:
in April 1866, but war again broke out in 1867, and the Free State attracted to its side a large number of adventurers from all parts of South Africa. The burghers thus reinforced gained at length a decisive victory over their great antagonist, every stronghold in
1228:, but learning from Sir George Grey that such a union would nullify the conventions of 1852 and 1854 and necessitate the reconsideration of Great Britain's policy towards the native tribes north of the Orange and Vaal rivers, the project was dropped. Commandant
1318:
The Free State established a temporary government over the diamond fields, but the administration of this body was satisfactory neither to the Free State nor to the diggers. At this juncture Waterboer offered to place the territory under the administration of
1478:
While thus committed to an alliance with its northern neighbour no change was made in internal administration. The Free State, in fact, from its geographical position reaped the benefits without incurring the anxieties consequent on the settlement of a large
917:
missionaries, and as the Boer immigrants began to settle in his neighborhood he decided to seek support from the British at the Cape. At that time the British government was not prepared to exercise control over the immigrants. Acting upon the advice of Dr
1124:
were all she really required in South Africa." In withdrawing from the Sovereignty the British government declared that it had "no alliance with any native chief or tribes to the northward of the Orange River with the exception of the Griqua chief Captain
1129:". Kok was not formidable in a military sense, nor could he prevent individual Griquas from alienating their lands. Eventually, in 1861, he sold his sovereign rights to the Free State for £4000 and moved with his followers to the district later known as
1391:
the Free State declined Lord Carnarvon's invitation to federate with the other South African communities. In 1880, when a rising of the Boers in the Transvaal was threatening, President Brand showed every desire to avert the conflict. He suggested that
1059:
was induced to sign a new arrangement considerably curtailing the boundaries of the Basotho reserve. The frontier towards the Sovereignty was thereafter known as the Warden line. A little later the reserves of other chieftains were precisely defined.
1290:, independence had been granted to the Boers living "north of the Vaal", and the dispute turned on the question as to what stream constituted the true upper course of that river. Keate decided on 19 February 1870 against the Free State and fixed the
1116:, who informed them that it was now too late to discuss the question of the retention of British rule. The colonial secretary added that it was impossible for England to supply troops to constantly advancing outposts, "especially as
929:. By these treaties, which recognised native sovereignty, the British sought to keep a check on the Boers and to protect both the natives and Cape Colony. The effect was to precipitate collisions between all three parties.
1096:
was sent out in 1853 as special commissioner "for the settling and adjusting of the affairs" of the Sovereignty, and in August of that year he summoned a meeting of delegates to determine upon a form of self-government.
1564:. But events were moving rapidly in the Transvaal, and matters had proceeded too far for the Free State to turn back. In May 1899 President Steyn suggested the conference at Bloemfontein between President Kruger and
1955:
In 1911 population was 528,174, of whom 325,824 (61.68%) were blacks, 175,189 (33.16%) were whites, 26,554 (5.02%) were coloureds and 607 (0.11%) were Indians. The capital, Bloemfontein, had a population of 26,925.
1805:, the Orange Free State maintained political ties, manifested in varying forms with neighboring Transvaal and regularly sent and received official missions to and from regional significant native African tribes.
2576:
1436:
Having accepted the assistance of the Cape government in constructing its railway, the state also in 1889 entered into a Customs Union Convention with them. The convention was the outcome of a conference held at
1343:, the annexation of Griqualand West was probably in the best interests of the Free State. "There was," he stated, "no alternative from British sovereignty other than an independent diamond field republic."
1419:
During the period of Brand's presidency a great change, both political and economic, had come over South Africa. The renewal of the policy of British expansion had been answered by the formation of the
677:, the British sought to drop their defensive and administrative responsibilities between the Orange and Vaal rivers, while local European residents wanted the British to remain. This led to the British
2431:
1175:
Distracted among themselves, with the formidable Basotho power on their southern and eastern flank, the troubles of the infant state were speedily added to by the action of the Transvaal Boers of the
4652:
1844:
144:
2816:
1990:
1970:
3446:
983:
The treaties gave great offence to the Boers, who refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of the native chiefs. The majority of the Boer farmers in Kok's territory sent a deputation to the
1808:
Despite the republic's small size, immense distance and relative historical poverty, the Orange Free State established consuls of official representation in several European states and
4919:
1331:
prevailed. The Free State, however, did not abandon its claims. The matter involved no little irritation between the parties concerned until July 1876. It was then disposed of by
4939:
4219:
1263:
to the conclusion of the treaty of Aliwal North (12 February 1869), which defined the borders between the Orange Free State and Basutoland. The country lying to the north of the
960:, greatly strengthened the position of Moshoeshoe, whose power became a menace to that of the Boer farmers. Trouble first arose, however, between the Boers and the Griqua in the
4904:
1323:. The offer was accepted, and on 27 October 1871 the district, together with some adjacent territory to which the Transvaal had laid claim, was proclaimed, under the name of
1019:
The Volksraad at Winburg during this period continued to claim jurisdiction over the Boers living between the Orange and the Vaal and was in federation with the Volksraad at
3677:
3397:
4822:
4756:
2568:
1837:
2405:
4829:
1383:
The relations between the British and the Orange Free State, after the question of the boundary was settled, remained perfectly amicable down to the outbreak of the
681:
the independence of the Orange River Sovereignty and the country officially became independent as the Orange Free State on 23 February 1854, with the signing of the
4934:
4324:
3597:
3404:
2809:
813:. These emigrants left the Cape Colony for various reasons, but all shared the desire for independence from British authority. The leader of the first large party,
925:’s stations in South Africa, a treaty was concluded in 1843 with Moshoeshoe, placing him under British protection. A similar treaty was made with the Griqua chief
4638:
4617:
4478:
3411:
1084:, in a dispatch to Sir Harry Smith dated 21 October 1851, declared, "The ultimate abandonment of the Orange Sovereignty should be a settled point in our policy."
1809:
4924:
4240:
3590:
1498:
143:
1812:
between 1855 and 31 May 1902, when the republic ceased to exist. The first, and throughout the existence of the republic, most important consular post was the
4929:
4156:
4072:
3527:
3506:
1830:
4860:
4610:
3453:
2642:
2303:
2273:
2132:
1113:
1081:
1076:), which had reluctantly agreed to the annexation of the country, had, however, already repented its decision and had resolved to abandon the Sovereignty.
615:
3645:
2637:
2268:
4847:
4289:
2802:
964:
district. Some of the Boer farmers in this district, unlike their fellows dwelling farther north, were willing to accept British rule. This fact induced
3282:
4673:
4534:
4457:
3747:
1532:(angry woman), an expression which caused a good deal of offence in England at the time, but which, in the phraseology of the Boers, was not meant by
1246:
105:
4815:
4603:
4338:
3670:
2693:
1898:
1620:
248:
3164:
3102:
4596:
4401:
4149:
4030:
3613:
2498:'n Nederlander in diens van die Oranje-Vrystaat. Uit die nagelate papiere van Dr. Hendrik P.N. Muller, oud-konsul-generaal van die Oranje-Vrystaat
1393:
1028:
Drakensberg. Sir Harry Smith's popularity among the Boers gained for his policy considerable support, but the republican party, at whose head was
180:
4443:
4694:
4659:
4177:
3390:
3111:
2067:
1965:
976:, who, nevertheless, maintained that the Boer farmers remained British subjects. After this episode the British negotiated their treaties with
3245:
2456:
4568:
4135:
111:
1363:
In 1934, new geophysical prospecting methods allowed for the discovery of deep gold-bearing reefs in the Orange Free State, which began the
4784:
4575:
4485:
4107:
1332:
837:
rivers. When Boer families first reached the area they discovered that the country had been devastated, in the northern parts by the chief
4909:
4721:
4666:
4582:
4429:
4093:
3656:
3339:
3309:
1985:
1853:
1596:
1336:
3222:
972:, to cross the Orange and proclaim the country British territory in October 1842. The proclamation was disallowed by the Governor, Sir
4944:
4680:
4645:
4589:
4114:
4079:
3768:
3233:
1877:
1565:
4464:
4331:
4310:
4268:
3810:
1011:, and it subsequently became the capital of the whole country. Bloemfontein lay to the south of the region settled by Voortrekkers.
230:
1599:
from 13 March onward, and on 28 May a proclamation was issued annexing the Free State to the British dominions under the title of
591:
in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the
91:
4394:
4233:
3418:
3332:
3275:
1387:
in 1899. From 1870 onward the history of the state was one of quiet, steady progress. At the time of the first annexation of the
685:. The new republic incorporated the Orange River Sovereignty and continued the traditions of the Winburg-Potchefstroom Republic.
4624:
4387:
4303:
4184:
4170:
4142:
3425:
3369:
1975:
3562:
4373:
4282:
4037:
3796:
1882:
1278:
A year after the addition of the Conquered Territory to the state another boundary dispute was settled by the arbitration of
1003:, virtually placing the administration of his territory in the hands of a British resident, a post filled in 1846 by Captain
2469:
1088:
perhaps, that chief in a stronger position than he had hitherto been. There had been ministerial changes in England and the
4527:
4513:
4436:
4317:
4275:
4254:
4128:
3691:
3569:
3353:
3075:
1628:
1616:
1142:
881:
353:
97:
2092:
1548:
upon. In 1898 the Free State also acquiesced in the new convention arranged with regard to the Customs Union between the
1497:
in favour of some form of federal union. In the same year Ritz retired from the presidency of the Orange Free State. The
4791:
4735:
4561:
4450:
4422:
4359:
4051:
3909:
2686:
2660:
1216:, the then Governor of Cape Colony, but his view did not commend itself to the British government, and was not adopted.
1024:
31:
3576:
2455:. Bloemfontein: Orange Free State. Commission at the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876. 1876. pp. 5–6.
168:
4728:
4631:
4506:
4415:
4261:
3620:
2151:
1493:
In 1895 the Volksraad passed a resolution, in which they declared their readiness to entertain a proposition from the
2066:. Bloemfontein: Orange Free State. Commission at the International Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876. 1876. p. 10.
1465:
was elected president of the Orange Free State. Reitz had no sooner got into office than a meeting was arranged with
1036:
on 29 August 1848. Thereupon Pretorius, with those most bitterly opposed to British rule, retreated across the Vaal.
4899:
4198:
3719:
3627:
3583:
3376:
3254:
3153:
1229:
1180:
1169:
984:
709:
291:
4914:
4742:
4380:
4212:
4205:
4163:
3877:
3824:
3712:
3663:
3460:
3118:
2713:
1561:
1077:
922:
1407:
4554:
3817:
3485:
2783:
1673:
1624:
1521:
1352:
1188:
1150:
1138:
1052:
1045:
918:
725:
619:
505:
279:
3125:
818:
4191:
4086:
3953:
3803:
3684:
3432:
3215:
2679:
1757:
1607:
and other leaders, but by the articles of peace signed on 31 May 1902 British sovereignty was acknowledged.
1516:
In 1897 President Kruger, bent on still further cementing the union with the Orange Free State, had visited
1109:
1000:
842:
682:
471:
374:
327:
3761:
3726:
2944:
2773:
2763:
2758:
1569:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1388:
1225:
1176:
1149:, but he was accused of being too complaisant towards Moshoeshoe and resigned, being succeeded in 1855 by
1073:
1069:
893:
744:
740:
678:
674:
667:
554:
4296:
4226:
4121:
4016:
3870:
3520:
3316:
3229:
3024:
2844:
1699:
1462:
1287:
1146:
1065:
965:
953:
705:
697:
600:
413:
387:
315:
226:
35:
704:. Following a period of direct rule by the British, it attained self-government in 1907 and joined the
2525:
Christopher, Anthony J. (June 2010). "A South African Domesday Book: the first Union census of 1911".
4044:
3930:
3698:
3634:
3383:
3146:
3139:
3091:
2874:
2633:
2598:
2534:
2264:
2121:
2061:
1948:
inhabitants. The 1890 census, which was reportedly not very accurate, found a population of 207,503.
1788:
1588:
1364:
1279:
1093:
1033:
1004:
973:
136:
2450:
2290:
G. McCall Theal, History of South Africa since 1795 , vols. ii., iii. and iv. (1908 ed.), quoted in
932:
The year in which the treaty with Moshoeshoe was made, several large parties of Boers recrossed the
4499:
4471:
4345:
3863:
3856:
3789:
3754:
3705:
3201:
3008:
1867:
1660:
1600:
1340:
1165:
1102:
736:
689:
518:
1822:
1187:, conducted a raid into the Orange Free State's territory. On learning of the invasion, President
988:
3208:
2550:
2386:
2347:
2297:
2126:
2034:
1995:
1312:
1193:
1007:. The place purchased by Captain (afterwards Major) Warden as the seat of his court was known as
996:
721:
576:
208:
72:
2406:"Growth and Development in South Africa's heartland: Silence, exit and voice in the Free State"
1505:, a judge of the High Court, who took office in February 1896. In 1896 President Steyn visited
1141:
rights. The sole legislative authority was vested in a single popularly elected chamber of the
873:
4777:
4763:
4100:
3916:
3740:
3346:
2866:
2378:
2339:
1872:
1813:
1802:
1604:
1089:
1029:
814:
339:
30:
This article is about the former Boer republic. For the former province of South Africa, see
4701:
4065:
3775:
3555:
3261:
3016:
2984:
2920:
2738:
2733:
2542:
2331:
2258:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1980:
1930:
1572:, under the offensive and defensive alliance, in case hostilities arose with Great Britain.
1154:
1032:, did not submit without a struggle. They were, however, defeated by Sir Harry Smith in the
941:
649:
623:
4023:
3937:
3831:
3499:
3439:
3360:
3084:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2928:
2718:
1576:
1553:
1442:
1384:
1324:
1283:
1221:
1130:
945:
701:
596:
400:
216:
2335:
1153:, one of the voortrekkers, who had previously taken an active part in the affairs of the
2538:
1575:
The Orange Free State began to expel British subjects in 1899, and the first act of the
630:. Bloemfontein and the southern parts of the Sovereignty had previously been settled by
4770:
4492:
4366:
4009:
3923:
3606:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3268:
3194:
3040:
3000:
2723:
2702:
2018:
1914:
1584:
1525:
1486:. The state, however, became increasingly identified with the reactionary party in the
1421:
1401:
1328:
1320:
1242:
937:
717:
592:
568:
267:
212:
204:
58:
4893:
4687:
4408:
3513:
3492:
3478:
3471:
3180:
2748:
2628:
2554:
2292:
2259:
1483:
1450:
1412:
1348:
1308:
1268:
1020:
905:
782:
713:
693:
663:
631:
154:
2794:
2470:
The Story of the Boers. C. W. Van Der Hoogt. Chapter: A Century of Injustice. p. 96.
1092:, then in power, adhered to the determination to withdraw from the Sovereignty. Sir
948:. During their stay in Natal the Boers inflicted a severe defeat on the Zulus under
4352:
3961:
3782:
3733:
2912:
2826:
1648:
1592:
1517:
1430:
1372:
1295:
1275:, was ceded to the Orange Free State, and became known as the Conquered Territory.
1264:
1197:
1126:
1056:
1008:
977:
926:
909:
770:
762:
732:
645:
627:
607:
194:
1238:
Free State, Pretorius resigned the presidency in 1863 and moved to the Transvaal.
904:
Meanwhile, a new power had arisen along the upper Orange and in the valley of the
2546:
2511:
142:
3945:
2904:
1817:
1739:
1686:
1652:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1466:
1446:
1397:
1259:
1250:
1213:
1209:
1184:
1072:
but left the status of the Sovereignty untouched. The British government (under
961:
933:
889:
885:
806:
774:
4520:
4058:
3187:
3132:
2992:
2976:
2768:
2753:
2665:
2084:
1695:
1557:
1291:
1272:
1255:
861:
834:
810:
778:
747:
in French Provence. The official language in the Orange Free State was Dutch.
611:
588:
241:
4875:
4862:
2382:
2343:
652:, founded in 1837, administered the northern part of the territory through a
3979:
3970:
3901:
3323:
3300:
3289:
2728:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1730:
1708:
1656:
1568:, but this act was too late. The Free Staters were practically bound to the
1479:
1438:
1425:
1201:
1121:
1117:
969:
957:
865:
838:
830:
798:
794:
654:
636:
456:
303:
17:
2147:
4749:
4247:
3892:
3032:
2889:
2320:"The Discovery of Gold in the Orange Free State and Its Economic Effects"
2173:
1748:
1712:
1664:
1506:
1234:
880:(so named by the Boers in commemoration of their victory) was founded, a
872:. These Barolong had trekked from their original home under their chief,
869:
854:
850:
826:
766:
599:
in 1902. It is one of the three historical precursors to the present-day
2390:
2366:
2296:
2125:
3173:
2778:
2656:
1682:
1224:. Many of the burghers would have at this time welcomed union with the
992:
949:
913:
877:
846:
822:
659:
545:
2351:
2319:
3884:
3056:
2835:
2404:
Jeff McCarthy, Dr; Sandy Johnston, Dr; Bernstein, Ann (1 July 2005).
1721:
1368:
860:
In the meantime another party of Cape Dutch emigrants had settled at
3048:
2627:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1538:
1449:
attended. Natal at this time had not seen its way to entering the
1406:
802:
662:. This northern area was later in federation with the Republic of
2671:
1952:
4,817 or 58.03%), Kroonstad (7,191) (whites – 3,708 or 51.56%).
1615:
The 1854 constitution outlined that the unicameral legislature,
1603:. For nearly two years longer the burghers kept the field under
1137:
a six months' residential qualification were to be granted full
1064:
recross the Vaal. The intervention of Pretorius resulted in the
584:
2798:
2675:
1826:
2485:. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger (PhD dissertation Leiden).
743:, whose name in turn derived from its partial origins in the
936:
into the country north of the Orange, refusing to remain in
940:
when the British annexed the newly formed Boer republic of
1991:
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
1971:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Orange Free State
968:, one of the judges of the Cape Colony then on circuit at
1619:, was the supreme authority. Executive branch was led by
896:. Those that remained were divided into several parties.
1520:. It was on this occasion that Kruger, referring to the
1375:
had been established to accommodate the labour forces.
765:
but in the valleys of the Orange and Vaal were Korana (
1639:
The country was divided into the following districts:
1355:
and London was soon provided with which to work them.
1294:
as the dividing line, the Transvaal thus securing the
1212:. This proposition received the strong support of Sir
2666:
National Anthem of the Orange Free State (1854–1902)
2603:. Rand, McNally & Co., Printers. 1893. p. 5
2150:. Department of Water and Sanitation, South Africa.
1801:
United Kingdom. In addition to connections with the
1580:
obligations to the Transvaal whatever might happen.
1068:
of 1852, which acknowledged the independence of the
956:
in December 1838, which, following on the flight of
4805:
4711:
4544:
3999:
3990:
3848:
3644:
3299:
3244:
3163:
3101:
3074:
3067:
2833:
2569:"The first census in the Orange Free State is held"
1923:
1907:
1891:
1860:
1543:
Boer prisoners after the Battle of Paardeberg, 1900
539:
467:
449:
440:
432:
427:
410:
397:
384:
371:
359:
349:
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
273:
261:
247:
236:
222:
200:
190:
45:
2646:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 151–160.
2277:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 151–160.
2136:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 151–160.
829:, ceding to the farmers the country between the
724:. In 1961, the Union of South Africa became the
34:. For the current province of South Africa, see
3598:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2452:Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa
2063:Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa
1854:Consulates and consuls of the Orange Free State
761:inhabitants appear to have been members of the
64:
2286:
2284:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
692:in 1900. It ceased to exist as an independent
618:in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the
4920:States and territories disestablished in 1902
2810:
2687:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2056:
2054:
1838:
1307:were situated in part on land claimed by the
673:Following the granting of sovereignty to the
8:
4940:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
2433:History of South Africa Since September 1795
2307:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2079:
2077:
785:established themselves north of the Orange.
731:The Republic's name derives partly from the
1627:from a list of candidates nominated by the
1424:, which represented the aspirations of the
1082:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
777:and on the western border lived numbers of
616:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
614:rivers, its borders were determined by the
50:
4905:States and territories established in 1854
3996:
3071:
2817:
2803:
2795:
2694:
2680:
2672:
1845:
1831:
1823:
739:in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the
179:
42:
27:1854–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
1595:was occupied by the British troops under
688:The Orange Free State was annexed as the
185:Location of the Orange Free State c. 1890
3671:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2600:Orange Free State Republic, South Africa
2148:"Introduction to the Orange River basin"
1415:from the Orange Free State and Transvaal
1200:district and from Commandant Joubert of
1164:
1161:Conflict with the South African Republic
735:, which was named by the Dutch explorer
587:-ruled sovereign republic under British
436:181,299 km (70,000 sq mi)
3283:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2050:
2007:
696:on 31 May 1902 with the signing of the
439:
431:
426:
4935:1902 disestablishments in South Africa
3748:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1966:Postal orders of the Orange Free State
991:, asking for equal treatment with the
2033:
2017:
448:
444:
409:
396:
383:
370:
366:
332:
320:
308:
296:
284:
272:
260:
256:
246:
7:
4925:History of the Free State (province)
2579:from the original on 30 January 2018
2500:. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
2336:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093590
1333:Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon
666:which eventually formed part of the
4930:1854 establishments in South Africa
3678:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3340:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2095:from the original on 14 March 2017.
1986:Consulates of the Orange Free State
1337:Secretary of State for the Colonies
1241:After an interval of seven months,
163:Great Seal of the Orange Free State
2636:; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "
2527:South African Geographical Journal
2267:; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "
2154:from the original on 14 March 2017
1379:Peaceful relations with neighbours
25:
4830:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4465:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2483:Hamelberg en die Oranje Vrijstaat
2459:from the original on 29 May 2016.
2367:"The Orange Free State Goldfield"
2124:; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
2070:from the original on 29 May 2016.
1441:in 1888, at which delegates from
805:by the English) emerged from the
4842:
4841:
2657:Orange Free State (South Africa)
2620:
2251:
1816:of the Orange Free State in the
1074:the first Russell administration
523:
498:
167:
140:
104:
90:
4479:South African Party (1977–1980)
4472:South African Party (1911–1934)
4388:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4185:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1976:List of former sovereign states
1810:in the United States of America
3797:2019 service delivery protests
3783:#FeesMustFall student protests
3528:1983 constitutional referendum
1453:, but did so at a later date.
1351:was the richest. Capital from
1315:and by the Orange Free State.
1196:, the Transvaal leader in the
868:had a mission station for the
817:, concluded an agreement with
1:
4255:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2893:
2878:
2855:
2848:
2439:. Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
2430:McCall Theal, George (1908).
985:British commissioner in Natal
3910:Black Consciousness Movement
3664:Government of National Unity
2547:10.1080/03736245.2010.483882
2496:Spies, F.J. du Toit (1946).
2481:Spies, F.J. du Toit (1941).
2318:Oppenheimer, Ernest (1947).
921:, the superintendent of the
797:and German descent known as
781:. Early in the 19th century
553:Also State President of the
32:Orange Free State (province)
3621:Saint James Church massacre
3507:Weapons of mass destruction
2035:[ʊəˈraɲəˈfrɛɪstɑːt]
2019:[oːˈrɑɲəˈvrɛistaːt]
4961:
4910:Former countries in Africa
3377:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3255:South West Africa campaign
3154:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3119:French Huguenot settlement
1501:to succeed him was won by
1499:1896 presidential election
1230:Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
1043:
793:In 1824 farmers of Dutch,
710:Orange Free State Province
292:Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
29:
4945:White supremacy in Africa
4839:
4816:African National Congress
4276:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
3614:1992 apartheid referendum
2709:
2298:"Orange Free State"
2127:"Orange Free State"
1562:Bechuanaland Protectorate
1445:, the Free State and the
1282:, lieutenant-governor of
923:London Missionary Society
845:in what was known as the
779:Nomadic Southern Africans
700:at the conclusion of the
551:
477:
463:
445:
423:
367:
345:
335:• 30 to 31 May 1902
257:
231:Dutch Reformed dissenters
178:
152:
131:
120:
86:
81:
4269:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4262:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3818:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3776:#RhodesMustFall protests
3391:1960 republic referendum
2512:"Almanach de Gotha 1887"
2031:Afrikaans pronunciation:
1411:Map of the route of the
1298:and adjacent districts.
1192:support from Commandant
1189:Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff
1151:Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff
1053:Orange River Sovereignty
1046:Orange River Sovereignty
1040:Orange River Sovereignty
726:Republic of South Africa
620:Orange River Sovereignty
506:Orange River Sovereignty
4714:terrorist organisations
3804:2019 Johannesburg riots
3433:Constructive engagement
3398:International isolation
3216:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2643:Encyclopædia Britannica
2304:Encyclopædia Britannica
2274:Encyclopædia Britannica
2133:Encyclopædia Britannica
2089:Encyclopædia Britannica
1623:who was elected by the
1583:After the surrender of
1110:Orange River Convention
1001:Governor of Cape Colony
683:Orange River Convention
472:Orange Free State pound
375:Bloemfontein Convention
328:Marthinus Theunis Steyn
240:Republic under British
3727:Attack on Kennedy Road
3354:Congress of the People
2945:South African Republic
1570:South African Republic
1544:
1511:South African Republic
1495:South African Republic
1488:South African Republic
1475:South African Republic
1471:South African Republic
1457:Renewal of hostilities
1416:
1177:South African Republic
1172:
1051:officially styled the
745:Principality of Orange
668:South African Republic
640:from the Cape Colony.
606:Extending between the
580:
572:
65:
51:
4297:Natal Indian Congress
4017:Afrikaner Broederbond
3871:Afrikaner nationalism
3657:1994 general election
3628:Bophuthatswana crisis
3521:Church Street bombing
3317:Apartheid legislation
3310:1948 general election
3230:South Africa Act 1909
3025:Union of South Africa
2845:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2825:Political history of
2634:Hillier, Alfred Peter
2365:Scott, Peter (1954).
2265:Hillier, Alfred Peter
2122:Hillier, Alfred Peter
1591:on 27 February 1900,
1542:
1463:Francis William Reitz
1410:
1394:Sir Henry de Villiers
1288:Sand River Convention
1271:, formerly a part of
1168:
1147:Josias Philip Hoffman
1066:Sand River Convention
954:Battle of Blood River
706:Union of South Africa
698:Treaty of Vereeniging
583:) was an independent
414:Treaty of Vereeniging
388:Battle of Blood River
316:Francis William Reitz
201:Common languages
36:Free State (province)
3931:Greater South Africa
3769:2014 platinum strike
3635:Shell House massacre
3563:Transkei coup d'état
3384:Sharpeville massacre
3147:Battle of Blaauwberg
3140:Battle of Muizenberg
3092:Battle of Salt River
2875:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2573:South Africa History
2015:Dutch pronunciation:
1589:Battle of Paardeberg
1365:Free State Gold Rush
1280:Robert William Keate
1247:Sir Philip Wodehouse
1094:George Russell Clerk
1034:Battle of Boomplaats
1005:Henry Douglas Warden
769:) and a section of
455:100,000 (Whites and
137:Vrystaatse Volkslied
126:Patience and Courage
4872: /
4823:Democratic Alliance
4000:Civic and political
3864:Afrikaner Calvinism
3857:African nationalism
3706:African Renaissance
3412:UNSC Resolution 591
3333:Internal resistance
3234:National Convention
3202:Transvaal Civil War
3126:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3009:Orange River Colony
2539:2010SAfGJ..92...22C
2178:Robert Jacob Gordon
2091:. 6 November 2009.
1601:Orange River Colony
1469:, president of the
1396:, Chief Justice of
1341:George McCall Theal
1302:Diamonds discovered
1181:Marthinus Pretorius
1170:Marthinus Pretorius
1103:George McCall Theal
821:, the chief of the
737:Robert Jacob Gordon
690:Orange River Colony
650:Republic of Natalia
519:Orange River Colony
3570:Ciskei coup d'état
3405:UN Resolution 1761
3370:Women's March 1956
3223:South African Wars
3209:Mineral Revolution
2729:Lydenburg Republic
2661:Flags of the World
2514:(in French). 1887.
1996:Witzieshoek revolt
1878:H. A. L. Hamelberg
1545:
1482:population on the
1417:
1313:Nicholas Waterboer
1194:Stephanus Schoeman
1173:
1055:. In October 1849
997:Peregrine Maitland
966:Mr Justice Menzies
849:, and also by the
675:Transvaal Republic
595:at the end of the
555:Transvaal Republic
4900:Orange Free State
4876:29.000°S 26.000°E
4855:
4854:
4808:political parties
4801:
4800:
4778:Orde van die Dood
4395:Progressive Party
4101:Congress Alliance
3917:Cape Independence
3849:Political culture
3844:
3843:
3811:COVID-19 pandemic
3741:Marikana massacre
3577:Venda coup d'état
3347:Defiance Campaign
2937:Orange Free State
2867:Dutch Cape Colony
2792:
2791:
2744:Orange Free State
2638:Orange Free State
2269:Orange Free State
1939:
1938:
1814:Consulate General
1796:Foreign relations
1605:Christiaan de Wet
1566:Sir Alfred Milner
1522:London Convention
1513:in October 1899.
1114:Duke of Newcastle
1090:Aberdeen ministry
1030:Andries Pretorius
815:Hendrik Potgieter
756:First settlements
712:, along with the
565:Orange Free State
561:
560:
535:
534:
531:
530:
511:
510:
340:Christiaan de Wet
323:• 1896–1902
311:• 1889–1895
299:• 1864–1888
287:• 1860–1863
275:• 1855–1859
263:• 1854–1855
145:
47:Orange Free State
16:(Redirected from
4952:
4915:Former republics
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4712:Paramilitary and
4704:
4702:Umkosi Wezintaba
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4547:social movements
4545:Trade unions and
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4066:Boerestaat Party
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
3997:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3837:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3556:Dakar Conference
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3447:Sporting boycott
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3419:Academic boycott
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3276:Great Depression
3271:
3264:
3262:Maritz rebellion
3257:
3237:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3112:Dutch settlement
3094:
3087:
3085:Bantu migrations
3072:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3017:Transvaal Colony
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2985:Nieuwe Republiek
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2921:Natalia Republic
2916:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2890:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2885:
2883:
2880:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2796:
2774:Utrecht Republic
2739:Nieuwe Republiek
2734:Natalia Republic
2696:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2647:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2330:(185): 220–223.
2315:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2118:
2097:
2096:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2058:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2012:
1981:Natalia Republic
1899:Sir William Dunn
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1534:President Kruger
1461:In January 1889
1413:Dorslandtrekkers
1267:and west of the
1155:Natalia Republic
1120:and the port of
980:and Moshoeshoe.
789:Boer immigration
624:British Resident
573:Oranje Vrijstaat
527:
526:
515:
514:
502:
501:
495:
494:
479:
478:
399:• Start of
393:16 December 1838
380:23 February 1854
268:Josias P Hoffman
183:
171:
164:
147:
146:
124:"Geduld en Moed"
108:
94:
76:
68:
62:
54:
52:Oranje Vrijstaat
43:
21:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4890:
4889:
4881:-29.000; 26.000
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4213:HNP (Herstigte)
4211:
4206:HNP (Herenigde)
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4024:Afrikaner Party
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3938:Honorary whites
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3840:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3699:Soweto bombings
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3500:Soweto Uprising
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3440:Tar Baby Option
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:Freedom Charter
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3240:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2961:Griqualand West
2959:
2953:Griqualand East
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2829:
2823:
2793:
2788:
2705:
2700:
2653:
2632:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2324:African Affairs
2317:
2316:
2312:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2263:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2120:
2119:
2100:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1962:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:M. van Hulsteyn
1919:
1903:
1887:
1883:H. P. N. Muller
1856:
1851:
1798:
1793:
1637:
1621:State President
1613:
1577:Second Boer War
1459:
1385:Second Boer War
1381:
1361:
1359:Gold discovered
1335:, at that time
1325:Griqualand West
1304:
1163:
1131:Griqualand East
1078:Lord Henry Grey
1048:
1042:
1025:Sir Harry Smith
1017:
1015:Boer governance
946:Colony of Natal
902:
795:French Huguenot
791:
758:
753:
741:House of Orange
708:in 1910 as the
702:Second Boer War
597:Second Boer War
581:Oranje-Vrystaat
557:
544:
524:
499:
452:
416:
406:11 October 1899
403:
390:
377:
336:
324:
312:
300:
288:
276:
264:
249:State President
229:
186:
174:
162:
158:
148:
141:
127:
116:
115:
114:
109:
101:
100:
95:
77:
70:
66:Oranje Vrystaat
63:
56:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4891:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4771:Ossewabrandwag
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4514:Unionist Party
4510:
4503:
4496:
4493:Torch Commando
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4367:Orde Boerevolk
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4143:DP (1989–2000)
4139:
4136:DP (1973–1977)
4132:
4129:Dominion Party
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4010:Afrikaner Bond
4005:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3924:Day of the Vow
3920:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3692:Floor crossing
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3607:Bisho massacre
3603:
3602:
3601:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3549:Operation Vula
3545:
3542:Rubicon speech
3538:
3535:Langa massacre
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3269:Rand Rebellion
3265:
3258:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3195:Boer Republics
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3041:Bophuthatswana
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
3001:Klein Vrystaat
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2886:
2871:
2863:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Klein Vrystaat
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:Boer republics
2701:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2652:
2651:External links
2649:
2615:
2614:
2590:
2560:
2517:
2503:
2488:
2473:
2462:
2442:
2422:
2396:
2357:
2310:
2295:, ed. (1911).
2293:Chisholm, Hugh
2280:
2190:
2165:
2139:
2098:
2073:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2023:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1892:United Kingdom
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1676:
1667:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1612:
1609:
1536:as insulting.
1526:Queen Victoria
1458:
1455:
1422:Afrikaner Bond
1402:Johannes Brand
1380:
1377:
1360:
1357:
1329:Johannes Brand
1321:Queen Victoria
1303:
1300:
1243:Johannes Brand
1162:
1159:
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1016:
1013:
901:
898:
790:
787:
757:
754:
752:
749:
593:British Empire
559:
558:
552:
549:
548:
541:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
521:
512:
509:
508:
503:
491:
490:
485:
475:
474:
469:
465:
464:
461:
460:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
434:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
411:
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398:
395:
394:
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385:
382:
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357:
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351:
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346:
343:
342:
337:
334:
331:
330:
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319:
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310:
307:
306:
301:
298:
295:
294:
289:
286:
283:
282:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
238:
234:
233:
227:Dutch Reformed
224:
220:
219:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
184:
176:
175:
173:
172:
165:
159:
150:
149:
139:
129:
128:
125:
118:
117:
110:
103:
102:
96:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
79:
78:
49:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4957:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:Die Spoorbund
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:Workers Party
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:Radio Freedom
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
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4806:Histories of
4507:United Party
4416:Reform Party
4353:Orangia Unie
3978:
3969:
3962:Swart gevaar
3960:
3944:
3900:
3891:
3832:
3734:Blikkiesdorp
3076:Pre-colonial
2936:
2929:Natal Colony
2913:Zulu Kingdom
2827:South Africa
2784:Zoutpansberg
2743:
2641:
2618:
2605:. Retrieved
2599:
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2581:. Retrieved
2572:
2563:
2533:(1): 22–34.
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2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2377:(1): 13–20.
2374:
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2313:
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2272:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
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2156:. Retrieved
2142:
2131:
2088:
2085:"Free State"
2062:
2026:
2010:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:Demographics
1807:
1803:Great Powers
1799:
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1771:
1762:
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1726:
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1649:Bloemfontein
1645:Bloemfontein
1644:
1638:
1614:
1597:Lord Roberts
1593:Bloemfontein
1582:
1574:
1546:
1530:kwaaje Vrouw
1529:
1518:Bloemfontein
1515:
1492:
1460:
1435:
1431:Jameson Raid
1418:
1382:
1373:Riebeeckstad
1371:and town of
1362:
1345:
1317:
1305:
1296:Wakkerstroom
1277:
1265:Orange River
1240:
1218:
1206:
1198:Zoutpansberg
1174:
1135:
1107:
1099:
1086:
1062:
1049:
1018:
1009:Bloemfontein
989:Henry Cloete
982:
978:Adam Kok III
944:to form the
931:
927:Adam Kok III
903:
900:British rule
892:and entered
864:, where the
859:
792:
763:Sotho people
759:
733:Orange River
730:
687:
672:
653:
644:
642:
635:
628:Bloemfontein
605:
564:
562:
543:South Africa
488:Succeeded by
487:
482:
451:• 1875
401:2nd Boer War
207:(official),
195:Bloemfontein
153:
132:
122:Motto:
121:
112:Coat of arms
40:
18:Transorangia
4879: /
3946:Rooi gevaar
3825:2021 unrest
3755:Nkandlagate
3584:Third Force
3461:Rugby union
3059:(1981–1994)
3051:(1979–1994)
3043:(1977–1994)
3035:(1976–1994)
3027:(1910–1961)
3019:(1902–1910)
3011:(1902–1910)
3003:(1886–1891)
2995:(1885–1887)
2987:(1884–1888)
2979:(1882–1885)
2971:(1882–1883)
2963:(1870–1873)
2955:(1861–1879)
2947:(1856–1902)
2939:(1854–1902)
2931:(1843–1910)
2923:(1839–1843)
2915:(1816–1897)
2907:(1795–1910)
2905:Cape Colony
2897: 1780
2882: 1780
2869:(1652–1806)
2859: 1220
2852: 1075
2415:14 February
1873:C. Hiddingh
1868:U. G. Lauts
1861:Netherlands
1818:Netherlands
1740:Philippolis
1736:Philippolis
1687:Ventersburg
1653:Reddersburg
1585:Piet Cronjé
1550:Cape Colony
1524:, spoke of
1503:M. T. Steyn
1467:Paul Kruger
1447:Cape Colony
1398:Cape Colony
1260:Thaba Bosiu
1251:Thaba Bosiu
1214:George Grey
1210:Cape Colony
1185:Paul Kruger
999:, the then
962:Philippolis
934:Drakensberg
919:John Philip
890:Drakensberg
886:Piet Retief
807:Cape Colony
775:Drakensberg
679:recognising
646:Voortrekker
483:Preceded by
419:31 May 1902
350:Legislature
304:Jan H Brand
280:J N Boshoff
211:, English,
4894:Categories
4757:Greyshirts
4521:Volksparty
4059:Black Sash
3720:Xenophobia
3713:Travelgate
3486:Border War
3290:Bantustans
3188:Great Trek
3133:Xhosa Wars
2993:Upingtonia
2977:Stellaland
2769:Upingtonia
2759:Swellendam
2754:Stellaland
2668:on YouTube
2607:29 January
2583:29 January
2183:30 January
2045:References
1915:A. Jeslein
1787:district:
1776:Lady Brand
1774:district:
1772:Lady Brand
1765:district:
1756:district:
1747:district:
1738:district:
1729:district:
1720:district:
1707:district:
1696:Harrismith
1694:district:
1692:Harrismith
1681:district:
1674:Smithfield
1672:district:
1647:district:
1558:Basutoland
1292:Klip River
1273:Basutoland
1256:Basutoland
1057:Moshoeshoe
912:, a minor
910:Moshoeshoe
862:Thaba Nchu
811:Great Trek
720:, and the
603:province.
601:Free State
589:suzerainty
441:Population
242:suzerainty
237:Government
3980:Volkstaat
3971:Uitlander
3902:Boerehaat
3878:Anarchism
3685:Arms Deal
3648:apartheid
3324:Pass laws
3301:Apartheid
3246:1910–1948
3165:1815–1910
3103:1652–1815
2764:Transvaal
2555:128485963
2383:0016-7487
2371:Geography
2344:0001-9909
1780:Ficksburg
1767:Rouxville
1763:Rouxville
1758:Bethlehem
1754:Bethlehem
1731:Jacobsdal
1727:Jacobsdal
1709:Kroonstad
1705:Kroonstad
1700:Frankfort
1657:Brandfort
1635:Divisions
1629:Volksraad
1617:Volksraad
1480:Uitlander
1439:Cape Town
1426:Afrikaner
1389:Transvaal
1353:Kimberley
1286:. By the
1226:Transvaal
1202:Lydenburg
1143:Volksraad
1122:Table Bay
1118:Cape Town
1070:Transvaal
970:Colesberg
958:Mzilikazi
882:Volksraad
874:Moroka II
866:Wesleyans
839:Mzilikazi
825:tribe of
799:Trekboers
722:Transvaal
658:based at
655:landdrost
637:Trekboere
626:based in
622:, with a
577:Afrikaans
457:coloureds
354:Volksraad
223:Religion
209:Afrikaans
82:1854–1902
73:Afrikaans
4848:Category
4750:Boeremag
4248:Jeugkrag
4199:Het Volk
3893:Baasskap
3835:incident
3454:Olympics
3033:Transkei
2836:polities
2834:Defunct
2577:Archived
2457:Archived
2391:40564670
2158:13 March
2152:Archived
2093:Archived
2068:Archived
1960:See also
1749:Bethulie
1745:Bethulie
1713:Heilbron
1665:Edenburg
1625:Burghers
1611:Politics
1560:and the
1507:Pretoria
1235:Bethulie
1127:Adam Kok
870:Barolong
855:Bulawayo
851:Difaqane
843:Matabele
841:and his
827:Batswana
771:Barolong
767:Khoikhoi
468:Currency
217:Setswana
4867:26°00′E
4864:29°00′S
4653:SAAPAWU
3991:Defunct
3954:Slavery
3174:Mfecane
2779:Winburg
2631::
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2262::
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1908:Belgium
1683:Winburg
1679:Winburg
1661:Bethany
1587:in the
1139:burgher
993:Griquas
952:in the
950:Dingane
942:Natalia
914:Basotho
906:Caledon
878:Winburg
847:Mfecane
823:Bataung
819:Makwana
773:in the
751:History
660:Winburg
634:and by
546:Lesotho
412:•
386:•
373:•
360:History
213:Sesotho
191:Capital
133:Anthem:
4604:FOSATU
4458:SAYRCO
4430:SADECO
4346:Occupy
3885:Azania
3833:Lady R
3762:Racism
3591:CODESA
3068:Events
3057:Ciskei
2969:Goshen
2899:–1819)
2884:–1817)
2719:Goshen
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4451:SAYCO
4339:NUSAS
4220:IDASA
4031:AITUP
3646:Post-
3049:Venda
2551:S2CID
2437:(PDF)
2387:JSTOR
2348:JSTOR
2002:Notes
1924:Spain
1789:Pniel
1785:Pniel
1554:Natal
1528:as a
1443:Natal
1284:Natal
1258:save
1222:Natal
938:Natal
894:Natal
803:Boers
718:Natal
569:Dutch
205:Dutch
59:Dutch
4792:SANF
4722:APLA
4667:SAIF
4646:PAWE
4632:NEUM
4625:MUSA
4590:FCWU
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4486:TNIP
4444:SASO
4437:SAIC
4423:SABP
4374:PAVN
4108:COSG
4087:CTEG
4080:CNIP
2609:2018
2585:2018
2417:2023
2379:ISSN
2340:ISSN
2185:2019
2160:2017
1108:The
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833:and
643:The
612:Vaal
610:and
585:Boer
563:The
433:1875
428:Area
98:Flag
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4695:UDF
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4555:APF
4500:UFP
4402:PRP
4381:PFP
4332:NRP
4325:NPP
4311:NNP
4304:NLP
4290:NCP
4241:ISL
4192:GNP
4164:ECC
4157:DSM
4150:DPP
4122:DLF
4094:COD
4073:CDA
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