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a fuel in the United States. Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his engine, which could run on vegetable oils and ethanol, in 1895, but the widespread use of petroleum-based diesel engines made ethanol less popular as a fuel. In the 1970s, the oil crisis reignited interest in ethanol, and Brazil became a leader in ethanol production and use. The United States began producing ethanol on a large scale in the 1980s and 1990s as a fuel additive to gasoline, due to government regulations. Today, ethanol continues to be explored as a sustainable and renewable fuel source, with researchers developing new technologies and biomass sources for its production.
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fermentation became increasingly important in the production of bulk chemicals like ethanol, lactic acid, and citric acid. This led to the development of new fermentation techniques and the use of genetically engineered microorganisms to improve yields and reduce production costs. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was a growing interest in the use of fermentation for the production of functional foods and nutraceuticals, which have potential health benefits beyond basic nutrition. This led to the development of new fermentation processes and the use of probiotics and other functional ingredients.
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technologies driving advances in product quality, yield, and efficiency. The period from the 1930s onward saw a number of significant advancements in fermentation technology, including the development of new processes for producing high-value products like antibiotics and enzymes, the increasing importance of fermentation in the production of bulk chemicals, and a growing interest in the use of fermentation for the production of
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in which the culture medium flows steadily through a tube while the cells are recycled from the outlet to the inlet. If the process works well, there is a steady flow of feed and effluent and the costs of repeatedly setting up a batch are avoided. Also, it can prolong the exponential growth phase and
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Fed-batch fermentation is a variation of batch fermentation where some of the ingredients are added during the fermentation. This allows greater control over the stages of the process. In particular, production of secondary metabolites can be increased by adding a limited quantity of nutrients during
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The acidity of lactic acid impedes biological processes. This can be beneficial to the fermenting organism as it drives out competitors that are unadapted to the acidity. As a result, the food will have a longer shelf life (one reason foods are purposely fermented in the first place); however, beyond
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The history of ethanol as a fuel spans several centuries and is marked by a series of significant milestones. Samuel Morey, an
American inventor, was the first to produce ethanol by fermenting corn in 1826. However, it was not until the California Gold Rush in the 1850s that ethanol was first used as
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While fermentation is simple in overview, its details are more complex. Across organisms, fermentation of glucose involves over 120 different biochemical reactions. Further, multiple pathways can be responsible for forming the same product. For forming acetate from its immediate precursor (pyruvate
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Although showing fermentation resulted from the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough, it did not explain the basic nature of fermentation; nor did it prove it is caused by microorganisms which appear to be always present. Many scientists, including
Pasteur, had unsuccessfully attempted
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Acetic acid (another conversion product) is acidic and not as volatile as ethanol; however, in the presence of limited oxygen, its creation from lactic acid releases additional energy. It is a lighter molecule than lactic acid, forming fewer hydrogen bonds with its surroundings (due to having fewer
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The field of fermentation has been critical to the production of a wide range of consumer goods, from food and drink to industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Since its early beginnings in ancient civilizations, the use of fermentation has continued to evolve and expand, with new techniques and
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Buechner's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry. The "unorganized ferments" behaved just like the organized ones. From that time on, the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments. It was then understood fermentation is caused by enzymes produced by microorganisms. In 1907,
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The high cost of sterilizing the fermentor between batches can be avoided using various open fermentation approaches that are able to resist contamination. One is to use a naturally evolved mixed culture. This is particularly favored in wastewater treatment, since mixed populations can adapt to a
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Fermentation is used by organisms to generate ATP energy for metabolism. One advantage is that it requires no oxygen or other external electron acceptors, and thus it can be carried when those electron acceptors are absent. A disadvantage is that it produces relatively little ATP, yielding only
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The 1950s and 1960s saw the development of new fermentation technologies, such as the use of immobilized cells and enzymes, which allowed for more precise control over fermentation processes and increased the production of high-value products like antibiotics and enzymes. In the 1970s and 1980s,
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In a batch process, all the ingredients are combined and the reactions proceed without any further input. Batch fermentation has been used for millennia to make bread and alcoholic beverages, and it is still a common method, especially when the process is not well understood. However, it can be
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molecules and give off two carbon dioxide molecules as waste products. The acetaldehyde is reduced into ethanol using the energy and hydrogen from NADH, and the NADH is oxidized into NAD so that the cycle may repeat. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol
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2000s–present: There has been continued interest in ethanol as a renewable and sustainable fuel. Researchers are exploring new sources of biomass for ethanol production, such as switchgrass and algae, and developing new technologies to improve the efficiency of the fermentation process.
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are used in all kinds of industrial segments, such as food (lactose removal, cheese flavor), beverage (juice treatment), baking (bread softness, dough conditioning), animal feed, detergents (protein, starch and lipid stain removal), textile, personal care and pulp and paper industries.
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can be used for enzyme production, where proteins with catalytic activity are produced and secreted by microorganisms. The development of fermentation processes, microbial strain engineering and recombinant gene technologies has enabled the commercialization of a wide range of enzymes.
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avoid byproducts that inhibit the reactions by continuously removing them. However, it is difficult to maintain a steady state and avoid contamination, and the design tends to be complex. Typically the fermentor must run for over 500 hours to be more economical than batch processors.
1180:(1822–1895), during the 1850s and 1860s, repeated Schwann's experiments and showed fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations. In 1857, Pasteur showed lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms. In 1860, he demonstrated how bacteria cause
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Fermentation uses a range of substrates and forms a variety of metabolic end products. Of the 55 end products formed, the most common are acetate and lactate. Of the 46 chemically-defined substrates that have been reported, the most common are glucose and other sugars.
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Batch fermentation goes through a series of phases. There is a lag phase in which cells adjust to their environment; then a phase in which exponential growth occurs. Once many of the nutrients have been consumed, the growth slows and becomes non-exponential, but production of
1199:", which was translated into English in 1879 as "Studies on fermentation". He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as "Life without air", yet he correctly showed how specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end-products.
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bacteria can produce lactic acid at temperatures of around 50 °Celsius, sufficient to discourage microbial contamination; and ethanol has been produced at a temperature of 70 °C. This is just below its boiling point (78 °C), making it easy to extract.
318:) molecules. It is used to make bread dough rise: the carbon dioxide forms bubbles, expanding the dough into a foam. The ethanol is the intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer and liquor. Fermentation of feedstocks, including
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In food and industrial contexts, any chemical modification performed by a living being in a controlled container can be termed "fermentation". The following do not fall into the biochemical sense, but are called fermentation in the larger sense:
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1980s–1990s: The United States began to produce ethanol on a large scale as a fuel additive to gasoline. This was due to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1990, which required the use of oxygenates, such as ethanol, to reduce emissions.
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1895: German engineer Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his engine, which was designed to run on vegetable oils, including ethanol. However, the widespread use of diesel engines fueled by petroleum made ethanol less popular as a fuel.
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Overall, the period from 1930 onward saw significant advancements in the use of fermentation for industrial purposes, leading to the production of a wide range of fermented products that are now consumed around the world.
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bacteria can produce bioplastics in hypersaline conditions. Solid-state fermentation adds a small amount of water to a solid substrate; it is widely used in the food industry to produce flavors, enzymes and organic acids.
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expensive because the fermentor must be sterilized using high pressure steam between batches. Strictly speaking, there is often addition of small quantities of chemicals to control the pH or suppress foaming.
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Vouillamoz JF, McGovern PE, Ergul A, Söylemezoğlu GK, Tevzadze G, Meredith CP, et al. (2006). "Genetic characterization and relationships of traditional grape cultivars from
Transcaucasia and Anatolia".
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1970s: The oil crisis of the 1970s led to renewed interest in ethanol as a fuel. Brazil became a leader in ethanol production and use, due in part to government policies that encouraged the use of biofuels.
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Liu L, Wang J, Rosenberg D, Zhao H, Lengyel G, Nadel D (2018). "Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at
Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting".
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give meat its characteristic texture, flavor, color, and aroma. The myoglobin and leghemoglobin ingredients can be used to replicate this property, despite them coming from a vat instead of meat.
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The definition of fermentation has evolved over the years. The most modern definition is catabolism where organic compounds are both the electron donor and acceptor. A common electron donor is
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defined it as “la vie sans air” (life without air). This definition came before the discovery of anaerobic respiration. Later, it had been defined as catabolism that forms ATP through only
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Fermentation can be used to make alternative protein sources. It is commonly used to modify existing protein foods, including plant-based ones such as soy, into more flavorful forms such as
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and is converted to pyruvate. From pyruvate, pathways branch out to form a number of end products (e.g. lactate). At several points, electrons are released and accepted by redox cofactors (
756:, which keep the concentration of hydrogen low and favor the production of such an energy-rich compound, but hydrogen gas at a fairly high concentration can nevertheless be formed, as in
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1850s: Ethanol was first used as a fuel in the United States during the
California Gold Rush. Miners used ethanol as a fuel for lamps and stoves because it was cheaper than whale oil. (2)
993:(including commercially important antibiotics and enzymes) accelerates. This continues through a stationary phase after most of the nutrients have been consumed, and then the cells die.
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ground up yeast, extracted a juice from them, then found to his amazement this "dead" liquid would ferment a sugar solution, forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts.
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uses batch or fed-batch procedures, although continuous fermentation can be more economical if various challenges, particularly the difficulty of maintaining sterility, can be met.
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Phylogenetic tree of bacteria and archaea, highlighting those that carry out fermentation. Their end products are also highlighted. Figure modified from
Hackmann (2024).
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1826: Samuel Morey, an
American inventor, was the first to produce ethanol by fermenting corn. However, ethanol was not widely used as a fuel until many years later. (1)
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Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present. For example, in the 1930s, it was discovered microorganisms could be
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in milk, a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change. His work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of
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If lactose is fermented (as in yogurts and cheeses), it is first converted into glucose and galactose (both six-carbon sugars with the same atomic formula):
1157:. Schwann boiled grape juice to kill the yeast and found that no fermentation would occur until new yeast was added. However, a lot of chemists, including
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with physical and chemical treatments to be higher-yielding, faster-growing, tolerant of less oxygen, and able to use a more concentrated medium. Strain
279:). At later points, these cofactors donate electrons to their final acceptor and become oxidized. ATP is also formed at several points in the pathway.
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Logan BK, Distefano S (1997). "Ethanol content of various foods and soft drinks and their potential for interference with a breath-alcohol test".
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When an organic compound is fermented, it is broken down to a simpler molecule and releases electrons. The electrons are transferred to a redox
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independently published papers concluding, as a result of microscopic investigations, that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by
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Ethanol, into which lactic acid can be easily converted, is volatile and will readily escape, allowing the reaction to proceed easily. CO
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Li T, Chen XB, Chen JC, Wu Q, Chen GQ (December 2014). "Open and continuous fermentation: products, conditions and bioprocess economy".
534:(producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. Pyruvate from glycolysis undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming
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Fermentation is important in several areas of human society. Humans have used fermentation in production of food for 13,000 years.
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Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
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Animals, including humans, also carry out fermentation. The product of fermentation in humans is lactate, and it is formed during
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have microbes in the gut that carry out fermentation, releasing products used by the host for energy. Fermentation is used at an
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Bergman EN (April 1990). "Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species".
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Studies on beer, its diseases, causes which provoke them, process to make it unalterable: With a new theory of fermentation
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groups that can form such bonds), thus is more volatile and will also allow the reaction to proceed more quickly.
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Over 25% of bacteria and archaea carry out fermentation. This type of metabolism is most common in the phylum
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The biochemical pathways of fermentation of glucose in poster format. Figure modified from
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and lactate. In total, fermentation forms more than 50 metabolic end products with a wide range of uses.
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Overview of the biochemical pathways for fermentation of glucose. Figure modified from
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the non-exponential growth phase. Fed-batch operations are often sandwiched between batch operations.
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Yahalomi D, Atkinson SD, Neuhof M, Chang ES, Philippe H, Cartwright P, et al. (March 2020).
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Wang HL, Swain EW, Hesseltine CW (1980). "Phytase of molds used in oriental food fermentation".
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The most common substrates and products of fermentation. Figure modified from
Hackmann (2024).
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Some sources define fermentation loosely as any large-scale biological manufacturing process.
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In ethanol fermentation, one glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two
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Studies on fermentation: The diseases of beer, their causes, and the means of preventing them
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van Waarde A, Thillart GV, Verhagen M (1993). "Ethanol Formation and pH-Regulation in Fish".
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to ADP, which converts it to ATP, and convert NAD to NADH. The pyruvates break down into two
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MĂĽller M, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, et al. (June 2012).
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1530:"Using neural networks to mine text and predict metabolic traits for thousands of microbes"
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The enigma of ferment: from the philosopher's stone to the first biochemical Nobel prize
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McGovern PE, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang Z, Hall GR, Moreau RA, et al. (December 2004).
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4883:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
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gas is produced in many types of fermentation as a way to regenerate NAD from NADH.
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is also produced, but it is only weakly acidic and even more volatile than ethanol.
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The Indigenous Fermented Foods of the Sudan: A Study in African Food and Nutrition
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Kirk O, Borchert TV, Fuglsang CC (August 2002). "Industrial enzyme applications".
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New beer in an old bottle: Eduard Buchner and the growth of biochemical knowledge
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is a common electron acceptor. This definition distinguishes fermentation from
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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676:. Reasons to go further and convert lactic acid into something else include:
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a certain point, the acidity starts affecting the organism that produces it.
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It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the
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Cavalieri D, McGovern PE, Hartl DL, Mortimer R, Polsinelli M (2003).
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between 2 to 4.5 per glucose compared to 32 for aerobic respiration.
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2629:[List of Lithuanian gods in "Kronikas" by M. Strijkovskis].
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Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen.
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Fermentation had been defined differently in the past. In 1876,
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2178:"What's next in alternative protein? 7 trends on the up in 2022"
1811:(7th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp.
1402:"The vast landscape of carbohydrate fermentation in prokaryotes"
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mentions many Medicated Wines, 6000 BCE in Georgia, 3150 BCE in
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developed as well, affecting most modern food fermentations.
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Heterolactic fermentation is in a sense intermediate between
2201:"Inside the Strange Science of the Fake Meat That 'Bleeds'"
2488:"Evidence for S. cerevisiae fermentation in ancient wine"
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Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization
1967:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
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2126:"Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria"
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Introductory Botany: plants, people, and the Environment
1470:"The phenotype and genotype of fermentative prokaryotes"
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and has been documented dating from 7000 to 6600 BCE in
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Because oxygen is not required, it is an alternative to
2572:"Fermented fruits and vegetables. A global perspective"
1195:, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, "
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Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation. In
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or acetyl-CoA), six separate pathways have been found.
3211:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
2973:
The chemical logic behind fermentation and respiration
2663:]. Vol. 2. Vilnius: Vagam. 1999. p. 293.
2383:"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China"
2360:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 92.
2046:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 61.
598:
pathway), acetate, or other metabolic products, e.g.:
3628:
2733:(3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
2328:
Batch fermentation modeling, monitoring, and control
933:
Recombinant whey for dairy replacement (Perfect Day)
3547:
3507:
3479:
3460:
3389:
3282:
3262:
3223:
3194:
3170:
3161:
3118:
3102:
3061:
3050:
3024:
2820:
Modern History Sourcebook Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
2627:"M. Strijkovskio "Kronikos" lietuvių dievų sąrašas"
2074:. Vol. 3. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 159.
1803:Purves WK, Sadava DE, Orians GH, Heller HC (2003).
1523:
1521:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1098:. Fermented foods have a religious significance in
566:can supply oxygen. It also occurs in some kinds of
2086:
1094:, 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico, and 1500 BC in
590:, where the end-product is mostly lactic acid, or
2840:. València: Universitat de Valencia. p. 25.
2180:. Food-Navigator.com, William Reed Business Media
1165:and was lampooned in an anonymous publication by
2704:Lengeler JW, Drews G, Schlegel HG, eds. (1999).
2676:"A Brief History of Fermentation, East and West"
2326:Cinar A, Parulekar SJ, Undey C, Birol G (2003).
2124:Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K (March 1977).
2867:. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. p. 7.
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
3602:
2994:
2800:. Landmarks of Science. Macmillan Publishers.
1210:Success came in 1897 when the German chemist
155:, where oxygen is the acceptor, and types of
104:carry out fermentation, and they live in the
8:
1585:
1583:
81:to other organic molecules. In the process,
2699:
2697:
3609:
3595:
3587:
3476:
3393:
3286:
3279:
3191:
3167:
3058:
3001:
2987:
2979:
2358:Biotechnology : an illustrated primer
2085:Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J (1996).
1737:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa:
1641:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1596:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1062:The use of fermentation, particularly for
578:. It is the type of bacteria that convert
159:where inorganic compound is the acceptor.
2969:– Pasteur Brewing (archived 24 June 2010)
2576:FAO Agricultural Services Bulletins - 134
2514:
2454:
2416:
2406:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2149:
1914:
1774:
1764:
1615:
1563:
1553:
1501:
1425:
519:Learn how and when to remove this message
416:Learn how and when to remove this message
2682:. Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2171:
2169:
1203:to extract the fermentation enzyme from
223:) is known to survive without oxygen.
131:to produce commodity chemicals, such as
1468:Hackmann TJ, Zhang B (September 2023).
1361:
1191:In 1877, working to improve the French
1039:, which hold nutrient levels constant;
227:Substrates and products of fermentation
2913:Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods
2816:"Physiological Theory of Fermentation"
2566:
2564:
2356:Schmid RD, Schmidt-Dannert C (2016).
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
1043:, which keep cell mass constant; and
334:. In some species of fish, including
263:When glucose is fermented, it enters
7:
3111:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
2822:. Translated by Faulkner F, Robb DC.
1903:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1724:(8th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
1722:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
1709:] (in French). Gauthier-Villars.
1309:Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation
1114:, fermentation ("putrefaction") was
868:Fermentation is used to produce the
835:acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation
817:Other types of fermentation include
501:adding citations to reliable sources
398:adding citations to reliable sources
330:, produces ethanol that is added to
1528:Hackmann TJ, Zhang B (March 2021).
295:Biochemistry of individual products
2950:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06534.x
2756:"Accomplishments of Louis Pasteur"
1052:History of the use of fermentation
366:History of bioethanol fermentation
25:
2072:A dictionary of applied chemistry
891:More modern "fermentation" makes
4979:
4963:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4869:
3636:
2234:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
2018:. Cengage Learning. p. 86.
1909:(11): 1394–1395. November 1926.
1865:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
1282:
1268:
1122:
721:Fermentative hydrogen production
477:
374:
85:and organic end products (e.g.,
3132:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2089:Brock biology of microorganisms
1741:) lacks a mitochondrial genome"
1319:Disproportionation#Biochemistry
1137:Louis Pasteur in his laboratory
1058:Fermentation in food processing
919:for faux meat (Motif Foodworks)
736:, which in turn is oxidized by
488:needs additional citations for
385:needs additional citations for
168:substrate-level phosphorylation
2915:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
2495:Journal of Molecular Evolution
2142:10.1128/MMBR.41.1.100-180.1977
1993:. CRC Press. pp. 157–70.
1899:"The Alcohol Content of Bread"
192:Biological role and prevalence
61:carried out in the absence of
1:
3535:Reverse cholesterol transport
2890:"A Treasury of World Science"
2784:HowStuffWorks "Louis Pasteur"
2246:10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00328-2
2176:Southey F (27 January 2022).
1842:. W. H. Freeman and Company.
1680:10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.567
968:Modes of industrial operation
936:Recombinant egg white (EVERY)
34:Fermentation (disambiguation)
3187:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
2975:(archived 17 September 2008)
2894:Journal of Medical Education
1807:Life, the science of biology
1653:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.06.011
1555:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008757
1176:The turning point came when
204:, and it is least common in
2729:Tobin A, Dusheck J (2005).
2330:. New York: Marcel Dekker.
1143:Charles Cagniard de la Tour
5069:
3572:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
3042:Primary nutritional groups
2706:Biology of the prokaryotes
2543:. 15008419. Archived from
1720:Nelson DL, Cox MM (2021).
1534:PLOS Computational Biology
1151:Friedrich Traugott KĂĽtzing
1055:
1000:
857:
718:
466:
460:
353:is used to bind inorganic
303:
38:
31:
3625:
3434:
3406:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3396:
3360:
3328:Pentose phosphate pathway
3323:
3306:
3289:
3083:Oxidative phosphorylation
2754:Collazo FJ (2005-12-30).
2661:Encyclopedia of Mythology
2657:Mitologijos enciklopedija
2604:. UK: CAB International.
2525:10.1007/s00239-003-0031-2
1406:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1400:Hackmann TJ (June 2024).
1329:Gut fermentation syndrome
592:heterolactic fermentation
269:pentose phosphate pathway
3426:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
3088:electron transport chain
3075:Pyruvate decarboxylation
2888:Runes DD (August 1962).
1220:Nobel Prize in chemistry
1066:, has existed since the
1017:wide variety of wastes.
766:Clostridium pasteurianum
686:Le Chatelier's principle
670:lactic acid fermentation
463:Lactic acid fermentation
349:). The energy from this
172:electron transport chain
65:. During fermentation,
39:Not to be confused with
4894:carbohydrate metabolism
3520:Sphingolipid metabolism
3421:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
3269:carbohydrate catabolism
3264:Carbohydrate metabolism
3250:Purine nucleotide cycle
2938:Journal of Food Science
2674:Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A.
2408:10.1073/pnas.0407921102
2130:Bacteriological Reviews
1766:10.1073/pnas.1909907117
1334:Industrial fermentation
1299:List of fermented foods
974:industrial fermentation
956:Industrial fermentation
860:List of fermented foods
839:glyoxylate fermentation
823:butanediol fermentation
819:mixed acid fermentation
588:homolactic fermentation
532:Homolactic fermentation
469:Mixed acid fermentation
185:Industrial fermentation
3489:Fatty acid degradation
3209:Amino acid degradation
2967:Works of Louis Pasteur
2501:(Suppl 1): S226–S232.
2290:10.1002/biot.201400084
2199:Simon M (2017-09-20).
1494:10.1126/sciadv.adg8687
1418:10.1093/femsre/fuae016
1349:Symbiotic fermentation
1138:
943:such as myoglobin and
877:
674:alcoholic fermentation
672:and other types, e.g.
287:
253:
236:
51:
4942:amino acid metabolism
3525:Eicosanoid metabolism
3481:Fatty acid metabolism
3245:Pyrimidine metabolism
3104:Anaerobic respiration
2911:Steinkraus K (2018).
2861:Lagerkvist U (2005).
2708:. Stuttgart: Thieme
2278:Biotechnology Journal
1668:Physiological Reviews
1608:10.1128/MMBR.05024-11
1136:
991:secondary metabolites
911:. Some examples are:
867:
858:Further information:
831:caproate fermentation
827:butyrate fermentation
285:
251:
234:
157:anaerobic respiration
49:
41:Anaerobic respiration
5043:Alchemical processes
4918:cellular respiration
3499:Fatty acid synthesis
3204:Amino acid synthesis
1965:"Ethanol from Sugar"
1877:10.1093/jat/22.3.181
1304:Aerobic fermentation
1250:and nutraceuticals.
845:In the broader sense
769:ferments glucose to
744:. Hydrogen gas is a
582:into lactic acid in
497:improve this article
394:improve this article
306:Ethanol fermentation
244:Biochemical overview
32:For other uses, see
5013:Anaerobic digestion
4090:Transcription &
3063:Aerobic respiration
2582:on January 19, 2007
2550:on December 9, 2006
2507:2003JMolE..57S.226C
2399:2004PNAS..10117593M
2393:(51): 17593–17598.
1757:2020PNAS..117.5358Y
1546:2021PLSCB..17E8757H
1486:2023SciA....9G8687H
1197:Etudes sur la Bière
893:recombinant protein
854:Alternative protein
732:are transferred to
351:exothermic reaction
221:Henneguya zschokkei
153:aerobic respiration
94:aerobic respiration
57:is a type of redox
4877:metabolic pathways
3567:Ethanol metabolism
3515:Steroid metabolism
3240:Nucleotide salvage
3172:Protein metabolism
2814:Pasteur L (1879).
2796:Pasteur L (1879).
2465:10.1079/PGR2006114
2070:Thorpe TE (1922).
2042:Anestis M (2006).
1701:Pasteur L (1876).
1139:
1045:plug flow reactors
878:
288:
254:
237:
213:anaerobic exercise
52:
5038:Food preservation
4995:
4994:
4865:
4864:
4825:Neurotransmitters
4204:Nucleotide sugars
3937:Direct / C4 / CAM
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3543:
3542:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3439:Xylose metabolism
3385:
3384:
3258:
3257:
3235:Purine metabolism
3180:Protein synthesis
3157:
3156:
3079:Citric acid cycle
3037:Metabolic network
3032:Metabolic pathway
2874:978-981-256-421-4
2847:978-84-370-3328-0
2731:Asking about life
2600:Dirar HA (1993).
2284:(12): 1503–1511.
2104:978-0-13-520875-5
2053:978-0-07-147630-0
2025:978-0-534-46669-5
2000:978-0-8493-4226-4
1991:Surviving Hypoxia
1849:978-0-7167-0174-3
1836:Stryer L (1975).
1822:978-0-7167-9856-9
1751:(10): 5358–5363.
1344:Photofermentation
1324:Fermentation lock
1314:Dark fermentation
1290:Technology portal
1218:Buechner won the
1167:Justus von Liebig
1159:Antoine Lavoisier
1003:Fed-batch culture
874:Impossible Burger
529:
528:
521:
426:
425:
418:
67:organic molecules
16:(Redirected from
5060:
4989:
4986:lipid metabolism
4983:
4982:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4873:
4872:
4855:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4830:thyroid hormones
4820:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4667:
4660:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4618:
4611:
4589:
4576:
4563:
4554:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4462:
4450:
4443:
4429:
4415:
4406:
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4390:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4257:
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4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
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4206:
4199:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4154:
4142:
4138:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
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4097:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4067:
4063:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3987:
3983:
3972:
3968:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3929:
3925:
3912:
3908:
3897:
3893:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3865:
3852:
3848:
3837:
3833:
3822:
3818:
3807:
3803:
3789:
3786:
3776:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3737:
3734:
3722:
3719:
3709:
3706:
3696:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3668:
3665:
3655:
3652:
3640:
3629:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3555:Metal metabolism
3477:
3462:Lipid metabolism
3394:
3287:
3280:
3192:
3168:
3094:
3059:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2954:
2953:
2944:(5): 1262–1266.
2933:
2927:
2926:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2834:Cornish-Bowden A
2830:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2762:. Archived from
2751:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2633:. Archived from
2625:Beresneviius G.
2622:
2616:
2615:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2578:. Archived from
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2518:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2353:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2093:(8th ed.).
2092:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2014:Berg LR (2007).
2011:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1810:
1800:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1480:(39): eadg8687.
1474:Science Advances
1465:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1397:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1248:functional foods
1193:brewing industry
1171:Friedrich Wöhler
1126:
928:Impossible Foods
905:cheese analogues
895:to help produce
754:sulfate reducers
524:
517:
513:
510:
504:
481:
473:
421:
414:
410:
407:
401:
378:
370:
129:industrial level
21:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5057:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4964:
4962:
4948:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4924:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4881:metro-style map
4874:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:Polyunsaturated
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4601:
4592:
4590:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4519:
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4510:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
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4470:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4368:
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4362:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4254:
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4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
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4209:
4207:
4202:
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4194:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4036:Steroidogenesis
4035:
4031:
4029:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3967:phosphorylation
3966:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3621:
3615:
3585:
3576:
3560:Iron metabolism
3539:
3503:
3464:
3448:
3430:
3416:Carbon fixation
3381:
3356:
3319:
3302:
3298:Gluconeogenesis
3271:
3266:
3254:
3226:
3219:
3190:
3163:
3153:
3114:
3098:
3086:
3053:
3046:
3020:
3007:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2516:10.1.1.628.6396
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2456:10.1.1.611.7102
2439:
2438:
2434:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1540:(3): e1008757.
1527:
1526:
1519:
1467:
1466:
1443:
1399:
1398:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1243:
1212:Eduard Buechner
1147:Theodor Schwann
1129:
1060:
1054:
1033:
1014:
1005:
999:
982:
970:
953:
926:for faux meat (
909:egg substitutes
901:milk substitute
862:
856:
847:
815:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
743:
723:
717:
694:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
596:phosphoketolase
557:
553:
549:
545:
525:
514:
508:
505:
494:
482:
471:
465:
459:
422:
411:
405:
402:
391:
379:
368:
362:dehydrogenase.
317:
308:
302:
297:
246:
229:
217:cancerous cells
194:
141:
96:. Over 25% of
89:) are formed.
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5066:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4930:cell signaling
4906:photosynthesis
4904:Violet nodes:
4892:Orange nodes:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4841:
4834:
4822:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4727:
4718:
4711:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4669:
4662:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4620:
4613:
4591:
4578:
4565:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4534:
4525:
4518:
4505:
4495:Aromatic amino
4492:
4485:
4478:
4464:
4452:
4445:
4431:
4417:
4408:
4402:Branched-chain
4399:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4189:
4182:
4173:
4156:
4147:
4129:
4116:
4103:
4084:
4069:
4056:
4043:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3989:
3974:
3959:
3952:Light reaction
3946:
3931:
3914:
3899:
3884:
3871:
3854:
3839:
3824:
3809:
3794:
3778:
3767:
3754:
3739:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3493:Beta oxidation
3485:
3483:
3474:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Chemosynthesis
3408:
3403:
3401:Photosynthesis
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:Leloir pathway
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:Polyol pathway
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:Glycogenolysis
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2961:External links
2959:
2956:
2955:
2928:
2921:
2903:
2880:
2873:
2853:
2846:
2825:
2803:
2788:
2776:
2746:
2739:
2721:
2714:
2693:
2680:Soyinfo Center
2666:
2647:
2617:
2610:
2592:
2560:
2478:
2449:(2): 144–158.
2432:
2373:
2366:
2343:
2336:
2311:
2259:
2240:(4): 345–351.
2224:
2191:
2165:
2136:(1): 100–180.
2116:
2103:
2077:
2059:
2052:
2031:
2024:
2006:
1999:
1981:
1955:
1930:
1890:
1871:(3): 181–183.
1855:
1848:
1828:
1821:
1790:
1727:
1712:
1693:
1674:(2): 567–590.
1658:
1631:
1602:(2): 444–495.
1579:
1517:
1441:
1412:(4): fuae016.
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1276:Biology portal
1263:
1260:
1242:
1239:
1222:for his work.
1186:pasteurization
1127:
1090:, 3000 BCE in
1078:, 5000 BCE in
1056:Main article:
1053:
1050:
1032:
1029:
1013:
1010:
998:
995:
981:
978:
969:
966:
952:
949:
938:
937:
934:
931:
920:
886:fermented tofu
855:
852:
846:
843:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
741:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
712:
711:
704:propionic acid
700:
696:
692:
689:
682:
666:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
560:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
527:
526:
485:
483:
476:
461:Main article:
458:
455:
454:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
424:
423:
382:
380:
373:
367:
364:
315:
312:carbon dioxide
304:Main article:
301:
298:
296:
293:
245:
242:
228:
225:
206:Actinomycetota
193:
190:
140:
137:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5065:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4987:
4984:Green nodes:
4975:
4971:
4968:Brown nodes:
4959:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4882:
4878:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4810:
4803:
4802:Sphingolipids
4796:
4795:sphingolipids
4787:
4778:
4771:
4770:Glycerolipids
4764:
4763:phospholipids
4755:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4715:
4708:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4677:proteoglycans
4673:
4672:Glycoproteins
4666:
4659:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4428:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4323:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:carbon intake
3928:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3735:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3445:
3444:Radiotrophism
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:Glycosylation
3363:
3362:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2922:9781351442510
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2766:on 2010-11-30
2765:
2761:
2760:Fjcollazo.com
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2740:9780534406530
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2715:9783131084118
2711:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2637:on 2020-06-26
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2611:0-85198-858-X
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:9783527335152
2363:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:9780203911358
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2095:Prentice Hall
2091:
2090:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1971:on 2007-09-10
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Non-fermenter
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1235:hybridization
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Louis Pasteur
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:ancient Egypt
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1004:
996:
994:
992:
986:
979:
977:
975:
967:
965:
962:
957:
950:
948:
946:
942:
941:Heme proteins
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:leghemoglobin
921:
918:
914:
913:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:meat analogue
894:
889:
887:
883:
875:
872:found in the
871:
866:
861:
853:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
780:
779:
778:
776:
772:
768:
767:
763:For example,
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:, producing H
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
687:
683:
679:
678:
677:
675:
671:
636:
635:
634:
601:
600:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
541:
540:
539:
537:
533:
523:
520:
512:
502:
498:
492:
491:
486:This section
484:
480:
475:
474:
470:
464:
456:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
432:
431:
430:
420:
417:
409:
399:
395:
389:
388:
383:This section
381:
377:
372:
371:
365:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
313:
307:
299:
294:
292:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
250:
243:
241:
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
198:
191:
189:
187:
186:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Louis Pasteur
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
42:
35:
30:
19:
5028:Food science
5008:Fermentation
4952:Grey nodes:
4940:Blue nodes:
4928:Pink nodes:
4846:cannabinoids
4684:Chlorophylls
4635:Antioxidants
4388:Serine group
4299:Photosystems
4285:P-glycerates
4232:P-glycerates
4197:sialic acids
4192:Amino sugars
4144:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4087:
4086:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4033:
4032:
4020:
4019:
4007:
4006:
3992:
3991:
3977:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3933:
3917:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3887:
3886:
3877:Fermentation
3874:
3873:
3857:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3827:
3826:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3780:
3769:
3756:
3741:
3726:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3345:Galactolysis
3315:Glycogenesis
3120:Fermentation
3119:
3092:ATP synthase
2941:
2937:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2863:
2856:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2797:
2791:
2779:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2759:
2749:
2730:
2724:
2705:
2684:. Retrieved
2679:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2630:
2620:
2601:
2595:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:the original
2575:
2552:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2498:
2494:
2481:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2357:
2327:
2281:
2277:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2133:
2129:
2119:
2108:. Retrieved
2088:
2080:
2071:
2043:
2015:
2009:
1990:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1839:Biochemistry
1838:
1831:
1806:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1599:
1595:
1537:
1533:
1477:
1473:
1409:
1405:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1175:
1140:
1104:Christianity
1061:
1041:turbidostats
1034:
1019:Thermophilic
1015:
1006:
990:
987:
983:
971:
954:
939:
922:Recombinant
915:Recombinant
890:
879:
870:heme protein
848:
816:
764:
762:
724:
715:Hydrogen gas
708:butyric acid
667:
632:
618:CHOHCOOH + C
591:
572:lactobacilli
561:
531:
530:
515:
509:January 2021
506:
495:Please help
490:verification
487:
427:
412:
403:
392:Please help
387:verification
384:
359:acetaldehyde
344:
309:
289:
262:
255:
238:
210:
199:
195:
182:
180:
178:, also.
176:ATP synthase
161:
142:
118:
91:
55:Fermentation
54:
53:
29:
4976:metabolism.
4960:metabolism.
4916:Red nodes:
4853:Eicosanoids
4818:fatty acids
4747:Cholesterol
4735:carotenoids
4714:Polyketides
4649:Nucleotides
4604:tocopherols
4568:Calciferols
4481:Amino acids
4474:amino acids
4404:amino acids
4379:Respiratory
4122:Proteolysis
4109:Translation
4096:replication
4062:MEP pathway
4049:MVA pathway
4010:Lipogenesis
3982:deamination
3772:Peroxisomal
3664:respiration
3471:lipogenesis
3333:Fructolysis
3147:Lactic acid
2655:"RĹ«gutis".
1647:: 783–793.
805:+ 4 H + 4 H
801:COO + 2 HCO
750:methanogens
738:hydrogenase
574:) and some
536:lactic acid
457:Lactic acid
406:August 2023
328:sugar beets
77:and donate
75:catabolized
18:Unfermented
5033:Metabolism
5002:Categories
4970:nucleotide
4754:Bile acids
4730:Terpenoids
4561:vitamin Bs
4544:Cobalamins
4472:glucogenic
4460:polyamines
4420:Homoserine
4292:Glyoxylate
4185:Inositol-P
3980:Amino acid
3920:feeders to
3748:elongation
3703:Glyoxylate
3692:acid cycle
3618:Metabolism
3294:Glycolysis
3227:metabolism
3225:Nucleotide
3215:Urea cycle
3196:Amino acid
3185:Catabolism
3128:Glycolysis
3071:Glycolysis
3054:metabolism
3014:catabolism
3010:Metabolism
2770:2011-01-04
2641:2013-10-27
2586:2007-01-28
2554:2007-01-28
2218:2020-10-28
2184:27 January
2110:2010-07-12
2044:AP Biology
1975:2007-09-04
1963:Jacobs J.
1356:References
1241:Post 1930s
1116:symbolized
1108:Baltic god
1037:chemostats
1031:Continuous
1024:Halophilic
1001:See also:
945:hemoglobin
734:ferredoxin
467:See also:
355:phosphates
347:glycolysis
277:ferredoxin
265:glycolysis
139:Definition
123:and their
59:metabolism
5053:Catalysis
4739:vitamin A
4723:backbones
4721:Terpenoid
4616:Cofactors
4608:vitamin E
4598:vitamin K
4586:vitamin A
4581:Retinoids
4573:vitamin D
4548:vitamin B
4513:vitamin C
4508:Ascorbate
4501:histidine
4488:Shikimate
4467:Ketogenic
4434:Glutamate
4411:Aspartate
4363:glutarate
4278:Pentose-P
4262:Succinate
4253:Propionyl
4246:Tetrose-P
4239:Pentose-P
4135:Glycosyl-
4075:Shikimate
4023:Lipolysis
3965:Oxidative
3922:gluconeo-
3864:oxylation
3845:Gluconeo-
3802:genolysis
3785:oxidation
3761:oxidation
3733:synthesis
3677:phosphate
3467:lipolysis
3274:anabolism
3018:anabolism
2900:(8): 803.
2631:spauda.lt
2511:CiteSeerX
2451:CiteSeerX
2213:1059-1028
1943:Drugs.com
1939:"Alcohol"
1739:Henneguya
1231:selection
1141:In 1837,
1120:Capricorn
1068:Neolithic
1064:beverages
997:Fed-batch
917:myoglobin
746:substrate
730:Electrons
570:(such as
320:sugarcane
202:Bacillota
125:livestock
110:sediments
79:electrons
5048:Mycology
5018:Oenology
4958:cofactor
4837:Steroids
4777:Acyl-CoA
4761:Glycero-
4665:Proteins
4628:minerals
4623:Vitamins
4594:Quinones
4530:pigments
4455:Creatine
4448:Arginine
4352:Succinyl
4306:Pyruvate
4225:Glycerol
4218:Triose-P
4211:Hexose-P
4163:multiple
3860:Pyruvate
3651:fixation
3390:Nonhuman
3375:O-linked
3370:N-linked
3162:Specific
2836:(1997).
2686:30 April
2533:15008419
2473:85577497
2427:15590771
2306:21524147
2298:25476917
2254:12323357
1948:26 April
1925:20316063
1785:32094163
1626:22688819
1574:33651810
1512:37756392
1503:10530074
1436:38821505
1427:11187502
1262:See also
1163:vitalism
1084:Ayurveda
797:O → 2 CH
771:butyrate
726:Hydrogen
568:bacteria
558:CHOHCOOH
336:goldfish
332:gasoline
258:cofactor
149:pyruvate
98:bacteria
5023:Brewing
4974:protein
4954:vitamin
4656:Nucleic
4559:Various
4441:proline
4395:Alanine
4361:α-Keto-
4338:acetate
4329:Citrate
4313:Lactate
4169:glycans
4077:pathway
3997:shuttle
3995:Citrate
3924:genesis
3907:genesis
3862:decarb-
3847:genesis
3817:genesis
3679:pathway
3675:Pentose
3530:Ketosis
3142:Ethanol
3025:General
2541:7914033
2503:Bibcode
2395:Bibcode
1916:1709087
1885:9602932
1776:7071853
1753:Bibcode
1688:2181501
1617:3372258
1565:7954334
1542:Bibcode
1482:Bibcode
1227:mutated
1182:souring
1155:budding
1112:alchemy
1100:Judaism
1092:Babylon
961:Enzymes
951:Enzymes
775:acetate
653:O → 2 C
626:OH + CO
580:lactose
300:Ethanol
267:or the
145:glucose
133:ethanol
102:archaea
87:lactate
71:glucose
69:(e.g.,
4875:Major
4828:&
4793:Glyco-
4733:&
4705:Acetyl
4675:&
4626:&
4602:&
4499:&
4458:&
4439:&
4427:lysine
4425:&
4372:bodies
4370:Ketone
4345:Malate
4336:Oxalo-
4320:Acetyl
4269:Acetyl
4195:&
4178:sugars
4176:Simple
4167:&
4165:sugars
4159:Double
3830:Glyco-
3815:Glyco-
3800:Glyco-
3690:Citric
3662:Photo-
3649:Carbon
3052:Energy
2919:
2871:
2844:
2737:
2712:
2608:
2539:
2531:
2513:
2471:
2453:
2425:
2418:539767
2415:
2364:
2334:
2304:
2296:
2252:
2211:
2160:860983
2158:
2151:413997
2148:
2101:
2050:
2022:
1997:
1923:
1913:
1883:
1846:
1819:
1783:
1773:
1686:
1624:
1614:
1572:
1562:
1510:
1500:
1434:
1424:
1106:. The
907:, and
882:tempeh
837:, and
758:flatus
584:yogurt
554:→ 2 CH
326:, and
215:or in
147:, and
121:Humans
73:) are
63:oxygen
4844:Endo-
4809:Waxes
4786:acids
4784:Fatty
4658:acids
4537:Hemes
4521:δ-ALA
4497:acids
4469:&
4436:group
4422:group
4413:group
4381:chain
4152:acids
4150:Sugar
4137:ation
3905:Keto-
3892:lysis
3890:Keto-
3832:lysis
3744:Fatty
3729:Fatty
3718:cycle
3705:cycle
3548:Other
3508:Other
3283:Human
3164:paths
2659:[
2548:(PDF)
2537:S2CID
2491:(PDF)
2469:S2CID
2302:S2CID
2205:Wired
1815:–40.
1705:[
1205:yeast
1096:Sudan
1080:India
1076:China
1072:Jiahu
980:Batch
972:Most
813:Other
793:+ 4 H
576:fungi
564:blood
324:maize
4972:and
4956:and
4707:-CoA
4642:PRPP
4528:Bile
4354:-CoA
4322:-CoA
4271:-CoA
4255:-CoA
3783:beta
3759:Beta
3746:acid
3731:acid
3716:Urea
3272:and
2917:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2688:2018
2606:ISBN
2529:PMID
2423:PMID
2362:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2294:PMID
2250:PMID
2209:ISSN
2186:2022
2156:PMID
2099:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1950:2018
1921:PMID
1881:PMID
1844:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1781:PMID
1684:PMID
1622:PMID
1570:PMID
1508:PMID
1432:PMID
1233:and
1169:and
1149:and
1102:and
1012:Open
884:and
752:and
748:for
614:→ CH
340:carp
338:and
275:and
183:See
174:and
114:food
100:and
4879:in
4698:MVA
4691:MEP
3620:map
3296:⇄
3137:ABE
2946:doi
2521:doi
2461:doi
2413:PMC
2403:doi
2391:101
2286:doi
2242:doi
2146:PMC
2138:doi
1911:PMC
1873:doi
1813:139
1771:PMC
1761:doi
1749:117
1676:doi
1649:doi
1612:PMC
1604:doi
1560:PMC
1550:doi
1498:PMC
1490:doi
1422:PMC
1414:doi
1118:by
702:If
649:+ H
499:by
452:(6)
448:(5)
444:(4)
440:(3)
396:by
314:(CO
273:NAD
106:gut
83:ATP
5004::
4741:)
4610:)
4588:)
4575:)
4553:)
4550:12
4515:)
3469:,
3313:⇄
3130:→
3090:+
3081:→
3077:→
3073:→
3016:,
3012:,
2942:45
2940:.
2898:37
2896:.
2892:.
2818:.
2806:^
2758:.
2696:^
2678:.
2574:.
2563:^
2535:.
2527:.
2519:.
2509:.
2499:57
2497:.
2493:.
2467:.
2459:.
2445:.
2421:.
2411:.
2401:.
2389:.
2385:.
2346:^
2314:^
2300:.
2292:.
2280:.
2262:^
2248:.
2238:13
2236:.
2207:.
2203:.
2168:^
2154:.
2144:.
2134:41
2132:.
2128:.
2097:.
2062:^
2034:^
1941:.
1919:.
1907:16
1905:.
1901:.
1879:.
1869:22
1867:.
1793:^
1779:.
1769:.
1759:.
1747:.
1743:.
1682:.
1672:70
1670:.
1645:21
1643:.
1620:.
1610:.
1600:76
1598:.
1594:.
1582:^
1568:.
1558:.
1548:.
1538:17
1536:.
1532:.
1520:^
1506:.
1496:.
1488:.
1476:.
1472:.
1444:^
1430:.
1420:.
1410:48
1408:.
1404:.
1364:^
1207:.
1188:.
1173:.
1145:,
1130:.
1128:♑︎
1082:,
1074:,
903:,
899:,
888:.
841:.
833:,
829:,
825:,
821:,
787:12
773:,
760:.
706:,
659:12
647:11
643:22
639:12
608:12
548:12
322:,
112:,
108:,
4988:.
4944:.
4932:.
4920:.
4908:.
4896:.
4737:(
4606:(
4600:)
4596:(
4584:(
4571:(
4546:(
4511:(
4161:/
3610:e
3603:t
3596:v
3495:)
3491:(
3473:)
3465:(
3276:)
3267:(
3095:)
3085:(
3002:e
2995:t
2988:v
2952:.
2948::
2925:.
2877:.
2850:.
2773:.
2743:.
2718:.
2690:.
2644:.
2614:.
2589:.
2557:.
2523::
2505::
2475:.
2463::
2447:4
2429:.
2405::
2397::
2370:.
2340:.
2308:.
2288::
2282:9
2256:.
2244::
2221:.
2188:.
2162:.
2140::
2113:.
2056:.
2028:.
2003:.
1978:.
1952:.
1927:.
1887:.
1875::
1852:.
1825:.
1787:.
1763::
1755::
1690:.
1678::
1655:.
1651::
1628:.
1606::
1576:.
1552::
1544::
1514:.
1492::
1484::
1478:9
1438:.
1416::
930:)
876:.
807:2
803:3
799:3
795:2
791:6
789:O
785:H
783:6
781:C
742:2
693:2
663:6
661:O
657:H
655:6
651:2
645:O
641:H
637:C
628:2
624:5
622:H
620:2
616:3
612:6
610:O
606:H
604:6
602:C
556:3
552:6
550:O
546:H
544:6
542:C
522:)
516:(
511:)
507:(
493:.
419:)
413:(
408:)
404:(
390:.
316:2
43:.
36:.
20:)
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