Troubadour - Knowledge (XXG)

1711: 4662: 3086: 3882: 4256: 3996: 4432: 101: 2211: 999:. However, George T. Beech states that there is only one documented battle that William fought in the Iberian Peninsula, and it occurred towards the end of his life. Beech adds that while the sources of William's inspirations are uncertain, he and his father did have individuals within their extended family with Iberian origins, and he may have been friendly with some Europeans who could speak the Arabic language. Regardless of William's personal involvement in the tradition's creation, 4586: 3195: 3813:. When a writer seeks to avoid using unglossed Occitan, the incipit of the song may be given in translation instead or a title may even be invented to reflect the theme of the work. Especially in translations designed for a popular audience, such as Ezra Pound's, English titles are commonly invented by the translator/editor. There are examples, however, of troubadour songs given Occitan titles in the manuscripts, such as an anonymous 3544: 3126:. The messenger was commonplace in troubadour poetry; many songs reference a messenger who will bring it to its intended ear. A troubadour often stayed with a noble patron of his own and entertained his court with his songs. Court songs could be used not only as entertainment but also as propaganda, praising the patron, mocking his enemies, encouraging his wars, teaching ethics and etiquette, and maintaining religious unity. 4499: 4792: 7864: 4549: 7874: 1388: 4729: 3481: 3449: 3298: 3955: 4183: 3842:, who placed sources he considered more reliable higher in the alphabet. This system is imperfect, however, since many of the chansonniers produced for an Italian audience are heavily edited and do not necessarily more closely resemble the original compositions. While parchment chansonniers are more durable, paper ones also exist and have received lower-case 33: 1309:. It is viewed either as a strength or weakness that this theory requires a second theory about how the neoplatonism was transmitted to the troubadours; perhaps it can be coupled with one of the other origins stories or perhaps it is just peripheral. Käte Axhausen has "exploited" this theory and A. J. Denomy has linked it with the Arabist (through 4109: 1087:, among the aristocracy of Europe can account for the idea (fusion) of "courtly love". The existence of pre-Christian matriarchy has usually been treated with scepticism as has the persistence of underlying paganism in high medieval Europe, though the Celts and Germanic tribes were certainly less patriarchal than the Greco-Romans. 1750:, is not generally applied to the composition of music or to singing, though the troubadour's poetry itself is not so careful. Sometime in the middle of the 12th century, however, a distinction was definitely being made between an inventor of original verse and the performers of others'. The latter were called 3833:

The number of Occitan parchment chansonniers given as extant varies between authors, depending on how they treat fragmentary and multilingual manuscripts. Conventionally, fragments are classified as fragments of the surviving chansonnier they most closely resemble and not as chansonniers in their own

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The 450 or so troubadours known to historians came from a variety of backgrounds. They made their living in a variety of ways, lived, and travelled in many different places, and were actors in many types of social context. The troubadours were not wandering entertainers. Typically, they stayed in one

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The classical period of troubadour activity lasted from about 1170 until about 1213. The most famous names among the ranks of troubadours belong to this period. During this period the lyric art of the troubadours reached the height of its popularity and the number of surviving poems is greatest from

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The first half of the 12th century saw relatively few recorded troubadours. Only in the last decades of the century did troubadour activity explode. Almost half of all troubadour works that survive are from the period 1180–1220. In total, moreover, there are over 2,500 troubadour lyrics available to

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and other scholars found three lines that they believed were in some form of Arabic, indicating a potential Andalusian origin for his works. The scholars attempted to translate the lines in question, though the medievalist Istvan Frank contended that the lines were not Arabic at all, but instead the

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Beginning in the early 13th century, the spread of Occitan verse demanded grammars and dictionaries, especially for those whose native tongue was not Occitan, such as the Catalan and Italian troubadours, and their imitators. The production of such works only increased with the academisation of the

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resembling that of the troubadours. On those grounds, no theory of the latter's origins in classical or post-classical Latin can be constructed, but that has not deterred some, who believe that a pre-existing Latin corpus must merely be lost to us. That many troubadours received their grammatical

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The classical period came to be seen by later generations, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries and outside of Occitania, as representing the high point of lyric poetry and models to be emulated. The language of the classic poets, its grammar and vocabulary, their style and themes, were the

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Chronologically, however, this hypothesis is hard to sustain, as the forces believed to have given rise to the phenomenon arrived later than it, but the influence of Bernardine and Marian theology can be retained without the origins theory. This theory was advanced early by Eduard Wechssler and

975:) influences on the music of the troubadours. Later scholars like J.B. Trend have asserted that the poetry of troubadours is connected to Arabic poetry written in the Iberian Peninsula, while others have attempted to find direct evidence of this influence. In examining the works of 1194:

This theory or set of related theories has gained ground in the 20th century. It is more a methodological approach to the question than a theory; it asks not from where the content or form of the lyric came but rather in what situation or circumstances did it arise. Under

2337:. All the trobairitz whose families we know were high-born ladies; only one, Lombarda, was probably of the merchant class. All the trobairitz known by name lived around the same time: the late 12th and the early 13th century (c. 1170 – c. 1260). The earliest was probably 542: 2019:

party and writing political verse in Occitan rhyme. These figures generally came from the urban middle class. They aspired to high culture and though, unlike the nobility, they were not patrons of literature, they were its disseminators and its readers.

2588:, though the term lived on as an antique expression for the troubadours' early works and was even employed with a more technically meaning by the last generation of troubadours (mid-14th century), when it was thought to derive from the Latin word 521: 1994: 2444:

regularly escapes modern scholarly interpretation. Words are commonly used metaphorically and symbolically and what a poem appears to be about on its surface is rarely what is intended by the poet or understood by audiences "in the know". The

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that most strongly influenced the development of the troubadour genre. Specifically, the emphasis on religious and spiritual love, disinterestedness, mysticism, and devotion to Mary explained "courtly love". The emphasis of the reforming

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Les vies des plus célèbres et anciens poètes provençaux ([Reprod. en fac-sim.]) / Jehan de Nostredame ; nouvelle édition ... préparée par Camille Chabaneau ; et publiée avec une introduction et commentaire par Joseph

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The early study of the troubadours focused intensely on their origins. No academic consensus was ever achieved in the area. Today, one can distinguish at least eleven competing theories (the adjectives used below are a blend from the

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assured that it covered a multitude of activities, some, no doubt, with which Riquier did not wish to be associated. In the end Riquier argued—and Alfonso X seems to agree, though his "response" was probably penned by Riquier—that a

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Many troubadours also possessed a clerical education. For some this was their springboard to composition, since their clerical education equipped them with an understanding of musical and poetic forms as well as vocal training. The

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are important early works of vernacular prose nonfiction. Nevertheless, it appears that many of them derive their facts from literal readings of their objects' poems, which leaves their historical reliability in doubt. Most of the

1289:. This poem was originally inserted in a serial of modulations ending a liturgic song. Then the trope became an autonomous piece organized in stanza form. The influence of late 11th-century poets of the "Loire school", such as 1368:(c. 1102). This may be the earliest reference to troubadour lyrics. Orderic also provides us (1135) with what may be the first description of a troubadour performance: an eyewitness account of William of Aquitaine. 2592:(truth) and was thus used to describe moralising or didactic pieces. The early troubadours developed many genres and these only proliferated as rules of composition came to be put in writing. The known genres are: 623:, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the 2207:) survives. Out of a total of about 450 troubadours and 2,500 troubadour works, the trobairitz and their corpus form a minor but interesting and informative portion. They are, therefore, quite well studied. 3801:, that is, their opening lines. If this is long, or after it has already been mentioned, an abbreviation of the incipit may be used for convenience. A few troubadour songs are known by "nicknames", thus 2488:

or a hybrid of the two. They were often moralising in tone and critical of contemporary courtly society. Another early school, whose style seems to have fallen out of favour, was the "Gascon school" of

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Later troubadours especially could belong to lower classes, ranging from the middle class of merchants and "burgers" (persons of urban standing) to tradesmen and others who worked with their hands.

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religious doctrine. While the theory is supported by the traditional and near-universal account of the decline of the troubadours coinciding with the suppression of Catharism during the

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in 1323) and their Catalan and Castilian contemporaries aspired. During the classical period the "rules" of poetic composition had first become standardised and written down, first by

2540:. The latter three were natives of Béziers and all four lived there. All were members of the urban middle class and no courtesans: Miralhas was possibly a potter and Bernart was a 2218:

The trobairitz were in most respects as varied a lot as their male counterparts, with the general exceptions of their poetic style and their provenance. They wrote predominantly

2566:. The Béziers poets are a shining example of the transformation of Occitania in the aftermath of the Albigensian Crusade, but also of the ability of troubadours to survive it. 1553:

The earliest known troubadour, the Duke of Aquitaine, came from the high nobility. He was followed immediately by two poets of unknown origins, known only by their sobriquets,

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Modern scholars recognise several "schools" in the troubadour tradition. Among the earliest is a school of followers of Marcabru, sometimes called the "Marcabrunian school":

2063:. It was probably during his three-year tenure there that he introduced Occitan lyric poetry to the city, which was later to develop a flourishing Occitan literary culture. 2967:. Among the more than one hundred works of Cerverí de Girona are many songs with unique labels, which may correspond more to "titles" than "genres", but that is debatable: 1373:

Picauensis uero dux ... miserias captiuitatis suae ... coram regibus et magnatis atque Christianis coetibus multotiens retulit rythmicis uersibus cum facetis modulationibus

1352:, however, believes that " songs represent not the beginnings of a tradition but summits of achievement in that tradition." His name has been preserved because he was the 1378:

Then the Poitevin duke ... the miseries of his captivity ... before kings, magnates, and Christian assemblies many times related with rhythmic verses and witty measures.

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In archaic and classical troubadour poetry, the word is only used in a mocking sense, having more or less the meaning of "somebody who makes things up". Cercamon writes:

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place for a lengthy period of time under the patronage of a wealthy nobleman or woman. Many did travel extensively, however, sojourning at one court and then another.

445: 3114:, many of which have survived, or possibly from more rudimentary (and temporary) songbooks, none of which have survived, if they even existed. Some troubadours, like 5355: 2278:. None of the trobairitz were prolific, or if they were their work has not survived. Only two have left us more than one piece: the Comtessa de Dia, with four, and 5525: 1145:(first half of the 13th century), support for it has come in waves. The explicitly Catholic meaning of many early troubadour works also works against the theory. 3249:. Fewer than 300 melodies out of an estimated 2500 survive. Most were composed by the troubadours themselves. Some were set to pre-existing pieces of music. 1813:

were performers who did not usually compose. They often performed the troubadours' songs: singing, playing instruments, dancing, and even doing acrobatics.

938:, after which he proceeds to explain why none of them is worth anything. When referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word 6193: 698:

was borrowed from the French word first recorded in 1575 in a historical context to mean "langue d'oc poet at the court in the 12th and 13th century" (

6497: 3415:, the last section of which, "Perilhos tractatz d'amor de donas, seguon qu'en han tractat li antic trobador en lurs cansos", is an Occitan grammar. 1954:, the manuscript collections of medieval troubadour poetry, the works of a particular author are often accompanied by a short prose biography. The 7035: 2917:

and they could be used to attack and renounce a figure other than a lady or a lover, like a commanding officer (when combined, in a way, with the

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Some 2,600 poems or fragments of poems have survived from around 450 identifiable troubadours. They are largely preserved in songbooks called

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There are several anonymous texts ascribed to women; the total number of trobairitz texts varies from twenty-two (Schultz-Gora), twenty-five (

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Beech, George T. (1992). "Troubadour Contacts with Muslim Iberia and Knowledge of Arabic: New Evidence Concerning William IX of Aquitaine".

6527: 2195:. The number of trobairitz varies between sources: there were twenty or twenty-one named trobairitz, plus an additional poet known only as 438: 143: 55: 1281:

means "inventing a trope", the trope being a poem where the words are used with a meaning different from their common signification, i.e.

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Veldeman, Marie-Christine (2001). "Egypt, or the quest for syncretism and spiritual wholeness in Lawrence Durrell's Avignon Quintet".

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right. Some chansonniers have received both Occitan and French letters: troubadour D is trouvère H, W is M and X is U. The lettering (

3213: 1519: 2524:, once the centre of pre-Albigensian Languedoc and of the Trencavel lordships, in the 1260s–80s. Four poets epitomise this "school": 6256: 6168: 6115: 6067: 5994: 2513:

and was characterised by references to nature: leaves, flowers, birds, and their songs. This Gascon "literary fad" was unpopular in

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A phenomenon arose in Italy, recognised around the turn of the 20th century by Giulio Bertoni, of men serving in several cities as

3212: 2601:(morning song) – the song of a lover as dawn approaches, often with a watchman warning of the approach of a lady's jealous husband 1974:(from Occitan for "reason") was a similar short piece of Occitan prose detailing the circumstances of a particular composition. A 7709: 6522: 2562:, the only known one of its kind, to a burgher of Béziers. Joan Esteve and Bernart both composed in support of the French in the 1211:

have suggested that the "essential hegemony" in the castle of the lord's wife during his absence was a driving force. The use of

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The world of Eleanor of Aquitaine : literature and society in southern France between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries

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Despite the distinctions noted, many troubadours were also known as jongleurs, either before they began composing or alongside.

980: 6990: 1247:, Jeanroy's reviewer, in 1891 who first located troubadour origins in the festive dances of women hearkening the spring in the 1175: 925:(These troubadours, between truth and lies/corrupt lovers, women and husbands, / and keep saying that Love proceeds obliquely). 431: 5467: 3319:

Prose guide to poetic composition that defends the superiority of Occitan over other vernaculars. Occitan–Italian dictionary.

1018:, though it only began translating major romances from Arabic into Latin in the second half of the thirteenth century, with 4827: 1742:(compose, invent), which was usually applied to the writing of poetry. It signified that a poem was original to an author ( 7949: 7944: 7939: 6856: 3085: 2643: 2345:, who died in 1242, though her period of poetic patronage and composition probably occurred a quarter century earlier, or 6364:

Trobador Poets: Selections from the Poems of Eight Trobadors, Translated from the Provençal with Introduction & Notes

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The court was not the only venue for troubadour performance. Competitions were held from an early date. According to the

1746:) and was not merely sung or played by one. The term was used mostly for poetry only and in more careful works, like the 7929: 7914: 7904: 6975: 6890: 6490: 4961: 3018:

but sometimes separately. Some styles became popular in other languages and in other literary or musical traditions. In

2359: 1527: 1015: 51: 47: 7919: 3881: 2461:, rather it employs a rich vocabulary, using many words, rare words, invented words, and unusual, colourful wordings. 1396:

be studied as linguistic artifacts (Akehurst, 23). The troubadour tradition seems to have begun in western Aquitaine (

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This theory is one of the more intellectualising. The "ennobling effects of love" in specific have been identified as

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awarded floral prizes to the best poetry in various categories, judging it by its accordance with a code called the

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Troubadours, at least after their style became established, usually followed some set of "rules", like those of the

2203:), thirty-six (Bruckner, Shepard, and White), and forty-six (Rieger). Only one melody composed by a trobairitz (the 7854: 7719: 6517: 5196: 4255: 2269: 2210: 1805:, in general and in specific, with named individuals being called out. It is clear, for example from the poetry of 1669: 1215:

terminology in troubadour poems is seen as evidence. This theory has been developed away from sociological towards

988: 880: 853: 269: 139: 4575: 7934: 7909: 7751: 7714: 7389: 7384: 7030: 4831: 4022: 1824:, a noted patron of literature and learning of all kinds, for clarification on the proper reference of the terms 1648:

as coming from a poor family, but whether this family was poor by noble standards or materially is not apparent.

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Silverstein, Theodore (1949). "Andreas, Plato, and the Arabs: Remarks on Some Recent Accounts of Courtly Love".

2764:– a poetical exchange between two or more poets in which one is presented with a dilemma by another and responds 3995: 3566: 3156: 2924: 1535: 1499: 4830:. Also trouvère manuscript U and therefore has marks of French influence. Contains troubadour music. Owned by 4431: 2424:). The first was by far the most common: the wording is straightforward and relatively simple compared to the 6460: 1841:

was a courtly entertainer (as opposed to popular or low-class one) and a troubadour was a poet and composer.

7867: 7741: 7731: 7562: 7015: 6945: 6483: 5586:

Abu-Haidar, JA (1989). "The Diminutives in the "dīwān" of Ibn Quzmān: A Product of Their Hispanic Milieu?".

4602: 4374: 3570: 3510: 3172: 3149:. The most famous contests were held in the twilight of the troubadours in the 14th and 15th centuries. The 2374: 2342: 2016: 1715: 1539: 1345: 1329: 976: 818: 116: 7924: 7877: 7218: 6905: 6598: 5014: 4922: 4678: 4480: 4448: 4030: 2235: 2142: 1885: 967:

The sixteenth century Italian historian Giammaria Barbieri was perhaps the first to suggest Arabian (also

4390: 3758: 7818: 7133: 6841: 6698: 5820: 4778: 4129: 3250: 2322: 1570: 1294: 611: 222: 147: 7280: 6985: 6910: 6836: 6215: 3082:) was first mentioned in the troubadour tradition (c. 1324), but only as being performed by jongleurs. 1228: 1003:

states that Arab poetry was likely one of several influences on European "courtly love poetry", citing

100: 5115: 4999: 4139: 2341:, who was active in the 1150s (the date of her known composition is uncertain). The latest was either 1174:, clerics) and that many were trained musically by the Church is well-attested. The musical school of 7899: 7630: 7625: 7532: 7349: 7336: 7285: 7254: 7203: 7094: 6940: 6770: 6755: 6740: 6683: 6633: 6593: 6550: 6431: 6178: 3494: 3430: 3146: 3138: 3094: 2932: 2437: 2334: 2028: 1978:

normally introduced the poem it explained; it might, however, share some of the characteristics of a

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At the height of troubadour poetry (the "classical period"), troubadours are often found attacking

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raises the question of the extent of literature (oral or written) in the 11th century and earlier.

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Trobairitz: Der Beitrag der Frau in der altokzitanischen höfischen Lyrik. Edition des Gesamtkorpus

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of Arles in 1220, though he does not fit the phenomenon Giulio Bertoni first identified in Italy.

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Trobairitz: The Contribution of Women in Old Occitan Courtly Poetry. Edition of the entire corpus

6235: 6218:(1981). "Close Encounters in Medieval Provence: Spain's Role in the Birth of Troubadour Poetry". 6094: 5603: 5568: 5519: 5349: 4951: 4800: 4773: 4012: 3778: 3700: 3673: 3651: 3613: 3164: 3134: 3090: 3057: 2545: 2498: 2386: 2127: 2075: 1913: 1877: 1845: 1677: 1657: 1183: 1056: 699: 6416: 5413:, coll. Que sais-je ?, éditions PUF, 1982, p. 49. 2) Imparisyllabiques β) Mots en -OR -ŌRE. 2138:

as variously a Ghibelline and a Guelph. He was a patron as well as a composer of Occitan lyric.

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

5541:"Of the Arab Origin of Modern Europe: Giammaria Barbieri, Juan Andrés, and the Origin of Rhyme" 2432:. This style was the most accessible and it was immensely popular. The most famous poet of the 7659: 7547: 7517: 7477: 7424: 7359: 7270: 7265: 7213: 7173: 7110: 7089: 6995: 6980: 6930: 6791: 6750: 6678: 6588: 6301: 6275: 6252: 6164: 6130: 6111: 6063: 5990: 5918: 5876: 5739: 5714: 5659: 5560: 4539: 3115: 3019: 2728: 2716:– a long didactic poem, usually not divided into stanzas, teaching a moral or practical lesson 2563: 2469: 2338: 2249: 2196: 1869: 1857: 1849: 1673: 1641: 1598: 1477: 1353: 1122: 580: 418: 371: 299: 289: 284: 193: 6315: 6247:

Paden, William D. (2005). "Troubadours and History". In Marcus Bull; Catherine Léglu (eds.).

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and the French aristocracy against the native Occitan nobility. They have been described as "

1440:, whence to the rest of modern Spain and then Portugal. This development has been called the 1129:

then available to scholars have all been cited as classical influences on troubadour poetry.

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According to the Bernardine-Marianist (or Christian) theory, it was the theology espoused by

583:. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the 7736: 7671: 7419: 7342: 7295: 7259: 7229: 7208: 6900: 6885: 6644: 6384: 6342: 6227: 6086: 5691: 5630: 5595: 5552: 5228: 5038: 4565: 4245: 4121: 3806: 3640: 3557: 2791: 2494: 1964: 1943: 1921: 1909: 1893: 1861: 1693: 1685: 1625: 1621: 1590: 1290: 1274: 1080: 814: 559: 535: 527: 468: 381: 304: 279: 2853:– a poetical debate which was usually an exchange between two poets, but could be fictional 1436:(c. 1200). Finally, in the early 13th century it began to spread into first Italy and then 7823: 7726: 7647: 7552: 7512: 7448: 7404: 6796: 6775: 6760: 6706: 6613: 6449: 6183: 5253: 3462: 3403: 3071: 2354: 2204: 1865: 1853: 1832:. According to Riquier, every vocation deserved a name of its own and the sloppy usage of 1817: 1806: 1629: 1582: 1481: 1449: 1365: 1361: 1333: 1023: 761: 606: 514: 366: 254: 6319: 5498: 4688: 4616: 4458: 3181: 2959:

in the new sense (a moralising song) that was also highly critical and thus combined the

2861:– a poetical debate between three or more persons, often with a judge (like a tournament) 2799: 2576: 2240: 1344:

The earliest troubadour whose work survives is Guilhèm de Peitieus, better known as Duke

1200: 4906: 4533: 4498: 4354: 4066: 3985: 2748:– a boasting song, often presented as a challenge, often similar to modern sports chants 991:

stated that the troubadour tradition was created by William, who had been influenced by

7782: 7756: 7652: 7642: 7522: 7453: 7414: 7394: 7374: 7104: 7074: 7047: 6960: 6816: 6786: 6655: 6537: 6506: 4791: 3735: 3543: 3346: 2807: 2553: 2537: 2378: 2283: 2087: 1873: 1665: 1614: 1578: 1574: 1266: 1240: 1232: 1052: 773: 594: 361: 309: 124: 5486: 5317:: "Compendium of the knowledge of the vices that can be expressed in the Gay Science". 5315:

Compendi de la conexença dels vicis que.s podon esdevenir en las dictats del Gay Saber

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Mainly covers rhetoric and errors, and is littered with examples of troubadour verse.

3122:, probably both a singer and a messenger, who carried his love songs to his lady, was 3118:, had their own jongleurs who were dedicated to singing their patron's work. Arnaut's 2509:("of that time"). This style of poetry seems to be attached to early troubadours from 1480:, reputed by his biographer to be the greatest composer of melodies to ever live, and 1047:

on "matronage" to achieve his ends can explain the troubadour attitude towards women.

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Methods of transmission from Arab Iberia to the rest of Europe did exist, such as the

7893: 7588: 7487: 7354: 7322: 7178: 7099: 6925: 6745: 6623: 6606: 6188: 5607: 4379: 4098: 3343: 2597: 2580:(compiled between 1328 and 1337). Initially all troubadour verses were called simply 2533: 2465: 2168: 2071: 1216: 1162: 1101: 769: 228: 4548: 3529:

containing a unique grammar, including a catalogue of poetic genres, expands on the

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could be written with religious significance, addressed to God or the Virgin; and a

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Richard Lemay, « À propos de l'origine arabe de l'art des troubadours »,

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in the early 13th century, harming the reputation of the poets associated with it.

2330: 1889: 1681: 1637: 1562: 1503: 1464: 1248: 1244: 1208: 1166: 726: 670: 635: 589: 555: 376: 339: 329: 90: 5144: 4870: 4822: 4766: 4728: 4651: 4286: 4213: 3944: 2811:– the song of a lover waiting impatiently for the evening (to consummate his love) 2584:, yet this soon came to be reserved for only love songs and was later replaced by 1387: 1273:) songs. This theory is supported by Reto Bezzola, Peter Dronke, and musicologist 5398: 3211: 1364:

referred to William composing songs about his experiences on his return from the

873:"provoke emotion, excitement, agitation; make music, entertain by singing" as in 7808: 7803: 7598: 7000: 6970: 6915: 6877: 6821: 6669: 6145: 6108:

The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship

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The origin and meaning of courtly love: a critical study of European scholarship

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Contains more troubadour music than any other manuscript. Perhaps produced for

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is usually assigned a female authorship. They wrote almost entirely within the

7399: 7069: 6765: 6731: 6693: 6456: 5599: 4384: 3375:

A catalogue and explanation of the different poetic genres. It expands on the

3297: 3258: 3232: 2857: 2744: 2712: 2549: 2521: 2410: 2404: 2314: 2279: 2260: 2200: 2191: 2158: 2039:

between 1218 and 1221. Rambertino, a Guelph, served at one time or another as

2011: 1997:

Late 16th-century Italian cursive on paper, recording a song of Perceval Doria

1770:, which has come to refer to a more specific breed of performer. The medieval 1606: 1204: 1114: 861: 849: 810: 786: 753: 730: 654: 648: 568: 274: 6197:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 308–311. 5564: 7610: 7472: 7290: 7025: 6156: 5634: 5588:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

5369: 5186: 4884: 4702: 4607: 4594: 4227: 4044: 3963: 3922: 3868: 3334: 3246: 3176: 3123: 3048: 2976: 2823: 2768: 2736: 2605: 2306: 2294: 1993: 1917: 1901: 1689: 1507: 1486: 1437: 1421: 1270: 1039: 886: 845: 676: 584: 576: 334: 210: 54:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

6688: 6077:

Aubrey, Elizabeth (1989). "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature".

5812: 5695: 4108: 3954: 2501:. Cercamon was said by his biographer to have composed in the "old style" ( 4182: 1251:. This theory has since been widely discredited, but the discovery of the 1243:

gave rise to troubadour poetry in 1883. According to F. M. Warren, it was

7772: 7692: 7615: 7578: 7061: 6851: 6831: 6806: 5171: 5019: 4927: 4848: 4683: 4670: 4629: 4557: 4511: 4507: 4485: 4472: 4453: 4440: 4403: 4332: 4300: 4264: 4240: 4191: 4154: 4117: 4080: 4004: 3890: 3160: 3066: 2865: 2760: 2704: 2696: 2666: 2514: 2490: 2473: 2450: 2302: 2265: 2031:, possibly the first troubadour native to the Italian Peninsula, who was 1990:

in terms of reliability. Many are likewise the work of Uc de Saint Circ.

1905: 1775: 1633: 1586: 1558: 1554: 1523: 1495: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1310: 1286: 1282: 1236: 1004: 715: 631: 620: 598: 548: 402: 216: 105: 17: 5572: 5540: 3188:

Troubadour songs are still performed and recorded today, albeit rarely.

1325: 7686: 7664: 7635: 7593: 7364: 7020: 6568: 6555: 5176: 3798: 3389: 2815: 2688: 2682: 2544:(teacher). All wrote in Occitan but were supporters of the French king 2510: 2135: 2131: 2119: 2095: 2083: 2044: 1767: 1723: 1490:, or political song, which became increasingly popular in this period. 1405: 1332:

portrayed as a knight, who first composed poetry on returning from the

1265:

Hans Spanke analysed the intertextual connexion between vernacular and

1196: 1179: 1158: 1154: 1084: 992: 396: 354: 181: 6396: 6354: 6239: 6098: 5556: 5432: 5304:: "The flowers of the Gay Science, which are called the laws of love". 1569:

as poor knights. It was one of the most common descriptors of status.

1360:

is often credited as a predecessor, though none of his work survives.

7409: 7331: 6826: 6426: 6411: 5201: 5043: 4956: 4844: 4738: 4715: 4619:. Called Z in the reassignment of letter names by François Zufferey. 4570: 4017: 3168: 3028: 2838: 2828: 2773: 2752: 2651: 2633: 2220: 2115: 2070:-troubadours to follow Rambertino, four were from Genoa: the Guelphs 2060: 2056: 1897: 1820:

bemoaned the inexactness of his contemporaries and wrote a letter to

1801:". Inevitably, however, pieces of these genres are verbal attacks at 1719: 1594: 1468:, or love song, became distinguishable as a genre. The master of the 1433: 1397: 1253: 1212: 1138: 1118: 643: 575:

The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in

566:

is etymologically masculine, a female equivalent is usually called a

3470:

Contains many examples of troubadour verse, designed to augment the

2845:) – an Italian genre imported into Occitan verse in the 13th century 2402:

Three main styles of Occitan lyric poetry have been identified: the

2238:, survives (though two anonymous ones are attributed to women). One 1186:

were in use there in the era preceding the troubadours' appearance.

6388: 6346: 6231: 6090: 5734:

Mona Baker and Kirsten Malmkjaer, ed. (1997). "Spanish tradition".

3708:

A catalogue of all the "vices" one can commit by transgressing the

2357:, known between 1235 and 1257. There exist brief prose biographies— 844:

as "to compose, to discuss, to invent". It has the support of some

7681: 7605: 5191: 5181: 5161: 5139: 4901: 4865: 4817: 4761: 4646: 4528: 4368: 4349: 4281: 4208: 4134: 4061: 3980: 3939: 3110:(singers) also performed troubadours' songs. They could work from 3106:

Troubadours performed their own songs. Jongleurs (performers) and

3084: 2849: 2783: 2720: 2673: 2637: 2610: 2609:– a song defined by poetic metre, but perhaps once related to the 2558: 2254: 2226: 2209: 2103: 2091: 2052: 2048: 2036: 1992: 1709: 1324: 1126: 682: 665: 391: 99: 86:

Composer and performer of lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages

6475: 6202:

Jones, W. Powell (1931). "The Jongleur Troubadours of Provence".

6182: 2185:

but in feminine form. There were also female counterparts to the

706:, p. 14 in Gdf. Compl.). The first use and earliest form of 5433:"Pride and Prejudice in Medieval Studies: European and Oriental" 5166: 5106: 5080: 4988: 4416: 4313: 4167: 4093: 3903: 3349:. A rhymary and Latin–Occitan dictionary designed for Italians. 2369: 2099: 1531: 1096: 1076: 741: 6479: 1137:

According to this thesis, troubadour poetry is a reflection of

1055:) and Guido Errante. Mario Casella and Leo Spitzer have added " 6421: 492: 26: 2943:

and not a mixture of genres as sometimes supposed. Cerverí's

2290:, which has not survived; no other piece of hers has either. 776: 480: 3193: 2803:– a love letter addressed to another, not always one's lover 2787:– a lament, especially on the death of some important figure 1227:

This theory may relate to spring folk rituals. According to

642:, intellectual, and formulaic. Many were humorous or vulgar 501: 3145:, some sort of poetry society associated with the court of 3060:. The troubadours were not averse to borrowing either. The 2756:– a song complaining about a lady's behaviour and character 2167:

were the female troubadours, the first female composers of

1153:

The troubadour lyric may be a development of the Christian

984:

result of the rewriting of the original by a later scribe.

486: 1785:

and at least two small genres arose around the theme: the

1613:

is described as the son of a noble jongleur, presumably a

1472:

and the troubadour who epitomises the classical period is

1356:, but his work plays with already established structures; 6125:

Bruckner, Matilda; Shepard, Laurie; White, Sarah (2000).

5767:

Gerald A. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, p. 243.

5758:

Gerald A. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, p. 246.

5337:

Nostredame, Jean de (1507?-1577) Auteur du texte (1913).

3257:("The Calends of May") to music composed by jongleurs at 2272:, are usually considered to belong to the more demanding 1656:

of the following troubadours note their clerical status:

840:

There is an alternative theory to explain the meaning of

630:

The texts of troubadour songs deal mainly with themes of

6442: 5302:

Las flors del Gay Saber, estiers dichas las leys d'amors

2692:– a song heavily discordant in verse form and/or feeling 1793:. These terms are debated, however, since the adjective 1476:. He was highly regarded by his contemporaries, as were 1095:

The classical Latin theory emphasises parallels between

893:. Another Arabic root had already been proposed before: 6321:

Die provenzalischen Dichterinnen: Biographien und Texte

1182:

has been singled out in this regard. "Para-liturgical"

934:

also begins his famous mockery of contemporary authors

704:

Les vies des plus célèbres et anciens Poètes provençaux

6422:

The University of Naples' troubadours' text collection

6009:

edited by Stanley Sadie. Macmillan Press Ltd., London.

5832:

Gerald A. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, 244.

3872:(with external link to digitization, where available) 3565:

First commissioned in 1323. Prose rules governing the

2873:

All these genres were highly fluid. A cross between a

903:) "strike", by extension "play a musical instrument". 686:

were especially popular in the post-classical period.

2724:– a poem expressing indignation or feelings of insult 764:. This reconstructed form is based on the Latin root 5949: 3797:

Troubadour songs are generally referred to by their

1408:, from there spreading over into eastern Aquitaine ( 1113:

that predominated in the 11th century in and around

721:

The French word itself is borrowed from the Occitan

498: 489: 483: 477: 474: 7796: 7765: 7702: 7571: 7500: 7441: 7320: 7242: 7196: 7161: 7141: 7132: 7059: 7046: 6876: 6725: 6667: 6654: 6536: 2632:– the love song, usually consisting of five or six 2453:but only favoured by a few masters thereafter. The 2282:, with three or four. One of the known trobairitz, 2141:Mention should be made of the Provençal troubadour 789:Latin shifted regularly to in Occitan (cf. Latin 471: 1494:ideal to which poets of the troubadour revival in 772:. In turn, the Latin word derives ultimately from 6027:Paden, "Manuscripts", in Akehurst and Davis, 329. 3141:, a prized hunting bird, for his poetry from the 2905:may be nothing more than a political attack. The 2831:, originally put in the mouth of a paid soldier ( 2428:and literary devices are less common than in the 6326:The Provençal Women Poets: Biographies and Texts 3010:Most "Crusading songs" are classified either as 1051:further by Dmitri Scheludko (who emphasises the 579:, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and 6452:- site on courtly love, literature, troubadours 6438:Troubadour Poetry: An Intercultural Experience. 6251:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 157–182. 3621:Final, expanded, prose version of the previous 1165:has even been suggested. There is no preceding 89:"Trovatore" redirects here. For the opera, see 6226:(1 (Williams Memorial Issue, Winter)): 43–64. 5987:An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification 1297:, is stressed in this connexion by Brinkmann. 856:practices. According to them, the Arabic word 852:to justify the troubadours' origins in Arabic 809:explains the Occitan suffix, according to its 646:. Works can be grouped into three styles: the 6491: 6058:Akehurst, F. R. P.; Davis, Judith M. (1995). 5736:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies 1963:were composed in Italy in the 1220s, many by 1011:" as an example of a similar Arab tradition. 439: 8: 6062:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5937: 5799: 5797: 5677: 5675: 5130: 4892: 4856: 4808: 4752: 4637: 4519: 4340: 4272: 4199: 4052: 3971: 3930: 1754:in both Occitan and Catalan, from the Latin 1628:were described as the sons of merchants and 898: 874: 868: 6294:Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos 6110:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 5850: 5470:Annales. Économies, sociétés, civilisations 5457:. Manchester University Press. p. 131. 5354:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3097:as a prize for his performance in a contest 2520:In the late 13th century a school arose at 2293:The trobairitz came almost to a woman from 1738:are relatively rare compared with the verb 1718:. These were in the court of the king, two 1170:training in Latin through the Church (from 7438: 7317: 7313: 7239: 7193: 7158: 7138: 7129: 7125: 7056: 7052: 6873: 6722: 6664: 6660: 6498: 6484: 6476: 5524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3766:A rhymary and Catalan–Occitan dictionary. 2181:and its derivation is the same as that of 2074:, who also served in Florence, Milan, and 1565:. Many troubadours are described in their 760:"to compose, to invent a poem" by regular 714:, found in a 12th-century Occitan text by 446: 432: 111: 6163:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5973: 4771:Also trouvère manuscript M. Contains the 3379:and may be the concluding section of the 2893:could be "invented" by a single poet; an 1561:, and by a member of the princely class, 1420:. At its height it had become popular in 995:music and poetry while fighting with the 752:may come, in turn, from the hypothetical 74:Learn how and when to remove this message 6461:"Troubadors: Their Sorts and Conditions" 6328:] (in German). Leipzig: Gustav Fock. 6300:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Planeta. 6150:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3848: 3272: 1386: 7036:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours 6427:Complete works of the major troubadours 6298:Troubadours: Literary History and Texts 6274:] (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. 5817:Observatoire de terminologie littéraire 5385:The Poetry of Cercamon and Jaufre Rudel 5329: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5214: 3442:, poorly preserved in the manuscripts. 2130:, a nobleman of high rank who governed 1942:is a brief prose biography, written in 957:The Origins and Meaning of Courtly Love 130: 123: 6412:Database of extant Troubadour melodies 6371:Warren, F. M. (1912). "The Troubadour 5961: 5788: 5776: 5517: 5370:"Troubadour: Etymologie de Troubadour" 5347: 5114:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by 4998:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by 4967:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by 4935:Copy of a lost manuscript compiled by 3270:troubadour lyric in the 14th century. 3230: 1636:was the son of a "poor fisherman" and 1632:was the son of a burger and jongleur. 93:. For other uses of "troubadour", see 6366:. New York: Cooper Square Publishers. 6007:The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music 5917:. Abingdon: Routlegde. pp. xiv. 5900: 5888: 5472:, vol. 21, n°5, 1966, p. 991 (French) 4828:Chansonnier de Saint-Germain-des-Prés 3361:"Doctrinal of understanding sayings" 2297:. There are representatives from the 1986:suffer from the same problems as the 1797:seems to imply "in the manner of the 1448: 1348:(1071–1126). Peter Dronke, author of 1109:, and the lyric of courtly love. The 1067:The survival of pre-Christian sexual 740:"to compose, to discuss, to invent" ( 534: 513: 7: 6018:Gaunt and Kay, "Appendix 4", 303–04. 5654:. University of California. p. 5483:Puois nostre temps comens'a brunezir 5286:: "Verses and rules of composition". 3438:A condensed verse adaptation of the 2772:– the tale of the love request of a 2700:– a dance designed for sad occasions 1462:this period. During this period the 6862:Other troubadours and trobairitz... 5411:La formation de la langue française 3862:Provenance (place of origin, date) 3070:and the sonnet was stolen from the 2377:, the Comtessa de Dia, Castelloza, 2252:) is also extant and one anonymous 2175:was first used in the 13th-century 2171:in the Western tradition. The word 2086:, and Bologna, and the Ghibellines 899: 875: 869: 664:(closed). Likewise there were many 6417:Literary Encyclopedia: Troubadour. 5950:Bruckner, Shepard & White 2000 5866:, Perennial Library, 1968. p. 111. 4964:= Càmpori Appendice 426, 427, 494 1520:List of troubadours and trobairitz 56:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy 25: 6043:"The Rhetoric of the Troubadours" 5709:Bogin, Magda; Bogin, Meg (1995). 3743:An Occitan rhymary for Catalans. 1758:, giving rise also to the French 921:E van dizen qu'Amors vay en biays 916:Afollon drutz e molhers et espos, 911:Ist trobador, entre ver e mentir, 848:, specialists of literature, and 7872: 7863: 7862: 6161:The Troubadours: An Introduction 6129:. New York: Garland Publishing. 5989:, (Darby, PA: Diane Publishing, 5133:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4895:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4859:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4811:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4790: 4755:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4727: 4660: 4640:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4584: 4547: 4522:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4497: 4430: 4343:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4275:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4254: 4202:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4181: 4107: 4055:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3994: 3974:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3953: 3933:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3880: 3654:, identical in structure to the 3542: 3479: 3447: 3388: 3296: 3231:Problems playing this file? See 3209: 2552:". Raimon Gaucelm supported the 1950:means "life" in Occitan. In the 617:fictio rethorica musicaque poita 615:defined the troubadour lyric as 467: 31: 3516:"Little Chansonnier of Ripoll" 1121:ideology that held sway in the 1063:Celtic or chivalric-matriarchal 1038:and the increasingly important 6127:Songs of the Women Troubadours 5221:The earliest reference to the 3855:Troubadour manuscript letter ( 3594:Verse adaptation of the prose 3308:"Explanations of composition" 3245:Troubadour songs were usually 3173:Consistori de la Gaya Sciència 2819:– highly structured verse form 2457:style is not as opaque as the 2264:style; only two poems, one by 1450:[ʁɛjɔnəmɑ̃detʁubaduːʁ] 1: 6857:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine 6060:A Handbook of the Troubadours 5713:. WW Norton. pp. 46–47. 5539:Dainotto, Roberto M. (2006). 5387:. London: Garland Publishing. 4785:. Contains troubadour music. 4744: 3531:Doctrina de compondre dictats 3522:1346, Roussillon or Cerdagne 3357:Doctrina de compondre dictats 2681:– a lively dance song with a 1714:Musicians in the time of the 801:"to know"). The Latin suffix 748:, editions I. Arnold, 3342). 668:, the most popular being the 6144:Chaytor, Henry John (1912). 5915:The Vidas of the Troubadours 3732:(or "Dictionary of rhymes") 3219:The only existing song by a 2795:– a poem expressing pleasure 2449:style was invented early by 1946:, of a troubadour. The word 1528:Vida (Occitan literary form) 1022:removed in deference to the 1020:objectionable sexual content 1016:Toledo School of Translators 562:(1100–1350). Since the word 6528:List of musical instruments 6085:(2 (May–August)): 110–149. 5431:Maria Rosa Menocal (1985), 5231:, who attributes it to the 4246:Conventi Soppressi F.IV.776 4144:Contains troubadour music. 3637:"Doctrinal of composition" 3427:"Doctrinal of concordance" 3064:developed out of the Latin 2939:, both to refer to a short 2655:– a song renouncing a lover 2505:) and Guiraut's songs were 2480:. These poets favoured the 1924:were jongleur-troubadours. 1442:rayonnement des troubadours 1261:Medieval Latin or Goliardic 936:cantarai d'aquest trobadors 785:), meaning "turn, manner". 627:(1348) and since died out. 95:Troubadour (disambiguation) 7966: 5985:Frank M. Chambers (1985), 5738:. Routledge. p. 553. 5197:Dziady (wandering beggars) 3794:made for wealthy patrons. 3776: 3223:which survives with music. 2913:were often connected as a 2669:, usually encouraging them 2270:Alais, Yselda, and Carenza 2156: 1670:Guillem Ramon de Gironella 1517: 1313:) and the Cathar (through 777: 88: 7844: 7390:Matheus de Sancto Johanne 7385:Johannes Symonis Hasprois 7316: 7128: 7055: 7031:Galician-Portuguese lyric 6976:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras 6891:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras 6663: 6513: 6375:and Latin Lyric Poetry". 6341:(2 (November)): 117–126. 6266:Rieger, Angelica (1991). 6041:Abraham, Mary C. (2012). 5600:10.1017/S0041977X00035448 5512:Peire d'Alvernha, Liriche 5131: 4893: 4857: 4809: 4753: 4638: 4520: 4341: 4273: 4200: 4053: 3972: 3931: 3865:Location (library, city) 3265:Grammars and dictionaries 2869:– a traveller's complaint 2389:, and Tibors de Sarenom. 1816:In the late 13th century 953:Grove Dictionary of Music 7420:Antonio Zacara da Teramo 6362:Smythe, Barbara (1966). 5913:Egan, Margarita (2018). 5235:of the mid-14th century. 5055:, since Pillet-Carstens 4781:. Possibly produced for 3567:Consistori del Gay Saber 3491:"Mirror of composition" 3342:An Occitan imitation of 3157:Consistori del Gay Saber 2925:Peire Bremon Ricas Novas 2708:– a riddle or cryptogram 2325:, may have been born in 2286:, wrote a song entitled 2122:. Among the non-Genoese 2015:on behalf of either the 1536:Consistori del Gay Saber 1500:Consistori del Gay Saber 1391:Trobadours, 14th century 6946:Gillebert de Berneville 6523:List of music theorists 6432:Books about Troubadours 6194:Encyclopædia Britannica 5635:10.3406/equiv.2001.1233 5284:Vers e regles de trobar 5273:: "Doctrinal of court". 4603:Biblioteca de Catalunya 3809:is commonly called the 3571:Consistori de Barcelona 3459:"Rules of composition" 2935:uses a similar phrase, 2375:Azalais de Porcairagues 2363:—for eight trobairitz: 2343:Garsenda of Forcalquier 2082:, who served in Milan, 1716:Cantigas de Santa Maria 1676:(who became an abbot), 1664:(who became a bishop), 1540:Consistori de Barcelona 1346:William IX of Aquitaine 1330:William IX of Aquitaine 1161:. The influence of the 1071:and warrior codes from 981:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 977:William IX of Aquitaine 736:"composer", related to 7219:Gherardello da Firenze 6906:Le Chastelain de Couci 6699:Philippe le Chancelier 6383:(4 (April)): 469–487. 5696:10.3406/roma.1992.2180 5648:Malkin, Peter (1979). 5545:Comparative Literature 5510:Del Monte, A. (1955). 5485:; read the whole text 5024:Plut. XC inferiore 26 5015:Biblioteca Laurenziana 4923:Biblioteca Riccardiana 4832:Saint-Germain-des-Prés 4679:Biblioteca Laurenziana 4481:Biblioteca Riccardiana 4449:Biblioteca Laurenziana 3819:Mentre per una ribeira 3730:"Book of concordances" 3198: 3098: 2827:– a political poem or 2647:– a stand-alone stanza 2236:Gormonda de Monpeslier 2215: 1998: 1886:Peire Raimon de Tolosa 1727: 1609:are all so described. 1392: 1380: 1336: 885:) could partly be the 531: 109: 7528:Johannes de Garlandia 6842:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras 6465:The Quarterly Journal 6179:Gosse, Edmund William 6106:Boase, Roger (1977). 5875:Translation based on 5821:University of Limoges 5711:The Women Troubadours 5383:Wolf, George (1983). 4834:in the 18th century. 4779:Theobald I of Navarre 4130:Biblioteca Ambrosiana 3829:Table of chansonniers 3811:Sirventes contra Roma 3720:Libre de concordances 3658:of Guilhem Molinier. 3282:Translation of title 3251:Raimbaut de Vaqueyras 3197: 3088: 2665:) – a song about the 2213: 1996: 1713: 1571:Berenguier de Palazol 1390: 1370: 1328: 1295:Hildebert of Lavardin 1277:. According to them, 1235:first suggested that 612:De vulgari eloquentia 165:Movements and schools 103: 7950:Medieval occupations 7945:Obsolete occupations 7940:Occupations in music 7849:Also music theorist* 7533:Johannes de Grocheio 7350:Conradus de Pistoria 7337:Philippus de Caserta 7286:Philippus de Caserta 7255:Antonello da Caserta 7204:Andreas de Florentia 7095:Guillaume de Machaut 6756:Bernart de Ventadorn 6741:Aimeric de Peguilhan 6684:Albertus Parisiensis 6634:Adam of Saint Victor 6594:Saint Martial school 6551:Notker the Stammerer 6436:Said I. Abdelwahed. 6210:(2 (June)): 307–311. 5497:read the whole text 5453:Roger Boase (1977). 5096:e (Pillet-Carstens) 4236:Biblioteca Nazionale 4031:Poetarum Provinciali 3838:) was introduced by 3821:, which is entitled 3681:A commentary on the 3511:Cançoneret de Ripoll 3431:Terramagnino da Pisa 3383:of Jaufre de Foixa. 3331:"Provençal Donatus" 3147:Alfonso II of Aragon 2438:Bernart de Ventadorn 2029:Rambertino Buvalelli 2017:Guelph or Ghibelline 1822:Alfonso X of Castile 1787:ensenhamen joglaresc 1644:is specified in his 1484:, the master of the 1474:Bernart de Ventadorn 1358:Eble II of Ventadorn 1315:John Scotus Eriugena 1125:, and the scraps of 1036:Bernard of Clairvaux 1030:Bernardine-Marianist 1009:The Ring of the Dove 989:Ramón Menéndez Pidal 829:(subject case) and * 605:in northern France. 7930:Galician literature 7915:Medieval literature 7905:Medieval performers 7460:Contenance angloise 7250:Bartolino da Padova 7149:Marchetto da Padova 7080:Magister Franciscus 6956:Guillaume le Vinier 6951:Gontier de Soignies 6896:Audefroi le Bastart 6782:Folquet de Marselha 6639:Wulfstan the Cantor 6629:Hildegard of Bingen 6599:Adémar de Chabannes 6584:Fulbert of Chartres 6546:Abbey of Saint Gall 6538:Early (before 1150) 6316:Schultz-Gora, Oskar 6216:Menocal, María Rosa 5102:Biblioteca Vaticana 5076:Biblioteca Vaticana 4984:Biblioteca Vaticana 4783:Charles I of Naples 4711:Biblioteca Marciana 4412:Biblioteca Vaticana 4391:Philipps Manuscript 4309:Biblioteca Vaticana 4163:Biblioteca Vaticana 4089:Biblioteca Vaticana 3899:Biblioteca Vaticana 3683:Doctrinal de trobar 3633:Doctrinal de trobar 3499:early 14th century 3400:"Breviary of love" 3396:Lo breviari d'amors 2740:– a dance-like song 2732:– a lover's apology 2365:Almucs de Castelnau 2347:Guilleuma de Rosers 2178:Romance of Flamenca 2143:Isnart d'Entrevenas 2080:Luchetto Gattilusio 1882:Nicoletto da Torino 1791:sirventes joglaresc 1662:Folquet de Marselha 1611:Albertet de Sestaro 1603:Rigaut de Berbezilh 1424:and the regions of 1143:Albigensian Crusade 1075:societies, be they 1059:" influence to it. 1045:Robert of Arbrissel 419:Renaissance music → 108:playing his fiddle. 7920:Occitan literature 7788:Neo-Medieval music 7778:Medieval folk rock 7558:Berno of Reichenau 7538:Iacobus de Ispania 7380:Petrus de Goscalch 7281:Niccolò da Perugia 7276:Grazioso da Padova 7224:Lorenzo da Firenze 7184:Vincenzo da Rimini 7169:Giovanni da Cascia 7001:Other trouvères... 6986:Perrin d'Angicourt 6936:Gautier de Dargies 6911:Chrétien de Troyes 6847:Raimon de Miravalh 6837:Raimbaut d'Aurenga 6448:2014-08-17 at the 6184:"Troubadour" 5879:, in Bond, p. 240. 5864:The Medieval Lyric 5651:Provence and Pound 5409:Jacques Allières, 5111:Barberiniani 3965 5059:is a mere copy of 4952:Biblioteca Estense 4774:chansonnier du roi 4634:late 13th century 4159:late 13th century 4126:late 13th century 4025:= Kg.4.MS2 = E.45 4013:Biblioteca Estense 3803:D'un sirventes far 3779:Occitan literature 3763:late 14th century 3725:Diccionari de rims 3701:Joan de Castellnou 3674:Joan de Castellnou 3652:Peter IV of Aragon 3614:Joan de Castellnou 3591:1337–47, Toulouse 3562:1328–37, Toulouse 3435:1282–96, Sardinia 3372:late 13th century 3199: 3165:Peter IV of Aragon 3135:Monge de Montaudon 3120:joglar et cantaire 3099: 3091:Monge de Montaudon 3058:Italian literature 3056:became popular in 2983:(legal petition), 2499:Guiraut de Calanso 2398:Schools and styles 2387:Maria de Ventadorn 2329:, Northern Italy, 2321:. One trobairitz, 2234:by a named woman, 2216: 2128:Alberico da Romano 1999: 1914:Uc de la Bacalaria 1878:Guiraut de Calanso 1846:Aimeric de Belenoi 1730:The Occitan words 1728: 1678:Peire de Bussignac 1658:Aimeric de Belenoi 1393: 1350:The Medieval Lyric 1337: 1229:María Rosa Menocal 955:and Roger Boase's 860:"music" (from the 854:Andalusian musical 700:Jean de Nostredame 601:, and that of the 581:Iberian Peninsulas 536:[tɾuβaˈðu] 515:[tʁubaduʁ] 110: 7887: 7886: 7855:Renaissance music 7563:Aurelian of Réôme 7548:Johannes de Muris 7518:Franco of Cologne 7496: 7495: 7478:Arnold de Lantins 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7360:Johannes Cuvelier 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7271:Giovanni Mazzuoli 7266:Matteo da Perugia 7238: 7237: 7214:Francesco Landini 7192: 7191: 7174:Jacopo da Bologna 7157: 7156: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7111:Philippe de Vitry 7090:Jehan de Lescurel 7011: 7010: 6996:Raoul de Soissons 6941:Gautier d'Espinal 6931:Gautier de Coincy 6872: 6871: 6792:Giraut de Bornelh 6771:Cerverí de Girona 6751:Arnaut de Mareuil 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6679:Notre-Dame school 6589:Heriger of Lobbes 6518:List of composers 6290:de Riquer, Martín 6281:978-3-4845-223-36 6136:978-0-81533-568-9 6079:Acta Musicologica 6047:Musical Offerings 5938:Schultz-Gora 1888 5877:Marjorie Chibnall 5557:10.1215/-58-4-271 5152: 5151: 4994:Barberiniani 4087 4962:Gamma.N.8.4.11–13 4720:fr. App. cod. XI 4540:Henry II of Rodez 3770: 3769: 3495:Berenguer d'Anoia 3214: 3116:Arnaut de Maruelh 2953:vers e miga canço 2933:Cerverí de Girona 2564:Aragonese Crusade 2556:and even wrote a 2470:Bernart de Venzac 2349:, who composed a 2339:Tibors de Sarenom 2126:-troubadours was 1870:Falquet de Romans 1858:Arnaut de Mareuil 1850:Aimeric de Sarlat 1642:Arnaut de Mareuil 1640:of a blacksmith. 1599:Raimon de Miraval 1498:(creation of the 1478:Giraut de Bornelh 1354:Duke of Aquitaine 1099:, especially his 694:The English word 551:and performer of 456: 455: 194:Notre-Dame school 84: 83: 76: 16:(Redirected from 7957: 7935:Music of Galicia 7910:High Middle Ages 7876: 7866: 7865: 7672:Liturgical drama 7439: 7346: 7343:Johannes Ciconia 7318: 7314: 7296:Zacara da Teramo 7260:Johannes Ciconia 7240: 7230:Paolo da Firenze 7209:Donato da Cascia 7194: 7159: 7139: 7130: 7126: 7114: 7057: 7053: 7048:Late (1300–1400) 6991:Philippe de Rémi 6921:Conon de Béthune 6901:Blondel de Nesle 6886:Adam de la Halle 6874: 6812:Peire d'Alvernha 6723: 6710: 6665: 6661: 6656:High (1150–1300) 6645:Wipo of Burgundy 6610: 6580: 6572: 6563:Stephen of Liège 6500: 6493: 6486: 6477: 6472: 6459:(October 1913). 6400: 6377:Modern Philology 6367: 6358: 6335:Modern Philology 6329: 6311: 6285: 6262: 6243: 6211: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6151: 6140: 6121: 6102: 6073: 6054: 6028: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5952:, p. xxxvi. 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5851:Silverstein 1949 5848: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5474: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5345: 5334: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5271:Doctrina de cort 5267: 5261: 5242: 5236: 5229:Raimon de Cornet 5219: 5136: 5135: 5116:Miquel de la Tor 5051:Pillet-Carstens 5039:Staatsbibliothek 5000:Miquel de la Tor 4898: 4897: 4862: 4861: 4814: 4813: 4794: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4746: 4731: 4664: 4643: 4642: 4588: 4566:Bodleian Library 4551: 4525: 4524: 4501: 4434: 4371:, ca. 1285-1300 4346: 4345: 4278: 4277: 4258: 4205: 4204: 4185: 4111: 4058: 4057: 3998: 3977: 3976: 3957: 3936: 3935: 3884: 3849: 3807:Guilhem Figueira 3641:Raimon de Cornet 3558:Guilhem Molinier 3546: 3487:Mirall de trobar 3483: 3467:1289–91, Sicily 3455:Regles de trobar 3451: 3423:Doctrina d'acort 3392: 3344:Latin grammarian 3327:Donatz proensals 3300: 3273: 3216: 3215: 3196: 3137:, he received a 2931:(half song) and 2663:canso de crozada 2526:Bernart d'Auriac 2507:d'aquella saison 2503:la uzansa antiga 2495:Peire de Valeira 2478:Peire d'Alvernhe 2246:Azalais d'Altier 2090:, who served in 2027:-troubadour was 1965:Uc de Saint Circ 1922:Uc de Saint Circ 1894:Peire de Valeira 1862:Elias de Barjols 1722:players and one 1694:Uc de Saint Circ 1686:Raimon de Cornet 1626:Elias de Barjols 1591:Peire de Maensac 1457:Classical period 1452: 1447: 1291:Marbod of Rennes 1275:Jacques Chailley 932:Peire d'Alvernha 902: 901: 878: 877: 872: 871: 837:(oblique case). 780: 779: 560:High Middle Ages 546: 545: 544: 538: 525: 524: 523: 517: 512: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 466: 448: 441: 434: 382:Liturgical drama 280:Adam de la Halle 112: 79: 72: 68: 65: 59: 35: 34: 27: 21: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7859: 7840: 7792: 7761: 7698: 7648:Gregorian chant 7567: 7553:Walter Odington 7513:Guido of Arezzo 7492: 7449:Johannes Alanus 7429: 7405:Jacob Senleches 7341: 7300: 7234: 7188: 7153: 7116: 7109: 7042: 7007: 6868: 6797:Guiraut Riquier 6776:Comtessa de Dia 6761:Bertran de Born 6729: 6713: 6707:Petrus de Cruce 6705: 6650: 6614:Notker Physicus 6605: 6575: 6567: 6532: 6509: 6504: 6455: 6450:Wayback Machine 6408: 6403: 6370: 6361: 6332: 6314: 6308: 6288: 6282: 6265: 6259: 6246: 6220:Hispanic Review 6214: 6201: 6177: 6171: 6154: 6147:The Troubadours 6143: 6137: 6124: 6118: 6105: 6076: 6070: 6057: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5997:.), pp. 195–96. 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5516: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5481: 5477: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437:Hispanic Review 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5346: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5312: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5264: 5254:Bertran de Born 5250:sirventes-canso 5246:canso-sirventes 5243: 5239: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5157: 5138: 5105: 5079: 5048:Phillipps 1910 5042: 5018: 4987: 4955: 4926: 4900: 4888: 4864: 4852: 4816: 4804: 4760: 4747: 4742: 4714: 4706: 4682: 4674: 4645: 4633: 4606: 4598: 4569: 4561: 4527: 4515: 4484: 4476: 4452: 4444: 4415: 4407: 4378: 4375:Pierpont Morgan 4348: 4336: 4312: 4304: 4280: 4268: 4239: 4231: 4207: 4195: 4166: 4158: 4133: 4125: 4092: 4084: 4060: 4048: 4016: 4009:12 August 1254 4008: 3979: 3967: 3938: 3926: 3902: 3894: 3871: 3831: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3731: 3722: 3646: 3618:1355, Toulouse 3610:"Laws of love" 3585:"Laws of love" 3554:"Laws of love" 3472:Razos de trobar 3463:Jaufre de Foixa 3404:Matfre Ermengau 3365: 3304:Razos de trobar 3267: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3104: 3072:Sicilian School 3003:(anniversary), 2572: 2400: 2395: 2355:Lanfranc Cigala 2288:Coblas e dansas 2205:Comtessa de Dia 2161: 2155: 2007: 1936: 1866:Elias Fonsalada 1854:Albertet Cailla 1818:Guiraut Riquier 1807:Bertran de Born 1772:jongleur/joglar 1708: 1630:Elias Fonsalada 1583:Guiraudo lo Ros 1551: 1542: 1516: 1482:Bertran de Born 1459: 1445: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1366:Crusade of 1101 1362:Orderic Vitalis 1342: 1334:Crusade of 1101 1323: 1303: 1263: 1225: 1192: 1176:Saint Martial's 1151: 1135: 1093: 1091:Classical Latin 1065: 1032: 1024:Catholic Church 965: 948: 882:ṭarab ʾandalusī 762:phonetic change 692: 607:Dante Alighieri 541: 540: 539: 520: 519: 518: 510: 497: 470: 464: 463: 452: 410: 409: 408: 367:Gregorian chant 324: 316: 315: 314: 244: 236: 235: 234: 166: 156: 155: 104:The troubadour 98: 87: 80: 69: 63: 60: 46:Please help by 45: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7963: 7961: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7892: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7783:Medieval metal 7780: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7653:Pope Gregory I 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7523:Johannes Cotto 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7454:John Dunstaple 7451: 7445: 7443: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7415:Johannes Susay 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:Gacian Reyneau 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7375:Martinus Fabri 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7243:3rd generation 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7197:2nd generation 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7162:1st generation 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7136: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7107: 7105:Jehan Vaillant 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Denis Le Grant 7072: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6981:Moniot d'Arras 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Guiot de Dijon 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6817:Peire Cardenal 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6787:Gaucelm Faidit 6784: 6779: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507:Medieval music 6505: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6453: 6440: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6406:External links 6404: 6402: 6401: 6389:10.1086/386873 6368: 6359: 6347:10.1086/388831 6330: 6312: 6307:978-8434405479 6306: 6286: 6280: 6263: 6257: 6244: 6232:10.2307/472655 6212: 6199: 6189:Chisholm, Hugh 6175: 6169: 6155:Gaunt, Simon; 6152: 6141: 6135: 6122: 6116: 6103: 6091:10.2307/932607 6074: 6068: 6055: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6020: 6011: 5999: 5978: 5974:de Riquer 1975 5966: 5964:, p. xii. 5954: 5942: 5930: 5924:978-0367189440 5923: 5905: 5903:, p. 163. 5893: 5891:, p. 161. 5881: 5868: 5862:Peter Dronke, 5855: 5853:, p. 118. 5843: 5834: 5825: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5745:978-0415609845 5744: 5726: 5720:978-0393009651 5719: 5701: 5690:(449): 14–26. 5671: 5665:978-0520034884 5664: 5640: 5613: 5578: 5551:(4): 271–292. 5531: 5502: 5490: 5475: 5460: 5445: 5424: 5415: 5402: 5390: 5375: 5361: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5306: 5288: 5275: 5262: 5258:miei sirventes 5256:uses the term 5237: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5142: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5049: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4969:Bernart Amoros 4965: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4937:Bernart Amoros 4933: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4890: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4854: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4820: 4806: 4798: 4795: 4787: 4786: 4769: 4764: 4750: 4735: 4732: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4708: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4676: 4668: 4665: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4635: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4600: 4592: 4589: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4555: 4552: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4517: 4505: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4478: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4456: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4409: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4338: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4306: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4284: 4270: 4262: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4233: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4197: 4189: 4186: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4160: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4127: 4115: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099:Chigi L.IV.106 4096: 4086: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4050: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4010: 4002: 3999: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3969: 3961: 3958: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3896: 3888: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3853: 3830: 3827: 3785: 3782: 3777:Main article: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3755:"Translation" 3753: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3736:Jaume March II 3733: 3728: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3648: 3647:(before 1341) 3643: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3370: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3347:Aelius Donatus 3340: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3266: 3263: 3242: 3239: 3228: 3218: 3208: 3205:A chantar m'er 3203: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3103: 3100: 2927:uses the term 2871: 2870: 2862: 2854: 2846: 2836: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2780: 2765: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2701: 2693: 2685: 2670: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2613: 2602: 2571: 2568: 2554:Eighth Crusade 2538:Raimon Gaucelm 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2379:Iseut de Capio 2250:Clara d'Anduza 2248:) to a woman ( 2244:, by a woman ( 2157:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2088:Perceval Doria 2006: 2000: 1935: 1926: 1874:Guillem Magret 1766:, and English 1707: 1698: 1674:Jofre de Foixà 1579:Guilhem Ademar 1575:Gausbert Amiel 1550: 1547: 1515: 1512: 1458: 1455: 1384: 1381: 1341: 1338: 1322: 1319: 1302: 1299: 1267:medieval Latin 1262: 1259: 1241:oral tradition 1233:Alfred Jeanroy 1224: 1221: 1191: 1188: 1150: 1147: 1134: 1131: 1123:Imperial court 1111:aetas ovidiana 1092: 1089: 1064: 1061: 1053:Cluniac Reform 1031: 1028: 987:Scholars like 973:Hispano-Arabic 964: 961: 947: 944: 929: 928: 927: 926: 918: 913: 691: 688: 454: 453: 451: 450: 443: 436: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 412: 411: 407: 406: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 358: 357: 352: 347: 337: 332: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 233: 232: 225: 220: 213: 208: 203: 198: 197: 196: 184: 179: 174: 168: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 138: 133: 132: 128: 127: 125:Medieval music 121: 120: 85: 82: 81: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7962: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7925:Occitan music 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7869: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7710:British Isles 7708: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572:Musical forms 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7488:W. de Wycombe 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Baude Cordier 7353: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7323:Ars subtilior 7319: 7315: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Maestro Piero 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100:P. des Molins 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746:Arnaut Daniel 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624:Peter Abelard 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6607:Odo of Arezzo 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6258:1-84383-114-7 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6170:0-521-57473-0 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6117:0-87471-950-X 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6069:0-520-07976-0 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5995:0-87169-167-1 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5943: 5940:, p. 12. 5939: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5629:(2): 87–100. 5628: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5342: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5145:BN f.f. 12472 5143: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889:13th century 4886: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853:13th century 4850: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823:BN f.f. 20050 4821: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4805:13th century 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4675:14th century 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4652:BN f.f. 15211 4650: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4599:14th century 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4564: 4562:13th century 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4534:BN f.f. 22543 4532: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4516:14th century 4513: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4479: 4477:14th century 4474: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4408:14th century 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355:BN f.f. 12474 4353: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4337:14th century 4334: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4305:14th century 4302: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287:BN f.f. 12473 4285: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4269:13th century 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4232:14th century 4229: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4196:13th century 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4085:14th century 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4049:14th century 4046: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3968:14th century 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3927:13th century 3924: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3895:13th century 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3783: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759:Luys d'Averçó 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697:"Compendium" 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650:Dedicated to 3649: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3222: 3206: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2999:(nostalgia), 2998: 2995:(challenge), 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915:maldit-comiat 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:meg-sirventes 2880: 2876: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644:Cobla esparsa 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620:, originally 2619: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534:Joan Miralhas 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:Bernart Marti 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2385:), Lombarda, 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2169:secular music 2166: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:Luca Grimaldi 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:Salh d'Escola 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:Salh d'Escola 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1220: 1219:explanation. 1218: 1217:psychological 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190:Feudal-social 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1163:Song of Songs 1160: 1156: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1133:Crypto-Cathar 1132: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 962: 960: 958: 954: 945: 943: 941: 937: 933: 924: 923: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 907: 904: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:musicologists 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:Gallo-Romance 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 689: 687: 685: 684: 679: 678: 673: 672: 667: 663: 662: 657: 656: 651: 650: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 570: 565: 561: 557: 554: 550: 543: 537: 533: 529: 522: 516: 506: 461: 449: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 429: 427: 426: 421: 420: 416: 415: 414: 413: 405: 404: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 320: 319: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243:Major figures 240: 239: 231: 230: 229:Ars subtilior 226: 224: 221: 219: 218: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 185: 183: 180: 178: 177:Saint Martial 175: 173: 170: 169: 162: 161: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136: 135: 134: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 113: 107: 102: 96: 92: 78: 75: 67: 64:February 2023 57: 53: 49: 43: 40:This article 38: 29: 28: 19: 7853: 7819:Architecture 7691: 7643:Geisslerlied 7621:Formes fixes 7543:Notker Labeo 7508:Anonymous IV 7483:Leonel Power 7468:Thomas Fabri 7458: 7321: 7142:Predecessors 7060: 6966:Jehan Bretel 6802:Jaufre Rudel 6726: 6668: 6577:Odo of Cluny 6468: 6464: 6443:Courtly Site 6380: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6320: 6297: 6293: 6271: 6267: 6248: 6223: 6219: 6207: 6203: 6192: 6160: 6146: 6126: 6107: 6082: 6078: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6034:Bibliography 6023: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5986: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5914: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5846: 5841:Menocal, 46. 5837: 5828: 5816: 5808: 5803:Menocal, 47. 5791:, p. 7. 5784: 5779:, p. 4. 5772: 5763: 5754: 5735: 5729: 5710: 5704: 5687: 5683: 5650: 5643: 5626: 5623:Equivalences 5622: 5616: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5511: 5505: 5493: 5482: 5478: 5469: 5463: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5422:Allières 49. 5418: 5410: 5405: 5393: 5384: 5378: 5364: 5339: 5332: 5314: 5309: 5301: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5232: 5222: 5217: 5060: 5056: 5052: 4907:BN f.f. 1745 4772: 4617:Cançoner Gil 4067:BN f.f. 1749 4029: 3945:BN f.f. 1592 3856: 3843: 3840:Karl Bartsch 3835: 3832: 3822: 3818: 3817:that begins 3814: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3791:chansonniers 3789: 3787: 3784:Transmission 3750: 3724: 3719: 3709: 3705:before 1341 3692: 3682: 3665: 3655: 3632: 3622: 3606:Leys d'amors 3605: 3595: 3581:Leys d'amors 3580: 3550:Leys d'amors 3549: 3535:Leys d'amors 3534: 3530: 3509: 3486: 3471: 3454: 3439: 3422: 3413:encyclopedia 3395: 3380: 3376: 3368:Raimon Vidal 3356: 3326: 3312:Raimon Vidal 3303: 3288:Date, place 3268: 3255:Kalenda maya 3254: 3244: 3220: 3187: 3182:Leys d'amors 3180: 3155:held by the 3152:jocs florals 3150: 3142: 3139:sparrow hawk 3130: 3128: 3119: 3112:chansonniers 3107: 3105: 3095:sparrow hawk 3093:receiving a 3079: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2971:(nonsense), 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929:mieja chanso 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2856: 2848: 2842: 2832: 2822: 2814: 2806: 2800:Salut d'amor 2798: 2790: 2782: 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2662: 2659:Crusade song 2650: 2642: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577:Leys d'amors 2575: 2573: 2557: 2541: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2485: 2481: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2414:(rich), and 2409: 2403: 2401: 2382: 2368: 2367:(actually a 2358: 2350: 2292: 2287: 2273: 2268:and another 2259: 2253: 2241:salut d'amor 2239: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2146: 2140: 2123: 2111: 2067: 2065: 2040: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2010: 2008: 2005:-troubadours 2002: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1955: 1952:chansonniers 1947: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1890:Peire Rogier 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1774:is really a 1771: 1763: 1762:, Castilian 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1704: 1700: 1682:Peire Rogier 1653: 1650: 1645: 1638:Elias Cairel 1619: 1566: 1563:Jaufre Rudel 1552: 1543: 1506:and then by 1504:Raimon Vidal 1492: 1485: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1441: 1394: 1372: 1371: 1349: 1343: 1340:Early period 1304: 1278: 1264: 1252: 1249:Loire Valley 1245:Gaston Paris 1226: 1209:Georges Duby 1201:Erich Köhler 1193: 1171: 1167:Latin poetry 1152: 1136: 1117:, the quasi- 1110: 1107:Ars amatoria 1106: 1100: 1094: 1068: 1066: 1049: 1033: 1013: 986: 972: 968: 966: 956: 949: 942:("singer"). 939: 935: 930: 920: 915: 910: 905: 894: 890: 889:of the verb 881: 865: 857: 841: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 815:accentuation 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 768:, meaning a 765: 757: 749: 745: 737: 733: 727:oblique case 725:. It is the 722: 720: 711: 707: 703: 695: 693: 681: 675: 669: 659: 658:(rich), and 653: 647: 640:metaphysical 638:. Most were 636:courtly love 629: 616: 610: 590:trovadorismo 588: 587:in Germany, 574: 567: 563: 556:lyric poetry 459: 457: 417: 401: 362:Geisslerlied 340:Formes fixes 227: 215: 200: 186: 146: / 142: / 91:Il trovatore 70: 61: 48:spinning off 41: 7900:Troubadours 7809:Middle Ages 7804:Early music 7766:Derivations 7599:Chansonnier 6971:Jehan Erart 6916:Colin Muset 6822:Peire Vidal 6670:Ars antiqua 6457:Pound, Ezra 5962:Rieger 1991 5789:Warren 1912 5777:Warren 1912 5227:comes from 5224:basse danse 4871:BN f.f. 795 4767:BN f.f. 844 4748: 1280 4689:Plut.XLI.43 4615:The famous 4459:Plut.XLI.42 4214:BN f.f. 854 3986:BN f.f. 856 3670:"Glossary" 3527:chansonnier 3408:begun 1288 3143:cour du Puy 3102:Performance 3080:bassa dansa 3076:basse danse 3039:pastourelle 3026:became the 2973:espingadura 2778:shepherdess 2530:Joan Esteve 2482:trobar clus 2442:trobar clus 2417:trobar clus 2284:Gaudairença 2275:trobar clus 2230:; only one 2110:, sometime 2108:Simon Doria 2076:Ventimiglia 1756:ioculatores 1666:Gui d'Ussel 1615:petty noble 1307:neoplatonic 1301:Neoplatonic 1199:influence, 1073:matriarchal 1057:Augustinian 1001:Magda Bogin 997:Reconquista 661:trobar clus 625:Black Death 558:during the 553:Old Occitan 323:Major forms 188:Ars antiqua 144:Instruments 7894:Categories 7834:Philosophy 7829:Literature 7797:Background 7703:Traditions 7070:F. Andrieu 6926:Gace Brulé 6766:Castelloza 6732:Trobairitz 6727:Troubadour 6619:St. Godric 6471:: 426–440. 6157:Kay, Sarah 5901:Paden 2005 5889:Paden 2005 5813:Troubadour 5594:(2): 241. 5443::1, 61–78. 5325:References 5282:Sometimes 5269:Sometimes 5252:was used. 5244:Sometimes 5086:Latin 7182 4508:Toulousain 4422:Latin 3208 4319:Latin 3206 4173:Latin 3207 3909:Latin 5232 3823:Porquieira 3588:Anonymous 3519:Anonymous 3364:Anonymous, 3291:Character 3259:Montferrat 3253:wrote his 3247:monophonic 3233:media help 3221:trobairitz 3171:, and the 3042:, and the 3007:(serene). 3001:aniversari 2993:acuyndamen 2937:miga canço 2858:Torneyamen 2713:Ensenhamen 2550:Gallicised 2455:trobar ric 2434:trobar leu 2411:trobar ric 2405:trobar leu 2317:, and the 2315:Toulousain 2280:Castelloza 2261:trobar leu 2214:Castelloza 2192:joglaresas 2173:trobairitz 2165:trobairitz 2159:Trobairitz 2153:Trobairitz 2145:, who was 2066:Among the 2023:The first 1607:Uc de Pena 1518:See also: 1446:pronounced 1205:Marc Bloch 1149:Liturgical 1119:Ciceronian 876:طرب أندلسي 862:triliteral 846:historians 833:→ Occitan 825:→ Occitan 811:declension 793:→ Occitan 787:Intervocal 754:Late Latin 731:nominative 696:troubadour 655:trobar ric 649:trobar leu 621:rhetorical 569:trobairitz 564:troubadour 460:troubadour 201:Troubadour 172:Saint Gall 52:relocating 7747:Lithuania 7611:Conductus 7501:Theorists 7473:Roy Henry 7400:Rodericus 7291:Sant Omer 7026:Minnesang 5823:, France. 5608:162509292 5565:0010-4124 5520:cite book 5397:Chaytor, 5350:cite book 5233:jongleurs 5187:Minstrels 4885:Occitania 4703:Catalonia 4608:Barcelona 4595:Catalonia 4576:Douce 269 4228:Occitania 4140:R 71 sup. 4045:Occitania 3964:Occitania 3923:Occitania 3869:Shelfmark 3815:pastorela 3751:Torcimany 3366:possibly 3335:Uc Faidit 3177:Barcelona 3124:Pistoleta 3108:cantaires 3049:jeu parti 3034:pastorela 3016:sirventes 2997:desirança 2991:(dream), 2985:esdemessa 2977:flageolet 2965:sirventes 2919:sirventes 2903:sirventes 2887:sirventes 2875:sirventes 2824:Sirventes 2769:Pastorela 2737:Estampida 2606:Arlabecca 2420:(closed, 2408:(light), 2335:Palestine 2307:Languedoc 2295:Occitania 2232:sirventes 1918:Uc Brunet 1902:Pistoleta 1811:jongleurs 1803:jongleurs 1799:jongleurs 1795:joglaresc 1783:jongleurs 1701:Trobadors 1690:Uc Brunet 1617:lineage. 1508:Uc Faidit 1487:sirventes 1438:Catalonia 1422:Languedoc 1402:Saintonge 1375:. (X.21) 1271:Goliardic 1269:(such as 1040:Mariology 940:chantaire 831:tropātōre 797:, French 712:trobadors 708:troubador 690:Etymology 677:sirventes 652:(light), 603:trouvères 585:Minnesang 577:Occitania 465:English: 335:Conductus 310:Dunstaple 260:Hildegard 211:Minnesang 152:Theorists 140:Composers 18:Trovatore 7868:Category 7773:Bardcore 7752:Portugal 7720:Scotland 7693:Planctus 7677:Madrigal 7616:Estampie 7579:Antiphon 7134:Trecento 7062:Ars nova 7021:Goliards 6878:Trouvère 6852:Sordello 6832:Perdigon 6807:Marcabru 6446:Archived 6318:(1888). 6292:(1975). 6181:(1911). 6159:(1999). 5573:40279344 5514:. Turin. 5155:See also 5020:Florence 4928:Florence 4849:Lombardy 4801:Lorraine 4737:perhaps 4684:Florence 4671:Lombardy 4630:Lombardy 4558:Lombardy 4512:Rouergue 4486:Florence 4473:Lombardy 4454:Florence 4441:Lombardy 4404:Lombardy 4380:New York 4333:Lombardy 4301:Lombardy 4265:Lombardy 4241:Florence 4192:Lombardy 4155:Lombardy 4118:Lombardy 4081:Lombardy 4005:Lombardy 3891:Lombardy 3799:incipits 3693:Compendi 3569:and the 3533:and the 3411:A pious 3339:c. 1243 3316:c. 1210 3161:Toulouse 3067:planctus 3044:partimen 2987:(leap), 2969:peguesca 2963:and the 2909:and the 2866:Viadeira 2761:Partimen 2729:Escondig 2705:Devinalh 2697:Desdansa 2667:Crusades 2636:with an 2546:Louis IX 2542:mayestre 2515:Provence 2491:Cercamon 2474:Gavaudan 2451:Marcabru 2422:hermetic 2381:(also a 2327:Périgord 2323:Ysabella 2319:Limousin 2311:Dauphiné 2303:Provence 2299:Auvergne 2266:Lombarda 2197:Domna H. 2183:trobaire 2012:podestàs 1906:Perdigon 1826:trobador 1789:and the 1776:minstrel 1760:jongleur 1744:trobador 1736:trobaire 1732:trobador 1634:Perdigon 1587:Marcabru 1559:Marcabru 1555:Cercamon 1524:Minstrel 1496:Toulouse 1430:Toulouse 1426:Rouergue 1418:Provence 1414:Auvergne 1410:Limousin 1311:Avicenna 1287:metonymy 1283:metaphor 1237:folklore 1223:Folklore 1081:Germanic 1005:Ibn Hazm 835:trobador 827:trobaire 823:tropātor 734:trobaire 723:trobador 716:Cercamon 632:chivalry 599:Portugal 549:composer 547:) was a 532:trobador 403:Planctus 387:Madrigal 223:Trecento 217:Ars nova 206:Trouvère 131:Overview 117:a series 115:Part of 106:Perdigon 7737:Germany 7715:England 7687:Organum 7665:Tydorel 7636:Virelai 7631:Rondeau 7626:Ballade 7594:Chanson 7370:Egidius 7365:Egardus 7085:Grimace 7016:Casella 6694:Pérotin 6569:Hucbald 6556:Tuotilo 6191:(ed.). 5684:Romania 5399:Part 1. 5341:Anglade 4122:Venetia 4023:α.R.4.4 3666:Glosari 3645:c. 1324 3285:Author 3133:of the 3054:sestina 2979:song), 2833:sirvens 2816:Sestina 2689:Descort 2683:refrain 2634:stanzas 2624:, also 2522:Béziers 2511:Gascony 2187:joglars 2147:podestà 2136:Treviso 2132:Vicenza 2124:podestà 2120:Albenga 2112:podestà 2096:Avignon 2084:Cremona 2068:podestà 2045:Brescia 2041:podestà 2033:podestà 2025:podestà 2003:Podestà 1944:Occitan 1809:, that 1768:juggler 1752:joglars 1724:citoler 1705:joglars 1406:Gascony 1321:History 1254:jarchas 1197:Marxist 1180:Limoges 1172:clerici 1159:hymnody 1155:liturgy 1115:Orléans 1085:Pictish 993:Moorish 969:Arabist 946:Origins 807:-ātōris 758:tropāre 729:of the 644:satires 609:in his 595:Galicia 528:Occitan 511:French: 397:Organum 355:Virelai 350:Rondeau 345:Ballade 305:Ciconia 300:Landini 295:Machaut 275:Pérotin 270:Walther 265:Bernart 182:Goliard 7878:Portal 7824:Poetry 7732:France 7727:Cyprus 7442:Others 7425:Trebor 7410:Solage 7332:Borlet 6827:Peirol 6730:& 6689:Léonin 6397:432644 6395: 6355:434698 6353: 6304: 6278: 6255: 6240:472655 6238: 6167: 6133: 6114: 6099:932607 6097: 6066: 5993: 5921: 5742: 5717: 5662: 5606: 5571: 5563: 5313:Fully 5300:Fully 5202:Lirnyk 5044:Berlin 4957:Modena 4845:France 4739:Artois 4716:Venice 4571:Oxford 4018:Modena 3875:Notes 3852:Image 3844:siglas 3836:siglas 3773:Legacy 3381:Regles 3279:Title 3276:Image 3169:Lleida 3074:. The 3052:. The 3032:, the 3029:aubade 3022:, the 3020:French 3012:cansos 3005:serena 2955:was a 2911:comiat 2907:maldit 2885:(half- 2881:was a 2877:and a 2839:Sonnet 2829:satire 2808:Serena 2792:Plazer 2774:knight 2753:Maldit 2679:balada 2652:Comiat 2626:chanso 2570:Genres 2536:, and 2497:, and 2476:, and 2440:. The 2331:Greece 2309:, the 2227:tensos 2221:cansos 2189:: the 2116:Savona 2106:, and 2102:, and 2078:, and 2061:Verona 2059:, and 2057:Mantua 1982:. 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