212:, wealthy individuals trusted family to care for their corpse, but funeral rites would feature professional mourners: most often actresses who would announce the presence of the funeral procession by wailing loudly. Other paid actors would don the masks of ancestors and recreate their personalities, dramatizing the exploits of their departed scion. These purely ceremonial undertakers of the day nonetheless had great religious and societal impact; a larger number of actors indicated greater power and wealth for the deceased and their family.
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began around 2600 BC, with the best-preserved mummies dating to around 1570 to 1075 BC. Specialized priests spent 70 full days on a single corpse. Only royalty, nobility and wealthy commoners could afford the service, considered by some to be essential for accessing eternal life; the poorer performed
204:
Across successive cultures, religion remained a prime motive for securing a body against decay and/or arranging burial in a planned manner; some considered the fate of departed souls to be fixed and unchangeable (e.g. ancient
Mesopotamia) and considered care for a grave to be more important than the
226:
Historically, from ancient Egypt to Greece and Rome to the early United States, women typically did all of the preparation of dead bodies. They were called "layers out of the dead". In the mid-19th century, gender roles within funeral service in the United States began to change. In the late 19th
296:
In the UK no formal licence is required to become an undertaker (funeral director). There are national trade organizations such as the
British Institute of Funeral Directors (BIFD), the National Association of Funeral Directors (NAFD) and the Society of Allied and Independent Funeral Directors
235:
In 2003, 15 percent of corporately owned funeral homes in the US were owned by one of three corporations. The majority of morticians work in small, independent family-run funeral homes. The owner usually hires two or three other morticians to help them. Often, this hired help is in the family,
141:
of the dead, as well as the arrangements for the funeral ceremony (although not the directing and conducting of the funeral itself unless clergy are not present). Funeral directors may at times be asked to perform tasks such as dressing (in garments usually suitable for daily wear), casketing
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A funeral director in the UK will usually take on most of the administrative duties and arrangement of the funeral service, including flower arrangements, meeting with family members, and overseeing the funeral and burial service. Embalming or cremation of the body requires further training.
333:
A funeral director in Canada will assume many responsibilities after proper education and licensing. Courses will include science and biology, ethics, and practical techniques of embalming. There are a number of organizations available to
Canadian funeral directors.
223:'s work attracted the attention of royalty and legitimized postmortem anatomy. Most importantly, Ruysch developed injected substances and waxes that could penetrate the smallest vessels of the body and seal them against decay.
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very basic intentional mummification or simply buried the body in a dry spot hoping it would naturally mummify. In every case, an intact body was considered paramount to access the afterlife.
146:(applying any sort of cosmetic or substance to the best viewable areas of the corpse for the purpose of enhancing its appearance) with the proper licences. A funeral director may work at a
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All of the national organizations offer voluntary membership of "best practice" standards schemes, which includes regular premises inspection and adherence to a specific
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The role of a funeral director in Canada can include embalming, sales, oversight of funeral services as well as other aspects of needed funeral services.
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century, the industry became male dominated with the development of funeral directors, which changed the funeral industry both locally and nationally.
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The BIFD offers a licence to funeral directors who have obtained a diploma-level qualification; these diplomas are offered by both the BIFD and NAFD.
541:"Funeral Directors." Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition. 4 Aug, 2006. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 8 Dec, 2008.
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People's need to respect the dead and their survivors is as ancient as civilization itself, and death care is among the world's oldest professions.
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perpetuating the family's ownership. Other firms that were family-owned have been acquired and are operated by large corporations such as
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Licensing requirements in the US are determined at the state level. Most require a combination of post-secondary education (typically an
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133:(or preparation of the deceased) involved in the business of funeral rites. These tasks often entail the embalming and
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Modern ideas about proper preservation of the dead for the benefit of the living arose in the
European
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put out a call for a new name for the profession in the US to distance itself from the title
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The
British Institute of Embalmers (BIE) offers embalming training and qualifications.
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Most funeral homes have one or more viewing rooms, a preparation room for embalming, a
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These organizations help funeral directors demonstrate that they are committed to
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370:"mortician, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
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30:"Mortician" and "Undertaker" redirect here. For the death metal band, see
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489:"Funerals and Burial Practices | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia"
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is a probable pioneer in supporting full-time morticians; intentional
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247:, and a casket selection room. They usually have a
27:Professional in the business of funeral procedures
267:Organizations and licensing in the United States
713:"Funeral Service Association of Canada - Home"
34:. For the American professional wrestler, see
742:
579:American Board of Funeral Service Education,
8:
639:"The British Institute of Funeral Directors"
600:"The British Institute of Funeral Directors"
384:"Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Egyptian Mummies"
625:"National Association of Funeral Directors"
518:"Corporate Growth in Funeral Home Industry"
352:"How Morticians Reinvented Their Job Title"
163:
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125:), is a professional who has licences in
142:(placing the corpse in the coffin), and
2121:
670:"Funeral Services | ontariocolleges.ca"
343:
444:"Frederik Ruysch: The Artist of Death"
259:. They also normally sell caskets and
1099:List of ways people dishonor the dead
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662:
555:"Licensing Boards & Requirements"
329:Organizations and licensing in Canada
292:Organizations and licensing in the UK
7:
2186:People involved with death and dying
511:
509:
315:continuing professional development
1104:List of ways people honor the dead
653:"UK Independent Funeral Directors"
543:http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos011.htm
25:
1135:GompertzāMakeham law of mortality
238:Service Corporation International
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398:"Death in Ancient Civilisations"
251:for transportation of bodies, a
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162:is derived from the Latin word
150:or be an independent employee.
98:Mortician's restorative tools,
172:. In 1895, the trade magazine
1:
1155:Maternal mortality in fiction
1069:Expressions related to death
1022:Medical declaration of death
493:philadelphiaencyclopedia.org
51:Funeral directors driving a
1089:Preventable causes of death
461:Quigley, Christine (1996).
40:Undertaker (disambiguation)
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581:Frequently Asked Questions
429:World History Encyclopedia
168:('death') with the ending
29:
2078:
1456:Consciousness after death
1379:
943:
567:theconferenceonline.org,
231:Role in the United States
100:Museum of Funeral Customs
2196:Funeral-related industry
1857:Personification of death
1079:People by cause of death
448:The Public Domain Review
1934:Death-positive movement
1779:Post-mortem photography
1059:Causes of death by rate
987:Death by natural causes
586:3 February 2016 at the
184:was the winning entry.
55:in a funeral procession
1969:Fascination with death
1607:Reincarnation research
1602:Out-of-body experience
1064:Notable deaths by year
905:Immunogenic cell death
821:Temporal lobe necrosis
674:www.ontariocolleges.ca
174:The Embalmers' Monthly
164:
106:
91:
72:
56:
38:. For other uses, see
2113:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
1774:Post-mortem chemistry
1587:Near-death experience
1483:Desecration of graves
1419:Postmortem caloricity
1384:Beating heart cadaver
828:Programmed cell death
796:Liquefactive necrosis
464:The Corpse: A History
104:Springfield, Illinois
97:
78:
62:
50:
1964:Festival of the Dead
1862:Dying-and-rising god
1817:Chinese burial money
1706:Prohibition of dying
1658:Death-qualified jury
1424:Post-mortem interval
1084:Premature obituaries
791:Coagulative necrosis
217:Age of Enlightenment
2024:Philosophy of death
1889:Death from laughter
1189:Perinatal mortality
930:Mitotic catastrophe
910:Ischemic cell death
853:Intrinsic apoptosis
801:Gangrenous necrosis
424:"The Roman Funeral"
113:, also known as an
2070:Thanatosensitivity
1974:Hierarchy of death
1914:Death notification
1822:Coins for the dead
1754:Forensic pathology
1638:Capital punishment
1592:Near-death studies
1184:Mortality salience
816:Fibrinoid necrosis
786:Avascular necrosis
408:on 4 October 2015.
273:associate's degree
219:. Dutch scientist
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1842:Death anniversary
1837:Death and culture
1681:Dying declaration
1663:Death certificate
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1284:Neuropreservation
1074:Natural disasters
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516:Turner, Chelsea.
358:. 5 January 2016.
16:(Redirected from
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1949:Death trajectory
1764:Mortuary science
1759:Funeral director
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1716:Suspicious death
1488:Eternal oblivion
1274:Cryopreservation
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1140:Infant mortality
1130:Excess mortality
1032:Terminal illness
1017:Lazarus syndrome
1002:End-of-life care
953:Accidental death
806:Caseous necrosis
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32:Mortician (band)
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2004:Museum of Death
1954:Dignified death
1909:Death messenger
1884:Death education
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1523:Online mourning
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1394:Cadaveric spasm
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1253:Skeletonization
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321:Role in Canada
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283:Role in the UK
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129:arranging and
36:The Undertaker
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1790:
1789:Biostratinomy
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Necropolitics
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:Reincarnation
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1438:Other aspects
1435:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Body donation
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:Dismemberment
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Mummification
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1258:Fossilization
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Decomposition
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Pallor mortis
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
778:
776:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
732:
729:
718:
714:
708:
705:
700:
696:
690:
687:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
654:
648:
645:
640:
634:
631:
626:
620:
617:
605:
601:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
576:
573:
570:
569:Students' NBE
564:
561:
556:
550:
547:
544:
538:
535:
523:
519:
512:
510:
506:
494:
490:
484:
481:
476:
470:
467:. McFarland.
466:
465:
457:
454:
449:
445:
439:
436:
431:
430:
425:
422:Steven Fife.
418:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
393:
390:
385:
379:
376:
371:
365:
362:
357:
353:
347:
344:
337:
335:
328:
326:
320:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
301:
298:
291:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
230:
228:
224:
222:
218:
213:
211:
206:
202:
199:
198:mummification
195:
194:Ancient Egypt
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
105:
101:
96:
90:
86:
82:
77:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2165:
2148:
2136:from Commons
2131:
2110:
1944:Death threat
1827:Dark tourism
1769:Necrobiology
1758:
1711:Right to die
1669:
1628:Abortion law
1552:Resurrection
1540:Palingenesis
1437:
1399:Coffin birth
1306:Plastination
1267:Preservation
1243:Putrefaction
1238:Livor mortis
1233:Rigor mortis
1228:Algor mortis
1205:
1161:Memento mori
1159:
1012:Lazarus sign
992:Death rattle
935:Suicide gene
920:Karyorrhexis
811:Fat necrosis
716:
707:
698:
689:
677:. Retrieved
673:
647:
633:
619:
607:. Retrieved
603:
594:
575:
563:
549:
537:
525:. Retrieved
521:
496:. Retrieved
492:
483:
463:
456:
447:
438:
427:
406:the original
401:
392:
378:
364:
356:Mental Floss
355:
346:
332:
324:
312:
305:
302:
299:
295:
286:
270:
242:
234:
225:
214:
210:ancient Rome
207:
203:
191:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
157:
148:funeral home
118:
114:
110:
108:
81:funeral home
44:
2061: [
2019:Necrophobia
2014:Necrophilia
1984:Immortality
1939:Death squad
1919:Death panel
1904:Death march
1899:Death knell
1879:Death drive
1852:Death deity
1796:Thanatology
1745: [
1691:Legal death
1670:in absentia
1648:Civil death
1493:Examination
1478:Crematorium
1361:Excarnation
1198:After death
997:Dysthanasia
963:Brain death
895:Autoschizis
873:Phenoptosis
868:Parthanatos
858:Necroptosis
765:In medicine
717:www.fsac.ca
2180:Categories
2150:Quotations
1989:Last rites
1959:Extinction
1929:Death pose
1924:Death poem
1894:Death hoax
1874:Death camp
1867:Psychopomp
1742:Death tech
1597:Necromancy
1575:Paranormal
1557:Underworld
1409:Dissection
1371:Resomation
1366:Promession
1344:Sky burial
1311:Prosection
1296:Maceration
1007:Euthanasia
925:Karyolysis
883:Pyroptosis
863:Paraptosis
773:Cell death
338:References
277:apprentice
257:limousines
253:flower car
178:undertaker
144:cossetting
115:undertaker
18:Undertaker
2034:Sacrifice
2029:Predation
1994:Longevity
1784:Taphonomy
1721:Trust law
1676:Death row
1461:Afterlife
1414:Gibbeting
1351:Cremation
1316:Taxidermy
1291:Embalming
1167:Micromort
1113:Mortality
890:Autolysis
848:Autophagy
843:Apoptosis
182:mortician
160:mortician
158:The term
154:Etymology
139:cremation
131:embalming
119:mortician
85:JyvƤskylƤ
2088:Category
2058:Thanabot
2009:Necronym
1979:Homicide
1530:Obituary
1518:Mourning
1508:Internet
1451:Cemetery
1326:Disposal
1279:Cryonics
948:Abortion
915:Pyknosis
781:Necrosis
679:3 August
609:2 August
584:Archived
527:1 August
498:1 August
297:(SAIF).
71:, France
67:shop in
2098:Outline
2046:Suicide
1686:Inquest
1653:Coroner
1545:Saį¹sÄra
1513:Midwife
1498:Funeral
1473:Customs
1446:Carrion
1145:Karoshi
958:Autopsy
838:Anoikis
402:History
188:History
127:funeral
89:Finland
1999:Martyr
1735:Fields
1696:Murder
1612:SĆ©ance
1582:Ghosts
1466:Tukdam
1334:Burial
1216:Stages
900:Eschar
695:"Home"
471:
255:, and
249:hearse
245:chapel
170:-ician
135:burial
53:hearse
2133:Media
2065:]
2039:human
1805:Other
1749:]
1621:Legal
1562:Vigil
1503:Grief
1051:Lists
758:Death
165:mort-
2167:Data
1726:Will
1207:Body
1177:RAMR
833:AICD
699:OFSA
681:2018
611:2018
529:2018
500:2018
469:ISBN
261:urns
69:Nice
980:DOA
208:In
137:or
117:or
83:in
65:urn
2182::
2063:ca
1747:pt
715:.
697:.
672:.
661:^
602:.
520:.
508:^
491:.
446:.
426:.
414:^
400:.
354:.
310:.
279:.
263:.
109:A
102:,
87:,
79:A
2119::
750:e
743:t
736:v
719:.
701:.
683:.
655:.
641:.
627:.
613:.
557:.
531:.
502:.
477:.
450:.
432:.
386:.
372:.
121:(
42:.
20:)
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