725:
184:
222:
777:
1212:
657:, the ultramontanist movement and the opposing conciliarism became obsolete to a large extent. However, some very extreme tendencies of a minority of adherents to ultramontanism – especially those attributing to the Roman pontiff, even in his private opinions, absolute infallibility even in matters beyond faith and morals, and
200:
civil society (by suppressing church schools, for example, and expelling religious congregations). The more radical heirs of the revolution and the socialists and communists into whom they evolved remained committed to the church’s utter destruction. But the threat was also from the nationalist right. Otto von
Bismarck’s
665:(1962–1965) for use in their propaganda. These extreme tendencies, however, were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of 1870 of papal infallibility and primacy, but were rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Catholic laymen who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See.
169:
were called ultramontanists. The ultramontanes distrusted both the
Protestant anglophone and francophone politicians, but the Church found it easier to deal with British governors, who appreciated the role of the Church in containing dissent, than with the francophone liberal professionals who were secularists.
168:
In Canada, the majority of
Catholic clergy despised the French Revolution and its anti-clerical bias and looked to Rome for both spiritual and political guidance. There were many laymen and laywomen who supported these ideals as key to preserving Canadian institutions and values. For this reason they
641:
noted the distinction between the models found in France and the separation of church and state in the United States in the mid-twentieth century. He considered the US model of that time to be more amicable because it had both "sharp distinction and actual cooperation" between church and state, what
199:
The threat to the
Catholic Church and the papacy through the 19th century was real, and the church’s reaction to that threat was understandable. Indeed, the church remained threatened on all sides. On the left, secular liberals sought to reduce or eliminate the role of the church in public life and
1199:
within the college of bishops. On the question of the universal primacy of the Pope, the joint report found common ground, and stated that a "particular conclusion" of their discussions had been "that
Anglicans be open to and desire a recovery and re-reception under certain clear conditions of the
164:
rejected the arguments of the ultramontanists that the Church had inalienable rights in the secular sphere. The regalist reforms that the
Spanish crown sought to implement were not completely successful, and the resistance to them were attributed to support for the Society of Jesus, which had been
1186:
when the churches were united in full communion, and generally still acknowledge that status today, albeit in an impaired form due to disunity; similarly they do not recognize the doctrines of infallibility or the pope's alleged universal jurisdiction over patriarchates and autocephalous churches
266:
in Great
Britain thought unity and discipline within the church were of the utmost importance in protecting the church and advancing its interests in a liberal, democratic state, and so he was one of the strongest advocates of the ultramontane position." The English bishops at the council were
256:
e teach and declare that, by divine ordinance, the Roman Church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other Church, and that this jurisdictional power of the Roman
Pontiff is both episcopal and immediate. Both clergy and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and
216:
e condemn and reject the opinions of those who hold that this communication of the supreme head with pastors and flocks may be lawfully obstructed; or that it should be dependent on the civil power, which leads them to maintain that what is determined by the apostolic see or by its authority
589:
1200:
exercise of universal primacy by the Bishop of Rome"; nonetheless a clear distinction remained between the
Anglican view of a universal primacy exercised within a universal collegiality, and the Catholic view of a universal primacy with actual universal jurisdiction.
257:
collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of hierarchical subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the Church throughout the world.
1076:
602:
Other
Christian groups outside the Catholic Church declared this as the triumph of what they termed "the heresy of ultramontanism". It was specifically decried in the "Declaration of the Catholic Congress at Munich", in the Theses of Bonn, and in the
582:
624:
As with previous pronouncements by the pope, liberals across Europe were outraged by the doctrine of infallibility and many countries reacted with laws to counter the influence of the church. The term "ultramontanism" was revived during the
1194:
In the joint agreed statement "The Gift of Authority" (1999) the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion were agreed on the collegial nature of the life and work of bishops. Similarly both churches acknowledged the role of episcopal
575:
744:
can overrun ultramontanism and has the potential to decentralize the Catholic Church, whereas others defend it as merely a bureaucratic adjustment to give more pastoral responsibility to local bishops and priests of local parishes.
261:
Von Arx compares this to "the great empires and national states of the 19th century, which used new means of communication and transportation to consolidate power, enforce unity and build bureaucracies". "Cardinal
1147:
484:
748:
Challenges to ultramontanism have remained strong within and outside Roman jurisdiction. Ultramontanism has particularly overshadowed ecumenical work between the Catholic Church and both
642:
he called "an historical treasure" and admonished the United States, "Please to God that you keep it carefully, and do not let your concept of separation veer round to the European one."
1140:
724:
1133:
301:
540:
204:
was aimed directly at the Catholic Church, imposing state supervision of Catholic schools and seminaries and government appointment of bishops with no reference to Rome.
1756:
921:
882:
386:
1402:
157:
125:
In the 18th century the term came to refer to supporters of the Church in any conflict between church and state. In Austria ultramontanists were opposed to
1721:
1698:
518:
152:, which expanded the power of the monarchy and sought to bring the Catholic Church under its jurisdiction in all matters except the spiritual sphere.
415:
1716:
36:. Ultramontane Catholics emphasized the authority of the pope over temporal affairs of civil governments as well as the spiritual affairs of the
680:, the Catholic Church's teaching on the authority of the pope, bishops and councils was further elaborated. The post-conciliar position of the
618:
29:
1633:
98:, the concept was revived but with its directionality reversed to indicate the man "beyond the mountains" in Italy: the Pope. The term
1361:
1602:
1472:
1324:
535:
313:
118:
and was intended as an insult implying lack of patriotism. From the 17th century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the
145:
757:
1746:
1731:
1012:
217:
concerning the government of the church, has no force or effect unless it is confirmed by the agreement of the civil authority.
692:; rather, it shifted emphasis from structural and organizational authority to doctrinal teaching authority (also known as the
1726:
1589:
1568:
1547:
1522:
1501:
401:
1741:
1410:
394:
1515:
The Gift of Infallibility: The Official Relatio on Infallibility of Bishop Vincent Ferrer Gasser at Vatican Council I
183:
1050:
741:
268:
1251:
1057:
737:
1539:
1231:
1165:
1114:
1044:
493:
445:
365:
95:
1751:
1280:
1160:
Ultramontanism is distinct from the positions adopted by the other traditional churches, particularly the
1085:
669:
662:
604:
1665:
1261:
825:
650:
626:
561:
294:
248:, the perpetuity of this primacy in the Roman pontiffs, the meaning and power of the papal primacy, and
234:
178:
138:
1736:
1024:
964:
464:
331:
263:
153:
1173:
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1097:
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792:
685:
654:
646:
608:
498:
436:
249:
161:
1274:
1256:
1217:
1182:
1177:
1169:
914:
870:
556:
408:
336:
192:
1692:
1585:
1564:
1543:
1518:
1497:
1468:
1382:
1320:
855:
733:
1196:
955:
876:
806:
638:
450:
440:
245:
221:
119:
33:
661:– survived and were eagerly used by opponents of the Catholic Church and papacy before the
815:
788:
239:
64:
48:
37:
1659:
1606:
776:
1236:
991:
528:
372:
1710:
1687:
1226:
1109:
865:
850:
845:
810:
784:
689:
681:
675:
658:
617:
who split with Rome over the declaration on infallibility and supremacy, joining the
230:
1680:
632:
1119:
1002:
950:
930:
909:
904:
523:
379:
341:
130:
1462:
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other than that of Rome itself, except insofar as this is part of the concept of
1267:
1241:
1161:
1007:
997:
985:
695:
455:
308:
209:
201:
134:
126:
107:
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56:
1211:
102:
was used to refer to Catholics who supported papal authority in French affairs
28:
1536:
Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism
1207:
346:
87:). Foreign students at medieval Italian universities also were referred to as
1303:
1561:
Anglicans and Catholics in Dialogue on the Papacy: A Gift for All Christians
1246:
1019:
860:
753:
749:
713:
547:
165:
expelled from the Spanish Empire in 1767, but prior to that were educators.
111:
20:
149:
137:, which favored concessions to the Protestant state in order to achieve
629:(1870–1940) as a pejorative way to describe policies that went against
60:
1691:
1658:
1448:
The Vatican Council; Eight Months at Rome, During the Vatican Council
637:, a concept rooted in the French Revolution. The French philosopher
282:
Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church
59:, the belief that popular civil authority—often represented by the
723:
220:
182:
51:
that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the
27:
1306:
Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 January 2019
764:
in 1999, highlights agreements and differences on these issues.
84:
67:'s authority—over the Church is comparable to that of the Pope.
52:
267:
characterized by their ultramontanism and described as "being
1304:
Benigni, Umberto. "Ultramontanism." The Catholic Encyclopedia
1090:
1362:
Belshaw, John Douglas. "Ultramontanism and Secularism",
133:. In Great Britain and Ireland ultramontanists resisted
16:
Clerical political conception within the Catholic Church
1513:
See e.g. Vinzenz Gasser, trans. James Thomas O'Connor,
712:
No. 25 and later codified in the 1983 revision of
148:, the Bourbon monarchs began implementing policies of
244:, defining four doctrines of the Catholic faith: the
621:, which had been independent from Rome since 1723.
1582:The Gift of Authority: Authority in the Church III
1580:Anglican/Roman Catholic International Commission,
1494:Pope Benedict XVI: A Biography of Joseph Ratzinger
758:Anglican-Roman Catholic International Consultation
1403:"A Defense of Ultramontanism Contra Gallicanism"
1180:. These churches regard the pope as having been
856:Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome
706:, i.e. papal teaching authority, was defined in
728:1881 illustration depicting papal infallibility
254:
214:
197:
923:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
684:did not deny any of the previous doctrines of
47:is a clerical political conception within the
1337:Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico 1759-1821
1141:
926:§ The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council
607:, which became the foundational documents of
583:
187:Pope Pius IX called the First Vatican Council
8:
1702:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1517:(San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986/2008).
1401:O'Neill, Taylor Patrick (October 12, 2018).
1115:Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy
1103:Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council,
630:
610:
1634:"Looking towards a Church fully reconciled"
1436:, Const. de Ecclesia Christi, July 18, 1870
1431:
826:First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility
707:
701:
693:
673:
649:and the abrupt (and unofficial) end of the
619:Old Episcopal Order Catholic See of Utrecht
562:Bp. Edward J. Slattery § Illegal immigrants
485:History of Christian thought on persecution
237:
1409:. University of Notre Dame. Archived from
1148:
1134:
871:Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council
771:
590:
576:
416:Church–state relations in Argentina § 2005
278:
1299:
1297:
519:Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church
79:, when a non-Italian pope was said to be
1496:(London: A&C Black, 2001), 308-309.
1396:
1394:
1339:. London: The Athlone Press 1968, p. 97.
1079:Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
1628:
1626:
1624:
1584:(Toronto: Anglican Book Centre, 1998).
1293:
1015:bishops § Centralization of papal power
783:
672:'s Dogmatic Constitution on the Church
653:in 1870 because of the outbreak of the
281:
1446:Nobili-Vitelleschi, Francesco (1876).
1383:"How did Vatican I change the church?"
1315:Unterburger, Klaus, “Ultramontanism”,
1077:Ecclesiastical differences between the
861:Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism
768:Position of other traditional churches
524:Radio Maryja § Involvement in politics
83:a pope from beyond the mountains (the
1757:Christianity and political ideologies
1377:
1375:
1373:
1086:Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority
531:on the United States political system
451:Society of Jesus § Political intrigue
7:
1669:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
541:Conscience clause in medicine in the
487:and tolerance § The mid-20th-century
347:Fourth vow § In the Society of Jesus
246:apostolic primacy conferred on Peter
1605:. Anglican Catholic. Archived from
1563:(Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2017).
1364:Canadian History: Pre-Confederation
557:Bp. W. Francis Malooly on Canon 915
208:The response was a condemnation of
1722:Catholicism and far-right politics
1450:. London: John Murray. p. 28.
1381:Von Arx, Jeffrey (June 10, 2015).
910:Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism
342:Dual loyalty § Historical examples
14:
1683:(Eternal Word Television Network)
1657:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
550:consistently promoting permissive
543:United States § Catholic doctrine
1467:, Wm. B. Eerdmans, p. 189,
1210:
1098:Papal infallibility § Objections
775:
467:(heresy) § The American response
96:Protestant Reformation in France
915:Ecumenical council § Acceptance
851:Episcopal see § Catholic Church
191:According to Catholic academic
1717:History of the Catholic Church
499:Christian anarchism § Catholic
402:Disputationes de Controversiis
233:. In July 1870, it issued the
1:
1105:Old Catholic Union of Utrecht
418:Episcopal Conference document
337:Sovereign immunity § Holy See
304:Catholic Church and the State
225:Cardinal Henry Edward Manning
1603:"Anglicanism and the Papacy"
1464:Christ And Culture Revisited
1366:, B.C. Open Textbook project
1091:Ultramontanism § Position of
943:Catholic episcopal councils
883:Eastern Orthodox opposition
552:abortion or euthanasia laws
395:Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560
269:more Catholic than the Pope
75:The term descends from the
1773:
1071:Objections and controversy
1051:Cum ex apostolatus officio
229:The council also asserted
176:
18:
1432:
1317:Religion Past and Present
734:Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger
732:Some, such as the former
387:To the Christian Nobility
1252:Louis-Antoine Caraccioli
1093:other apostolic churches
1081:Church § Papal authority
1058:Pascendi Dominici gregis
738:Catholic social teaching
536:Catholic social teaching
431:Historical controversies
314:Politics of Vatican City
146:eighteenth-century Spain
19:Not to be confused with
1699:Encyclopædia Britannica
1540:Oxford University Press
1232:Donation of Constantine
1045:Development of doctrine
1013:Appointment of Catholic
548:Canon 915 § Politicians
494:Letitia Dunbar-Harrison
446:Investiture Controversy
366:Donation of Constantine
326:Sovereignty and loyalty
1747:Conservatism in Canada
1732:Conservatism in France
1693:"Ultramontanism"
1660:"Ultramontanism"
1461:Carson, D. A. (2008),
1281:Temporal power (papal)
729:
708:
702:
694:
674:
670:Second Vatican Council
663:Second Vatican Council
631:
611:
605:Declaration of Utrecht
259:
238:
226:
219:
206:
188:
158:Count of Floridablanca
114:factions, who did not
41:
1727:Political terminology
1681:The Gift of Authority
1666:Catholic Encyclopedia
1534:e.g. Derek Hastings,
1262:Political Catholicism
762:The Gift of Authority
727:
651:First Vatican Council
627:French Third Republic
302:Relations between the
295:Two kingdoms doctrine
235:Dogmatic constitution
224:
186:
179:First Vatican Council
173:First Vatican Council
139:Catholic emancipation
31:
1742:Catholic terminology
1025:Papal deposing power
965:The Ratzinger Report
866:Pope John XIX § Life
529:Laudato si' § Impact
389:of the German Nation
332:Papal deposing power
309:Catholic integralism
297:in Roman Catholicism
264:Henry Edward Manning
154:Charles III of Spain
129:, and in Germany to
55:. It contrasts with
1413:on January 17, 2019
1407:Church Life Journal
1174:Old Catholic Church
897:Ecumenical councils
821:Papal infallibility
736:, have claimed the
686:papal infallibility
655:Franco-Prussian War
647:Italian Unification
479:20th century topics
437:Constantinian shift
250:Papal infallibility
162:Count of Campomanes
81:papa ultramontano –
1559:Russel T. Murray,
1275:Syllabus of Errors
1257:Neo-ultramontanism
1218:Catholicism portal
1189:primus inter pares
1183:primus inter pares
1178:Church of the East
885:to papal supremacy
730:
409:Dignitatis humanae
227:
193:Jeffrey P. von Arx
189:
106:as opposed to the
42:
1433:"Pastor aeternus"
1170:Oriental Orthodox
1158:
1157:
1039:compared to popes
980:compared to popes
945:compared to popes
899:compared to popes
840:compared to popes
600:
599:
1764:
1703:
1695:
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1649:
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1599:
1593:
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1542:, 2009), 17-22.
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1451:
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1389:
1386:America Magazine
1379:
1368:
1359:
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1350:Crown and Clergy
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1166:Eastern Orthodox
1150:
1143:
1136:
1020:Concordat § List
978:Political rulers
957:Christus Dominus
877:Ravenna Document
807:Primacy of Peter
779:
772:
711:
705:
699:
679:
639:Jacques Maritain
636:
614:
592:
585:
578:
441:Constantinianism
279:
243:
34:Pope Alexander I
1772:
1771:
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1761:
1707:
1706:
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1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
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1622:
1612:
1610:
1609:on 12 June 2018
1601:
1600:
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1592:, 9781551262468
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1558:
1554:
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1504:, 9780826413611
1492:John L. Allen,
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1335:Farriss, N.M.
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1172:communion, the
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917:of the councils
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816:Papal supremacy
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609:Old Catholics (
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501:Worker Movement
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240:Pastor aeternus
181:
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49:Catholic Church
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1690:, ed. (1911).
1688:Chisholm, Hugh
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1675:External links
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171:
156:'s ministers,
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45:Ultramontanism
15:
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959:§ Controversy
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659:impeccability
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1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
1597:
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1463:
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1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1385:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1331:
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1273:
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1193:
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1120:Ultrajectine
1056:
1049:
1003:Febronianism
990:
963:
956:
951:Febronianism
922:
905:Conciliarity
875:
761:
756:. The joint
747:
742:subsidiarity
731:
667:
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623:
601:
459:
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407:
400:
385:
380:Unam sanctam
378:
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260:
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228:
215:
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198:
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167:
143:
131:Febronianism
124:
115:
103:
100:ultramontain
99:
93:
89:ultramontani
88:
80:
74:
44:
43:
32:An image of
25:
1737:Reactionary
1268:Quanta cura
1242:Integralism
1237:Erastianism
1164:communion,
1008:Cisalpinism
998:Josephinism
986:Gallicanism
720:Controversy
703:magisterium
696:magisterium
465:Americanism
456:Cisalpinism
210:Gallicanism
202:Kulturkampf
135:Cisalpinism
127:Josephinism
77:Middle Ages
57:Gallicanism
1711:Categories
1590:1551262460
1569:0809149605
1548:0199741417
1523:1681494914
1502:0826413617
1480:2012-02-10
1417:January 7,
1288:References
838:Patriarchs
760:published
397:(Scotland)
271:himself".
94:After the
1352:, p. 105.
1348:Farriss,
1247:Interdict
1176:, or the
789:supremacy
754:Anglicans
750:Lutherans
714:Canon Law
700:). Papal
359:Documents
112:Jansenist
21:Montanism
1319:. 2006,
1204:See also
1162:Anglican
801:Overview
289:Overview
275:Reaction
160:and the
150:regalism
108:Gallican
1643:16 June
1197:primacy
668:At the
633:laïcité
120:Jesuits
71:History
61:monarch
1613:9 June
1588:
1567:
1546:
1521:
1500:
1471:
1323:
809:&
645:After
63:'s or
38:Church
1637:(PDF)
65:state
1645:2018
1615:2018
1586:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1419:2019
1321:ISBN
791:and
752:and
458:vs.
110:and
85:Alps
53:Pope
740:of
688:or
144:In
1713::
1696:.
1663:.
1623:^
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1393:^
1372:^
1296:^
1191:.
787:,
716:.
439:/
252:.
195:,
141:.
122:.
91:.
1647:.
1617:.
1538:(
1421:.
1388:.
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615:)
591:e
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577:v
116:–
104:–
40:.
23:.
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