1635:, was the primary material for painting automobiles for many years. Durability of finish, complexities of "multiple stage" modern finishes, and other factors including environmental regulation led manufacturers to choose newer technologies. It remained the favorite of hobbyists for both historical reasons and for the ease with which a professional finish can be obtained. Most automobile "touch up" paints are still made from lacquer because of its fast drying, easy application, and superior adhesion properties â regardless of the material used for the original finish. Guitars sometimes shared color codes with current automobiles. It fell out of favor for mass production use for a number of reasons including environmental regulation and the cost of application vs. "poly" finishes. However, Gibson still use nitrocellulose lacquers on all of their guitars, as well as Fender when reproducing historically accurate guitars. The nitrocellulose lacquer yellows and cracks over time, and custom shops will reproduce this aging to make instruments appear vintage. Guitars made by smaller shops (luthiers) also often use "nitro" as it has an almost mythical status among guitarists.
1437:, a film-related fire killed 69 children. Today, nitrate film projection is rare and normally highly regulated and requires extensive precautions, including extra health-and-safety training for projectionists. A special projector certified to run nitrate films has many modifications, among them the chambering of the feed and takeup reels in thick metal covers with small slits to allow the film to run through them. The projector is additionally modified to accommodate several fire extinguishers with nozzles aimed at the film gate. The extinguishers automatically trigger if a piece of film near the gate starts to burn. While this triggering would likely damage or destroy a significant portion of the projector's components, it would contain a fire and prevent far greater damage. Projection rooms may also be required to have automatic metal covers for the projection windows, preventing the spread of fire to the
1682:. The invention enjoyed a brief popularity, but the Hyatt balls were extremely flammable, and sometimes portions of the outer shell would explode upon impact. An owner of a billiard saloon in Colorado wrote to Hyatt about the explosive tendencies, saying that he did not mind very much personally but for the fact that every man in his saloon immediately pulled a gun at the sound. The process used by Hyatt to manufacture the billiard balls, patented in 1881, involved placing the mass of nitrocellulose in a rubber bag, which was then placed in a cylinder of liquid and heated. Pressure was applied to the liquid in the cylinder, which resulted in a uniform compression on the nitrocellulose mass, compressing it into a uniform sphere as the heat vaporized the solvents. The ball was then cooled and turned to make a uniform sphere. In light of the explosive results, this process was called the "Hyatt gun method".
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1410:. Those additions intended to prevent or at least delay the migration of flames beyond the projection areas. A training film for projectionists included footage of a controlled ignition of a reel of nitrate film, which continued to burn even when fully submerged in water. Once burning, it is extremely difficult to extinguish. Unlike most other flammable materials, nitrocellulose does not need a source of air to continue burning, since it contains sufficient oxygen within its molecular structure to sustain a flame. For this reason, immersing burning film in water may not extinguish it, and could actually increase the amount of smoke produced. Owing to public safety precautions,
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1534:(such as printing advertisements and other short films to enable them to be sent through the mails without the need for fire safety precautions), the early generations of safety film base had two major disadvantages relative to nitrate: it was much more expensive to manufacture, and considerably less durable in repeated projection. The cost of the safety precautions associated with the use of nitrate was significantly lower than the cost of using any of the safety bases available before 1948. These drawbacks were eventually overcome with the launch of
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for release prints for this reason, and because ultrasonic splicers are very expensive, beyond the budgets of many smaller theaters. In practice, though, this has not proved to be as much of a problem as was feared. Rather, with the increased use of automated long-play systems in cinemas, the greater strength of polyester has been a significant advantage in lessening the risk of a film performance being interrupted by a film break.
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1113:, a year later. The manufacturing process was not properly understood and few safety measures were put in place. A serious explosion that July killed almost two dozen workers, resulting in the immediate closure of the plant. Guncotton manufacture ceased for over 15 years until a safer procedure could be developed.
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Nitrate dominated the market for professional-use 35 mm motion picture film from the industry's origins to the early 1950s. While cellulose acetate-based safety film, notably cellulose diacetate and cellulose acetate propionate, was produced in the gauge for small-scale use in niche applications
1512:
Nitrocellulose film base manufactured by Kodak can be identified by the presence of the word "nitrate" in dark letters along one edge; the word only in clear letters on a dark background indicates derivation from a nitrate base original negative or projection print, but the film in hand itself may be
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of nitrate footage stored in studio vaults and in other structures were often blamed during the early to mid 20th century for destroying or heavily damaging cinemas, inflicting many serious injuries and deaths, and for reducing to ashes the master negatives and original prints of tens of thousands of
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in the 1860s, and the material rapidly became the dominant explosive, becoming the standard for military warheads, although it remained too potent to be used as a propellant. More-stable and slower-burning collodion mixtures were eventually prepared using less concentrated acids at lower temperatures
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area can be invisible. Also, polyester film is so strong, it will not break under tension and may cause serious damage to expensive camera or projector mechanisms in the event of a film jam, whereas triacetate film breaks easily, reducing the risk of damage. Many were opposed to the use of polyester
1351:
In 1914âthe same year that
Goodwin Film was awarded $ 5,000,000 from Kodak for patent infringementânitrate film fires incinerated a significant portion of the United States' early cinematic history. In that year alone, five very destructive fires occurred at four major studios and a film-processing
1619:
invented the double-godet, a special stretch-spinning process that changed artificial silk to rayon, rendering it usable in many industrial products such as tire cords and clothing. Nathan
Rosenstein invented the "spunize process" by which he turned rayon from a hard fiber to a fabric. This allowed
1542:
The crucial advantage cellulose triacetate had over nitrate was that it was no more of a fire risk than paper (the stock is often referred to as "non-flam": this is trueâbut it is combustible, just not in as volatile or as dangerous a way as nitrate), while it almost matched the cost and durability
1083:) on the kitchen table. He reached for the nearest cloth, a cotton apron, and wiped it up. He hung the apron on the stove door to dry, and as soon as it was dry, a flash occurred as the apron ignited. His preparation method was the first to be widely used. The method was to immerse one part of fine
2638:
A settlement has been reached between the
Goodwin Film and Camera Company and the Eastman Kodak Company concerning the suit brought in the Federal District Court by the former for an accounting of the profits derived from the sale of photographic films prepared according to the patent taken out by
1504:
Nitrocellulose was found to gradually decompose, releasing nitric acid and further catalyzing the decomposition (eventually into a flammable powder). Decades later, storage at low temperatures was discovered as a means of delaying these reactions indefinitely. Many films produced during the early
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base film by
Eastman Kodak in 1948. Cellulose triacetate superseded nitrate as the film industry's mainstay base very quickly. While Kodak had discontinued some nitrate film stocks earlier, it stopped producing various nitrate roll films in 1950 and ceased production of nitrate 35 mm motion
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smell of decomposing film) by archivists, which causes the film to shrink, deform, become brittle and eventually unusable. PET, like cellulose mononitrate, is less prone to stretching than other available plastics. By the late 1990s, polyester had almost entirely superseded triacetate for the
1460:
The use of nitrate film and its fiery potential were certainly not issues limited to the realm of motion pictures or to commercial still photography. The film was also used for many years in medicine, where its hazardous nature was most acute, especially in its application to
1120:
developed the first safe process for guncotton manufacture, which he patented in 1865. The washing and drying times of the nitrocellulose were both extended to 48 hours and repeated eight times over. The acid mixture was changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric.
414:
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Despite its self-oxidizing hazards, nitrate is still regarded highly as the stock is more transparent than replacement stocks, and older films used denser silver in the emulsion. The combination results in a notably more luminous image with a high contrast ratio.
765:
on several missions as a means of jettisoning components of the rocket/space capsule and deploying recovery systems. However, after several missions and flights, it proved not to have the desired explosive properties in a near vacuum environment. In 2014, the
1567:
Triacetate remains in use for most camera negative stocks because it can be "invisibly" spliced using solvents during negative assembly, while polyester film is usually spliced using adhesive tape patches, which leave visible marks in the frame area. However,
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20th century were lost through this accelerating, self-catalyzed disintegration or through studio warehouse fires, and many others were deliberately destroyed specifically to avoid the fire risk. Salvaging old films is a major problem for film archivists (see
1187:. While guncotton is dangerous to store, the hazards it presents can be minimized by storing it dampened with various liquids, such as alcohol. For this reason, accounts of guncotton usage dating from the early 20th century refer to "wet guncotton."
1002:
744:
In terms of lacquers and coatings, nitrocellulose dissolves readily in organic solvents, which upon evaporation leave a colorless, transparent, flexible film. Nitrocellulose lacquers have been used as a finish on furniture and musical instruments.
1473:. That tragedy claimed 123 lives during the fire and additional fatalities several days later, when hospitalized victims died due to inhaling excessive amounts of smoke from the burning film, which was laced with toxic gases such as
1388:. That catastrophic fire started inside a film-inspection building and caused over $ 7,000,000 in property damages ($ 213,000,000 today). Even after film technology changed, archives of older films remained vulnerable; the
1981:
Schneider, GĂŒnther; Gohla, Sven; Schreiber, Jörg; Kaden, Waltraud; Schönrock, Uwe; SchmidtâLewerkĂŒhne, Hartmut; Kuschel, Annegret; Petsitis, Xenia; Pape, Wolfgang; Ippen, Hellmut; Diembeck, Walter (2000). "Skin
Cosmetics".
940:
Nitrocellulose lacquer is spin-coated onto aluminium or glass discs, then a groove is cut with a lathe, to make one-off phonograph records, used as masters for pressing or for play in dance clubs. They are referred to as
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stocks, intended for amateur and other nontheatrical use, were never manufactured with a nitrate base in the west, but rumors exist of 16 mm nitrate film having been produced in the former Soviet Union and China.
1558:
than either nitrate or triacetate. Although triacetate does not decompose in as dangerous a way as nitrate does, it is still subject to a process known as deacetylation, often nicknamed "vinegar syndrome" (due to the
1646:
752:, forms a lacquer used in preliminary stages of wood finishing to develop a hard finish with a deep lustre. It is normally the first coat applied, then it is sanded and followed by other coatings that bond to it.
2362:
Il y a quelques années, M. Braconnot reconnut que l'acide nitrique concentré, convertit l'amidon, le ligneux, la cellulose, et quelques autres substances en un matiÚre qu'il nomma xyloïdine, et que j'appellerai
798:
made of a mesh of nitrocellulose threads with various porosities are used in laboratory procedures for particle retention and cell capture in liquid or gaseous solutions and, reversely, obtaining particle-free
1481:. Related fires in other medical facilities prompted the growing disuse of nitrocellulose stock for X-rays by 1933, nearly two decades before its use was discontinued for motion-picture films in favour of
1295:
filed a patent for "a photographic pellicle and process of producing same ... especially in connection with roller cameras", but the patent was not granted until
September 13, 1898. In the meantime,
1136:
Guncotton containing more than 13% nitrogen (sometimes called insoluble nitrocellulose) was prepared by prolonged exposure to hot, concentrated acids for limited use as a blasting explosive or for
2703:, 29 March 1914, p. 13. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (hereinafter cited "ProQuest"), Ann Arbor, Michigan, subscription access through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library.
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1654:'United States Inter-Agency Committee for Nitrate Film Vault Tests' â film transfer from 1948 about testing storage and flame suppression methods of nitrate film stock; runtime 00:08:41
2958:
Cleveland, David (2002). "Don't Try This at Home: Some
Thoughts on Nitrate Film, With Particular Reference to Home Movie Systems". In Smither, Roger; Surowiec, Catherine (eds.).
1105:
The patent rights for the manufacture of guncotton were obtained by John Hall & Son in 1846, and industrial manufacture of the explosive began at a purpose-built factory at
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it was also a critical component in an early photographic emulsion, the use of which revolutionized photography in the 1860s. In the 20th century it was adapted to automobile
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1171:
viewed the development of guncotton with optimism. He referred to the substance several times in his novels. His adventurers carried firearms employing this substance. In his
2639:
the late Rev. Hannibal
Goodwin of Newark in 1898. The details of it have not been announced, but it is understood to provide for tile payment of a large sum of money by ...
1234:
Further research indicated the importance of washing the acidified cotton. Unwashed nitrocellulose (sometimes called pyrocellulose) may spontaneously ignite and explode at
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level and to remove all acid residue. The cotton was then slowly dried at a temperature below 40 °C (104 °F). Schönbein collaborated with the
Frankfurt professor
761:
The explosive applications are diverse and nitrate content is typically higher for propellant applications than for coatings. For space flight, nitrocellulose was used by
1984:
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consumed another extensive collection. Yet again, on June 13 in
Philadelphia, a fire and a series of explosions ignited inside the 186-square-meter (2,000-square-foot)
1004:
1348:. Even when nitrate stock did not start the blaze, flames from other sources spread to large nearby film collections, producing intense and highly destructive fires.
1180:
Because of their fluffy and nearly white appearance, nitrocellulose products are often referred to as cottons, e.g. lacquer cotton, celluloid cotton, and gun cotton.
392:
2654:, online news article, Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) / Golden Globes, West Hollywood, California, published 9 November 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
400:
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Because of its explosive nature, not all applications of nitrocellulose were successful. In 1869, with elephants having been poached to near extinction, the
1288:. This was used commercially as "celluloid", a highly flammable plastic that until the mid-20th century formed the basis for lacquers and photographic film.
2811:
1955:
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professor F. J. Otto had also produced guncotton in 1846 and was the first to publish the process, much to the disappointment of Schönbein and Böttger.
611:
repeat unit (anhydroglucose) within the cellulose chain has three OH groups, each of which can form a nitrate ester. Thus, nitrocellulose can denote
1798:
993:
583:
The process uses a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to convert cellulose into nitrocellulose. The quality of the cellulose is important.
2619:
1836:
Balser, Klaus; Hoppe, Lutz; Eicher, Theo; Wandel, Martin; Astheimer, HansâJoachim; Steinmeier, Hans; Allen, John M. (2004). "Cellulose Esters".
1205:
The power of guncotton made it suitable for blasting. As a projectile driver, it had around six times the gas generation of an equal volume of
3333:
1087:
in 15 parts of an equal blend of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. After two minutes, the cotton was removed and washed in cold water to set the
930:' flash paper are sheets of paper consisting of pure nitrocellulose, which burn almost instantly with a bright flash, leaving no ash or smoke.
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2001:
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The use of volatile nitrocellulose film for motion pictures led many cinemas to fireproof their projection rooms with wall coverings made of
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comet lander failed to deploy its harpoons because its 0.3 grams of nitrocellulose propulsion charges failed to fire during the landing.
1449:
is one of a few theaters in the world that is capable of safely projecting nitrate films and regularly screens them to the public. The
1149:
1161:. The first practical smokeless powder made from nitrocellulose, for firearms and artillery ammunition, was invented by French chemist
3384:
3107:
1517:
manufactured during the era when nitrate films were still in use was marked "Safety" or "Safety Film" along one edge in dark letters.
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1808:
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rayon. Because of this predicament, production ceased early in the 1900s. Nitrocellulose was briefly known as "mother-in-law silk".
1183:
Guncotton was originally made from cotton (as the source of cellulose) but contemporary methods use highly processed cellulose from
3293:
The immediate cause of the accident was the spontaneous ignition of overly dry nitrocellulose stored in a container that overheated
2376:
1488:
2037:
2018:
2434:
2407:
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Disastrous fires related to celluloid or "nitrate film" became regular occurrences in the motion picture industry throughout the
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picks, and some photographic films have fairly low esterification levels and burn comparatively slowly with some charred residue.
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3226:
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created the winning replacement, which he created with a new material he invented, called camphored nitrocelluloseâthe first
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2079:
1323:, which successfully sued Eastman Kodak for infringement of the patent and was awarded $ 5,000,000 in 1914 to Goodwin Film.
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497:
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and ether until nitrogen concentration exceeds 12%. Soluble nitrocellulose, or a solution thereof, is sometimes called
1125:
can be controlled by adjusting acid concentrations and reaction temperature. Nitrocellulose is soluble in a mixture of
3409:
3359:
1377:
1092:
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2324:
1548:
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1059:, a German-Swiss chemist, discovered a more practical formulation. As he was working in the kitchen of his home in
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photography. In 1929, several tons of stored X-ray film were ignited by steam from a broken heating pipe at the
2944:, 8 December 1978, p. 1A. ProQuest. This article about the 1978 film fire at the National Archives warehouse in
2808:
1227:, British authorities were slow to introduce grenades, with soldiers at the front improvising by filling ration
1602:
1019:
discovered that nitric acid, when combined with starch or wood fibers, would produce a lightweight combustible
2835:
2093:
1959:
1889:
Saunders, C. W.; Taylor, L. T. (1990). "A review of the synthesis, chemistry and analysis of nitrocellulose".
3364:
1686:
1385:
1117:
830:. Nitrocellulose is widely used as support in diagnostic tests where antigen-antibody binding occurs; e.g.,
823:
623:, or a mixture thereof. With fewer OH groups than the parent cellulose, nitrocelluloses do not aggregate by
3399:
1616:
1514:
1482:
1216:, and its use was one of the reasons the conflict was seen as the "first modern war." In combination with
905:
762:
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contains nitrocellulose, as it is inexpensive, dries quickly to a hard film, and does not damage skin.
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Nitrocellulose film on a light box, showing deterioration, from Library and Archives Canada collection
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1898:
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and quickly wiped out virtually all of that studio's pre-1914 catalogue. Then a second fire hit the
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Gunpowder: An Explosive History â from the Alchemists of China to the Battlefields of Europe
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627:. The overarching consequence is that the nitrocellulose is soluble in organic solvents such as
2438:
2328:
2065:
835:
643:. Most lacquers are prepared from the dinitrate, whereas explosives are mainly the trinitrate.
30:"Flash paper" redirects here. For the Adobe virtual printer software discontinued in 2008, see
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1360:. Later that same month, many more reels and film cans of negatives and prints also burned at
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1273:
909:
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Fordyce, Charles; et al. (October 1948). "Improved Safety Motion Picture Film Support".
2411:
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2354:
1402:
custodian Stanley Lowry (foreground) surveys the rubble after fire and explosions, June 1914.
778:
Collodion, a solution of nitrocellulose, is used today in topical skin applications, such as
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Cellulose nitrate; Flash paper; Flash cotton; Flash string; Gun cotton; Collodion; Pyroxylin
50:
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forbade transport of movies on its system until well past the introduction of safety film.
147:
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111:
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2392:"Notiz ĂŒber eine VerĂ€nderung der Pflanzenfaser und einiger andern organischen Substanzen"
1685:
An overheated container of dry nitrocellulose is believed to be the initial cause of the
1543:
of nitrate. It remained in almost exclusive use in all film gauges until the 1980s, when
1220:, such high explosive shells could cause greater damage than previous solid cannonballs.
3344:
3321:
2331:[On the products of the action of concentrated nitric acid on starch and wood].
2169:
1902:
59:
2750:
2329:"Sur les produits de l'action de l'acide nitrique concentré sur l'amidon et le ligneux"
2133:
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783:
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2299:[On the transformation of several vegetable substances into a new substance].
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was the first to patent a nitrocellulose fiber marketed as "artificial silk" at the
2768:
2735:, 27 June 1914, p. 1803. I.A. Retrieved 10 October 2021. See Knowledge (XXG) page "
1610:
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934:
819:
596:
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1847:
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from cellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent. In 1868, American inventor
599:
give inferior nitrocelluloses. In precise chemical terms, nitrocellulose is not a
3040:"The Use of Polyester Film Base in the Motion Picture Industry â a Market Survey"
2674:(hereinafter cited "I.A."), San Francisco, California. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
2475:
2040:[ESA wrote to Danish rocket builders about explosive problem on Philae].
1319:
for nitrocellulose film, often called nitrate film. Goodwin's patent was sold to
17:
2914:
2394:[Notice on a change of plant fibers and some other organic substances].
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544:
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2297:"De la transformation de plusieurs substances végétales en un principe nouveau"
1800:
Wildlife Toxicity Assessments for Chemicals of Military Concern | ScienceDirect
2124:
1910:
1797:
Williams, Marc; Reddy, Gunda; Quinn, Michael; Johnson, Mark S. (20 May 2015).
1696:
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1526:
1438:
1418:
1336:
1238:, as the evaporation of water results in the concentration of unreacted acid.
1141:
556:
122:
31:
3254:
3014:(Expanded second ed.). Rochester, NY: Robert L. Shanebrook. p. 82.
2606:
1993:
1928:
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896:
863:
738:
718:
564:
560:
552:
540:
537:
2142:
3308:
2938:
Feinstein, John and Sharon Conway (1978). "Historic Film Lost in Blaze",
2652:"Dangerous Beauty: Nitrate Films Return To Hollywood, Thanks To The HFPA"
2416:
Bericht ĂŒber die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel
2396:
Bericht ĂŒber die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel
1407:
1280:, improving on Parkes' invention by plasticizing the nitrocellulose with
997:
Workman operating a guncotton press behind a protective rope screen, 1909
847:
592:
572:
413:
406:
399:
372:
1457:
is the only cinema in the United Kingdom licenced to show Nitrate Film.
3112:
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568:
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1421:
commonly occurred as well. In Ireland in 1926, it was blamed for the
1384:
at another location on December 9, at its film-processing complex in
1084:
957:
588:
362:
160 to 170 °C (320 to 338 °F; 433 to 443 K) (ignites)
2948:, describes some of the toxic gases emitted by burning nitrate film.
1666:
10,000 prize to whoever came up with the best replacement for ivory
1212:
Artillery shells filled with gun cotton were widely used during the
937:, they make the disposal of the pad complete, secure, and efficient.
467:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3056:
3039:
2996:
2177:
1300:
had already started production of roll-film using his own process.
2380:
2038:"ESA skrev til danske raketbyggere om eksplosiv-problem pÄ Philae"
1773:"How to make flash paper and flash cotton from household products"
1642:
1594:
1551:
film began to supersede it for intermediate and release printing.
1487:
1462:
1394:
1320:
1251:
1189:
1060:
1000:
992:
984:
963:
853:
551:. One of its first major uses was as guncotton, a replacement for
1095:, who had discovered the process independently in the same year.
733:
The principal uses of cellulose nitrate is for the production of
3147:. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. pp.
1470:
2690:(Chicago), 4 April 1914, p. 243. I.A. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
2426:
In a letter, he subsequently communicated his discovery to the
1663:
806:, nitrocellulose membrane, or nitrocellulose paper is a sticky
2797:
2244:"Discovery and application of the new liquid adhesive plaster"
1589:
The solubility of nitrocellulose was the basis for the first "
536:, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by
2748:"Fire Originated in Building in Which Films Were Inspected",
717:
The yields are about 85%, with losses attributed to complete
646:
The chemical equation for the formation of the trinitrate is
1605:. Commercial production started in 1891, but the result was
58:
49:
3283:"Chinese Investigators Identify Cause Of Tianjin Explosion"
1352:
plant. Millions of feet of film burned on March 19 at the
1148:. Safe and sustained production of guncotton began at the
948:
Depending on the manufacturing process, nitrocellulose is
3271:. Vol. 2. D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 726â727.
2109:"Atomic Force Microscopy of Mammalian Urothelial Surface"
384:
2828:"Nitrate Film: If It Hasn't Gone Away, It's Still Here!"
2713:"Universal's Factory Gutted By Disastrous Conflagration"
1564:
production of intermediate elements and release prints.
1177:, guncotton was used to launch a projectile into space.
559:
in firearms. It was also used to replace gunpowder as a
343:(trinitrocellulose, pictured in structures above)
887:
In 1846, nitrated cellulose was found to be soluble in
485:
3197:"F. Hastings Griffin Jr., 95, lawyer and star athlete"
2620:"Kodak Concern to Make Big Payment to Goodwin Company"
2019:"In Space No One Can Hear your Nitrocellulose Explode"
1875:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 20â21.
1417:
Cinema fires caused by the ignition of nitrocellulose
1364:
in New York City, in the Bronx. On May 13, a fire at
2960:
This Film is Dangerous: A Celebration of Nitrate Film
2719:, 23 May 1914, p. 15. I.A. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
1513:
a later print or copy negative, made on safety film.
1027:. A few years later in 1838, another French chemist,
786:, the active ingredient in Compound W wart remover.
3239:
United States. National Resources Committee (1941).
1620:
rayon to become a popular raw material in textiles.
1500:
Nitrocellulose decomposition and new "safety" stocks
818:. It is also used for immobilization of proteins in
3163:
3140:
2985:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers
2505:
2375:Schönbein first communicated his discovery to the
1011:Deflagration test of nitrocellulose in slow motion
2798:Health and Safety Executive leaflet/cellulose.pdf
2156:Kraus, E. J. (September 1939). "Adolf Carl Noe".
563:in mining and other applications. In the form of
2359:. Vol. 6. Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 90.
1950:
1948:
1946:
1593:" by Georges Audemars in 1855, which he called "
1039:), treated paper and cardboard in the same way.
856:tests for alpha track etches use nitrocellulose.
2583:The Ultimate Illustrated History of World War I
388:
110:
1985:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1839:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1303:Nitrocellulose was used as the first flexible
971:ball, prepared from nitrocellulose (Celluloid)
2080:"Compound WÂź Fast Acting Wart Removal Liquid"
1609:and more expensive than cellulose acetate or
1429:in which 48 people died. Then in 1929 at the
1043:obtained a similar material, which he called
8:
3334:Nitrocellulose Paper Video (aka:Flash paper)
3033:
3031:
2540:Fairfield, A. P.; CDR USN (1921).
2309:On page 293, Braconnot names nitrocellulose
899:and was soon used as a dressing for wounds.
3229:, Volume 9, "Countdown", 29:00â31:45, 1978
2017:Bengtson, Kristian von (21 October 2013).
1209:and produced less smoke and less heating.
850:ions make protein transfer more efficient.
38:
3055:
2915:"The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929"
2699:"'Movie' Films Burn With Edison Studio",
2132:
1392:burned many films that were decades old.
1344:screen titles, turning many of them into
431:4.4 °C (39.9 °F; 277.5 K)
146:
2535:
2533:
2499:
2497:
1485:, more commonly known as "safety film".
1335:and for many years after the arrival of
2544:. Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 28â31.
2248:The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
1748:
873:and to bind staples together in office
810:used for immobilizing nucleic acids in
3345:How To Make Nitro-Cellulose That Works
3038:Van Schil, George J. (February 1980).
1873:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
1276:developed a plastic material he named
352:Yellowish white cotton-like filaments
3195:Cook, Bonnie L. (25 September 2016).
3170:. New York: Time-Life Books. p.
2555:Bennett, Matthew (17 February 2011).
2508:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
2066:"All-in-One New-SkinÂź Liquid Bandage"
2036:Djursing, Thomas (13 November 2014).
1884:
1882:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1284:so that it could be processed into a
1098:By coincidence, a third chemist, the
748:Guncotton, dissolved at about 25% in
7:
3108:"Art Talk: The Nitrate Picture Show"
2758:), 10 December 1914, p. 1. ProQuest.
2439:"Lettre de M. Schoenbein Ă M. Dumas"
1554:Polyester is much more resistant to
1268:, patented in 1862), was created by
981:Early work on nitration of cellulose
2809:Interesting discussion on NC films.
2774:The Good, the Bad and the Multiplex
2356:Traité de Chimie Appliquée aux Arts
1150:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills
920:emulsions, binding light-sensitive
1368:' Colonial Hall "film factory" in
25:
3071:Greco, JoAnn (12 November 2018).
2383:, Switzerland on March 11, 1846:
2107:Kreplak, L.; et al. (2007).
826:for its nonspecific affinity for
543:through exposure to a mixture of
3307:
3267:Worden, Edward Chauncey (1911).
2301:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
1699:
475:
73:
3341:(Nitrocellulose)âChemSub Online
3288:Chemical & Engineering News
2962:. Brussels: FIAF. p. 196.
2464:, 29 October 1846, col. 1626ff.
1631:manufactured by (among others)
471:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
3010:Shanebrook, Robert L. (2016).
2435:Schönbein, Christian Friedrich
2408:Schönbein, Christian Friedrich
2388:Schönbein, Christian Friedrich
1958:. Dow Chemical. Archived from
1891:Journal of Energetic Materials
1761:(11th ed.). p. 8022.
1494:EYE Film Institute Netherlands
1140:of underwater weapons such as
933:As a medium for cryptographic
862:developed a method of peeling
737:and coatings, explosives, and
1:
3241:Research: A National Resource
2834:. 4 June 2015. Archived from
2585:. Hermes House. p. 131.
2512:. Sutton Publishing. p.
2242:Maynard, John Parker (1848).
2229:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)66777-7
1848:10.1002/14356007.a05_419.pub2
1354:Eclair Moving Picture Company
1057:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
3327:The Periodic Table of Videos
2377:Naturforschende Gesellschaft
2113:Journal of Molecular Biology
2094:"Sartorius Membrane filters"
1718:(PETN), a related explosive.
1716:Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
2888:"All about... nitrate film"
2777:. Random House. p. 3.
2260:10.1056/nejm184803290380903
1777:vadcpa.com/Val/Projects.php
1423:Dromcolliher cinema tragedy
1378:Lubin Manufacturing Company
439:or concentration (LD, LC):
45:
3426:
3330:(University of Nottingham)
2858:"About the Dryden Theatre"
2504:Brown, G. I. (1998).
2428:French Academy of Sciences
2213:; and its uses in surgery"
1871:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1965).
1264:, nitrocellulose (branded
1245:
1231:, scrap and a basic fuse.
1174:From the Earth to the Moon
1063:, he spilled a mixture of
895:. The solution was named
782:and in the application of
29:
3385:Film and video technology
3085:Science History Institute
2729:"Big Fire At Lubin Plant"
2207:Schönbein, C. F. (1849).
2125:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.040
1925:"What is "stand damage"?"
1911:10.1080/07370659008012572
1311:products in August 1889.
1023:material, which he named
465:
435:
366:
157:
94:
86:
81:
72:
44:
27:Highly flammable compound
3139:Garrett, Alfred (1963).
2733:The Moving Picture World
2414:[On guncotton].
2325:Pelouze, Théophile-Jules
2279:A History of Photography
1994:10.1002/14356007.a24_219
1603:Paris Exhibition of 1889
1262:first human-made plastic
1248:Film base § Nitrate
1229:tin cans with gun cotton
1218:breech-loading artillery
1093:Rudolf Christian Böttger
3269:Nitrocellulose Industry
2670:, 19 June 1914, p. 20.
2474:Ponting, Clive (2011).
2275:"The Collodion Process"
1988:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1842:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1687:2015 Tianjin explosions
1386:West Orange, New Jersey
1118:Frederick Augustus Abel
1029:Théophile-Jules Pelouze
824:atomic force microscopy
3395:Photographic chemicals
2650:Kahana, Yoram (2016).
2581:Westwell, Ian (2008).
1655:
1629:Nitrocellulose lacquer
1617:Frank Hastings Griffin
1539:picture film in 1951.
1496:
1492:Decayed nitrate film,
1483:cellulose acetate film
1403:
1341:spontaneous combustion
1339:. Projector fires and
1257:
1202:
1012:
998:
990:
972:
906:Frederick Scott Archer
763:Copenhagen Suborbitals
395:
63:
54:
3405:Transparent materials
2862:George Eastman Museum
2737:1914 Lubin vault fire
1653:
1599:Hilaire de Chardonnet
1491:
1447:George Eastman Museum
1398:
1255:
1193:
1010:
996:
988:
967:
912:as a replacement for
866:using nitrocellulose.
394:
62:
53:
3316:at Wikimedia Commons
3243:. USGPO. p. 29.
2919:Cleveland Historical
2684:"Eclair Plant Burns"
2462:Itzehoer Wochenblatt
2412:"Ueber Schiesswolle"
2351:Dumas, Jean-Baptiste
1803:. Elsevier Science.
1536:cellulose triacetate
1358:Fort Lee, New Jersey
1116:The British chemist
952:to varying degrees.
804:nitrocellulose slide
721:of the cellulose to
377:(fire diamond)
220:(mononitrocellulose)
3390:Firearm propellants
3380:Explosive chemicals
3291:. 8 February 2016.
3255:U.S. patent 239,792
3143:The Flash of Genius
3073:"Saving Old Movies"
2664:"Lubin's Big Blaze"
2607:U.S. patent 610,861
2557:"Explosives in War"
2211:liquor constringens
2170:1939Sci....89..379C
1903:1990JEnM....8..149S
1662:industry offered a
1556:polymer degradation
1390:1965 MGM vault fire
1225:the first World War
1041:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
989:Pure nitrocellulose
869:It is used to coat
561:low-order explosive
41:
3410:Explosive polymers
3360:1846 introductions
3339:Cellulose, nitrate
3162:Time-Life (1991).
2946:Suitland, Maryland
2814:2014-12-17 at the
2701:The New York Times
2625:The New York Times
2209:"On ether glue or
1678:, better known as
1656:
1497:
1412:London Underground
1404:
1366:Universal Pictures
1327:Nitrate film fires
1258:
1214:American Civil War
1203:
1013:
999:
991:
973:
631:and esters; e.g.,
613:mononitrocellulose
498:Infobox references
396:
282:(dinitrocellulose)
64:
55:
39:
3312:Media related to
3181:978-0-8094-7699-2
3021:978-0-615-41825-4
3012:Making Kodak Film
2969:978-2-9600296-0-4
2592:978-0-681-54134-4
2523:978-0-7509-1878-7
2390:(11 March 1846).
2223:(1333): 289â290.
2158:Botanical Gazette
2003:978-3-527-30385-4
1672:John Wesley Hyatt
1651:
1507:film preservation
1435:Paisley, Scotland
1307:, beginning with
1286:photographic film
1274:John Wesley Hyatt
1008:
924:to a glass plate.
910:collodion process
908:invented the wet
621:trinitrocellulose
514:cellulose nitrate
506:Chemical compound
504:
503:
457:10 mg/kg (mouse,
68:
67:
18:Trinitrocellulose
16:(Redirected from
3417:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3169:
3166:Inventive Genius
3159:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3116:. Archived from
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2949:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2894:. 26 August 2022
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2868:on 12 March 2016
2864:. Archived from
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2838:on 12 March 2016
2824:
2818:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2717:New York Clipper
2710:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2672:Internet Archive
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2511:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2480:. Random House.
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2423:
2403:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2293:Braconnot, Henri
2289:
2283:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1956:"Nitrocellulose"
1952:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:on 30 March 2008
1927:. Archived from
1921:
1915:
1914:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1709:
1707:Animation portal
1704:
1703:
1652:
1572:splicing in the
1479:hydrogen cyanide
1467:Cleveland Clinic
1400:Lubin film vault
1293:Hannibal Goodwin
1291:On May 2, 1887,
1270:Alexander Parkes
1236:room temperature
1201:using gun cotton
1195:Jam tin grenades
1155:smokeless powder
1009:
796:Membrane filters
688:
687:
686:
683:
625:hydrogen bonding
617:dinitrocellulose
488:
482:
479:
478:
416:
409:
402:
387:
342:
341:
340:
330:
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165:Chemical formula
150:
114:
77:
46:
42:
21:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3414:
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3281:
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3261:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2941:Washington Post
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2913:Clifton, Brad.
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2816:Wayback Machine
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2631:
2629:
2628:. 27 March 1914
2618:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2433:
2410:(27 May 1846).
2406:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1962:on 22 July 2017
1954:
1953:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1591:artificial silk
1587:
1527:16 mm film
1502:
1427:County Limerick
1329:
1250:
1244:
1111:Faversham, Kent
1082:
1078:
1070:
1053:
1033:Ascanio Sobrero
1017:Henri Braconnot
1001:
983:
978:
976:Historical uses
884:
832:pregnancy tests
792:
790:Laboratory uses
776:
731:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
681:
677:
672:
671:
670:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
641:ethyl carbonate
581:
512:(also known as
507:
500:
495:
494:
493: ?)
484:
480:
476:
472:
454:
448:
421:
420:
419:
418:
411:
404:
397:
393:
385:
339:
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178:
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174:
173:
171:
167:
153:
133:
117:
104:
90:
40:Nitrocellulose
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Nitrate esters
3362:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3314:Nitrocellulose
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3298:
3297:
3274:
3259:
3246:
3231:
3213:
3201:www.philly.com
3187:
3180:
3154:
3131:
3098:
3063:
3057:10.5594/j00526
3050:(2): 106â110.
3027:
3020:
3002:
2997:10.5594/j11731
2991:(4): 331â350.
2975:
2968:
2950:
2931:
2905:
2879:
2849:
2832:Pro-Tek Vaults
2819:
2801:
2790:
2783:
2771:(1 May 2012).
2760:
2751:New York World
2741:
2721:
2705:
2692:
2676:
2656:
2643:
2611:
2598:
2591:
2573:
2547:
2542:Naval Ordnance
2529:
2522:
2493:
2486:
2466:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2443:Comptes Rendus
2425:
2424:
2404:
2368:
2342:
2333:Comptes Rendus
2316:
2284:
2265:
2254:(9): 178â183.
2234:
2199:
2178:10.1086/334861
2148:
2119:(2): 365â373.
2099:
2085:
2071:
2057:
2028:
2009:
2002:
1973:
1942:
1916:
1897:(3): 149â203.
1878:
1863:
1856:
1823:
1809:
1789:
1764:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Nitroglycerine
1724:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1691:
1668:billiard balls
1640:
1637:
1625:
1622:
1586:
1583:
1501:
1498:
1475:sulfur dioxide
1443:Dryden Theatre
1382:Edison Company
1362:Edison Studios
1328:
1325:
1298:George Eastman
1243:
1240:
1089:esterification
1080:
1076:
1068:
1052:
1049:
982:
979:
977:
974:
962:
961:
946:
938:
931:
925:
922:silver halides
901:
900:
883:
880:
879:
878:
867:
857:
851:
816:northern blots
812:southern blots
800:
791:
788:
784:salicylic acid
775:
772:
730:
727:
715:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
679:
675:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
637:methyl acetate
601:nitro compound
580:
577:
510:Nitrocellulose
505:
502:
501:
496:
474:
473:
469:standard state
466:
463:
462:
455:
446:
444:
441:
440:
433:
432:
429:
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422:
412:
405:
398:
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92:
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66:
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56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3422:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Storage media
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
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3386:
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3158:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3120:on 6 May 2015
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:Case, Jared.
3102:
3099:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:Distillations
3074:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:SMPTE Journal
3041:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
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2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2935:
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2916:
2909:
2906:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
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2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2837:
2833:
2829:
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2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2784:9780099543497
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:Kermode, Mark
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
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2627:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
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2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:9781448128112
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
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2257:
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2218:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
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2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1857:9783527303854
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1810:9780128000205
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1733:
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1725:
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1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:thermoplastic
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:".. However,
1596:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:BFI Southbank
1448:
1444:
1441:. Today, the
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:is used as a
1314:
1310:
1309:Eastman Kodak
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:In 1855, the
1254:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1197:were made in
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1074:
1073:sulfuric acid
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
995:
987:
980:
975:
970:
966:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
943:acetate discs
939:
936:
935:one-time pads
932:
929:
926:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
881:
876:
872:
871:playing cards
868:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:western blots
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
793:
789:
787:
785:
781:
773:
771:
769:
764:
759:
757:
753:
751:
746:
742:
740:
736:
728:
726:
724:
720:
682:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:ethyl acetate
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:nitrate ester
602:
598:
597:mineral salts
594:
590:
586:
585:Hemicellulose
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:sulfuric acid
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
499:
492:
487:
470:
464:
460:
456:
452:
443:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
425:
424:
417:
410:
403:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
359:
358:Melting point
356:
355:
351:
348:
347:
344:
338:
277:
215:
169:
166:
162:
161:
156:
149:
145:
144:
142:
140:
137:
136:
129:
128:
126:
124:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
85:
80:
76:
71:
61:
57:
52:
48:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3325:
3292:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3220:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:
3190:
3165:
3157:
3142:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3118:the original
3111:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3080:
3076:
3066:
3047:
3043:
3011:
3005:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2939:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2891:
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2866:the original
2861:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2831:
2822:
2804:
2793:
2773:
2763:
2749:
2744:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2667:
2659:
2646:
2637:
2632:18 September
2630:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2601:
2582:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:
2550:
2541:
2507:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2446:
2442:
2419:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2371:
2363:nitramidine.
2361:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2287:
2278:
2268:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2088:
2074:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2041:
2031:
2022:
2012:
1983:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1919:
1894:
1890:
1872:
1866:
1837:
1814:. Retrieved
1799:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1757:
1751:
1684:
1657:
1627:
1615:
1611:cuprammonium
1588:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1541:
1532:
1515:Acetate film
1511:
1503:
1459:
1416:
1405:
1350:
1330:
1302:
1290:
1259:
1233:
1222:
1211:
1207:black powder
1204:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1163:Paul Vieille
1135:
1115:
1104:
1097:
1055:Around 1846
1054:
1044:
1037:Alfred Nobel
1031:(teacher of
1024:
1014:
969:Table tennis
954:Table tennis
918:photographic
777:
760:
754:
747:
743:
732:
716:
645:
620:
616:
612:
582:
534:flash string
533:
529:
525:
522:flash cotton
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
436:
373:
336:
275:
222:
213:
95:Identifiers
87:Other names
36:
3227:James Burke
3222:Connections
2561:BBC History
2307:: 290â294.
2273:Leggat, R.
2050:13 November
2046:(in Danish)
1758:Merck Index
1732:Nitrostarch
1561:acetic acid
1431:Glen Cinema
1317:plasticizer
1199:World War I
1169:Jules Verne
1142:naval mines
1107:Marsh Works
1065:nitric acid
1045:nitramidine
838:tests, and
828:amino acids
780:liquid skin
756:Nail polish
723:oxalic acid
545:nitric acid
518:flash paper
451:median dose
437:Lethal dose
427:Flash point
349:Appearance
158:Properties
3354:Categories
3322:Gun Cotton
2688:Motography
2449:: 678â679.
2339:: 713â715.
2217:The Lancet
2164:(1): 231.
2043:IngeniĂžren
1966:19 January
1935:15 January
1782:11 January
1744:References
1574:frame line
1570:ultrasonic
1439:auditorium
1419:film stock
1374:film vault
1346:lost films
1337:sound film
1333:silent era
1246:See also:
950:esterified
864:coal balls
860:Adolph Noé
799:filtrates.
774:Other uses
709:+ 3 H
650:3 HNO
579:Production
557:propellant
148:KYR8BR2X6O
123:ChemSpider
102:CAS Number
32:FlashPaper
3370:Cellulose
2756:Manhattan
2311:xyloĂŻdine
1737:RE factor
1680:celluloid
1660:billiards
1607:flammable
1545:polyester
1370:Manhattan
1305:film base
1278:Celluloid
1266:Parkesine
1185:wood pulp
1165:in 1884.
1146:torpedoes
1131:collodion
1123:Nitration
1100:Brunswick
1051:Guncotton
1025:xyloĂŻdine
1021:explosive
928:Magicians
916:in early
904:In 1851,
897:collodion
836:U-albumin
739:celluloid
719:oxidation
593:pentosans
573:adhesives
565:collodion
553:gunpowder
541:cellulose
538:nitrating
530:pyroxylin
526:guncotton
112:9004-70-0
3206:4 August
3124:10 March
3091:23 April
2898:5 August
2872:11 March
2842:11 March
2812:Archived
2437:(1846).
2402:: 26â27.
2353:(1843).
2327:(1838).
2295:(1833).
2194:84787772
2143:17936789
1693:See also
1624:Coatings
1408:asbestos
1159:firearms
1138:warheads
1015:In 1832
875:staplers
848:chloride
808:membrane
735:lacquers
603:, but a
374:NFPA 704
367:Hazards
3113:YouTube
3087:: 36â39
2924:1 April
2668:Variety
2566:9 April
2186:2472034
2166:Bibcode
2134:2096708
1899:Bibcode
1816:22 July
1722:Cordite
1639:Hazards
1445:at the
1376:of the
1313:Camphor
1282:camphor
1223:During
1127:ethanol
956:balls,
914:albumen
893:alcohol
882:Hobbies
844:Glycine
842:tests.
750:acetone
629:acetone
609:glucose
569:lacquer
491:what is
489: (
3375:Cotton
3178:
3018:
2966:
2781:
2589:
2520:
2484:
2192:
2184:
2141:
2131:
2096:. 143.
2000:
1854:
1807:
1633:DuPont
1585:Fabric
1525:, and
1455:London
1085:cotton
1071:) and
958:guitar
768:Philae
619:, and
607:. The
595:, and
589:lignin
486:verify
483:
82:Names
3083:(3).
2422:: 27.
2381:Basel
2190:S2CID
2182:JSTOR
2023:Wired
1595:Rayon
1463:X-ray
1321:Ansco
1061:Basel
889:ether
854:Radon
3208:2018
3176:ISBN
3151:â49.
3126:2015
3093:2020
3016:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2926:2015
2900:2024
2874:2016
2844:2016
2779:ISBN
2634:2010
2587:ISBN
2568:2021
2518:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2139:PMID
2052:2014
1998:ISBN
1968:2014
1937:2008
1852:ISBN
1818:2021
1805:ISBN
1784:2022
1664:US$
1477:and
1471:Ohio
1242:Film
1153:for
1144:and
1067:(HNO
1035:and
891:and
846:and
822:and
814:and
697:(ONO
662:(OH)
571:and
547:and
532:and
139:UNII
130:none
3324:at
3052:doi
2993:doi
2892:BFI
2514:132
2379:of
2256:doi
2225:doi
2174:doi
2162:101
2129:PMC
2121:doi
2117:374
1990:doi
1907:doi
1844:doi
1549:PET
1523:9.5
1509:).
1469:in
1453:in
1433:in
1425:in
1356:in
1157:in
1109:in
840:CRP
729:Use
654:+ C
555:as
304:(NO
243:(NO
190:(NO
3356::
3285:.
3225:,
3199:.
3174:.
3172:52
3149:48
3110:.
3079:.
3075:.
3048:89
3046:.
3042:.
3030:^
2989:51
2987:.
2917:.
2890:.
2860:.
2830:.
2739:".
2731:,
2715:,
2686:,
2666:,
2636:.
2622:.
2559:.
2532:^
2516:.
2496:^
2447:23
2445:.
2441:.
2430::
2418:.
2398:.
2335:.
2305:52
2303:.
2277:.
2252:38
2250:.
2246:.
2219:.
2215:.
2188:.
2180:.
2172:.
2160:.
2137:.
2127:.
2115:.
2111:.
2021:.
1996:.
1945:^
1905:.
1893:.
1881:^
1850:.
1826:^
1775:.
1689:.
1670:.
1521:,
1133:.
1079:SO
1075:(H
1047:.
834:,
802:A
741:.
725:.
678:SO
639:,
635:,
615:,
591:,
587:,
575:.
528:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
461:)
459:IV
447:50
445:LD
199:)O
3210:.
3184:.
3128:.
3095:.
3081:4
3060:.
3054::
3024:.
2999:.
2995::
2972:.
2928:.
2902:.
2876:.
2846:.
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