919:
305:
775:
911:
1502:
223:
2669:
691:
36:
135:
1206:"... In the Byzantine period, from the IV—V centuries AD, this handwriting passed into the "ustav", which was used most often for church books..." (Istrin 1965, p. 350). «…В византийский период, с IV—V вв. н. э., почерк этот перешел в „устав“, применявшийся чаще всего для церковных книг…» (Истрин 1965, стр. 350).
846:
usually teaches a form of evolved Latin-based uncial hand that would probably be best compared to the later 7th to 10th century examples, though admittedly, the variations in Latin uncial are much wider and less rigid than Greek. Modern uncial has borrowed heavily from some of the conventions found
977:
did) and remained in use until the end of the 8th century. The early forms of half-uncial were used for pagan authors and Roman legal writing, while in the 6th century the script came to be used in Africa and Europe (but not as often in insular centres) to transcribe
Christian texts.
1197:"Ustav and poluustav writing is often referred to as Cyrillic uncial and semi-uncial script, but the comparison to the Western European style is considered inadequate by some palaeographers, so the Slavic words are also used in English-language writing."
383:) does not connect with the top curve; the height of the arm can also indicate the age of the script (written in a high position, the script is probably early, while an arm written closer to the middle of the curve may indicate a later script).
214:, a separate category in Slavic terminology is often combined with uncial writing because in some European languages, the "ustav" and the uncial (as well as the semi-ustav and semi-uncial) are generally called the same word.
275:
scripts arose circa AD 800, some of the evolved uncial styles formed the basis for these simplified, smaller scripts. There are over 500 surviving copies of uncial script; by far the larger number of these predate the
885:
to this day. The Modern Greek State has also used uncial script on several occasions in official capacity (such as on seals, government documents, etc.) as did many of the Greek provisional governments during the
965:
Despite the common and well-fixed usage, half-uncial is a poor name to the extent that it suggests some organic debt to regular uncial, though both types share features inherited from their ancient source,
260:, of the late 1st–early 2nd centuries, all of the letters are disconnected from one another, and word separation is typically not used. Word separation, however, is characteristic of later uncial usage.
570:) generally has definite word separation, and accent marks over stressed syllables, probably because Irish scribes did not speak a language descended from Latin. They also use specifically Insular
794:, is also sometimes used to refer to manuscripts that have been scribed in uncial, especially when differentiating from those penned with minuscule. Some of the most noteworthy Greek uncials are:
263:
As the script evolved over the centuries, the characters became more complex. Specifically, around AD 600, flourishes and exaggerations of the basic strokes began to appear in more manuscripts.
918:
304:
873:
until the 1950s. The script is still widely used in this way for titles of documents, inscriptions on monuments, and other 'official' uses. Strictly speaking, the Gaelic script is
2254:
743:
could mean both "inch-high" and "weighing an ounce", and it is possible that Jerome was punning on this; he may conceivably also have been playing with the other meaning of
1354:
671:
2628:
1061:
210:
Slavic professors use also the
English terms even if the comparison to the Western European style is considered inadequate by some palaeographers. Indeed the
774:
516:
which are closer to half-uncial (see below), and was in use in the 4th and 5th centuries; "b-r" uncial, in use in the 5th and 6th centuries, has a form of
718:(though this makes little sense in the context), and Jerome may have been referring to the larger initial letters found at the beginning of paragraphs.
498:
1045:
2698:
1698:
891:
832:
The
Petropolitanus is considered by some to contain optimum uncial style. It is also an example of how large the characters were getting.
1228:
1347:
658:
2693:
1238:
973:
It was first used around the 3rd century (if we don't consider its earliest example a transitional variant of the rustic script, as
119:
271:
were the first major alterations, followed by twists of the tool in the basic stroke and overlapping. By the time the more compact
490:
910:
1139:
826:
486:
154:
57:
53:
100:
2623:
1618:
1340:
1104:
466:
72:
590:(when at the end of a word), and decorate the script with animals and dots ("Insular dotting", often in groups of three).
142:, c. AD 800, is lettered in a script known as "insular majuscule", a variety of uncial script that originated in Ireland.
2728:
2508:
2470:
1658:
959:
954:, which contains sections in each of the two types of script. The terminology was continued in the mid-18th century by
2654:
1723:
678:
79:
922:
A 3rd-century script that can either be considered a rustic predecessor of semi-uncial or the earliest semi-uncial,
2723:
2234:
1329:
A manual of Latin paleography; a comprehensive PDF file containing 82 pages profusely illustrated, 4 January 2024).
1158:
1049:
453:) do not entirely curve in to touch their stems, and the script is generally not written as cleanly as previously.
246:
surfaces, as opposed to the angular, multiple-stroke letters, which are more suited for rougher surfaces, such as
2718:
1880:
887:
474:
877:, not uncial. Uncial Greek (commonly called "Byzantine lettering" by Greeks themselves) is commonly used by the
2733:
2638:
2455:
2126:
2063:
1768:
1691:
478:
470:
86:
1449:
1264:
628:
613:
with a curled stem (somewhat resembling an apple), and there are many decorations of fish, trees, and birds.
482:
277:
46:
2083:
1806:
955:
252:
68:
2703:
2558:
2058:
2053:
1966:
1953:
1786:
1409:
1074:
878:
763:
666:
264:
1060:
946:(Mantua, 1727); he used it to distinguish what seemed like a cut-down version of uncial in the famous
2350:
1991:
1845:
1439:
814:
571:
1501:
653:
2708:
2672:
2633:
2546:
2440:
2295:
2273:
2263:
2131:
1738:
1728:
1684:
1665:
1556:
1479:
1131:
923:
624:
620:
357:
is formed with curved strokes (although a straight first stroke may indicate an early script), and
2596:
2523:
2503:
2493:
2465:
2435:
2395:
2022:
1885:
1870:
1811:
1801:
1628:
1594:
1561:
1531:
1491:
1404:
1368:
1364:
869:
letterforms, which are similar to uncial letterforms, were conventionally used for typography in
808:
594:
539:
etc.), and a sharp bow (as in
African uncial), an almost horizontal rather than vertical stem in
1215:
1178:
226:
Simplified relationship between various scripts, showing the development of uncial through time.
1040:
are similar to their uncial counterparts (with the same differences compared to modern letters)
2541:
2460:
2415:
2345:
1816:
1566:
1474:
1419:
1399:
1234:
1174:
1135:
1123:
1089:
967:
723:
Habeant qui volunt veteres libros, vel in membranis purpureis auro argentoque descriptos, vel
235:
2713:
2427:
2380:
2219:
2166:
2027:
1837:
1526:
1467:
1462:
1429:
798:
779:
732:
462:
243:
200:
162:
851:
scripts, using flourishes, variable width strokes, and on occasion, even center axis tilt.
93:
2563:
2450:
2445:
2365:
2333:
2224:
1961:
1763:
1610:
1585:
1444:
1389:
1170:
1094:
939:
862:
803:
759:
735:, or burdens {rather than books} written in uncial letters, as they are popularly called."
501:) uncial is more angular than other forms of uncial. In particular, the bow of the letter
257:
231:
185:
181:
177:
2518:
508:
Byzantine uncial has two variants, each with unique features: "b-d uncial" uses forms of
1332:
157:(written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to 8th centuries AD by
2568:
2513:
2390:
2193:
2017:
1971:
1905:
1875:
1743:
1546:
1414:
1084:
951:
895:
874:
870:
783:
651:) can also been applied to Glagolitic manuscripts (See the russian version of articles
619:
manuscript developed from Greek uncial in the late ninth century (mostly replacing the
567:
293:
289:
222:
169:
2687:
2360:
2328:
2318:
1642:
1536:
1521:
1384:
1154:
974:
899:
755:
139:
2618:
2498:
2385:
2370:
2340:
2300:
2283:
2037:
2007:
1981:
1890:
1733:
1715:
1635:
1571:
1551:
437:
In later uncial scripts, the letters are sometimes drawn haphazardly; for example,
1649:
1623:
1326:
1289:
690:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2591:
2405:
2355:
2310:
2250:
2214:
2185:
2173:
2153:
1976:
1928:
1796:
1424:
1265:"uncial, adj. & n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
1079:
866:
855:
843:
821:
731:"Let those who so desire have old books, or books written in gold and silver on
707:
309:
35:
2586:
2400:
2290:
2143:
2136:
2113:
2068:
2032:
1986:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1918:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1707:
1541:
1486:
703:
272:
524:
with a bow resting on the baseline and the stem extending below the baseline.
389:
has a small base, not extending to the right to connect with the next letter.
2078:
2073:
1850:
1778:
1600:
1291:
Istoria diplomatica che serve d'introduzione all'arte critica in tal materia
914:
An exemplary early 6th-century semi-uncial, Codex
Basilicanus S. Petri D 182
268:
239:
151:
134:
2551:
2410:
2229:
2102:
2088:
1913:
1865:
1590:
1434:
1044:
Half-uncial was brought to
Ireland in the 5th century, and from there to
858:
616:
204:
2375:
2161:
2012:
1923:
1855:
1791:
1578:
1516:
1321:
1099:
848:
285:
247:
17:
890:. The height of uncial usage by the Modern Greek State was during the
2278:
1895:
882:
575:
410:
165:
758:
in the early 18th century. Thereafter his definition was refined by
207:. It can still be used today in academic or religious publications.
199:
scripts were used from the 9th to the 17th century AD to write the
2121:
1860:
1828:
1308:, with an introduction by F. Troncarelli (Turnhout, 2001), 105–17.
917:
773:
694:
Calligraphic writing of the word "Unziale" in a modern uncial hand
689:
544:
303:
281:
221:
173:
158:
133:
635:(predominant in the 11–14th centuries), and later developed into
292:
variant of uncial remained the standard script used to write the
2477:
2323:
2268:
1181:, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES, ISSUE NO. 2 (2013/2)
835:
For further details on these manuscripts, see
Guglielmo Cavallo
1680:
1336:
1230:
New Hart's Rules: The
Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors
29:
1676:
1130:. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press &
493:) centres, there were many slightly different styles in use:
316:
In general, there are some common features of uncial script:
1059:
698:
There is some doubt about the original meaning of the word.
250:. In the oldest examples of uncial, such as the fragment of
854:
In a way comparable to the continued widespread use of the
1327:'Fonts for Latin Paleography: User's Manual. 6th edition'
754:
in the sense of describing this script was first used by
727:
ut vulgo aiunt litteris onera magis exarata quam codices.
1171:
SHORT HISTORY OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET by IVAN G. ILIEV.
280:. Uncial was still used, particularly for copies of the
762:, who used it to refer to this script as distinct from
643:, 15–16th centuries). In slavic terminology, the terms
234:. Early forms are characterized by broad single-stroke
813:– these being three of what are often called the four
527:
Italian uncial has flatter tops on the round letters (
1304:
L. E. Boyle, "'Basilicanus' of Hilary
Revisited," in
566:
Insular uncial (not to be confused with the separate
238:
using simple round forms taking advantage of the new
27:
Capital letter-only writing system in Greek and Latin
1007:
have vertical stems, identical to the modern letters
609:
with lines that cross higher than the middle, and a
520:
that is twice as large as the other letters, and an
441:
runs together at the baseline, bows (for example in
230:
Early uncial script most likely developed from late
2647:
2579:
2532:
2486:
2426:
2309:
2249:
2207:
2184:
2152:
2112:
2101:
2046:
2000:
1952:
1904:
1836:
1827:
1777:
1714:
1609:
1509:
1375:
1233:. Oxford, United Kingdom: OUP Oxford. p. 208.
1190:
902:, the Greek State has stopped using uncial script.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1151:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language
714:, but it is possible that this is a misreading of
574:not found in other uncial forms, use wedge-shaped
379:is formed with a curved stroke, and its arm (or
1013:has a flat top, no bow, and a curved descender
986:Some general forms of half-uncial letters are:
681:was also used from the 13th to the 15h century.
898:coins had uncial lettering on them. Since the
2629:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
1692:
1348:
1322:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
1191:English wiktionary, Usage notes for the word
8:
2171:
1656:
1647:
1633:
1576:
881:and various institutions and individuals in
284:, until around the 10th century outside of
2109:
1833:
1699:
1685:
1677:
1355:
1341:
1333:
2655:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1048:. In England, it was used to create the
909:
623:), and was originally used to write the
578:, connect a slightly subscript "pendant
461:Due to its extremely widespread use, in
409:resembles (and is the ancestor of) the "
403:, often connecting with the next letter.
1116:
296:until the middle of the 20th century.
168:. Uncial letters were used to write
7:
1259:
1257:
997:, sometimes with a slightly open top
308:A sample of the Latin text from the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
865:until well into the 20th century,
782:, in Byzantine uncial, containing
597:) uncial uses thin descenders (in
505:is particularly sharp and pointed.
25:
1017:(somewhat resembling the digit 5)
2668:
2667:
1500:
837:Ricerche sulla Maiuscola Biblica
710:, where it is found in the form
180:, and are the current style for
34:
892:Greek military junta of 1967–74
45:needs additional citations for
827:Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus
631:. The earlier form was called
1:
2624:History of Western typography
1619:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
1105:List of New Testament uncials
627:liturgical language with the
2471:traditional point-size names
1659:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
543:, and forked finials (i.e.,
395:has a long, curved shoulder
2699:Greek New Testament uncials
1724:Canons of page construction
702:itself probably comes from
679:Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)
2750:
1227:Miller, Robert M. (2005).
1159:Cambridge University Press
1050:Old English Latin alphabet
1046:England in the 7th century
2663:
1881:Subscript and superscript
1498:
1288:Maffei, Scipione (1727).
1124:Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall
960:Charles François Toustain
888:Greek War of Independence
2694:Latin-script calligraphy
2639:Vox-ATypI classification
1769:Intentionally blank page
1294:. Mantova: A. Tumermani.
1128:Encyclopedia of the Book
547:in some letters such as
629:Early Cyrillic Alphabet
365:to distinguish it from
278:Carolingian Renaissance
2172:
1657:
1648:
1634:
1577:
1065:
938:was first deployed by
927:
915:
787:
695:
353:are relatively broad;
339:are relatively narrow.
313:
227:
146:In a Western context,
143:
1306:Integral Palaeography
1075:Carolingian minuscule
1063:
921:
913:
879:Greek Orthodox Church
777:
764:Roman square capitals
693:
677:). A decorative form
572:scribal abbreviations
307:
253:De bellis macedonicis
225:
197:Semi-Uncial/Poluustav
191:In a Slavic context,
137:
2509:Typographic features
1052:in the 8th century.
815:great uncial codices
54:improve this article
2729:Western calligraphy
2634:Technical lettering
2533:Typography in other
2274:Hanging punctuation
1557:Technical lettering
1216:British Library Mss
1132:The British Library
1023:has a curved shaft
956:René Prosper Tassin
944:Istoria diplomatica
924:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus
747:, "block of wood".
739:In classical Latin
625:Old Church Slavonic
621:Glagolitic alphabet
499:Roman North African
2597:Handwriting script
2524:Desktop publishing
2494:Character encoding
2487:Digital typography
2001:Horizontal aspects
1954:Visual distinction
1812:Widows and orphans
1629:Getty-Dubay Italic
1595:Ukrainian skoropys
1066:
1064:a uncial alphabet.
928:
916:
839:(Florence, 1967).
809:Codex Alexandrinus
788:
706:'s preface to the
696:
667:Poluustav (script)
649:uncial/semi-uncial
439:⟨ll⟩
314:
228:
144:
2724:Early Middle Ages
2681:
2680:
2428:Typographic units
2346:For position only
2245:
2244:
2097:
2096:
1674:
1673:
1090:Irish orthography
1038:⟨s⟩
1034:⟨r⟩
1030:⟨n⟩
1025:⟨ꞇ⟩
1021:⟨t⟩
1015:⟨ᵹ⟩
1011:⟨g⟩
1005:⟨d⟩
1001:⟨b⟩
995:⟨ɑ⟩
993:is usually round
991:⟨a⟩
982:Half-uncial forms
968:capitalis rustica
948:Codex Basilicanus
778:A portion of the
611:⟨d⟩
607:⟨x⟩
603:⟨p⟩
599:⟨g⟩
593:French (that is,
588:⟨h⟩
584:⟨m⟩
580:⟨i⟩
561:⟨s⟩
557:⟨t⟩
553:⟨l⟩
549:⟨f⟩
541:⟨d⟩
537:⟨o⟩
533:⟨e⟩
529:⟨c⟩
522:⟨r⟩
518:⟨b⟩
514:⟨d⟩
510:⟨b⟩
503:⟨a⟩
481:, and "insular" (
451:⟨r⟩
447:⟨p⟩
443:⟨b⟩
431:⟨f⟩
427:⟨r⟩
415:⟨ſ⟩
407:⟨s⟩
393:⟨r⟩
387:⟨l⟩
377:⟨e⟩
371:⟨s⟩
367:⟨r⟩
363:⟨ɴ⟩
359:⟨n⟩
355:⟨m⟩
351:⟨u⟩
347:⟨n⟩
343:⟨m⟩
337:⟨t⟩
333:⟨s⟩
329:⟨p⟩
325:⟨i⟩
321:⟨f⟩
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2741:
2719:Medieval scripts
2671:
2670:
2648:Related template
2580:Related articles
2381:Phototypesetting
2235:reverse-contrast
2220:Display typeface
2177:
2154:Blackletter type
2110:
2047:Vertical aspects
2028:Sentence spacing
1838:Typeface anatomy
1834:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1662:
1653:
1639:
1611:Teaching scripts
1582:
1504:
1463:Serbian Cyrillic
1357:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1121:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
799:Codex Sinaiticus
780:Codex Sinaiticus
733:purple parchment
675:
662:
612:
608:
604:
600:
589:
585:
581:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
428:
425:looks more like
424:
422:
416:
408:
402:
400:
394:
388:
378:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:, 6th century AD
201:Slavic languages
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2734:Cyrillic script
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2659:
2643:
2575:
2535:writing systems
2534:
2528:
2482:
2422:
2366:Microtypography
2305:
2241:
2203:
2180:
2148:
2105:classifications
2104:
2093:
2042:
1996:
1962:Blackboard bold
1948:
1900:
1823:
1773:
1764:Recto and verso
1710:
1705:
1675:
1670:
1605:
1586:Russian cursive
1505:
1496:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1161:, 1995. p. 258.
1149:
1145:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1095:Rustic capitals
1071:
1058:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
984:
940:Scipione Maffei
908:
804:Codex Vaticanus
772:
760:Scipione Maffei
688:
669:
656:
645:ustav/poluustav
610:
606:
602:
598:
587:
583:
579:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
517:
513:
509:
502:
459:
457:National styles
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
426:
420:
418:
417:; in uncial it
414:
406:
398:
396:
392:
386:
376:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
302:
258:British Library
232:rustic capitals
220:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Uncial script"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:National Fonts
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Web typography
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Reversing type
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Letter-spacing
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Color printing
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1906:Capitalization
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Page numbering
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1450:Early Cyrillic
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Insular script
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1316:External links
1314:
1311:
1310:
1297:
1280:
1253:
1239:
1219:
1208:
1199:
1183:
1163:
1143:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Insular script
1082:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1018:
1008:
998:
983:
980:
907:
904:
830:
829:
824:
819:
818:
817:
806:
801:
771:
768:
737:
736:
729:
687:
684:
683:
682:
654:Ustav (script)
614:
591:
568:Insular script
564:
525:
506:
497:African (i.e.
458:
455:
435:
434:
404:
390:
384:
374:
361:is written as
340:
301:
298:
294:Irish language
219:
216:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Bézier curves
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Rasterization
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Microprinting
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Etaoin shrdlu
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1240:9780198610410
1236:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:. Cambridge:
1156:
1155:David Crystal
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Gaelic script
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1028:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
988:
987:
981:
979:
976:
975:Leonard Boyle
971:
969:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
920:
912:
905:
903:
901:
900:Metapolitefsi
897:
896:Greek Drachma
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
852:
850:
845:
840:
838:
833:
828:
825:
823:
820:
816:
812:
811:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
793:
785:
781:
776:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:Jean Mabillon
753:
748:
746:
742:
734:
730:
728:
726:
721:
720:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
692:
685:
680:
676:
673:
668:
663:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
596:
592:
577:
573:
569:
565:
546:
526:
507:
500:
496:
495:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
412:
405:
391:
385:
382:
375:
341:
319:
318:
317:
311:
306:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
217:
215:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
176:, as well as
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
141:
140:Book of Kells
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2704:Palaeography
2619:Type foundry
2456:Metric units
2386:Punchcutting
2371:Movable type
2341:Font catalog
2301:Vertical bar
2198:
2038:Word spacing
2008:Figure space
1891:Text figures
1734:Even working
1666:Zaner-Bloser
1636:Grundschrift
1394:
1378:and medieval
1305:
1300:
1290:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:
1244:. Retrieved
1229:
1222:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1166:
1150:
1146:
1127:
1119:
1043:
985:
972:
964:
947:
943:
935:
931:
929:
894:, when even
861:for written
853:
841:
836:
834:
831:
791:
789:
751:
749:
744:
740:
738:
724:
722:
715:
711:
699:
697:
665:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
460:
436:
380:
315:
262:
251:
229:
211:
209:
196:
193:Uncial/Ustav
192:
190:
147:
145:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2614:Type design
2609:Style guide
2602:Calligraphy
2592:Handwriting
2406:Type design
2356:Lorem ipsum
2351:Letterpress
2311:Typesetting
2251:Punctuation
2215:Record type
2186:Gaelic type
2174:Schwabacher
2064:Body height
1929:Letter case
1797:Line length
1562:Copperplate
1425:Blackletter
1410:Carolingian
1405:Merovingian
1365:handwritten
1269:www.oed.com
936:semi-uncial
932:half-uncial
906:Half-uncial
856:blackletter
844:calligraphy
822:Codex Bezae
716:inicialibus
708:Book of Job
670: [
657: [
639:script (or
595:Merovingian
310:Codex Bezae
218:Development
212:Greek ustav
2709:Papyrology
2688:Categories
2587:Penmanship
2559:East Asian
2401:Type color
2334:monospaced
2291:Interpunct
2284:minus sign
2208:Specialist
2144:Sans-serif
2137:slab serif
2114:Roman type
2069:Cap height
2033:Thin space
1992:Whitespace
1944:Title case
1939:Snake case
1934:Small caps
1919:Camel case
1851:Diacritics
1759:Pull quote
1754:Pagination
1749:Paper size
1708:Typography
1567:Spencerian
1487:Court hand
1475:Glagolitic
1420:Beneventan
1400:Visigothic
1274:2023-09-18
1140:1884718140
1134:, p. 494.
1111:References
790:The word,
770:Other uses
725:uncialibus
712:uncialibus
704:St. Jerome
637:semi-ustav
605:etc.), an
269:descenders
110:April 2013
80:newspapers
2084:Overshoot
2079:Mean line
2074:Descender
1987:Underline
1829:Character
1807:Runaround
1787:Alignment
1779:Paragraph
1650:Sütterlin
1624:D'Nealian
1601:Shorthand
1547:Secretary
1527:Johannine
1492:Lombardic
1468:Bosančica
1457:Poluustav
1367:European
1363:Types of
1179:2158-7051
1126:. (1996)
930:The term
859:typefaces
750:The term
686:Etymology
641:poluustav
463:Byzantine
273:minuscule
265:Ascenders
240:parchment
152:majuscule
2673:Category
2552:PT Fonts
2547:Cyrillic
2411:Typeface
2329:computer
2230:fat face
2103:Typeface
2089:x-height
2059:Baseline
2054:Ascender
1914:All caps
1876:Rotation
1871:Ligature
1866:Ink trap
1591:Skoropis
1532:Humanist
1522:Chancery
1440:Georgian
1435:Bastarda
1069:See also
847:in more
741:uncialis
617:Cyrillic
423:⟩
419:⟨
401:⟩
397:⟨
205:Cyrillic
2714:Writing
2499:Hinting
2376:Pangram
2194:Insular
2167:Rotunda
2162:Fraktur
2127:Antiqua
2013:Kerning
1982:Oblique
1977:Italics
1924:Initial
1856:Dingbat
1846:Counter
1792:Leading
1579:Kurrent
1552:Library
1517:Cursive
1480:Angular
1430:Rotunda
1376:Ancient
1369:scripts
1100:Tengwar
1056:Letters
875:insular
849:cursive
842:Modern
582:" with
576:finials
491:English
479:Spanish
471:Italian
467:African
290:insular
286:Ireland
256:in the
248:papyrus
236:letters
166:scribes
94:scholar
18:Uncials
2542:Arabic
2441:Cicero
2279:Hyphen
2264:Bullet
2225:script
2199:Uncial
2132:Didone
1896:Tittle
1739:Margin
1729:Column
1643:Palmer
1537:Italic
1510:Modern
1395:Uncial
1390:Rustic
1246:7 July
1237:
1177:
1153:. Ed.
1138:
1036:, and
952:Hilary
883:Greece
867:Gaelic
863:German
792:uncial
786:2:3–8.
784:Esther
752:uncial
700:Uncial
545:serifs
489:, and
475:French
411:long s
288:. The
244:vellum
186:Nobiin
182:Coptic
178:Gothic
155:script
148:Uncial
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2466:Point
2436:Agate
2296:Space
2122:Serif
2023:Pitch
1886:Swash
1861:Glyph
1802:River
1572:Ronde
1542:Round
1454:Ustav
1445:Greek
1385:Roman
1193:ustav
871:Irish
745:codex
674:]
661:]
633:ustav
487:Welsh
483:Irish
429:than
381:hasta
300:Forms
282:Bible
174:Latin
170:Greek
163:Greek
159:Latin
150:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2564:Thai
2478:Twip
2461:Pica
2416:list
2396:Sort
2324:Font
2269:Dash
2255:List
1967:Bold
1817:runt
1716:Page
1248:2022
1235:ISBN
1175:ISSN
1136:ISBN
1003:and
958:and
664:and
559:and
512:and
369:and
349:and
267:and
242:and
195:and
184:and
172:and
161:and
138:The
73:news
970:.
950:of
934:or
926:668
586:or
203:in
56:by
2690::
2451:En
2446:Em
1267:.
1256:^
1173:,
1032:,
962:.
942:,
766:.
672:ru
659:ru
601:,
563:).
555:,
551:,
535:,
531:,
485:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
449:,
445:,
413:"
345:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
188:.
2257:)
2253:(
1700:e
1693:t
1686:v
1597:)
1593:(
1356:e
1349:t
1342:v
1277:.
1250:.
1195::
647:(
433:.
421:ꞅ
399:ꞃ
373:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
