Birdwatching - Knowledge (XXG)

508: 614: 5735: 1177:"intellectual" interest in studying birds, and by the "challenge" of identifying new and rare birds and improving their skills. Another study suggested that males lean towards competitive birding, while females prefer recreational birdwatching. While the representation of women has always been low, it has been pointed out that nearly 90% of all birdwatchers in the United States are white, with only a few African Americans. Other minority groups have formed organizations to support fellow birders, such as the Gay Birders Club and Birding For All, formerly the Disabled Birders Association. 361: 546:

tourism. Birdwatching and other niche tourism markets are good for market diversification and mitigating the impacts of seasonality in a tourism market as well as bringing economic resources to remote communities, thus diversifying their economies and contributing to biodiversity conservation. It is estimated that birdwatching ecotourism contributes $ 41 billion per year to the U.S. economy. The large funds generated by birdwatching ecotourism have been suggested as a replacement for tax revenue generated by bird hunting which has dropped to its lowest levels in decades.

867: 672: 113: 1071:. While most birding lists are geographic in scope, there are special-interest lists that cater to bird-identification, 'twitchers', seabirds and raptor enthusiasts to name but a few. Messages can range from the serious to trivial, notifying others of rarities, questioning the taxonomy or identification of a species, discussing field guides and other resources, asking for advice and guidance, or organizing groups to help save habitats. 703: 5511: 5535: 59: 810: 5547: 5523: 572: 563:

hideouts and stressing them by playing their calls or exposing birds and their nests to predators). Furthermore, other impacts include disturbance to birds, the environment, local cultures and the economy. Methods to reduce negative impact and improve the value of conservation are the subject of research.

1238:, an Englishman who lives in Spain, became the first birdwatcher to log over 9,000 species. In 2008, two British birders, Alan Davies and Ruth Miller, gave up their jobs, sold their home and put everything they owned into a year-long global birdwatching adventure about which they a wrote a book called 1123:

project used by ornithologists to document trends in bird populations, it allows birders see recent reports by other birders and search by species and location. Some species, including endangered species and others likely to be disrupted by increased human activity, are designated "sensitive species"

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The study of birdwatching has been of interest to students of the sociology of science. People who have nature-based experiences report better well-being and lower psychological distress than those who do not, and birdwatching in particular was found to have higher gains in subjective well-being and

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Birding ecotourism companies are also making contributions to conservation. Birding Ecotours, which runs both international and domestic trips, donates a minimum of 10% of its net profits to bird conservation and communities it operates in. Another tour operator, Hardy Boat, has donated $ 200,000 to

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in Turkey, was estimated to attract birders who spent as much as US$ 103,320,074 annually. Guided bird tours have become a major business, with at least 127 companies offering tours worldwide. An average trip to a less-developed country costs $ 4,000 per person and includes about 12 participants for

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is unfamiliar to most lay people. At the most basic level, the distinction is perceived as one of dedication or intensity, though this is a subjective differentiation. Generally, self-described birders perceive themselves to be more versed in minutiae such as identification (aural and visual), molt,

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The non-linear nature of digital audio technology has also made selecting and accessing the required recordings much more flexible than tape-based models. It is now possible to take a recording of every bird call you are likely to encounter in a given area out into the field stored on a device that

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Birding as a competitive event is organized in some parts of the world. Such competitions encourage individuals or teams to accumulate large numbers of species within a specified time or area with special rules. Some birdwatchers will also compete by attempting to increase their life list, national

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that are perceived as birdwatchers' indispensable attributes. By their presence and obstinacy, birdwatchers affect the attractiveness of the breeding migration or roosting sites for birds, flush birds, and otherwise increase the pressure on birds and their habitats (e.g., luring birds out of their

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Birdwatching tourism is considered to be one of the fastest-growing nature-based tourism sectors in the world, often involving well-educated or wealthy travelers with specific interests in the places they visit. In addition to this, birdwatching tourism is considered a niche market of nature-based

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district of Ethiopia. Transnational birding has played an important role in this, as birders in developing countries usually take up the pastime under the influence of foreign cultures with a history of birding. A majority of transnational birders are middle-aged, male, affluent, and belong to the

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As the numbers of birdwatchers increases, there is growing concern about the impact of birdwatching on the birds and their habitat. Birdwatching etiquette is evolving in response to this concern. Some examples of birdwatching etiquette include promoting the welfare of birds and their environment,

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In the 20th century, most of the birding activity in North America was done on the east coast. The publication of Roger Tory Peterson's field guide in 1934 led to the initial increase in birding. Binoculars, an essential piece of birding equipment, became more easily available after World War II,

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has specific rules about how a bird species may be documented and recorded in such a list if it is submitted to the ABA; however, the criteria for the personal recording of these lists are very subjective. Some birders "count" species they have identified audibly, while others only record species

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About 4% of North Americans were interested in birding in the 1970s, and in the mid-1980s at least 11% were found to watch birds at least 20 days of the year. The number of birders was estimated at 61 million in the late 1980s. The income level of birders has been found to be well above average.

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had been started by Lawrence Holloway. Travelling far away also led to problems in name usage: British birds such as "wheatear", "heron" and "swallow" needed adjectives to differentiate them in places where there were several related species. The falling cost of air travel made flying to remote

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is that the travels of birders to a place will contribute to the improvement of the local economy, ensuring that the environment is valued and protected. Birdwatchers contribute to conservation, helping build and disseminate environmental knowledge by participating in citizen science. However,

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According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study, birders contributed $ 36 billion to the US economy in 2006, and one fifth (20%) of all Americans are identified as birdwatchers. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2016, over 45 million Americans consider themselves birders.

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has made them more attractive and accessible to the birding community. Cross-over, non-linear digital models now exist that take high-quality stills at acceptable resolutions, as well as being able to record and play audio and video. The ability to capture and reproduce not only the visual

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A study of the motivations for birdwatching in New York concluded that initial motivations were largely similar in males and females, but males who participate actively in birding are more motivated by "sharing knowledge" with others, and active female birders are more motivated by their

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Like the AOU in North America, the BOU had a focus mainly on collection-based taxonomy. The BOU changed focus to ecology and behaviour only in the 1940s. The BTO movement towards 'organized birdwatching' was opposed by the RSPB, which claimed that the 'scientification' of the pastime was

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can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or to encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons.

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Initially, birdwatching was largely restricted to developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Since the second half of the 20th century an increasing number of people in developing countries have engaged in this activity, such as in the

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In the early 1950s, the only way of communicating new bird sightings was through the postal system and it was generally too late for the recipients to act on the information. In 1953 James Ferguson-Lees began broadcasting rare bird news on the radio in Eric Simms'

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hosts many citizen-science projects to track the number and distribution of bird species across North America. These surveys help scientists note major changes from year to year which may occur as a result of climate change, disease, predation, and other factors.

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in North America) or observation towers are often used to conceal the observers from birds, and/or to improve viewing conditions. Virtually all optics manufacturers offer specific binoculars for birding, and some have even geared their whole brand to birders.

1008:. With the ability to store and play large quantities of information, pocket-sized devices allow a full birding multimedia library to be taken into the field and mobile Internet access makes obtaining and transmitting information possible in near real time. 591:

when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations. Early mornings are typically better as the birds are more active and vocal making them easier to spot.

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There are about 10,000 species of bird and only a small number of people have seen more than 7,000. Many birdwatchers have spent their entire lives trying to see all the bird species of the world. The first person who started this is said to be

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The lack of definite evidence, except arguably in the form of photographs, makes birding records difficult to prove but birdwatchers strive to build trust in their identification. One of the few major disputes was the case of the

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The increasing availability of mobile devices in the 2010s allowed the smartphone to become a useful tool for birding. Mobile apps can be used as replacements for physical birding field guides, such as the digital version of the

456:(BTO). The BTO saw the potential to produce scientific results through the networks, unlike the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) which like the Audubon Society originated from the bird protection movement. 290:. The size of these countries makes it possible to travel throughout them quickly and with relative ease. The most popular twitches in the UK have drawn large crowds; for example, approximately 2,500 people travelled to 1246:

recorded 6,042 species during 2015, overtaking Davies and Miller. In 2016, Arjan Dwarshuis became the world-record holder for most species seen during the span of one year, logging 6,852 bird species in 40 countries.

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Big Sit or Big Stay: birdwatchers must see birds from a circle of prescribed diameter (e.g.: 17 feet). Once birds are spotted, birdwatchers can leave the circle to confirm the identity, but new birds seen may not be

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is an important global alliance of bird conservation organizations. Many countries and smaller regions (states/provinces) have "rarities committees" to check, accept or reject reports of rare birds made by birders.

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in 1901. In North America, the identification of birds, once thought possible only by shooting, was made possible by the emergence of optics and field identification guides. The earliest field guide in the US was

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Many birders occupy themselves with observing local species (birding in their "local patch"), but may also make specific trips to observe birds in other locales. The most active times of the year for birding in

766:: A month-long festival celebrating bird migration. Migration Madness features a Birdathon. The Birdathon is a competition at any time during May 2024. The goal is to spot as many bird species as you can. 251:. The main goal of twitching is often to accumulate species on one's lists. Some birders engage in competition to accumulate the longest species list. The act of the pursuit itself is referred to as a 239:, or counted on a list. The term originated in the 1950s, when it was used to describe the nervous behaviour of Howard Medhurst, a British birdwatcher. Earlier terms for those who chased rarities were 642:

Birders may take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birdwatchers may also count all birds in a given area, as in the

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is an important part of a birder's toolkit. Sound information can assist in the locating, watching, identification, and sometimes sexing of birds. Recent developments in audio technology have seen

452:(AOU). The rising popularity of the car increased the mobility of birdwatchers and this made new locations accessible. Networks of birdwatchers in the UK began to form in the late 1930s under the 1016:

New technologies are allowing birdwatching activities to take place over the Internet, using robotic camera installations and mobile phones set up in remote wildlife areas. Projects such as CONE

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Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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As the technology continues to improve, researchers and hobby birders have started using convolutional neural networks to mine sound recordings to identify and track specific bird calls.

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was originally started as a club for "listers", but it now serves a much broader audience. Still, the ABA continues to publish an official annual report of North American list standings.

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allow users to observe and photograph birds over the web; similarly, robotic cameras set up in largely inhospitable areas are being used to attempt the first photographs of the rare

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North American birders were estimated to have spent as much as US$ 32 billion in 2001. The spending is on the rise around the world. Kuşcenneti National Park (KNP) at Lake Manyas, a

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birding destinations a possibility for a large number of people towards the 1980s. The need for global guides to birds increased, and one of the biggest resulting projects was the

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to obtain specimens from around the world. It was only in the late 19th century that the call for bird protection led to the rising popularity of observations of living birds. The

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became the first birder to log over 10,000 species, a record surrounded by much controversy as he was initially claimed to be beaten by Jason Mann who later conceded defeat.

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Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysis. Addendum to the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Report 2001-1

3657: 3037: 530:, published in 2000, had sold 500,000 copies by 2002. It was found that the number of birdwatchers rose, but there appeared to be a drop in birdwatching in the backyard. 1036:

program but this did not catch on. In the 1960s people began using the telephone and some people became hubs for communication. In the 1970s some cafés, such as that in

2287:"Market Analysis of Bird-Based Tourism: A Focus on the U.S. Market to Latin America and the Caribbean Including Fact Sheets on The Bahamas, Belize, Guatemala, Paraguay" 4423: 1169:

links it with a male tendency for "systemizing". There have been suggestions that identification of birds may be a form of gaining status which has been compared with

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have been described by some enthusiasts as having a more limited scope, perhaps not venturing far from their own yards or local parks to view birds. Indeed, in 1969 a

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run by Nancy Gull, became centers for meeting and communication. This was replaced by telephone hotline services such as "Birdline" and "Bird Information Service".

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This class of product includes devices that can play (and in some cases record) a range of digital media, typically video, audio and still image files. Many modern

599:, or pelagic birding, is a type of birding where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of 507: 448:

The organization and networking of those interested in birds began through organizations like the Audubon Society, which was against the killing of birds, and the

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in North America. Many statewide or local Audubon organizations are also active in the United States, as are many provincial and local organizations in Canada.

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Occasional postings are mentioned in academic journals and therefore can be a valuable resource for professional and amateur birders alike. One of the oldest,

760:: An annual birding competition organised by the New Jersey Audubon Society. Teams compete to identify the greatest number of bird species in a 24-hour period. 479:

became best-sellers. By the 1960s air travel became feasible and long-distance holiday destinations opened up. By 1965, Britain's first birding tour company,

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Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Birdwatching as an Exemplary Observational Activity in Representation in Scientific Practice

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The early interest in observing birds for their aesthetic rather than utilitarian (mainly food) value is traced to the late 18th century in the works of

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and playback devices to mitigate stress caused to birds, maintaining a distance away from nests and nesting colonies, and respecting private property.

6155: 2553: 1381: 780: 401: 207:. A rather ambiguous term used to describe the person who watches birds for any reason at all, and should not be used to refer to the serious birder. 4418: 520:

making the hobby more accessible. The practice of travelling long distances to see rare bird species was aided by the rising popularity of cars.

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Still, Kaisa; Isomursu, Minna; Vainamo, Soili (2005). "Exploring the integration of community communication technologies: case birdwatchers".

3861: 3817: 3743: 3718: 3693: 3614: 3589: 3558: 3516: 3151: 2861: 2836: 2483: 1877: 1679: 1627: 1514: 1469: 1427: 327:, that is, a list of all of the species they have seen in their life, usually with details about the sighting such as date and location. The 2665:"Passive acoustic monitoring and convolutional neural networks facilitate high-resolution and broadscale monitoring of a threatened species" 2110: 613: 427:

Birding in North America was focused in the early and mid-20th century in the eastern seaboard region, and was influenced by the works of

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Chambers, Charlotte N. L. (2007). ""Well its remote, I suppose, innit?" The relational politics of bird-watching through the CCTV lens".

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Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the Twenty-first-Century University (Eds. Teresa M. Harrison, Timothy Stephen)

2877: 2229:"Small sight—Big might: Economic impact of bird tourism shows opportunities for rural communities and biodiversity conservation" 6027: 5734: 3962: 421: 6178: 2955: 2163:

Gürlük, S.; Rehber, E. (2008). "A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey".

2087: 195:. The acceptable term used to describe the person who seriously pursues the hobby of birding. May be professional or amateur. 6022: 5884: 5578: 1734: 1711: 680: 5551: 984:

characteristics of a bird, but also its patterns of movement and its sound, has wide applications for birders in the field.

201:. A hobby in which individuals enjoy the challenge of bird study, listing, or other general activities involving bird life. 2755:

Montague, Peter; Pellerano, Maria B. (2001). "Toxicology and environmental digital resources from and for citizen groups".

610:, and an influx of birds from the east. In North America, birds caught in the tail-end of a hurricane may be blown inland. 595:

Certain locations such as a local patch of forest, wetland and coast may be favoured according to the location and season.

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Macdonald, H. (2002). "What makes you a scientist is the way you look at things: ornithology and the observer 1930–1955".

1695: 1227:(who later died in an air crash in Ecuador) travelled around North America and saw 626 species. This record was beaten by 776: 655: 453: 223:

is a British term used to mean "the pursuit of a previously located rare bird." In North America, it is more often called

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and awareness of environmental issues. Birdwatching can increase respect for nature and awareness of the fragility of

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to automatically identifying birds from photographs and audio recordings, such as the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's

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Weather plays an important role in the occurrence of rare birds. In Britain, suitable wind conditions may lead to

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each of 150 trips a year. It has been suggested that this economic potential needs to be tapped for conservation.

6183: 6110: 5571: 4105: 4095: 3469:"Birdwatching linked to increased psychological well-being on college campuses: A pilot-scale experimental study" 2664: 1093: 5795: 4431: 4413: 2533: 1376: 1052: 445:, an early birding book, sold over 250,000 copies. It was illustrated with color photographs of stuffed birds. 3117: 303: 1783:

Johnson, Kristin (2004). "The Ibis: Transformations in a Twentieth Century British Natural History Journal".

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devices shrink in both size and price, making them accessible to a greater portion of the birding community.

392:, eggs and later skins being the artifacts of interest. Wealthy collectors made use of their contacts in the 384:. The study of birds, and of natural history in general, became increasingly prevalent in Britain during the 5807: 4436: 3895: 1386: 1020: 757: 687: 676: 2584: 490:, begun in the 1990s by Josep del Hoyo, Jordi Sargatal, David A. Christie, and ornithologist Andy Elliott. 6150: 6090: 5712: 4403: 4215: 4165: 1224: 1060: 942: 792: 3286:

Sali, M.; Kuehn, D.; Zhang, L. (2008). "Motivations for Male and Female Birdwatchers in New York State".

6209: 4240: 3038:"App-solutely enhancing outdoors experience: iNaturalist, Seek and Merlin Bird ID apps; plus Stray Cast" 2388: 1332: 1220: 1005: 866: 295: 1257:

Birdwatching literature, field guides and television programs have been popularized by birders such as

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spent her family inheritance travelling to various parts of the world while suffering from a malignant

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will slip into your pocket and to retrieve calls for playback and comparison in any order you choose.

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database is a popular tool used by birders to document their sightings. In addition to serving as a

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Donnelly, Peter (1994). "Take my word for it: Trust in the context of birding and mountaineering".

1327: 1258: 465: 432: 137: 85:. A birdwatcher may observe by using their naked eye, by using a visual enhancement device such as 50: 5534: 3377:

Relative Prevalence of African Americans among Bird Watchers. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-191

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This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the

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in 1973 who travelled 69,000 miles and saw 671 species and spent less than a thousand dollars.

1078:(based in the US), probably has the most subscribers, followed by the English-language fork of 949:, which can be used in conjunction with a spotting scope or binoculars (using the technique of 400:

was started to protect birds from the growing trade in feathers in the United States while the

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Birders have been known to go to great lengths and some have lost their lives in the process.

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Birders using a tower hide to gain views over foreground vegetation. Bay of Liminka, south of

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and others. Harrisson was instrumental in the organization of pioneering surveys of the

235:, is reserved for those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would then be 165:

In North America, many birders differentiate themselves from birdwatchers, and the term

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Prominent national and continental organizations concerned with birding include the

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Ecology and Conservation of Owls: Proceedings of the Owls 2000, Canberra, Australia

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made this a minority, often semi-professional, interest. The advent of affordable

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Most birdwatchers pursue this activity for recreational or social reasons, unlike

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The phrase "bird watching" appeared for the first time as the title of the book

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Proc. Status and Managem. of Neotrop. Migr. Birds. eds. D. Finch and P. Stangel

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considers birdwatching to be an expression of the male hunting instinct, while

1082:, Birding-Aus from Australia, SABirdnet from South Africa and Orientalbirding. 58: 6080: 6032: 5941: 5697: 5612: 5461: 5323: 5262: 5241: 5073: 5057: 4992: 4937: 4909: 4841: 4806: 4684: 4532: 4367: 4342: 4100: 3891: 3761:"Birding Controversy: Two Birders Claim 10,000 Species Record on the Same Day" 3307: 2803: 2724: 2572: 2415: 2347: 1967: 1925: 1796: 1262: 1212: 895: 883: 630: 554: 381: 117: 86: 1975: 1584: 1524: 1181:

more reduction in distress than more generic nature exposure, such as walks.

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for binoculars), have made this a much more widespread aspect of the hobby.

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has always been a part of birding, but in the past the cost of cameras with

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Birding economics and birder demographics studies as conservation tools in

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distribution, migration timing, and habitat usage. Whereas these dedicated

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In the Field, Among the Feathered: A History of Birders & Their Guides

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are today used by some interchangeably, although some participants prefer

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by eBird and have locations of sightings hidden from the general public.

1064: 1048: 1023:. These systems represent new technologies in the birdwatcher's toolkit. 741: 724: 715: 686:

Because of their accessibility and ubiquity, birds are a useful tool for

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birding, though birders also seek pelagic species from seagoing vessels.

3877: 1997: 1944:"Birdwatching, Twitching and Tourism: towards an Australian perspective" 1592: 1560: 17: 5832: 5776: 5766: 5299: 5152: 5031: 4916: 4882: 4820: 4641: 4495: 4487: 4180: 4052: 4037: 4027: 3446:"Birdwatching can help students improve mental health, reduce distress" 3210: 1758:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

1576: 1349: 875: 600: 283: 279: 275: 38: 3940: 2222: 2220: 550:

Project Puffin to conserve puffin populations off the Atlantic Coast.

5687: 5563: 5429: 5368: 5144: 5136: 5065: 5005: 4889: 4827: 4710: 4377: 4372: 4250: 3881: 1242:. They logged their 4,341st species on 31 December 2008, in Ecuador. 738:

Big Day: teams have 24 hours to identify as many species as possible.

622: 287: 94: 838:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 104:, who engage in the study of birds using formal scientific methods. 364:

Birdwatching photographers, New South Wales, June 1921, AH Chisholm

318:

is the act of concealing news of a rare bird from other twitchers.

5837: 5771: 5315: 5102: 4665: 2852:

Newton, Ian; Kavanagh, Rodney; Olsen, Jerry; Taylor, Iain (2002).

1116: 865: 754:: See as many birds as possible between December 14 and January 5. 670: 612: 570: 506: 359: 2631:

Dunne, P. (2007). Big Day Big Stay. Birder's World, 21(5), 18–21.

2134:"Could a birding boom in the U.S. help conservation take flight?" 5598: 5291: 4658: 4621: 4591: 4005: 3971: 3886: 3810:

The Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds

3467:

Peterson, M. Nils; Larson, Lincoln R.; et al. (June 2024).

3394: 2107:"Fågelskådare bidrar med 36 miljarder dollar till USA:s ekonomi" 1134: 871: 675:

Moroccan students watching birds at Nador's lagoon as a part of

291: 78: 5567: 4455: 3944: 5413: 4270: 4032: 3331:"Gender patterns in bird-related recreation in the USA and UK" 1614:

Dudley, Steve; Benton, Tim; Fraser, Peter; Ryan, John (2010).

803: 302:), which is native to North America. Twitchers have developed 646:, or follow carefully designed study protocols. This kind of 259:. A rare bird that stays long enough for people to see it is 471:

Increased mobility of birdwatchers ensured that books like

306:. For example, a twitcher who fails to see a rare bird has 3430:

Law, J.; Lynch, M. (1990). Lynch, M.; Woolgar, S. (eds.).

3118:"eBird Is Now Censoring Sightings for 325 At-Risk Species" 3577:

Through the Tiger's Eyes: A Chronicle of India's Wildlife

2663:

Duarte, Adam; Weldy, Matthew J.; et al. (May 2024).

1097:

and the official Audubon Society app. Other apps utilize

575:

Birders at J.N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge,

332:

that they have identified visually. Some also maintain a

270:

Twitching is highly developed in the United Kingdom, the

2389:"Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities" 1998:"The History of Audubon and Bird Conservation | Audubon" 1893:

Gómez de Silva, Héctor; Alvarado Reyes, Ernesto (2010).

3259::The appropriation of birds by Danish ornithologists". 827: 2095:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. 3904:

magazine, covering the period 1968–2006, appeared in

2227:

Schwoerer, Tobias; Dawson, Natalie G. (6 July 2022).

3832:

A Bird in the Bush: A Social History of Birdwatching

3360: 3358: 2109:. Swedish Ornithologic Society. 2009. Archived from 1215:. She saw as many as 8,400 species. The birdwatcher 558:

birding can bring about an increased penetration of

310:; if other twitchers do see the bird, they may feel 81:, either as a recreational activity or as a form of 6171: 6053: 6015: 5785: 5742: 5605: 5388: 5343: 5282: 5253: 5224: 5203: 5164: 5127: 5118: 5085: 5048: 5039: 5030: 4975: 4899: 4858: 4796: 4768: 4744: 4720: 4693: 4614: 4601: 4562: 4531: 4470: 4386: 4289: 4189: 4139: 4066: 3996: 3686:

The Biggest Twitch: Around the World in 4,000 Birds

1500: 1498: 723:list, state list, provincial list, county list, or 174:may often travel specifically in search of birds, 1223:was killed by a tiger in February 1985. In 1971, 979:, the development of more compact and affordable 3658:"World's greatest birdwatcher sets a new record" 1674:. Princeton University Press. pp. 156–157. 93:, by listening for bird sounds, watching public 1464:. Frome & London: Butler & Tanner Ltd. 190: 188:magazine which gave the following definitions: 3178:. American Birding Association. 3 January 2020 3063:"We Helped Scientists Track Birds This Summer" 2792:International Journal of Web Based Communities 5579: 3956: 3448:. North Carolina State University. 3 May 2024 1866:Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). 1698:In: Patterson, D., Thompson, R., Bryson, S., 882:Equipment commonly used for birding includes 8: 3887:All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology 2541:. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 2003. 2056:"The Popularity of Birding is Still Growing" 2054:Cordell, H. Ken; Herbert, Nancy G. (2002). 706:Birdwatchers watching Britain's fifth-ever 515:, pictured, is a goal for some birdwatchers 128:was in 1712 by William Oldsworth. The term 97:, or by viewing smart bird feeder cameras. 5586: 5572: 5564: 5124: 5045: 5036: 5027: 4765: 4611: 4598: 4559: 4555: 4528: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 3963: 3949: 3941: 3713:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 255. 3574:Breeden, Stanley; Wright, Belinda (1997). 2982:"OBC | club news | email groups" 1861: 1859: 6156:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 3738:. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 228. 3434:. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 267–299. 3346: 2680: 2554:"Citizens, science and bird conservation" 2355: 2262: 2252: 1382:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 854:Learn how and when to remove this message 781:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 734:Competitive birdwatching events include: 402:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 62:Three people birdwatching with binoculars 3854:Of a Feather: A Brief History of Birding 3011:"The Best Birding Apps and Field Guides" 2081: 2079: 1540:"Why the term 'twitch' ruffles feathers" 701: 231:, sometimes misapplied as a synonym for 111: 57: 2476:Birds and Weather A Birdwatcher's Guide 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1279:depicted three birders competing in an 1051:to convey information; this can be via 2322:Kronenberg, Jakub (1 September 2014). 2200:"Conservation through commodification" 3656:McCarthy, Michael (15 October 2012). 3005: 3003: 2644:. Oregon State University. 2 May 2024 2303:from the original on 29 November 2021 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 1173:noted in Papua New Guinean cultures. 499:Anglophone countries or Scandinavia. 7: 5522: 3329:C. B., Cooper; Smith, J. A. (2010). 3234:"Blinded by Science: Birding Brains" 587:zones are during the spring or fall 108:Birding, birdwatching, and twitching 5546: 3684:Davies, Alan; Miller, Ruth (2010). 3473:Journal of Environmental Psychology 3092:"A Beginner's Guide to Using eBird" 2820:Computer networking in ornithology 2165:Journal of Environmental Management 1462:Bill Oddie's Little Black Bird Book 124:The first recorded use of the term 3892:Birders, Banders, & Binoculars 2140:. 2 September 2021. Archived from 1559:Law, John; Lynch, Michael (1988). 975:As with the arrival of affordable 487:Handbook of the Birds of the World 132:was also used for the practice of 25: 4424:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2856:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 353. 2509:"Paying Farmers to Welcome Birds" 1785:Journal of the History of Biology 1706:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1538:Poole, Steven (19 January 2019). 511:Spotting rare birds, such as the 503:Economic and environmental impact 158:, partly because it includes the 5733: 5545: 5533: 5521: 5510: 5509: 5400:(New World vultures and condors) 3688:. A & C Black. p. 298. 3553:. American Birding Association. 3146:. Simply Wild Publications Inc. 808: 41:. For the capture of birds, see 3759:Walsh, Martin (27 March 2024). 3607:Confessions of a Scilly Birdman 3090:McKee, Jenny (7 October 2022). 2535:An introduction to birdwatching 1219:who was leading a bird tour in 783:in the United Kingdom, and the 352:, or any combination of these. 136:or hunting with firearms as in 5885:The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 2507:Robbins, Jim (14 April 2014). 2387:Sekercioglu, Cagan H. (2002). 2198:Sekercioglu, Cagan H. (2003). 1047:, birders have been using the 681:Spanish Ornithological Society 450:American Ornithologists' Union 1: 6161:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 3255:Liep, John (2001). "Airborne 2769:10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00342-5 2705:Scottish Geographical Journal 2682:10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112016 2177:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.017 2086:Pullis La Rouche, G. (2003). 1770:10.1016/S1369-8486(01)00034-6 1704:Early American Nature Writers 1133:limiting use of photography, 898:, a notepad, and one or more 777:British Trust for Ornithology 656:British Trust for Ornithology 454:British Trust for Ornithology 32:Birdwatching (disambiguation) 3288:Human Dimensions of Wildlife 3116:Minor, Nick (7 March 2018). 3036:Bowman, Dale (8 July 2021). 2552:Greenwood, J. J. D. (2007). 2254:10.1371/journal.pone.0268594 1507:Anoraks to Zitting Cisticola 1422:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1367:American Birding Association 1338:List of ornithology journals 1281:American Birding Association 785:American Birding Association 729:American Birding Association 679:activities organized by the 418:Birds through an Opera Glass 329:American Birding Association 27:Amateur observation of birds 5897:Jonathan Livingston Seagull 5849:The Conference of the Birds 5464:(woodpeckers and relatives) 3736:The (Big) Year That Flew By 3580:. Ten Speed Press. p. 3549:Snetsinger, Phoebe (2003). 3511:. Hudson Street Publisher. 3485:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102306 1914:10.28947/hrmo.2010.11.1.109 1729:, Oxford University Press, 1419:Pete Dunne on Bird Watching 1250:In early February of 2024, 834:the claims made and adding 771:Networking and organization 553:One of the expectations of 356:The history of birdwatching 162:aspects of enjoying birds. 6236: 6179:Human–dinosaur coexistence 5878:A History of British Birds 5684:In mythology and religion 5326:(cormorants and relatives) 4419:Extinct species since 1500 3508:To See Every Bird on Earth 3456:– via Science Daily. 2652:– via Science Daily. 2607:Sociology of Sport Journal 2396:Environmental Conservation 1372:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 1188: 1152: 1113:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 921:recording and reproduction 789:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 660:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 629:bottleneck, seen from the 143:The Merry Wives of Windsor 36: 29: 6184:Category:Birds and humans 6111:Henry Constantine Richter 5731: 5505: 5456:(kingfishers and rollers) 5310:(albatrosses and petrels) 5194:(swifts and hummingbirds) 5176:(nightjars and relatives) 5026: 5000:(pheasants and relatives) 4558: 4527: 4466: 4462: 4451: 4447: 3983: 3812:. Yale University Press. 3791:Birders: Tales of a Tribe 3734:Dwarshuis, Arjan (2023). 3308:10.1080/10871200801982795 2804:10.1504/IJWBC.2005.006932 2725:10.1080/14702540701624568 2573:10.1007/s10336-007-0239-9 2416:10.1017/S0376892902000206 2348:10.1007/s00267-014-0317-8 1968:10.1080/00049180902964942 1797:10.1007/s10739-004-1499-3 528:The Sibley Guide to Birds 5796:Bird-and-flower painting 5355:(seriemas and relatives) 5334:(pelicans and relatives) 3551:Birding on Borrowed Time 3374:Robinson, J. C. (2005). 3176:"Code of Birding Ethics" 2601:Sheard, Kenneth (1999). 2328:Environmental Management 1723:Dunlap, Thomas R. 2011. 1377:National Audubon Society 1293:is a short documentary. 800:Equipment and technology 388:, often associated with 321:Many birders maintain a 116:A birdwatching tower in 45:. For the magazine, see 5448:(hornbills and hoopoes) 5363:(falcons and relatives) 3896:Idaho Public Television 3711:Birding without Borders 3709:Strycker, Noah (2017). 3409:"About Birding For All" 3348:10.5751/ES-03603-150404 3273:10.1111/1467-8322.00077 3144:The Art of Birdwatching 2827:. SUNY Press. pp. 2817:Hailman, J. P. (1996). 2437:Eubanks, T. L. (2007). 2065:: 54–61. Archived from 1694:Shearin, Gloria. 2008. 1387:World Series of Birding 1043:With the advent of the 1021:ivory-billed woodpecker 758:World Series of Birding 688:environmental education 677:environmental education 667:Environmental education 6151:BirdLife International 6091:John Gerrard Keulemans 6043:of the Tower of London 5904:In theatre and ballet 5713:Driven grouse shooting 5432:(trogons and quetzals) 5244:(cranes and relatives) 4514:(emus and cassowaries) 4404:Glossary of bird terms 4216:Confuciusornithiformes 3900:A six-part History of 3808:Lewis, Daniel (2012). 3232:Maddox, Bruno (2006). 3142:Bumstead, Pat (2004). 2561:Journal of Ornithology 2474:Moss, Stephen (1995). 2031:Kerlinger, P. (1993). 1942:Connell, John (2009). 1006:portable media players 988:Portable media players 943:super-telephoto lenses 879: 793:BirdLife International 719: 683: 634: 579: 516: 365: 218: 121: 63: 5273:(kagu and sunbittern) 5236:(gulls and relatives) 4241:Songlingornithiformes 4206:Omnivoropterygiformes 3856:. Orlando: Harcourt. 3505:Koeppel, Dan (2005). 3199:Qualitative Sociology 2956:"Sabirdnet Info Page" 2878:"BirdChat Guidelines" 2669:Ecological Indicators 2294:responsibletravel.org 1948:Australian Geographer 1670:Barrow, Mark (1998). 1620:T. & A. D. Poyser 1616:Rare Birds Day by Day 1509:. Allen & Unwin. 1505:Dooley, Sean (2007). 1333:List of birding books 1221:Corbett National Park 1094:Sibley Guide to Birds 1004:can be classified as 981:digital video cameras 953:, referred to by the 869: 705: 674: 616: 574: 510: 363: 300:Vermivora chrysoptera 296:golden-winged warbler 115: 61: 6069:The Birds of America 5855:Ode to a Nightingale 5095:Phoenicopteriformes 3605:Hunt, David (1985). 3397:. Gay Birders' Club. 2936:on 17 September 2006 2619:10.1123/ssj.16.3.181 2439:"Bare-naked birding" 1460:Oddie, Bill (1980). 1416:Dunne, Pete (2003). 1287:, and the 2019 film 1191:List of birdwatchers 1155:Biophilia hypothesis 752:Christmas Bird Count 708:white-tailed lapwing 644:Christmas Bird Count 513:Antioquia brushfinch 473:Where to Watch Birds 304:their own vocabulary 49:. For the film, see 30:For other uses, see 6220:Observation hobbies 6106:Roger Tory Peterson 5066:Mesitornithiformes 5060:(doves and pigeons) 4394:Families and orders 4256:Ichthyornithiformes 4231:Patagopterygiformes 3335:Ecology and Society 3300:2008HDW....13..187S 3071:. 22 September 2023 2717:2007ScGJ..123..122C 2455:on 19 November 2011 2408:2002EnvCo..29..282S 2340:2014EnMan..54..617K 2245:2022PLoSO..1768594S 2144:on 2 September 2021 2072:on 28 October 2008. 1960:2009AuGeo..40..203C 1672:A Passion for Birds 1328:Important Bird Area 1185:Famous birdwatchers 1086:Mobile applications 1012:Remote birdwatching 466:great crested grebe 433:Roger Tory Peterson 51:Birdwatchers (film) 6215:Outdoor recreation 6121:Archibald Thorburn 6064:John James Audubon 5408:(eagles and hawks) 5308:Procellariiformes 5213:Opisthocomiformes 5182:Steatornithiformes 4409:List by population 4246:Hongshanornithidae 4171:Evolution of birds 3910:magazine in 2006: 3894:Video produced by 3261:Anthropology Today 3211:10.1007/BF02422253 3068:The New York Times 2478:. London: Hamlyn. 1872:. SpringerNature. 1577:10.1007/BF00177306 1392:BirdLife Australia 1344:Similar activities 1323:Butterfly watching 1318:Black Birders Week 1240:The Biggest Twitch 1163:Nikolaas Tinbergen 951:afocal photography 917:bird vocalizations 902:. Hides (known as 880: 819:possibly contains 720: 684: 635: 580: 560:ecosystem services 517: 404:began in Britain. 366: 122: 64: 47:Birding (magazine) 6197: 6196: 6132:Conservationists 6101:Richard Lewington 5891:The Ugly Duckling 5708:Cormorant fishing 5635:Bird conservation 5561: 5560: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5294:(loons or divers) 5263:Phaethontiformes 5255:Phaethontimorphae 5205:Opisthocomiformes 5174:Caprimulgiformes 5114: 5113: 5103:Podicipediformes 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 4740: 4739: 4523: 4522: 4480:Struthioniformes 4348:Waterfowl hunting 4281:Gastornithiformes 4276:Aepyornithiformes 4266:Lithornithiformes 3863:978-0-151-01247-3 3850:Weidensaul, Scott 3819:978-0-300-17552-3 3745:978-1-64502-191-9 3720:978-0-544-55814-4 3695:978-1-4081-2387-4 3646:Moss 2004:240–241 3616:978-0-7099-3724-1 3591:978-0-89815-847-2 3560:978-1-878788-41-2 3518:978-1-4193-3299-9 3411:. Birding for All 3364:Moss 2004:316–330 3153:978-0-9689278-2-3 3042:Chicago Sun-Times 2863:978-0-643-06794-3 2838:978-0-7914-2853-5 2745:Moss 2004:267–275 2485:978-0-600-58679-1 2113:on 25 March 2010. 1879:978-3-030-04954-6 1853:Moss 2004:252–253 1835:Moss 2004:234–235 1826:Moss 2004:233–234 1746:Moss 2004:104–106 1681:978-0-691-04402-6 1629:978-1-4081-3795-6 1516:978-1-74175-272-4 1471:978-0-413-47820-7 1429:978-0-395-90686-6 1205:Phoebe Snetsinger 1167:Simon Baron-Cohen 1143:Hastings Rarities 864: 863: 856: 821:original research 764:Migration Madness 619:Strait of Messina 16:(Redirected from 6227: 5737: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5549: 5548: 5537: 5525: 5524: 5513: 5512: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5438:Leptosomiformes 5433: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5406:Accipitriformes 5401: 5380: 5379:(perching birds) 5372: 5364: 5356: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5300:Sphenisciformes 5295: 5274: 5266: 5245: 5237: 5234:Charadriiformes 5216: 5195: 5177: 5156: 5148: 5145:Musophagiformes 5140: 5125: 5106: 5098: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5001: 4988: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4668: 4661: 4625: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4595: 4560: 4556: 4529: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4453: 4449: 4316:Bird collections 4271:Dinornithiformes 4176:Darwin's finches 4166:Origin of flight 4106:Seabird breeding 4096:Sexual selection 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3867: 3845: 3823: 3804: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2984:. Archived from 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2962:on 23 April 2008 2958:. Archived from 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2932:. Archived from 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2906:. Archived from 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2880:. Archived from 2874: 2868: 2867: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2590:on 19 July 2011. 2589: 2583:. Archived from 2558: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2448:. Archived from 2443: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2393: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2359: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2291: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2266: 2256: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2204: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2171:(4): 1350–1360. 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2130: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2060: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1931:on 23 July 2011. 1930: 1924:. Archived from 1899: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1863: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1721: 1715: 1696:Neltje Blanchan. 1692: 1686: 1685: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1571:(2/3): 271–303. 1556: 1550: 1549: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1502: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1457: 1442: 1441: 1413: 1149:Socio-psychology 1105:application and 1099:machine learning 859: 852: 848: 845: 839: 836:inline citations 812: 811: 804: 577:Sanibel, Florida 216: 215:, Volume 1, No.2 180:Birding Glossary 21: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6167: 6049: 6011: 5781: 5738: 5729: 5601: 5592: 5562: 5557: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5446:Bucerotiformes 5440:(cuckoo-roller) 5439: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5398:Cathartiformes 5384: 5378: 5370: 5369:Psittaciformes 5362: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332:Pelecaniformes 5325: 5317: 5309: 5301: 5293: 5278: 5272: 5271:Eurypygiformes 5264: 5249: 5243: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5074:Pterocliformes 5067: 5059: 5010: 4999: 4986: 4971: 4895: 4854: 4792: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4748: 4736: 4716: 4689: 4666: 4659: 4619: 4618: 4606: 4605: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512:Casuariiformes 4505: 4504:Apterygiformes 4497: 4489: 4481: 4458: 4443: 4414:Lists by region 4382: 4292: 4285: 4226:Chaoyangiformes 4211:Jeholornithidae 4185: 4149:Origin of birds 4135: 4116:Brood parasites 4062: 3992: 3979: 3969: 3874: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3834:. Aurum Press. 3826: 3820: 3807: 3801: 3793:. Grove Press. 3785: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3663:The Independent 3655: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3519: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3122:www.audubon.org 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3096:www.audubon.org 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017:. 4 August 2015 3015:www.audubon.org 3009: 3008: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2910:on 20 June 2008 2904:"EBN Info Page" 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2486: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2239:(7): e0268594. 2226: 2225: 2218: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2118: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2002:www.audubon.org 1996: 1995: 1991: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1722: 1718: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1517: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1472: 1459: 1458: 1445: 1430: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1400: 1299: 1271: 1193: 1187: 1157: 1151: 1130: 1128:Code of conduct 1121:citizen science 1088: 1061:bulletin-boards 1029: 1014: 994:digital cameras 990: 977:digital cameras 973: 963:" or sometimes 947:digital cameras 936: 915:Recognition of 913: 911:Sound equipment 860: 849: 843: 840: 825: 813: 809: 802: 773: 700: 669: 648:citizen science 640: 608:drift migration 569: 505: 443:Neltje Blanchan 422:Florence Bailey 398:Audubon Society 358: 217: 211: 110: 83:citizen science 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6233: 6231: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147:Organisations 6145: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5955:Animated films 5952: 5945: 5938: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5828:Gallic rooster 5825: 5820: 5815: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5801:Feather tights 5798: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5673:Model organism 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5454:Coraciiformes 5451: 5443: 5435: 5430:Trogoniformes 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377:Passeriformes 5374: 5366: 5361:Falconiformes 5358: 5353:Cariamiformes 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5316:Ciconiiformes 5313: 5305: 5297: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5226:Cursorimorphae 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5142: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5091: 5089: 5087:Mirandornithes 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5058:Columbiformes 5054: 5052: 5050:Columbimorphae 5043: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4995: 4990: 4985:Meleagridinae 4981: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4903: 4901:Odontophoridae 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4680:Stictonettinae 4677: 4675:Dendrocygninae 4672: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4628: 4626: 4609: 4596: 4553: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4428:Notable birds 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4378:Egg collecting 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Hesperornithes 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4236:Ambiortiformes 4233: 4228: 4223: 4221:Enantiornithes 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3898: 3889: 3884: 3873: 3872:External links 3870: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3799: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3763:. ExplorersWeb 3751: 3744: 3726: 3719: 3701: 3694: 3676: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3615: 3609:. Croom Helm. 3597: 3590: 3566: 3559: 3541: 3532: 3517: 3497: 3459: 3437: 3422: 3400: 3386: 3366: 3354: 3321: 3294:(3): 187–200. 3278: 3247: 3224: 3205:(3): 215–241. 3189: 3167: 3152: 3134: 3108: 3082: 3054: 3028: 2999: 2988:on 4 July 2008 2973: 2947: 2921: 2895: 2884:on 12 May 2008 2869: 2862: 2844: 2837: 2809: 2798:(3): 346–359. 2782: 2763:(1–2): 77–88. 2747: 2738: 2711:(2): 122–134. 2695: 2655: 2633: 2624: 2613:(3): 181–205. 2593: 2544: 2525: 2513:New York Times 2499: 2484: 2466: 2429: 2402:(3): 282–289. 2379: 2334:(3): 617–630. 2314: 2278: 2216: 2190: 2155: 2116: 2098: 2075: 2046: 2023: 2014: 1989: 1954:(2): 203–217. 1934: 1885: 1878: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1791:(3): 515–555. 1775: 1748: 1739: 1716: 1687: 1680: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1628: 1606: 1551: 1530: 1515: 1494: 1485: 1470: 1443: 1428: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1313:Bird migration 1310: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1273:The 2011 film 1270: 1267: 1252:Peter Kaestner 1186: 1183: 1171:Kula valuables 1150: 1147: 1129: 1126: 1103:Merlin Bird ID 1087: 1084: 1045:World Wide Web 1028: 1025: 1013: 1010: 989: 986: 972: 969: 935: 932: 912: 909: 888:spotting scope 862: 861: 816: 814: 807: 801: 798: 772: 769: 768: 767: 761: 755: 749: 745: 739: 699: 696: 668: 665: 639: 636: 568: 565: 504: 501: 438:Bird Neighbors 429:Ludlow Griscom 378:George Montagu 357: 354: 209: 109: 106: 102:ornithologists 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6232: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6190: 6189:Zoomusicology 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Thomas Bewick 6074: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060:Illustrators 6059: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6005:Chicken dance 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990:Feather cloak 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Chicken films 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:Plume hunting 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Pigeon racing 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5554: 5553: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5414:Strigiformes 5412: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5265:(tropicbirds) 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5187:Podargiformes 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137:Cuculiformes 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4835:Macrocephalon 4832: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4722:Anseranatidae 4719: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4496:Tinamiformes 4494: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4472:Palaeognathae 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:Pigeon racing 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4200:Archaeopteryx 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3841:1-85410-993-6 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828:Moss, Stephen 3825: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3800:0-871-13844-1 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3637:Moss 2004:242 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3539:Moss 2004:261 3536: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3498: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2656: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 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