Unbiunium - Knowledge

2539:, one would expect the 5g subshell to begin filling at the unbiunium atom. However, while lanthanum does have significant 4f involvement in its chemistry, it does not yet have a 4f electron in its ground-state gas-phase configuration; a greater delay occurs for 5f, where neither actinium nor thorium atoms have a 5f electron although 5f contributes to their chemistry. It is predicted that a similar situation of delayed "radial" collapse might happen for unbiunium so that the 5g orbitals do not start filling until around element 125, even though some 5g chemical involvement may begin earlier. Because of the lack of radial nodes in the 5g orbitals, analogous to the 4f but not the 5f orbitals, the position of unbiunium in the periodic table is expected to be more akin to that of lanthanum than that of actinium among its congeners, and 2047: 1973: 2102:, expected to be on the order of microseconds. Heavier elements, beginning with element 121, would likely be too short-lived to be detected with current technology, decaying within a microsecond before reaching the detectors. Where this one-microsecond border of half-lives lies is not known, and this may allow the synthesis of some isotopes of elements 121 through 124, with the exact limit depending on the model chosen for predicting nuclide masses. It is also possible that element 120 is the last element reachable with current experimental techniques, and that elements from 121 onward will require new methods. 2318:

detected. For example, in a 2016 publication, the cross section of the aforementioned reaction between Es and Ti was predicted to be around 7 fb in the 4n channel, four times lower than the lowest measured cross section for a successful reaction. A 2021 calculation gives similarly low theoretical cross sections of 10 fb for the 3n channel and 0.6 fb for the 4n channel of this reaction, along with cross sections on the order of 1–10 fb for the reactions Bk+Cr, Es+Ti, and Md+Ca. However, Es and Md cannot currently be synthesized in sufficient quantities to form target material.

2888:, a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility. In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles. They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays. 1800: 2875:, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former). The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector. 2242: 2487:. This would present a grave problem for experiments aiming at synthesizing isotopes of unbiunium if true, because the isotopes whose alpha decay could be observed could not be reached by any presently usable combination of target and projectile. Calculations in 2016 and 2017 by the same authors on elements 123 and 125 suggest a less bleak outcome, with alpha decay chains from the more reachable nuclides Ubt passing through unbiunium and leading down to 2322:

and Am+Ca reactions. The multiplicity of excited states populated by the alpha decay of odd nuclei may however preclude clear cross-bombardment cases, as was seen in the controversial link between Ts and Mc. Heavier isotopes are expected to be more stable; Ubu is predicted to be the most stable unbiunium isotope, but there is no way to synthesize it with current technology as no combination of usable target and projectile could provide enough neutrons.

1873: 2298:(JINR) in Dubna has built a new superheavy element factory (SHE-factory) with improved detectors and the ability to work on a smaller scale, but even so, continuing beyond element 120 and perhaps 121 would be a great challenge. It is possible that the age of fusion–evaporation reactions to produce new superheavy elements is coming to an end due to the increasingly short half-lives to spontaneous fission and the looming proton 7737: 7510: 2364:) until it is discovered, the discovery is confirmed, and a permanent name chosen. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists who work theoretically or experimentally on superheavy elements, who call it "element 121", with the symbol 1937:, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival. The transfer takes about 10 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long. The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the 2913:. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect. The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later. JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, 2917:; the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty"). This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992. The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage. 2087:, they require emission of only one or two neutrons. However, hot fusion reactions tend to produce more neutron-rich products because the actinides have the highest neutron-to-proton ratios of any element that can presently be made in macroscopic quantities; it is currently the only method to produce the superheavy elements from 2026:

actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects. Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei, as well as those closer to the expected island, have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.

2601:

polarizabilities of the UbuF molecule are expected to continue the trend through scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, all of which have three valence electrons above a noble gas core. The Ubu–F bond is expected to be strong and polarized, just like for the lanthanum and actinium monofluorides.

2600:

monofluoride (NhF) where it is bonding. Nihonium has the electron configuration 5f 6d 7s 7p, with an sp valence configuration. Unbiunium may hence be somewhat like lawrencium in having an anomalous sp configuration that does not affect its chemistry: the bond dissociation energies, bond lengths, and

2543:

proposed to rename the superactinides as "superlanthanides" for that reason. The lack of radial nodes in the 4f orbitals contribute to their core-like behavior in the lanthanide series, unlike the more valence-like 5f orbitals in the actinides; however, the relativistic expansion and destabilization

1956:

provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically

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It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to

2050:

Chart of nuclide stability as used by the Dubna team in 2010. Characterized isotopes are shown with borders. Beyond element 118 (oganesson, the last known element), the line of known nuclides is expected to rapidly enter a region of instability, with no half-lives over one microsecond after element

2036:

The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed

1992:

Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus. Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart

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Despite the change in electron configuration and possibility of using the 5g shell, unbiunium is not expected to behave chemically very differently from lanthanum and actinium. A 2016 calculation on unbiunium monofluoride (UbuF) showed similarities between the valence orbitals of unbiunium in this

2321:

Should the synthesis of unbiunium isotopes in such a reaction be successful, the resulting nuclei would decay through isotopes of ununennium that could be produced by cross-bombardments in the Cm+V or Bk+Ti reactions, down through known isotopes of tennessine and moscovium synthesized in the Bk+Ca

2037:

caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.

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Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined. (That all decays within a decay

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The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam. In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products) and transferred to a

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Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei. The first direct measurement of mass of a

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In 2009, a team at the JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric Xe + Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as

2317:

The isotopes Ubu, Ubu, and Ubu, that could be produced in the reaction between Es and Ti via the 3n and 4n channels, are expected to be the only reachable unbiunium isotopes with half-lives long enough for detection. The cross sections would nevertheless push the limits of what can currently be

1851:

Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus. This happens because

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This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle. Such separation can also be aided by a

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target. This poses severe challenges due to the significant heating and damage of the target due to the high radioactivity of einsteinium-254, but it would nonetheless probably be the most promising approach. It would require working on a smaller scale due to the lower amount of Es that can be

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in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives. Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived

3005:

Amador, Davi H. T.; de Oliveira, Heibbe C. B.; Sambrano, Julio R.; Gargano, Ricardo; de Macedo, Luiz Guilherme M. (12 September 2016). "4-Component correlated all-electron study on Eka-actinium Fluoride (E121F) including Gaunt interaction: Accurate analytical form, bonding and influence on

2475:, those from Ubu through Ubu would undergo alpha decay, and those from Ubu to Ubu would undergo spontaneous fission. Only the isotopes from Ubu to Ubu would have long enough alpha-decay lifetimes to be detected in laboratories, starting decay chains terminating in spontaneous fission at 2628:. Hence, the main oxidation state of unbiunium in its compounds should be +3, although the closeness of the valence subshells' energy levels may permit higher oxidation states, just like in elements 119 and 120. Relativistic effects appear to be small for the unbiunium trihalides, with 2862:

superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL. Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).

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and at JINR have listed the synthesis of element 121 among their future plans. These two laboratories are best suited to these experiments as they are the only ones in the world where long beam times are accessible for reactions with such low predicted cross-sections.

1856:—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur. This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can 2030:

chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.) The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the

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Currently, the beam intensities at superheavy element facilities result in about 10 projectiles hitting the target per second; this cannot be increased without burning the target and the detector, and producing larger amounts of the increasingly unstable

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and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning. As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from

2302:, so that new techniques such as nuclear transfer reactions (for example, firing uranium nuclei at each other and letting them exchange protons, potentially producing products with around 120 protons) would be required to reach the superactinides. 2137:-64. This, however, has the drawback of resulting in more symmetrical fusion reactions that are colder and less likely to succeed. For example, the reaction between Am and Fe is expected to have a cross section on the order of 0.5 2515:

in analogy to the earlier actinides. While its behavior is not likely to be very distinct from lanthanum and actinium, it is likely to pose a limit to the applicability of the periodic law; from element 121, the 5g, 6f, 7d, and

2551:

orbital due to its relativistic stabilization, with a configuration of 8s 8p. Nevertheless, the 7d 8s configuration, which would be analogous to lanthanum and actinium, is expected to be a low-lying excited state at only

2281:= 198, but it is separated from the mainland of nuclides that may be obtained with current techniques. The white ring denotes the expected location of the island of stability; the two squares outlined in white denote 2062:

can be divided into "hot" and "cold" fusion, depending on the excitation energy of the compound nucleus produced. In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets

2568:, . The 8p electron of unbiunium is expected to be very loosely bound, so that its predicted ionization energy of 4.45 eV is lower than that of ununennium (4.53 eV) and all known elements except for the 2694:

series). Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively.

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in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus. The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the

1965:. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons, and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238. In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding 2083:), the fused nuclei produced have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the 2309:

of these fusion-evaporation reactions increase with the asymmetry of the reaction, titanium would be a better projectile than chromium for the synthesis of element 121, though this necessitates an

5187:

JINR is currently building the first factory of superheavy elements in the world to synthesize elements 119, 120 and 121, and to study in depth the properties of previously obtained elements.

3076: 6226: 2926:

Despite the name, "cold fusion" in the context of superheavy element synthesis is a distinct concept from the idea that nuclear fusion can be achieved in room temperature conditions (see

1777:, but this is not predicted to affect its chemistry much. It would on the other hand significantly lower its first ionization energy beyond what would be expected from periodic trends. 5901:

Pinheiro, Alan Sena; Gargano, Ricardo; dos Santos, Paulo Henrique Gomes; de Macedo, Luiz Guilherme Machado (26 August 2021). "Fully relativistic study of polyatomic closed shell E121X

2141:, several orders of magnitude lower than measured cross sections in successful reactions; such an obstacle would make this and similar reactions infeasible for producing unbiunium. 1852:

during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed. Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its

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through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.

5200: 1811:. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all. 2802:

reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.

1722:

Unbiunium has not yet been synthesized. It is expected to be one of the last few reachable elements with current technology; the limit could be anywhere between element

4288: 2532:(the last for which complete calculations have been conducted) is expected to be so similar that their position in the periodic table would be purely a formal matter. 2388:, element 96, whose half-life is four orders of magnitude longer than that of any currently known higher-numbered element. All isotopes with an atomic number above 6219: 2556:, and the expected 5g 8s configuration from the Madelung rule should be at 2.48 eV. The electron configurations of the ions of unbiunium are expected to be 2471:

A 2016 calculation of the half-lives of the isotopes of unbiunium from Ubu to Ubu suggested that those from Ubu to Ubu would not be bound and would decay through

3198: 1653: 5270:

de Marcillac, Pierre; Coron, Noël; Dambier, Gérard; et al. (2003). "Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth".

4318: 2909:. There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, 2034:

of the emitted particle). Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.

2969:

Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

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Eliav, Ephraim; Shmulyian, Sergei; Kaldor, Uzi; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki (1998). "Transition energies of lanthanum, actinium, and eka-actinium (element 121)".

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Folden III, C. M.; Mayorov, D. A.; Werke, T. A.; et al. (2013). "Prospects for the discovery of the next new element: Influence of projectiles with

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Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost

6212: 3266: 2678:(element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than 2604:

The non-bonding electrons on unbiunium in UbuF are expected to be able to bond to extra atoms or groups, resulting in the formation of the unbiunium

3084: 2158: 1908:. This happens in about 10 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus. The definition by the 1952:

and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited. Total

7968: 3660: 2690:; sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical 2400:) have stable isotopes. Nevertheless, for reasons not yet well understood, there is a slight increase of nuclear stability around atomic numbers 1823:, the greater the possibility that the two react. The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the 3080: 1977: 1819:

is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of

6158: 6079: 6060: 6034: 5996: 5885: 5330: 4825: 3494: 3126: 2982: 5905:(X = F, Cl, Br) molecules: effects of Gaunt interaction, relativistic effects and advantages of an exact-two component (X2C) hamiltonian". 3518: 2295: 1730:. It will also likely be far more difficult to synthesize than the elements known so far up to 118, and still more difficult than elements 4473: 4902: 2520:

orbitals are expected to fill up together due to their very close energies, and around the elements in the late 150s and 160s, the 9s, 9p

3153:; Dmitriev, S. N.; Yeremin, A. V.; et al. (2009). "Attempt to produce the isotopes of element 108 in the fusion reaction Xe + Xe". 2071:) that may fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons. In cold fusion reactions (which use heavier projectiles, typically from the 2726:

The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the

2413: 2121:= 99) targets being currently considered, the practical synthesis of elements beyond oganesson requires heavier projectiles, such as 2708:. In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, Pb + Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19 1904:, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a 1536: 96: 4443:"Responses on the report 'Discovery of the Transfermium elements' followed by reply to the responses by Transfermium Working Group" 2339: 6052: 2974: 6174: 5212: 3790: 3749: 2822: 1909: 1637: 2585: 1880: 1762: 1750:, Russia have indicated plans to attempt the synthesis of element 121 in the future after they attempt elements 119 and 120. 4293: 4736:

Gan, ZaiGuo; Zhou, XiaoHong; Huang, MingHui; et al. (August 2011). "Predictions of synthesizing element 119 and 120".

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Wakhle, A.; Simenel, C.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (2015). Simenel, C.; Gomes, P. R. S.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (eds.).

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Predicted decay modes of superheavy nuclei. The line of synthesized proton-rich nuclei is expected to be broken soon after

4779:

Jiang, J.; Chai, Q.; Wang, B.; et al. (2013). "Investigation of production cross sections for superheavy nuclei with

3397: 2456:= 228), explains why superheavy elements last longer than predicted. In fact, the very existence of elements heavier than 1972: 1966: 3105:

Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U.; Borschevsky, A. (2018). "Electronic Structure of the Transactinide Atoms". In Scott, R. A. (ed.).

1976:

Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the

4970: 3452: 2643: 5952: 4647: 3330: 1831:

into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to

5496:

Santhosh, K. P.; Nithya, C. (28 December 2016). "Theoretical predictions on the decay properties of superheavy nuclei

5116: 3237: 2465: 1699:

respectively, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the

3920:

Aksenov, N. V.; Steinegger, P.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; et al. (2017). "On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113)".

4038: 3050: 4390: 3552: 3478: 3335: 1630: 5435:

Santhosh, K. P.; Nithya, C. (27 September 2016). "Predictions on the alpha decay chains of superheavy nuclei with

2046: 1957:

predicted and have so far been observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion:

4047: 5739: 4323: 1839:

can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly

5067: 2871:

If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay

3356:

Kern, B. D.; Thompson, W. E.; Ferguson, J. M. (1959). "Cross sections for some (n, p) and (n, α) reactions".

2499:

might be a significant decay mode in competition with alpha decay and spontaneous fission in the region past

6235: 3190: 2350: 2306: 2095: 1853: 1708: 1696: 1620: 1468: 2285:

and Cn, predicted to be the longest-lived nuclides on the island with half-lives of centuries or millennia.

3271: 1953: 1934: 1770: 1716: 1496: 1489: 1481: 1455: 3812:"Spontaneous fission modes and lifetimes of superheavy elements in the nuclear density functional theory" 2094:

Attempts to synthesize elements 119 and 120 push the limits of current technology, due to the decreasing

5695:(2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". 2544:

of the 5g orbitals should partially compensate for their lack of radial nodes and hence smaller extent.

2511:

Unbiunium is predicted to be the first element of an unprecedentedly long transition series, called the

5660: 2825:

and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.

6255: 6183: 6098: 6072:"Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?" 5967: 5843: 5804: 5704: 5626: 5564: 5513: 5462: 5409: 5394: 5367: 5279: 5082: 5015: 4940: 4857: 4842: 4745: 4702: 4204: 4171: 4122: 4001: 3929: 3833: 3406: 3365: 3213: 3110: 3015: 2314:

produced. This small-scale work could in the near future only be carried out in Dubna's SHE-factory.

1840: 4553:

Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium".

2241: 6014: 5356:"Single-Particle Levels of Spherical Nuclei in the Superheavy and Extremely Superheavy Mass Region" 3665: 3599: 3262: 2461: 2421: 2409: 2022: 2018: 1962: 1712: 1602: 4115:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

1920:

within 10 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire

1753:

The position of unbiunium in the periodic table suggests that it would have similar properties to

7963: 6122: 6088: 5930: 5770: 5529: 5478: 5452: 5303: 5031: 4873: 4761: 4718: 4692: 4604: 4465: 4269: 4238: 3953: 3823: 3631: 3577: 3522: 3229: 3132: 2897:

For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in

2059: 2013:

thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the

1980:

in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a

1857: 1836: 1787: 4927:

Siwek-Wilczyńska, K.; Cap, T.; Wilczyński, J. (April 2010). "How can one synthesize the element

4817: 4811: 4442: 2273:= 130. Beyond this is a region of slightly increased stability of second-living nuclides around 1900:

without formation of a more stable nucleus. Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few

5170: 4499: 3544: 7120: 6154: 6114: 6056: 6030: 6002: 5992: 5922: 5881: 5762: 5720: 5336: 5326: 5295: 4821: 4581: 4371: 4230: 4222: 4148: 4140: 4019: 3945: 3851: 3623: 3569: 3545:"Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized" 3490: 3434: 3172: 3155: 3122: 2978: 2503:= 120, which would pose yet another hurdle for experimental identification of these nuclides. 2393: 2299: 2266: 2010: 1985: 1917: 1765:

may cause some of its properties to differ from those expected from a straight application of

1574: 1535: 720: 3779: 3738: 2811:

This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.

7484: 7185: 6886: 6713: 6540: 6457: 6374: 6345: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6191: 6146: 6106: 6026: 5975: 5914: 5851: 5812: 5754: 5712: 5634: 5595: 5572: 5521: 5470: 5417: 5375: 5287: 5250: 5125: 5090: 5023: 4948: 4865: 4792: 4753: 4710: 4596: 4562: 4514: 4457: 4261: 4212: 4130: 4085: 4009: 3937: 3841: 3615: 3561: 3482: 3470: 3424: 3414: 3373: 3221: 3194: 3164: 3114: 3031: 3023: 2902: 2839: 2536: 2354: 2072: 1913: 1893: 1832: 1673: 1473: 50: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 5001:"Synthesis and decay process of superheavy nuclei with Z=119-122 via hot fusion reactions" 4385: 3656: 3540: 3150: 3055: 2667: 2472: 2014: 1981: 1897: 1799: 1677: 1555: 1543: 6110: 5740:"The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table" 5692: 4869: 4714: 4014: 3989: 2540: 6196: 6187: 6169: 6102: 5979: 5971: 5847: 5808: 5708: 5630: 5568: 5517: 5466: 5413: 5371: 5283: 5086: 5019: 4944: 4861: 4749: 4706: 4208: 4175: 4126: 4005: 3933: 3837: 3410: 3369: 3217: 3019: 6018: 5831: 5068:"A new assessment of the alleged link between element 115 and element 117 decay chains" 4648:"Superheavy Nuclei: which regions of nuclear map are accessible in the nearest studies" 2448: 2396:

with half-lives of less than 30 hours. No elements with atomic numbers above 82 (after

2055: 2031: 1845: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1766: 1700: 1530: 1460: 123: 5199:

Hagino, Kouichi; Hofmann, Sigurd; Miyatake, Hiroari; Nakahara, Hiromichi (July 2012).

4622:

Armbruster, Peter & Munzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements".

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molecule and those of actinium in actinium monofluoride (AcF); in both molecules, the

2253:= 124, the increasing contribution of spontaneous fission instead of alpha decay from 2051:

121. The elliptical region encloses the predicted location of the island of stability.

1896:—and thus it is very unstable. To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may 7957: 7347: 5934: 5614: 5590:

Poenaru, Dorin N.; Gherghescu, R. A.; Greiner, W.; Shakib, Nafiseh (September 2014).

5533: 5482: 5355: 5035: 5000: 4877: 4765: 4722: 4566: 4273: 4242: 4195: 4076: 3957: 3377: 3233: 3136: 2885: 2691: 2671: 2512: 2496: 2457: 2426: 2417: 1889: 1824: 1774: 1704: 1684: 1437: 1117: 1103: 1096: 1047: 1033: 1026: 892: 6126: 5774: 4608: 4469: 4089: 3635: 3581: 3526: 3304: 7401: 7230: 6931: 6317: 6250: 5547:

Santhosh, K. P.; Sukumaran, Indu (25 January 2017). "Decay of heavy particles from

5421: 5307: 5129: 5094: 4796: 3118: 2569: 2553: 2401: 2384:

The stability of nuclei decreases greatly with the increase in atomic number after

2084: 2068: 1938: 1372: 1351: 1337: 1330: 1208: 1187: 1173: 1166: 1131: 1124: 1110: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1040: 934: 801: 573: 5594:. Nuclear Physics: Present and Future FIAS Interdisciplinary Science Series 2015. 5203:[Implementation of the 2011 Research Achievement Review (Interim Review)] 5124:. Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. 4071: 4046:. Dai 2 Kai Hadoron Tataikei no Simulation Symposium, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan. 3419: 3392: 5599: 5525: 5027: 4319:"The Transfermium Wars: Scientific Brawling and Name-Calling during the Cold War" 3941: 3027: 2149:

The synthesis of unbiunium was first attempted in 1977 by bombarding a target of

7768: 7455: 7419: 7410: 7320: 7302: 7293: 6312: 6044: 2927: 2687: 2439: 2389: 2310: 2282: 2150: 2138: 2114: 2106: 1958: 1727: 1379: 1365: 1358: 1344: 1302: 1281: 1267: 1260: 1215: 1201: 1194: 1180: 1138: 1089: 1075: 1019: 976: 948: 941: 871: 857: 850: 5918: 5638: 5239:"Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100" 3846: 3811: 3661:"How to Make Superheavy Elements and Finish the Periodic Table [Video]" 3603: 3168: 1711:. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the 7784: 7500: 7491: 7464: 7392: 7365: 7338: 6994: 6976: 6949: 6776: 6767: 6502: 6150: 6071: 5576: 5474: 5144: 4952: 4757: 3619: 3393:"Comparing Experimental and Theoretical Quasifission Mass Angle Distributions" 2835: 2679: 2581: 2484: 2480: 2443: 2431: 1876: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1413: 1386: 1323: 1309: 1295: 1288: 1274: 1222: 1159: 1145: 1082: 1010: 1003: 983: 927: 906: 885: 622: 608: 587: 457: 450: 251: 6118: 5340: 4600: 4265: 4226: 4144: 4023: 3949: 3855: 3627: 3573: 3438: 3176: 2528:

subshells join in, so that the chemistry of the elements just beyond 121 and

7473: 7446: 7437: 7284: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7030: 6940: 6913: 6857: 6803: 6785: 6749: 6729: 6666: 6603: 6547: 6484: 6473: 6390: 6337: 6327: 6322: 6006: 5255: 5238: 4518: 4461: 4368:

Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond

3565: 3486: 2898: 2605: 2593: 2573: 2476: 2408:, which leads to the appearance of what is known in nuclear physics as the " 2405: 2162: 2099: 2088: 1905: 1754: 1502: 1316: 1253: 1152: 990: 969: 962: 843: 829: 822: 815: 650: 580: 559: 520: 478: 464: 436: 418: 374: 325: 281: 237: 228: 168: 5926: 5766: 5724: 5379: 5299: 4580:

Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; et al. (2009).

4347:[Popular library of chemical elements. Seaborgium (eka-tungsten)]. 4152: 4135: 4110: 2067:), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energies (~40–50 1848:. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart. 6204: 4582:"Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 2682:(although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than 1773:, instead of the sd of lanthanum and actinium or the sg expected from the 7752: 7428: 7329: 7212: 7192: 7165: 7156: 7129: 7102: 7066: 7057: 7039: 6967: 6958: 6848: 6720: 6684: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6520: 6437: 6419: 6352: 6244: 5855: 4500:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)" 3787:

Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)

3746:

Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)

2872: 2705: 2642:

having very similar bonding, though the former should be more ionic. The

2597: 2577: 2529: 2492: 2435: 2345: 2291: 2258: 2126: 2122: 2064: 1998: 1921: 1758: 1421: 1246: 955: 878: 787: 771: 755: 748: 727: 706: 678: 671: 657: 601: 594: 513: 411: 388: 318: 311: 304: 297: 265: 205: 191: 143: 6049:

From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation

5291: 4364:Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро – Нильсборий и далее 3035: 2834:

Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example,

2596:

is expected to be non-bonding, unlike in the superficially more similar

7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7383: 7374: 7356: 7311: 7239: 7221: 7147: 7093: 7075: 7048: 7021: 7003: 6985: 6893: 6821: 6794: 6758: 6740: 6702: 6693: 6675: 6657: 6556: 6493: 6381: 6332: 5716: 4555:

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry

3429: 3225: 2683: 2488: 2166: 2080: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1945: 1901: 1808: 920: 913: 899: 864: 808: 794: 741: 699: 685: 664: 643: 629: 615: 543: 492: 471: 443: 429: 402: 395: 381: 367: 288: 244: 161: 5758: 4646:

Karpov, Alexander; Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (1 April 2015).

4441:

Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T.; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1993).

4386:"Nobelium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table" 4234: 4217: 4190: 7275: 7201: 7084: 7012: 6922: 6902: 6866: 6830: 6812: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6511: 6464: 6428: 6410: 6363: 6141:

Kaldor, U. (2005). "Superheavy Elements—Chemistry and Spectroscopy".

5816: 5066:

Forsberg, U.; Rudolph, D.; Fahlander, C.; et al. (9 July 2016).

5050: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 2906: 2385: 2154: 2134: 2105:

Because of the current impossibility of synthesizing elements beyond

1949: 836: 778: 692: 636: 566: 550: 527: 499: 485: 353: 346: 339: 258: 221: 198: 184: 152: 4436: 4434: 4345:"Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Сиборгий (экавольфрам)" 4289:"Exploring the superheavy elements at the end of the periodic table" 5457: 4312: 4310: 3732: 3730: 3267:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist" 7174: 6875: 6529: 6401: 6093: 4697: 4065: 4063: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3828: 3593: 3591: 3508: 3506: 2326: 2240: 2045: 1971: 1798: 1747: 1739: 762: 534: 272: 177: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3604:"A History and Analysis of the Discovery of Elements 104 and 105" 2580:. A similar large reduction in ionization energy is also seen in 2460:

can be attested to shell effects and the island of stability, as

2021:

suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an

7138: 7111: 6648: 6612: 6446: 5613:

Poenaru, Dorin N.; Gherghescu, R. A.; Greiner, W. (March 2012).

5395:"The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay" 4344: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 2675: 2397: 2130: 2076: 1916:

can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not

1820: 1743: 734: 713: 360: 332: 212: 6208: 1879:

of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the

6839: 2584:, another element having an anomalous sp configuration due to 2340:

Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements

506: 4843:"Nuclei: superheavy–superneutronic–strange–and of antimatter" 71: 56: 5555:= 295–325 using different versions of proximity potential". 3990:"Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements" 2001:(element 102), and by 30 orders of magnitude from 80: 77: 65: 6170:"Elements Beyond 100, Present Status and Future Prospects" 5878:

Computational Methods in Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry

5115:

Forsberg, Ulrika; Fahlander, Claes; Rudolph, Dirk (2016).

4498:

Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1997).

1769:. For example, unbiunium is expected to have a sp valence 4409: 4407: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2249:= 120, because of the shortening half-lives until around 5118:

Congruence of decay chains of elements 113, 115, and 117

4903:"Beyond element 118: the next row of the periodic table" 4170:. 50th Anniversary of Nuclear Fission, Leningrad, USSR. 3891: 3889: 2971:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

2420:

and stemming from the stabilizing effects of the closed

2113:= 98) in sufficient quantities to create a target, with 5951:

Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2017).

2884:

Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist

1703:

of the elements, it is expected to be the first of the

4540: 3709: 2294:

needed for the target is impractical. The team at the

5055:. DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics. pp. 205–206. 3697: 3685: 2464:

would rapidly cause such nuclei to disintegrate in a

2098:

of the production reactions and their probably short

97: 74: 59: 53: 4256:

Grant, A. (2018). "Weighing the heaviest elements".

3515:

Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering

3331:"Something new and superheavy at the periodic table" 3107:

Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry

62: 4999:Ghahramany, Nader; Ansari, Ahmad (September 2016). 4971:"Actinide Targets for Super-Heavy Element Research" 2017:for nuclei with about 280 nucleons. The later 1865: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1596: 1573: 1554: 1549: 1529: 1524: 1512: 1495: 1480: 1467: 1454: 1435: 121: 113: 83: 68: 44: 39: 32: 5832:"Electronic Configurations of Superheavy Elements" 5169:Sokolova, Svetlana; Popeko, Andrei (24 May 2021). 5953:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" 3810:Staszczak, A.; Baran, A.; Nazarewicz, W. (2013). 1969:for each mode, but they can be tunneled through. 4189:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Rykaczewski, K. P. (2015). 6070:Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). 5592:How Rare Is Cluster Decay of Superheavy Nuclei? 1807:reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a 4738:Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 6220: 5687: 5685: 5670:. 2015 National Nuclear Physics Summer School 5321:Considine, Glenn D.; Kulik, Peter H. (2002). 3513:Krása, A. (2010). "Neutron Sources for ADS". 3307:[Superheavy steps into the unknown]. 1715:. It is also likely to be the first of a new 1638: 1486: 18:Chemical element with atomic number 121 (Ubu) 8: 3398:European Physical Journal Web of Conferences 2973:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 21: 4040:Fission properties of the heaviest elements 3907: 3868: 2717: pb), as estimated by the discoverers. 6227: 6213: 6205: 4964: 4962: 4896: 4894: 1941:, and the time of the decay are measured. 1924:and thus display its chemical properties. 1645: 1631: 134: 6195: 6092: 6023:The Transuranium People: The Inside Story 5830:Umemoto, Koichiro; Saito, Susumu (1996). 5557:International Journal of Modern Physics E 5456: 5445:International Journal of Modern Physics E 5254: 4933:International Journal of Modern Physics E 4696: 4674: 4672: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4216: 4134: 4013: 3845: 3827: 3428: 3418: 5836:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 5360:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 4783:= 116~121 in dinuclear system concept". 4191:"A beachhead on the island of stability" 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2610: 130: 7345: 6143:Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2659: 1827:of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only 7766: 7399: 7228: 6929: 5551:= 125 superheavy nuclei in the region 5323:Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia 4362:"Экавольфрам" [Eka-tungsten]. 4111:"Chemistry of the superheavy elements" 3970: 3895: 3880: 3721: 3081:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1978:Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions 1862: 1707:, and the third element in the eighth 20: 7782: 7498: 7489: 7453: 7417: 7408: 7318: 7300: 7291: 6080:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 5880:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 35. 5171:"How are new chemical elements born?" 5052:Synthesis of superheavy element Z=121 5049:Safoora, V.; Santhosh, K. P. (2021). 4850:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 4685:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 4479:from the original on 25 November 2013 4425: 4413: 3994:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2159:Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung 7: 7741: 7462: 7390: 7363: 7336: 6992: 6974: 6947: 6774: 6765: 5615:"Cluster decay of superheavy nuclei" 5325:(9th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. 5211:(in Japanese). RIKEN. Archived from 4541:Zagrebaev, Karpov & Greiner 2013 3710:Zagrebaev, Karpov & Greiner 2013 3519:Czech Technical University in Prague 2650:couple is predicted as −2.1 V. 2547:Unbiunium is expected to fill the 8p 2296:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 7750: 7471: 7444: 7435: 7282: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7028: 6938: 6911: 6855: 6801: 6783: 6747: 6727: 6664: 6601: 6500: 6482: 6471: 6388: 6197:10.1146/annurev.ns.18.120168.000413 5697:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 5661:"The Quest for Superheavy Elements" 4901:Krämer, Katrina (29 January 2016). 3698:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000 3686:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000 3469:Loveland, W. D.; Morrissey, D. J.; 3199:"The identification of element 108" 3077:"Discovery of Elements 113 and 115" 7912: 7426: 7327: 7210: 7190: 7163: 7154: 7127: 7100: 7055: 7037: 6965: 6956: 6846: 6718: 6682: 6592: 6574: 6565: 6545: 6518: 5747:Journal of Computational Chemistry 5143:Morita, Kōsuke (5 February 2016). 3197:; Folger, H.; et al. (1984). 2594:highest occupied molecular orbital 2495:. It has also been suggested that 14: 7381: 7372: 7354: 7309: 7219: 7145: 7118: 7091: 7073: 7064: 7046: 7019: 7001: 6983: 6891: 6819: 6792: 6756: 6700: 6691: 6673: 6655: 6583: 6554: 6491: 6435: 6417: 6379: 6350: 5738:Kaupp, Martin (1 December 2006). 3871:, pp. 030001-129–030001-138. 3305:"Сверхтяжелые шаги в неизвестное" 1788:Superheavy element § Introduction 7735: 7508: 7483: 7273: 7237: 7199: 7184: 7082: 7010: 6920: 6900: 6885: 6828: 6810: 6738: 6712: 6637: 6628: 6619: 6539: 6462: 6456: 6373: 6361: 6344: 6175:Annual Review of Nuclear Science 5201:"平成23年度研究業績レビュー（中間レビュー）の実施について" 4969:Roberto, J. B. (31 March 2015). 4816:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3051:"Explainer: superheavy elements" 2009:(element 100). The earlier 1871: 1786:This section is an excerpt from 1697:systematic IUPAC name and symbol 49: 7172: 6873: 6864: 6527: 6509: 6426: 6408: 5797:The Journal of Chemical Physics 5506:The European Physical Journal A 4294:Chemical & Engineering News 4037:Moller, P.; Nix, J. R. (1994). 3922:The European Physical Journal A 2975:Springer Science+Business Media 2380:Nuclear stability and isotopes 2342:, unbiunium should be known as 2261:onward until it dominates from 2075:, and lighter targets, usually 1910:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party 7969:Hypothetical chemical elements 7136: 7109: 6646: 6610: 6444: 6399: 6111:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001 5145:"The Discovery of Element 113" 5095:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.008 4870:10.1088/1742-6596/413/1/012002 4797:10.11804/NuclPhysRev.30.04.391 4715:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 4015:10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005 3119:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2632 2674:if its atomic number is high; 2237:Prospects for future synthesis 1881:Australian National University 1795:Synthesis of superheavy nuclei 1: 6837: 5991:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 5980:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 5907:Journal of Molecular Modeling 5439:= 121 within the range 290 ≤ 5354:Koura, H.; Chiba, S. (2013). 3791:Université libre de Bruxelles 3750:Université libre de Bruxelles 3473:(2005). "Nuclear Reactions". 2412:". This concept, proposed by 1621:IUPAC systematic element name 1476:(theoretical, extended table) 5600:10.1007/978-3-319-10199-6_13 5422:10.1051/epjconf/201613103002 5130:10.1051/epjconf/201613102003 4980:. Texas A & M University 4657:. Texas A & M University 4567:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3 4168:Biomodal spontaneous fission 4070:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2004). 3378:10.1016/0029-5582(59)90211-1 3028:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.025 2644:standard electrode potential 5008:European Physical Journal A 3479:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3420:10.1051/epjconf/20158600061 1888:The resulting merger is an 117:eka-actinium, superactinium 7985: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7775: 7759: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 6736: 6563: 6480: 6397: 6359: 6259: 5989:Concepts of modern physics 5919:10.1007/s00894-021-04861-7 5639:10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034615 5526:10.1140/epja/i2016-16371-y 5500:= 123 in the region 297 ≤ 5243:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5028:10.1140/epja/i2016-16287-6 4589:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4507:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4450:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4391:Royal Society of Chemistry 3942:10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8 3847:10.1103/physrevc.87.024320 3553:Pure and Applied Chemistry 3169:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024608 2823:time-of-flight measurement 2233:No atoms were identified. 1785: 1516:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 3 426: 294: 234: 174: 149: 7922: 7910: 7731: 7482: 7183: 6884: 6711: 6538: 6455: 6372: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6151:10.1002/0470845015.cu0044 6021:; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). 5659:Loveland, Walter (2015). 5577:10.1142/S0218301317500033 5475:10.1142/S0218301316500798 4953:10.1142/S021830131001490X 4758:10.1007/s11433-011-4436-4 4090:10.1088/2058-7058/17/7/31 4048:University of North Texas 3620:10.1524/ract.1987.42.2.57 2468:neglecting such factors. 2452:= 184 (and possibly also 1870: 1803:A graphic depiction of a 1626: 1412: 1234: 129: 4841:Greiner, Walter (2013). 4810:Hofmann, Sigurd (2002). 4601:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05 4317:Robinson, A. E. (2019). 4266:10.1063/PT.6.1.20181113a 4000:(1): 012005-1–012005-6. 3988:Oganessian, Yu. (2012). 3602:; Keller, O. L. (1987). 3475:Modern Nuclear Chemistry 3206:Zeitschrift für Physik A 3008:Chemical Physics Letters 3006:rovibrational spectra". 2414:University of California 2353:, the element should be 1935:surface-barrier detector 6236:Extended periodic table 6168:Seaborg, G. T. (1968). 5256:10.1351/pac197951020381 4519:10.1351/pac199769122471 4462:10.1351/pac199365081815 3566:10.1351/pac199163060879 3487:10.1002/0471768626.ch10 2670:, an element is called 2349:. Using the 1979 IUPAC 1833:electrostatic repulsion 5876:Dolg, Michael (2015). 5668:www.int.washington.edu 5402:EPJ Web of Conferences 5380:10.7566/JPSJ.82.014201 4785:Nuclear Physics Review 4136:10.1098/rsta.2014.0191 3272:Bloomberg Businessweek 2286: 2265:= 125, and the proton 2145:Past synthesis attempt 2091:(element 114) onward. 2052: 1989: 1812: 1771:electron configuration 1497:Electron configuration 4166:Hulet, E. K. (1989). 4072:"Superheavy elements" 3910:, p. 030001-125. 3111:John Wiley & Sons 2244: 2049: 2005:(element 90) to 1997:(element 92) to 1975: 1802: 5856:10.1143/JPSJ.65.3175 4370:] (in Russian). 4109:Schädel, M. (2015). 2586:relativistic effects 2058:reactions producing 1912:(JWP) states that a 1763:relativistic effects 1742:in Japan and at the 1672:, is a hypothetical 6188:1968ARNPS..18...53S 6103:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z 5987:Beiser, A. (2003). 5972:2017ChPhC..41c0001A 5848:1996JPSJ...65.3175U 5809:1998JChPh.109.3954E 5709:2011PCCP...13..161P 5631:2012PhRvC..85c4615P 5569:2017IJMPE..2650003S 5518:2016EPJA...52..371S 5467:2016IJMPE..2550079S 5414:2016EPJWC.13103002M 5393:Möller, P. (2016). 5372:2013JPSJ...82a4201K 5292:10.1038/nature01541 5284:2003Natur.422..876D 5087:2016PhLB..760..293F 5020:2016EPJA...52..287G 4945:2010IJMPE..19..500S 4862:2013JPhCS.413a2002G 4750:2011SCPMA..54S..61G 4707:2013JPhCS.420a2007F 4624:Scientific American 4209:2015PhT....68h..32O 4176:1989nufi.rept...16H 4127:2015RSPTA.37340191S 4006:2012JPhCS.337a2005O 3934:2017EPJA...53..158A 3838:2013PhRvC..87b4320S 3666:Scientific American 3453:"Nuclear Reactions" 3411:2015EPJWC..8600061W 3370:1959NucPh..10..226K 3303:Ivanov, D. (2019). 3218:1984ZPhyA.317..235M 3151:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. 3049:Krämer, K. (2016). 3020:2016CPL...662..169A 2507:Predicted chemistry 2462:spontaneous fission 2430:= 114 (or possibly 2410:island of stability 2060:superheavy elements 2023:island of stability 2019:nuclear shell model 1963:spontaneous fission 1928:Decay and detection 1713:island of stability 1575:Ionization energies 1525:Physical properties 1513:Electrons per shell 34:Theoretical element 29: 5717:10.1039/c0cp01575j 5237:Chatt, J. (1979). 4978:cyclotron.tamu.edu 4655:cyclotron.tamu.edu 4287:Howes, L. (2019). 4121:(2037): 20140191. 3973:, p. 432–433. 3778:Pauli, N. (2019). 3737:Pauli, N. (2019). 3481:pp. 249–297. 3329:Hinde, D. (2017). 3265:(28 August 2019). 3226:10.1007/BF01421260 2355:temporarily called 2287: 2053: 1990: 1986:quadrupole magnets 1984:in the former and 1837:strong interaction 1813: 1695:are the temporary 1586: kJ/mol 1419: 1404: 7951: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7905: 7904: 6160:978-0-470-84501-1 6062:978-3-319-75813-8 6036:978-1-78-326244-1 5998:978-0-07-244848-1 5960:Chinese Physics C 5887:978-1-118-68829-8 5842:(10): 3175–3179. 5759:10.1002/jcc.20522 5619:Physical Review C 5332:978-0-471-33230-5 5278:(6934): 876–878. 5081:(2016): 293–296. 5075:Physics Letters B 4827:978-0-415-28496-7 4813:On Beyond Uranium 4513:(12): 2471–2474. 4416:, pp. 38–39. 4218:10.1063/PT.3.2880 3816:Physical Review C 3780:"Nuclear fission" 3608:Radiochimica Acta 3496:978-0-471-76862-3 3156:Physical Review C 3128:978-1-119-95143-8 3113:. pp. 1–16. 2984:978-1-4020-3555-5 2873:must be preserved 2838:is caused by the 2394:radioactive decay 2011:liquid drop model 1886: 1885: 1659: 1658: 1550:Atomic properties 1505:] 8s 8p 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1417: 1402: 1394: 1393: 998: 997: 722:Mercury (element) 122:Unbiunium in the 114:Alternative names 7976: 7915: 7914: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7780: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7748: 7746: 7739: 7738: 7722: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7496: 7494: 7487: 7478: 7476: 7469: 7467: 7460: 7458: 7451: 7449: 7442: 7440: 7433: 7431: 7424: 7422: 7415: 7413: 7406: 7404: 7397: 7395: 7388: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7370: 7368: 7361: 7359: 7352: 7350: 7343: 7341: 7334: 7332: 7325: 7323: 7316: 7314: 7307: 7305: 7298: 7296: 7289: 7287: 7280: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7262: 7260: 7253: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7235: 7233: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7188: 7179: 7177: 7170: 7168: 7161: 7159: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7141: 7134: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7116: 7114: 7107: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7080: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7044: 7042: 7035: 7033: 7026: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7008: 7006: 6999: 6997: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6979: 6972: 6970: 6963: 6961: 6954: 6952: 6945: 6943: 6936: 6934: 6927: 6925: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6889: 6880: 6878: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6851: 6844: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6817: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6754: 6752: 6745: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6716: 6707: 6705: 6698: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6680: 6678: 6671: 6669: 6662: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6644: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6626: 6624: 6617: 6615: 6608: 6606: 6599: 6597: 6590: 6588: 6581: 6579: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6559: 6552: 6550: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6525: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6478: 6476: 6469: 6467: 6460: 6451: 6449: 6442: 6440: 6433: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6415: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6393: 6386: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6348: 6245: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6164: 6130: 6096: 6076: 6066: 6040: 6027:World Scientific 6010: 5983: 5957: 5939: 5938: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5817:10.1063/1.476995 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5744: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5665: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5460: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5206: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5072: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4847: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4700: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4643: 4632: 4631: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4523: 4522: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4456:(8): 1815–1824. 4447: 4438: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4220: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4138: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4045: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4017: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3917: 3911: 3908:Audi et al. 2017 3905: 3899: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3869:Audi et al. 2017 3866: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3831: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3784: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3653: 3640: 3639: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3549: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3422: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3336:The Conversation 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3300: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3236:. Archived from 3203: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3083:. Archived from 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2966: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2903:Stockholm County 2895: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840:weak interaction 2832: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2734: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2701: 2695: 2664: 2649: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2537:Aufbau principle 2228: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2180: 2157:-65 ions at the 1914:chemical element 1894:compound nucleus 1875: 1874: 1863: 1674:chemical element 1664:, also known as 1647: 1640: 1633: 1607:54500-70-8 1597:Other properties 1582:1st: 429.4 1565: 1556:Oxidation states 1540: 1539: 1488: 1463:(no number) 1447: 1446: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1013: 1006: 1000: 999: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 781: 774: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 553: 546: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 421: 414: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 291: 284: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 231: 224: 215: 208: 201: 194: 187: 180: 171: 164: 155: 146: 140: 139: 135: 131: 109: 104: 100: 92: 90: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 58: 55: 30: 28: 23:Unbiunium, 7984: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7906: 7898: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7769: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7509: 7501: 7499: 7492: 7490: 7474: 7472: 7465: 7463: 7456: 7454: 7447: 7445: 7438: 7436: 7429: 7427: 7420: 7418: 7411: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7384: 7382: 7375: 7373: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7355: 7348: 7346: 7339: 7337: 7330: 7328: 7321: 7319: 7312: 7310: 7303: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7285: 7283: 7276: 7274: 7267: 7265: 7258: 7256: 7249: 7247: 7240: 7238: 7231: 7229: 7222: 7220: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7200: 7193: 7191: 7175: 7173: 7166: 7164: 7157: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7103: 7101: 7094: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7065: 7058: 7056: 7049: 7047: 7040: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7013: 7011: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6984: 6977: 6975: 6968: 6966: 6959: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6941: 6939: 6932: 6930: 6923: 6921: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6901: 6894: 6892: 6876: 6874: 6867: 6865: 6858: 6856: 6849: 6847: 6840: 6838: 6831: 6829: 6822: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6777: 6775: 6768: 6766: 6759: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6730: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6703: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6649: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6631: 6629: 6622: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6586: 6584: 6577: 6575: 6568: 6566: 6557: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6530: 6528: 6521: 6519: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6447: 6445: 6438: 6436: 6429: 6427: 6420: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6402: 6400: 6391: 6389: 6382: 6380: 6364: 6362: 6353: 6351: 6238: 6233: 6167: 6161: 6140: 6137: 6135:Further reading 6074: 6069: 6063: 6043: 6037: 6013: 5999: 5986: 5955: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5451:(10). 1650079. 5434: 5433: 5429: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5333: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5180: 5178: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4907:Chemistry World 4900: 4899: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4635: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4526: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4396: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4361: 4360:Reprinted from 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4035: 4031: 3987: 3986: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3822:(2): 024320–1. 3809: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3657:Chemistry World 3655: 3654: 3643: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3358:Nuclear Physics 3355: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3301: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3263:Subramanian, S. 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3201: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3129: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3056:Chemistry World 3048: 3047: 3043: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2985: 2968: 2967: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2668:nuclear physics 2665: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614:, analogous to 2612: 2608: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2473:proton emission 2382: 2351:recommendations 2336: 2239: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2147: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2015:fission barrier 1967:energy barriers 1930: 1872: 1866:External videos 1797: 1791: 1783: 1767:periodic trends 1738:. The teams at 1651: 1592: 1561: 1533: 1517: 1440: 1436: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1011: 1004: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 779: 772: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 551: 544: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 419: 412: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 289: 282: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 229: 222: 213: 206: 199: 192: 185: 178: 169: 162: 153: 144: 102: 98: 94: 52: 48: 26: 22: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7982: 7980: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7781: 7774: 7765: 7758: 7749: 7740: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7488: 7480: 7479: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7407: 7398: 7389: 7380: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7344: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7299: 7290: 7281: 7272: 7263: 7254: 7245: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7209: 7207: 7198: 7189: 7181: 7180: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7126: 7117: 7108: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6982: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6946: 6937: 6928: 6919: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6882: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6709: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6536: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6470: 6461: 6453: 6452: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6407: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6370: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6165: 6159: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6067: 6061: 6041: 6035: 6015:Hoffman, D. C. 6011: 5997: 5984: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5902: 5893: 5886: 5868: 5822: 5787: 5730: 5681: 5651: 5605: 5582: 5563:(3). 1750003. 5539: 5488: 5427: 5385: 5346: 5331: 5313: 5262: 5249:(2): 381–384. 5229: 5191: 5161: 5135: 5107: 5058: 5041: 4991: 4958: 4919: 4890: 4833: 4826: 4802: 4791:(4): 391–397. 4771: 4728: 4668: 4633: 4614: 4572: 4561:(2): 301–308. 4545: 4524: 4490: 4430: 4418: 4403: 4377: 4336: 4306: 4279: 4248: 4181: 4158: 4101: 4059: 4029: 3975: 3963: 3912: 3900: 3898:, p. 433. 3885: 3883:, p. 439. 3873: 3861: 3802: 3761: 3726: 3724:, p. 432. 3714: 3702: 3700:, p. 335. 3690: 3688:, p. 334. 3678: 3641: 3600:Hoffman, D. C. 3587: 3541:Wapstra, A. H. 3532: 3502: 3495: 3471:Seaborg, G. T. 3458:. pp. 7–8 3444: 3383: 3348: 3321: 3284: 3254: 3243:on 7 June 2015 3212:(2): 235–236. 3195:Armbruster, P. 3191:Münzenberg, G. 3182: 3142: 3127: 3097: 3068: 3041: 2990: 2983: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2919: 2890: 2877: 2864: 2854: 2844: 2827: 2813: 2804: 2797: 2788: 2778: 2769: 2759: 2750: 2740: 2731: 2719: 2712: 2696: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2548: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513:superactinides 2508: 2505: 2422:nuclear shells 2381: 2378: 2335: 2332: 2307:cross sections 2238: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2205: 2196: 2186: 2177: 2146: 2143: 2096:cross sections 2043: 2040: 2032:kinetic energy 1988:in the latter. 1954:binding energy 1929: 1926: 1884: 1883: 1868: 1867: 1846:speed of light 1817:atomic nucleus 1805:nuclear fusion 1796: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1705:superactinides 1701:periodic table 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1635: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461:g-block groups 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1410: 1409: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1008: 996: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 783: 776: 768: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 555: 548: 540: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 425: 423: 416: 408: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 309: 302: 295: 293: 286: 278: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 233: 226: 218: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 182: 175: 173: 166: 158: 157: 150: 148: 138: 127: 126: 124:periodic table 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 46: 42: 41: 37: 36: 24: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7981: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7909: 7788: 7772: 7756: 7747: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7507: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7315: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7279: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7208: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7097: 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6909: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6733: 6724: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6679: 6670: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6571: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6087:(1). 012001. 6086: 6082: 6081: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5966:(3): 030001. 5965: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5897: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5869: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5788: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693:Pyykkö, Pekka 5688: 5686: 5682: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5652: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5625:(3): 034615. 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408:: 03002:1–8. 5407: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5366:(1). 014201. 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5230: 5218:on 2019-03-30 5214: 5210: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5162: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5119: 5111: 5108: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4856:(1): 012002. 4855: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4691:(1): 012007. 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4428:, p. 40. 4427: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4326: 4325: 4324:Distillations 4320: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258:Physics Today 4252: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4196:Physics Today 4192: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4102: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077:Physics World 4073: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4049: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3739:"Alpha decay" 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598:Hyde, E. K.; 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467:Published as 3454: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163:(2): 024608. 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3087:on 2015-09-11 3086: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886:Georgy Flerov 2881: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2723: 2720: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2692:superactinide 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2653: 2651: 2645: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:alkali metals 2555: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535:Based on the 2533: 2531: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497:cluster decay 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:rutherfordium 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2418:Glenn Seaborg 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2325:The teams at 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2234: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:fourth period 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1982:dipole magnet 1979: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890:excited state 1882: 1878: 1877:Visualization 1869: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854:cross section 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815:A superheavy 1810: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1775:Madelung rule 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1719:of elements. 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:atomic number 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1652: | 1648: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:period 8 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1438:Atomic number 1434: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1119:Unpentseptium 1116: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1105:Unpentpentium 1102: 1100: 1098:Unpentquadium 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1049:Unquadseptium 1046: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1035:Unquadpentium 1032: 1030: 1028:Unquadquadium 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 917: 912: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 894:Rutherfordium 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 814: 812: 807: 805: 800: 798: 793: 791: 786: 784: 782: 777: 775: 770: 769: 766: 761: 759: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 661: 656: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 600: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 541: 538: 533: 531: 526: 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 468: 463: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 409: 406: 401: 399: 394: 392: 387: 385: 380: 378: 373: 371: 366: 364: 359: 357: 352: 350: 345: 343: 338: 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