Letter case - Knowledge

877: 3606: 849: 280: 3632: 860: 156: 3570: 3588: 3801: 297: 1522: 735: 6014: 33: 2443: 792: 1495:. In particular, every hiragana character has an equivalent katakana character, and vice versa. Romanised Japanese sometimes uses lowercase letters to represent words that would be written in hiragana, and uppercase letters to represent words that would be written in katakana. Some kana characters are written in smaller type when they modify or combine with the preceding sign ( 2245:, namely, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions); but the first word (always) and last word (in many styles) are also capitalised, regardless of their part of speech. Many styles capitalise longer prepositions such as "between" and "throughout", but not shorter ones such as "for" and "with". Typically, a preposition is considered short if it has up to three or four letters. 3660: 2233:, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules which prescribe which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct–incorrect distinction and are not universally standardised; they differ between style guides, although most style guides tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: 3646: 1580: 3534:

This only works because the letters of upper and lower cases are spaced out equally. In ASCII they are consecutive, whereas with EBCDIC they are not; nonetheless the upper-case letters are arranged in the same pattern and with the same gaps as are the lower-case letters, so the technique still works.

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Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and publication titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker

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compatibility requires case-insensitive naming and short function names. The second supports easily discernible function and argument names and types, within the context of an imperative, strongly typed language. The third supports the macro facilities of LISP, and its tendency to view programs and

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Multi-word proper nouns include names of organisations, publications, and people. Often the rules for "title case" (described in the previous section) are applied to these names, so that non-initial articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are lowercase, and all other words are uppercase. For

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In the Arabic and Arabic-based alphabets, letters in a word are connected, except for several that cannot connect to the following letter. Letters may have distinct forms depending on whether they are initial (connected only to the following letter), medial (connected to both neighboring letters),

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in this sense (referring to the box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade) was first used in English in 1588. Originally one large case was used for each typeface, then "divided cases", pairs of cases for majuscules and minuscules, were introduced in the region of today's Belgium by

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and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use

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provide automated case conversion with a simple click or keystroke. For example, in Microsoft Office Word, there is a dialog box for toggling the selected text through UPPERCASE, then lowercase, then Title Case (actually start caps; exception words must be lowercased individually). The keystroke

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Various patterns of cases are available, often with the compartments for lower-case letters varying in size according to the frequency of use of letters, so that the commonest letters are grouped together in larger boxes at the centre of the case. The compositor takes the letter blocks from the

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showing rank or prestige are capitalised when used together with the name of the person (for example, "Mr. Smith", "Bishop Gorman", "Professor Moore") or as a direct address, but normally not when used alone and in a more general sense. It can also be seen as customary to capitalise any

3875:(þ), ʻféʼ (ᚠ) as an abbreviation for cattle/goods and maðr (ᛘ) for man). The letters y and z were very rarely used, in particular þ was written identically to y so y was dotted to avoid confusion, the dot was adopted for i only after late-caroline (protogothic), in beneventan script the 3235:(U+0432). Therefore, the corresponding Latin, Greek and Cyrillic upper-case letters (U+0042, U+0392 and U+0412, respectively) are also encoded as separate characters, despite their appearance being identical. Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as 1813:

and may also be mixed with the larger variant). Small caps can be used for acronyms, names, mathematical entities, computer commands in printed text, business or personal printed stationery letterheads, and other situations where a given phrase needs to be distinguished from the main

3951:'s desk, the case containing the capitals and small capitals stood at a steeper angle at the back of the desk, with the case for the small letters, punctuation, and spaces being more easily reached at a shallower angle below it to the front of the desk, hence upper and lower case. 3155:

Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive ". In other words, while the shapes of letters like

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Traditionally, certain letters were rendered differently according to a set of rules. In particular, those letters that began sentences or nouns were made larger and often written in a distinct script. There was no fixed capitalisation system until the early 18th century. The

2514:(SI), a letter usually has different meanings in upper and lower case when used as a unit symbol. Generally, unit symbols are written in lower case, but if the name of the unit is derived from a proper noun, the first letter of the symbol is capitalised. Nevertheless, the 2218:

For publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called

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has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form (that is, characterised by ascenders and descenders) in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the

719:, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally are of uniform height (although, depending on the typeface, there may be some exceptions, particularly with 1092:

and most other European languages the names of the days of the week, the names of the months, and adjectives of nationality, religion, and so on normally begin with a lower-case letter. On the other hand, in some languages it is customary to capitalise

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found in lower-case letters, which aids recognition and legibility. In some cultures it is common to write family names in all caps to distinguish them from the given names, especially in identity documents such as passports. Certain musicians—such as

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A mixed-case style in which the first word of the sentence is capitalised, as well as proper nouns and other words as required by a more specific rule. This is generally equivalent to the baseline universal standard of formal English

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independent of any grammatical feature. In political writing, parody and satire, the unexpected emphasis afforded by otherwise ill-advised capitalisation is often used to great stylistic effect, such as in the case of George Orwell's

2211:. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. An example of a global publisher whose English-language house style prescribes sentence-case titles and headings is the 1800:

Similar in form to capital letters but roughly the size of a lower-case "x", small caps can be used instead of lower-case letters and combined with regular caps in a mixed-case fashion. This is a feature of certain fonts, such as

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that distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in the majuscule set has a counterpart in the minuscule set. Some counterpart letters have the same shape, and differ only in size (e.g.

1175:" formerly existed only in lower case. The orthographical capitalisation does not concern "ß", which generally does not occur at the beginning of a word, and in the all-caps style it has traditionally been replaced by the 3047:

are upper case, at other times upper and lower case are alternated, but often it is simply random. The name comes from the sarcastic or ironic implication that it was used in an attempt by the writer to convey their own

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The letter case of a prefix symbol is determined independently of the unit symbol to which it is attached. Lower case is used for all submultiple prefix symbols and the small multiple prefix symbols up to "k" (for

3056:). It is also used to mock the violation of standard English case conventions by marketers in the naming of computer software packages, even when there is no technical requirement to do so – e.g., 2318:

Title case is widely used in many English-language publications, especially in the United States. However, its conventions are sometimes not followed strictly – especially in informal writing.

1271:, various digraphs are regarded as single letters for collation purposes, but the second component of the digraph will still be written in lower case even if the first component is capitalised. Similarly, in 3148:, in which the first component is in upper case and the second component in lower case). These properties relate all characters in scripts with differing cases to the other case variants of the character. 1823:

A unicase style with no capital letters. This is sometimes used for artistic effect, such as in poetry. Also commonly seen in computer languages, and in informal electronic communications such as

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is common practice in computer applications, for instance to make case-insensitive comparisons. Many high-level programming languages provide simple methods for case conversion, at least for the

3864:, u and v are the same letter in early scripts and were used depending on their position in insular half-uncial and caroline minuscule and later scripts, w is a ligature of vv, in insular the 2804:

overall, because much of the semantics are implied, but because of its brevity and so lack of the need for capitalization or multipart words at all, might also make the code too abstract and

2229:(2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of 222:

Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often denoted by the

3797:(MS 461) in the year 835. The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today). 3243:, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. 4219: 1717:

A unicase style with capital letters only. This can be used in headings and special situations, such as for typographical emphasis in text made on a typewriter. With the advent of the

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majuscule (13th and 14th century), in contrast to the early Gothic (end of 11th to 13th century), Gothic (14th century), and late Gothic (16t century) minuscules.

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In creative typography, such as music record covers and other artistic material, all styles are commonly encountered, including all-lowercase letters and special case styles, such as

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by some to type in all capitals, and said to be tantamount to shouting. Long spans of Latin-alphabet text in all upper-case are more difficult to read because of the absence of the

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Though pairs of cases were used in English-speaking countries and many European countries in the seventeenth century, in Germany and Scandinavia the single case continued in use.

2207:) and many U.S. newspapers is sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, i.e. capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called 245:

are typically labelled entirely in uppercase letters, which are easier to distinguish individually than the lowercase when space restrictions require very small lettering. In

5599: 3223:, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, the Latin 2378:

example, the short preposition "of" and the article "the" are lowercase in "Steering Committee of the Finance Department". Usually only capitalised words are used to form an

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of video games it is not uncommon to use stylised upper-case letters at the beginning and end of a title, with the intermediate letters in small caps or lower case (e.g.,

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operations can be said to fold case, from the idea of folding the character code table so that upper- and lower-case letters coincide. The conversion of letter case in a

2389:, this practice can vary (sometimes all words are capitalised, regardless of length or function), but is not limited to English names. Examples include the English names 460:). By virtue of their visual impact, this made the term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters. 2212: 1536: 5973: 1023:

Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardised for

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1 L, an alternative form, for typefaces in which these characters are difficult to distinguish, or the typeface the reader will be using is unknown. A "

2252:), which has the advantage of being easy to implement and hard to get "wrong" (that is, "not edited to style"). Because of this rule's simplicity, software 1865:

were also stylised in lowercase for multiple albums during their respective careers, with the former consistently using lowercase in their logo since their

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Simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of standard Latin alphabet and that of the modern variants

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and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely

4502: 2930:. Normally the letters share the same case (e.g. "UPPER_CASE_EMBEDDED_UNDERSCORE" or "lower_case_embedded_underscore") but the case can be mixed, as in 1875: 2259:

As for whether hyphenated words are capitalised not only at the beginning but also after the hyphen, there is no universal standard; variation occurs

355:. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that was located above the case that held the small letters. 2576:

can optionally be written in upper case even though the name is not derived from a proper noun. For example, "one litre" may be written as:

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Whether or not the case variants are treated as equivalent to each other varies depending on the computer system and context. For example, user

528:) or can look hardly related (e.g. "D/d" and "G/g"). Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case variants of each letter included in the 4228: 1337:. As a unicase letter, the ʻokina is unaffected by capitalisation; it is the following letter that is capitalised instead. According to the 1263:" is even capitalised with both components written in uppercase (for example, "IJsland" rather than "Ijsland"). In other languages, such as 5043: 3117:

are generally case sensitive in order to allow more diversity and make them more difficult to break. In contrast, case is often ignored in

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routines can handle 95% or more of the editing, especially if they are programmed for desired exceptions (such as "FBI" rather than "Fbi").

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have different forms depending on placement within a word, but these rules are strict and the different forms cannot be used for emphasis.

1162:, may not bother to follow the conventions concerning capitalisation, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal. 1048: 3092:

needs to link together the two characters representing the case variants of a letter. (Some old character-encoding systems, such as the

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All other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or

1190:" has two different lower-case forms: "ς" in word-final position and "σ" elsewhere. In a similar manner, the Latin upper-case letter " 1078: 4774: 4316: 1371:

Similar orthographic and graphostylistic conventions are used for emphasis or following language-specific or other rules, including:

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case originate from this division. By convention, when the two cases were taken out of the storage rack and placed on a rack on the

1566: 1437: 835: 116: 1750:—have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as " 962:

In scripts with a case distinction, lowercase is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and

4200: 1669:) defined by rules that are not universally standardised. The standardisation is only at the level of house styles and individual 3723:, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist 3088:, each upper- and lower-case letter is encoded as a separate character. In order to enable case folding and case conversion, the 2742: 2846:

are removed and the first letter of each word is capitalised. If this includes the first letter of the first word (CamelCase, "

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into sentences are commonly written in "mid-sentence case", applying all the rules of sentence case except the initial capital.

1299:", respectively), but only in all-caps style should both components be in upper case (e.g. ǈiǉan–ǇIǇAN, ǋoǌa–ǊOǊA, ǅiǆa–ǄIǄA). 524:

of lowercase letters can resemble smaller forms of the uppercase glyphs restricted to the baseband (e.g. "C/c" and "S/s", cf.

4434: 3962:, working from left to right and placing the letters upside down with the nick to the top, then sets the assembled type in a 802: 54: 3684:

were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a

3688:, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the 1405:

lower-case and upper-case letters have generally different meanings, and other meanings can be implied by the use of other

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Some English surnames such as fforbes are traditionally spelt with a digraph instead of a capital letter (at least for ff).

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all nouns are capitalised (this was previously common in English as well, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries), while in

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Latin alphabet, used between 1927 and 1938, was based on Latin script, but did not have capital letters, being unicameral (

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and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the

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Some computer programming languages offer facilities for converting text to a form in which all words are capitalised.

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Capitals: A Primer of Information About Capitalization with Some Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals

3704:, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability. 2992: 2760: 1805:. According to various typographical traditions, the height of small caps can be equal to or slightly larger than the 1448:

final (connected only to the preceding letter), or isolated (connected to neither a preceding nor a following letter).

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of the unit, if spelled out, is always considered a common noun and written accordingly in lower case. For example:

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Some surname prefixes also affect the capitalisation of the following internal letter or word, for example "Mac" in

5579: 4925: 471: 76: 2302:, which are terms that, although compound and hyphenated, are so well established that dictionaries enter them as 2286:), in which every part of the hyphenated word is capitalised (e.g. "How This Particular Author Chose to Style His 5225: 3996: 3103: 2780: 2358:

are capitalised in formal written English, unless the name is intentionally stylised to break this rule (such as

1210:. When blackletter type fell out of general use in the mid-20th century, even those countries dropped the long s. 4585: 1472:

in a fashion that is reminiscent of the usage of upper-case letters in the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets.

1202:, fell out of general use before the middle of the 19th century, except for the countries that continued to use 5983: 5800: 5471: 5408: 5113: 5036: 4065: 3948: 3924:". Each is subdivided into a number of compartments ("boxes") for the storage of different individual letters. 3319: 1635: 817: 3756:(7th century BCE – 4th century CE) in contrast to the Roman uncial (4th–8th century CE), 2942:

programming, in which this convention is often used for naming variables. Illustratively, it may be rendered

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in order to ignore insignificant variations in keyword capitalisation both in queries and queried material.

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make this possible. So for example, a function dealing with matrix multiplication might formally be called:

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and are often quite complex, but in most modern languages that have capitalisation, the first word of every

813: 43: 5428: 5151: 4077: 2894: 2414: 2260: 2170:, including chapter and section headings. The rules differ substantially between individual house styles. 1532: 1272: 1013: 231: 148: 211:). The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and 5903: 5403: 5398: 5311: 5298: 5131: 4072:(ſ) would have been an ascender; however, in italics, it would have been one of only two letters in the 4024: 3767: 3753: 3693: 3145: 3141: 3133: 2230: 1726: 1666: 1402: 1304: 1176: 963: 743: 449: 65: 3605: 6048: 5695: 5336: 5190: 3884: 3876: 3137: 2723: 2707: 2692: 2542: 1739: 1627: 944:

has several variants, and there were attempts to use them as different cases, but the modern written

352: 141: 1094: 6053: 6017: 5978: 5891: 5785: 5640: 5618: 5608: 5476: 5083: 5073: 5029: 4616: 3892: 2503: 2394: 2337: 1866: 1630:, the initial capital is easier to automate than the other rules. For example, on English-language 1594: 848: 279: 250: 242: 4133: 2162:

In English-language publications, various conventions are used for the capitalisation of words in

238:(called capitalisation, or capitalised words), which makes lowercase more common in regular text. 6038: 5941: 5868: 5848: 5838: 5810: 5780: 5740: 5367: 5230: 5215: 5156: 5146: 4753: 3861: 3853: 3845: 3837: 3327: 2561: 2550: 2495: 2343: 2163: 1841: 1802: 1602: 1585: 1268: 481: 338: 286: 216: 4944:

The earliest known biblical manuscript is a palimpsest of Isajah in Syriac, written in 459/460.

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Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen, 23–29 August 1992

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In each case, the capitalisation or lack thereof supports a different function. In the first,

2788: 2604: 2331: 2283: 2005: 1828: 1658: 1469: 1461: 1314: 1155: 1089: 1005: 945: 941: 933: 909: 905: 326: 258: 134: 4397: 4156: 3891:

is shown when no terminal s (the only variant used today) is preserved from a given script.

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whose orthography is coordinated between the Cyrillic and Latin scripts, the Latin digraphs "

5772: 5725: 5564: 5511: 5372: 5182: 4945: 4745: 4720: 4245: 4073: 4009: 3981: 3805: 3794: 3782: 3727:, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century 3631: 3612: 3099: 3057: 2603:) has traditionally been used in some countries to prevent confusion; however, the separate 2455: 2390: 2179: 1735: 1590: 1548: 1225: 1144: 1028: 937: 742:

There is more variation in the height of the minuscules, as some of them have parts higher (

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Ascenders (as in "h") and descenders (as in "p") make the height of lower-case letters vary.

529: 409: 371: 160: 3569: 159:

The lower-case "a" and upper-case "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the

5908: 5795: 5790: 5710: 5678: 5569: 5306: 5108: 4647: 4324: 3959: 3748: 3719:

dating before 79 CE (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old

3666: 3587: 2801: 2752: 2711: 1835:, to type more quickly). Examples in music are relatively common. For example, several of 1699: 1598: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1307:

for each case variant (i.e., upper case, title case and lower case) of the three digraphs.

1110: 1085: 1060:

word – in some contexts even a pronoun – referring to the

901: 893: 863: 5863: 4427:

PRESSEMITTEILUNG 29.6.2017 Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung aktualisiert

3096:, are restricted to one set of letters, usually represented by the upper-case variants.) 1284: 1027:

writing. Capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a

90: 4127: 3788:

Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the

1657:

A mixed-case style with all words capitalised, except for certain subsets (particularly

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either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for

3547: 3384: 3252: 3118: 2784: 2625: 2538: 2386: 2242: 1970: 1703: 1326: 1264: 1256: 1229: 1214: 991: 940:

scripts. Languages written in these scripts use letter cases as an aid to clarity. The

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conventions, such as the English convention in which minor words are not capitalised.

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A minority of writing systems use two separate cases. Such writing systems are called

734: 155: 6032: 5705: 5673: 5663: 5543: 4812: 4019: 3825: 3744: 3733: 3720: 3576: 3205: 3081: 2741:, with the asterisk standing in for an equally inscrutable list of 13 parameters (in 2628:

is to use a serif font for "lower-case ell" in otherwise sans-serif material (1

2191: 2185: 1870: 1751: 1721:, the all-caps style is more often used for emphasis; however, it is considered poor 1643: 1073: 1040: 457: 212: 4726:. Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. pp. 121, 130–131 3022:, all property names and most keyword values are primarily formatted in kebab case. 2722:. When the tokens, such as function and variable names start to multiply in complex 2641:, meaning 10 = 1000 multiplier), whereas upper case is used for larger multipliers: 1702:, start case usually involves the capitalisation of all words irrespective of their 253:, which may be related when the two cases of the same letter are used; for example, 5963: 5843: 5730: 5715: 5685: 5645: 5628: 5382: 5352: 5326: 5235: 5078: 5060: 4129:

Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing

4039: 3963: 3856:. What is commonly called "Gothic writing" is technically called blackletter (here 3829: 3539: 3136:: upper case, lower case, and title case (in this context, "title case" relates to 2820: 2660: 2527: 2447: 2359: 2355: 2238: 2197: 1836: 1824: 1670: 1383: 1330: 1280: 1260: 759: 505: 348: 4527: 4275:, p. 14 – via University of Reading Department of Typography and Design 1008:

in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. Capitalisation rules vary by

4839: 4483:. Unicode. U+01C4, U+01C5, U+01C6, U+01C7, U+01C8, U+01C9, U+01CA, U+01CB, U+01CC 4183: 2934:

variant constructors (e.g. "Upper_then_lowercase"). The style may also be called

249:, on the other hand, uppercase and lower case letters denote generally different 5958: 5953: 5946: 5936: 5750: 5700: 5655: 5595: 5559: 5530: 5518: 5498: 5321: 5141: 4862:"Unicode Technical Note #26: On the Encoding of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Han" 4455: 4104: 4014: 3917: 3900: 3849: 3817: 3813: 3773: 3763: 3716: 3701: 3689: 3093: 2843: 2800:

data minimalistically, and as interchangeable. The fourth idiom needs much less

2727: 2499: 2463: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2398: 2323: 2084: 2009: 1862: 1747: 1743: 1662: 1465: 1379: 1355: 1276: 1203: 1159: 1017: 917: 852: 445: 246: 235: 230:, the uppercase is reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a 227: 32: 4477: 1255:

In some languages, specific digraphs may be regarded as single letters, and in

1194:" used to have two different lower-case forms: "s" in word-final position and " 452:

and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the

5931: 5745: 5635: 5488: 5481: 5458: 5413: 5377: 5331: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5263: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5052: 4907: 4346: 4034: 3986: 3860:) and is completely unrelated to Visigothic script. The letter j is i with a 3724: 3216: 3201: 2927: 2910: 2847: 2838:"theQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" or "TheQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" 2832: 2816: 2546: 2402: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2280: 2221: 1880: 1789: 1771: 1722: 1649: 1452: 1395: 1359: 1065: 867: 716: 525: 512:

is still less likely, however, to be used in reference to lower-case letters.

4982: 2706:, programmatically. They generally separate their syntactic tokens by simple 1220:

Unlike most languages that use Latin-script and link the dotless upper-case "

5423: 5418: 5195: 5123: 4029: 3921: 3880: 3857: 3085: 3036: 2203: 2174: 1832: 1730: 1639: 1631: 1334: 1237: 1052: 1024: 956: 747: 728: 343: 3785:

eventually dropped the rule for nouns, while the German language keeps it.

2466:), both named after people, are always written in upper case, whereas "s" ( 2442: 1492: 1318: 4552: 3929:

Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Advanced Proportional Principles

3659: 1879:—has all of its tracks stylised in lowercase. Some people, such as author 1035:

and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person

5896: 5755: 5574: 5447: 5433: 5258: 5210: 5008: 3976: 3896: 3739:

The timeline of writing in Western Europe can be divided into four eras:

3681: 3594: 3114: 3089: 3049: 2898: 2805: 2483: 2327: 2303: 2167: 1853: 1806: 1763: 1759: 1718: 1709: 1488: 1484: 1410: 1406: 1387: 1322: 1287:" are each regarded as a single letter (like their Cyrillic equivalents " 1009: 975: 533: 17: 4398:"Citing Sources: Capitalization and Personal Names in Foreign Languages" 3645: 3053: 2979:

rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It is also known as

2275:

p Care for Burns"). Traditional copyediting makes a distinction between

1609:

In English, a variety of case styles are used in various circumstances:

241:

In some contexts, it is conventional to use one case only. For example,

5720: 5506: 5357: 5268: 5200: 5136: 4044: 4003: 3712: 3559: 3331: 3152: 3132:

defines case folding through the three case-mapping properties of each

3129: 2796: 2719: 2715: 2703: 2557: 2491: 2429: 2379: 1888:

A comparison of various case styles (from most to least capitals used)

1775: 1497: 1414: 1338: 1300: 1249: 1207: 1151: 1044: 1036: 997: 979: 971: 952: 223: 4861: 448:, is technically any script whose letters have very few or very short 5623: 5240: 4817: 4069: 3888: 3821: 3728: 3697: 3392: 3040: 2976: 2691:

Some case styles are not used in standard English, but are common in

2670: 2646: 2523: 2479: 2467: 2459: 2451: 1858: 1783: 1767: 1755: 1638:

is capitalised by default. Because the other rules are more complex,

1503: 1441: 1199: 3743:

Greek majuscule (9th–3rd century BCE) in contrast to the Greek

2815:, and can lead to rather opinionated debate, such as in the case of 2596: 1579: 820:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 496:. That has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since 3323: 2756: 226:

of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In

5466: 5205: 5173: 3904: 3799: 3708: 3388: 3273: 3107: 3044: 3004: 2931: 2906: 2696: 2653: 2638: 2573: 2475: 2441: 1480: 1391: 1187: 1061: 1056: 521: 317:

may be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (

3593:

Papyrus fragment with old Roman cursive script from the reign of

337:). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow 5822: 5668: 5613: 4503:"Why I Spell it Hawai'i and not Hawaii, and Why You Should, Too" 3868: 3865: 3736:

and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.

3209: 3061: 2902: 2878: 2874: 2770: 2687:

Naming convention (programming) § Multiple-word identifiers

2666:

1 MS, megasiemens, a large measure of electric conductance.

2531: 2487: 2471: 2048: 1779: 1375: 1296: 1233: 1172: 1001: 537: 5025: 2248:

A few styles capitalise all words in title case (the so-called

1451:

In the Hebrew alphabet, five letters have a distinct form (see

1084:

Other languages vary in their use of capitals. For example, in

3685: 3019: 2406: 1515: 1292: 1288: 1047:". There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose 785: 26: 5021: 4223:(4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. 2382:

variant of the name, though there is some variation in this.

1240:, each in both upper and lower case. Each of the two pairs (" 4578:"'Ōlelo Hawai'i on the WWW: A.K.A., How To Give Good 'Okina" 3747:(3rd century BCE – 12th century CE) and the later 433: 395: 4207:. New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago: American Book Company. 2580:

1 l, the original form, for typefaces in which "digit one"

2119:

As above but excepting special treatment of the first word

1583:

Alternating all-caps and headline styles at the start of a

1354:, but it is not uncommon to substitute this with a similar 415: 386: 3204:

nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual

3064:. Illustrative naming of the style is, naturally, random: 2004:

The first word and all other words capitalised except for

1742:, who are both known mononymously, and some bands such as 1589:

report published in November 1919. (The event reported is

1333:, the ʻokina can be characterised as either a letter or a 421: 383: 190:) in the written representation of certain languages. The 170:

is the distinction between the letters that are in larger

4080:) with both an ascender and a descender, the other being 2926:

Punctuation is removed and spaces are replaced by single

2645:

1 ms, millisecond, a small measure of time ("m" for

1809:

of the typeface (the smaller variant is sometimes called

1221: 1191: 508:

tend to accept it as a non-standard or variant spelling.

424: 380: 4220:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3920:

are stored in shallow wooden or metal drawers known as "

3043:

significance to the use of the capitals. Sometimes only

2881:", "theQuickBrownFox..."), the case is usually known as 2652:

1 Ms, megasecond, a large measure of time ("M" for

2151:

All letters lowercase (unconventional in English prose)

1358:

character, such as the left single quotation mark or an

4617:"Registered features – definitions and implementations" 4185:

Ever wonder where upper case and lower case comes from?

3766:

majuscule (4th–8th century CE) in contrast to the

3007:). If every word is capitalised, the style is known as 2873:

When the first letter of the first word is lowercase ("

1544: 1468:

alphabet within a text otherwise written in the modern

809: 133:"Lowercase" redirects here. For the musical style, see 3669:

in front of divided upper and lower type cases at the

3637:

Combined case with capital letters above small letters

3326:, as well as any C-like language that conforms to its 3003:, looking similar to the skewer that sticks through a 2950:, etc.. When all-upper-case, it may be referred to as 2850:", "TheQuick...", etc.), the case is sometimes called 1754:") to use all caps, with prominent examples including 215:

and are typically treated identically when sorting in

4840:"Character Properties, Case Mappings & Names FAQ" 3816:(used in Ireland). Several scripts coexisted such as 2893:). This format has become popular in the branding of 2702:

The usage derives from how programming languages are

1464:, some authors use isolated letters from the ancient 532:(the exact representation will vary according to the 430: 427: 392: 389: 3395:, case can be converted in the following way, in C: 2897:

products and services, with an initial "i" meaning "

1676: 1183:

is accepted as an alternative in the all-caps style.

974:(and particularly initialisms) are often written in 436: 398: 147:"Capital Letters" redirects here. For the song, see 5992: 5924: 5877: 5831: 5771: 5654: 5594: 5552: 5529: 5497: 5457: 5446: 5391: 5345: 5297: 5249: 5181: 5172: 5122: 5059: 4250:(1st ed.). New York City: Dover Publications. 3673:

in Carson, California, United States, North America

2776: 2766: 2748: 2738: 762:still used by some traditional or classical fonts, 713:(Some lowercase letters have variations e.g. a/ɑ.) 418: 412: 377: 374: 285:Divided upper and lower type cases with cast metal 57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4719:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). 4107:. Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health 3871:is used as a w (three other runes in use were the 2237:Most styles capitalise all words except for short 1683:Start case (First letter of each word capitalized) 203:), but for others the shapes are different (e.g., 140:"Uppercase" redirects here. For the magazine, see 2811:Understandably then, such coding conventions are 2905:, or an initial "e" meaning "electronic", as in 2676:1 Mm, megametre, a large measure of length. 1857:, were all stylised in lowercase. Bands such as 1479:, an author has the option of switching between 758:are the ones with descenders. In addition, with 470:"Minuscule" redirects here. For other uses, see 4775:"History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing" 4158:Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique 3936:1563, England by 1588, and France before 1723. 3546:calls it "title case". This differs from usual 3029: 2969: 2920: 2836: 2783:, or some newer derivative language supporting 2656:, meaning 10 = 1 000 000 multiplier). 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4926:"Roman Writing Systems – Medieval Manuscripts" 4714: 4712: 4710: 3125:Unicode case folding and script identification 2438:Unit symbols and prefixes in the metric system 2213:International Organization for Standardization 5974:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 5037: 3879:featured a dot above. Lost variants such as 2971:"the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy-dog" 2922:"the_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" 1820:"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" 1715:"THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG" 1686:"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog" 1655:"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps over the Lazy Dog" 1529:The examples and perspective in this section 1325:symbol that visually resembles a left single 1138: 1132: 1126: 8: 5516: 4317:"AP Style: Courtesy and Professional Titles" 4284: 4282: 3383:Case conversion is different with different 1341:standard, the ʻokina is formally encoded as 1120: 1114: 1104: 1098: 4910:(1994). "The Latin Papyri in Herculaneum". 3276:there are two methods for case conversion: 2572:For the purpose of clarity, the symbol for 1796:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 1618:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 731:can add to the normal height of a letter). 727:having a descending element; also, various 5454: 5178: 5044: 5030: 5022: 3899:which changed little until today, such as 2755:language, broadly following the syntax of 2749:MultiplyMatrixByMatrix(Matrix x, Matrix y) 2669:1 mm, millimetre, a small measure of 2663:, a small measure of electric conductance. 2263:and among house styles (e.g., "The Letter- 1698:is a simplified variant of title case. In 1551:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 6000:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 2808:for the common programmer to understand. 2020:German, and Bavarian-style sentence case 1567:Learn how and when to remove this message 1198:" elsewhere. The latter form, called the 836:Learn how and when to remove this message 488:, by association with the unrelated word 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 3916:The individual type blocks used in hand 3261: 3257: 2726:, and there is still a need to keep the 2173:The convention followed by many British 1876:When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? 1578: 1455:) that is used when they are word-final. 858: 847: 733: 154: 4643:"The Guardian and Observer Style Guide" 4315:Nancy Edmonds Hanson (25 August 2008). 4096: 4057: 1217:with upper-case letters is complicated. 325: – particularly if they 4914:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. 4273:Challenges in multilingual type design 4247:The History and Technique of Lettering 3330:, provide these functions in the file 2177:(including scientific publishers like 1677:§ Headings and publication titles 4068:or other vertical fonts, the defunct 3770:(around 780 – 12th century) 3031:"tHeqUicKBrOWnFoXJUmpsoVeRThElAzydOG" 2975:Similar to snake case, above, except 2624:. Another solution sometimes seen in 2599:" in various typefaces (e.g.: 1 2087:and some specified words capitalised 1883:, write their names in all lowercase. 7: 4623:. Microsoft. Tag:'pcap', Tag: 'smcp' 2751:, in some hypothetical higher level 1969:All words capitalised regardless of 754:are the letters with ascenders, and 329:another noun), or as a single word ( 55:adding citations to reliable sources 4981:. The Alembic Press. Archived from 4721:"The International System of Units" 4161:. Courier Corporation. p. 37. 3575:Latin majuscule inscription on the 2225:. For example, R. M. Ritter's 750:) than the typical size. Normally, 4377:The Chicago Manual of Style Online 3958:compartments and places them in a 3838:Merovingian (Luxeuil variant here) 2823:. Capitalisation is no exception. 2649:, meaning 10 = 1/1000 multiplier). 1675:(See further explanation below at 1224:" with the dotted lower-case "i", 959:and other non-alphabetic scripts. 504:), but is now so common that some 25: 2326:(see below). For example, in the 2253: 1049:only difference is capitalisation 6013: 6012: 4606:RFC 1855 "Netiquette Guidelines" 3931:(reprinted 1952) indicates that 3658: 3644: 3630: 3611:Example of Greek minuscule text 3604: 3586: 3568: 3076:Case folding and case conversion 2681:Use within programming languages 1520: 1179:"SS". Since June 2017, however, 1166:Exceptional letters and digraphs 1150:Informal communication, such as 875: 790: 408: 370: 295: 278: 31: 5007:Hamilton, Frederick W. (1918). 4690:"What to Capitalize in a Title" 4347:"Capitalizing Titles of People" 4126:Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). 3060:' naming of a windowing system 2767:multiply-matrix-by-matrix(x, y) 2699:, or other specialised fields. 2158:Headings and publication titles 1072:to indicate the beginning of a 42:needs additional citations for 4435:Council for German Orthography 4205:An Elementary Latin Dictionary 4105:"The School's Manual of Style" 1652:(capital case, headline style) 1512:Stylistic or specialised usage 770:make up the ascender set, and 1: 5969:History of Western typography 4954:The Text of the New Testament 4789:"Caml programming guidelines" 3671:International Printing Museum 3651:Late 19th-century mixed cases 3616: 2512:International System of Units 2267:ase Rule in My Book"; "Short- 1186:The Greek upper-case letter " 1033:names of the days of the week 5816:traditional point-size names 4621:OpenType Layout tag registry 4291:"Using Capital Letters (#1)" 2541:) when used for the unit of 2506:) are written in lower case. 1603:theory of general relativity 1352:MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA 1248:") represents a distinctive 888:. These scripts include the 516:Typographical considerations 484:. The word is often spelled 454:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 5069:Canons of page construction 4886:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. 4244:Nesbitt, Alexander (1957). 4182:Sacramento History Museum. 3895:was the basis for Venetian 3665:Demonstrating the use of a 3219:for, say, uppercase letter 2864:Pascal programming language 1774:(now known as Hotel Mira), 1674: 1547:, discuss the issue on the 1213:The treatment of the Greek 1016:is capitalised, as are all 948:does not distinguish case. 816:the claims made and adding 257:may denote an element of a 243:engineering design drawings 6070: 4669:R. M. Ritter, ed. (2002). 4553:"Spacing Modifier Letters" 4528:"Hawaiian Language Online" 4321:Minnesota State University 4199:Charlton T. Lewis (1890). 3885:scribal abbreviation marks 3557: 3542:calls this "proper case"; 3247:Methods in word processing 2901:" or "intelligent", as in 2830: 2769:in something derived from 2684: 2432:and "Al" in Arabic names. 2413:, "de", "los", and "y" in 1533:the English-speaking world 989: 472:Minuscule (disambiguation) 469: 131: 6008: 5226:Subscript and superscript 4532:The University of Hawai‘i 4424:Güthert, Kerstin (2017), 3997:Capitalization in English 2993:Lisp programming language 1897: 1634:, the first character in 1501:) or the following sign ( 500:is derived from the word 5984:Vox-ATypI classification 5114:Intentionally blank page 4884:The Calligrapher's Bible 3700:for use in the court of 3397: 3336: 3278: 3151:As briefly discussed in 2560:), used for the unit of 4958:Oxford University Press 4675:Oxford University Press 4271:Březina, David (2012), 2913:(electronic commerce). 2620:, is deprecated by the 2607:which represents this, 2566:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 2350:Multi-word proper nouns 2047:The first word and all 1535:and do not represent a 1477:Japanese writing system 5517: 4671:Oxford Manual of Style 4078:Latin-script alphabets 3908: 3268:Methods in programming 3144:encoded as mixed-case 3033: 2999:(or illustratively as 2973: 2924: 2895:information technology 2840: 2507: 2298:icking Heading"), and 2227:Oxford Manual of Style 2195:, and newspapers like 1937:All letters uppercase 1931: CALIFORNIA 1873:'s debut studio album— 1606: 1273:South Slavic languages 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1099: 1095:formal polite pronouns 996:Capitalisation is the 881: 856: 739: 164: 149:Capital Letters (song) 129:Uppercase or lowercase 4977:David Bolton (1997). 4882:David Harris (2003). 4402:Waidner-Spahr Library 4025:Roman square capitals 3803: 3768:Carolingian minuscule 3696:script, developed by 3694:Carolingian minuscule 3231:(U+03B2) or Cyrillic 2909:(electronic mail) or 2854:(or, illustratively, 2588:, and "upper-case i" 2445: 1839:'s albums, including 1582: 1403:mathematical notation 1066:monotheistic religion 1051:of the first letter. 955:. This includes most 862: 851: 737: 302:Layout for type cases 158: 5854:Typographic features 4746:"Letterlike symbols" 4155:Marc Drogin (1980). 3824:, which derive from 2991:in reference to the 2956:SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE 2952:screaming snake case 2862:in reference to the 2724:software development 2693:computer programming 2556:1 Sv (one 2543:electric conductance 2526:) when used for the 1934: RAISINS 1916: VITAMINS 1628:computer programming 1545:improve this section 1531:deal primarily with 1428:Some letters of the 870:include ᴀ, ʙ, ᴣ, ʀ, 353:letterpress printing 251:mathematical objects 209:⟨G, g⟩ 205:⟨A, a⟩ 201:⟨S, s⟩ 197:⟨C, c⟩ 142:Uppercase (magazine) 51:improve this article 5979:Technical lettering 5878:Typography in other 5619:Hanging punctuation 4456:"Ijsland / IJsland" 3877:macron abbreviation 3035:Mixed case with no 2584:, "lower-case ell" 2537:1 S (one 2522:1 s (one 2504:amount of substance 2395:Catherine the Great 2314:p Care for Burns"). 2300:permanent compounds 2277:temporary compounds 1889: 1329:. Representing the 1230:some forms of Azeri 1171:The German letter " 778:the descender set. 752:b, d, f, h, k, l, t 5942:Handwriting script 5869:Desktop publishing 5839:Character encoding 5832:Digital typography 5346:Horizontal aspects 5299:Visual distinction 5157:Widows and orphans 4813:"Ruby Style Guide" 4777:. 3 February 2004. 4754:Unicode Consortium 4478:"Latin Extended-B" 4327:on 1 December 2016 3909: 3905:a serifed typeface 3858:textualis quadrata 3854:humanist minuscule 3848:was the basis for 3846:Carolingian script 3212:to provide only a 2732:Naming conventions 2564:dose (named after 2562:ionising radiation 2551:Werner von Siemens 2508: 2496:luminous intensity 2417:, "de" or "d'" in 2284:compound modifiers 2164:publication titles 2092:Mid-sentence case 1887: 1867:first studio album 1803:Copperplate Gothic 1607: 1206:typefaces such as 970:is not available. 882: 857: 801:possibly contains 760:old-style numerals 740: 482:lower-case letters 217:alphabetical order 165: 6026: 6025: 5773:Typographic units 5691:For position only 5590: 5589: 5442: 5441: 5015:Project Gutenberg 4558:. Unicode. U+02BB 4230:978-0-395-82517-4 3808:(used in Germany 3758:Roman half uncial 3272:In some forms of 3237:ABБCГDΔΕЄЗFΦGHIИJ 3146:single characters 2889:(illustratively: 2819:, or those about 2813:highly subjective 2789:multiple dispatch 2605:Unicode character 2590:⟨I⟩ 2586:⟨l⟩ 2582:⟨1⟩ 2189:, magazines like 2155: 2154: 1928: FRESH 1829:instant messaging 1577: 1576: 1569: 1317:orthography, the 1158:or a handwritten 1156:instant messaging 1041:vocative particle 946:Georgian language 942:Georgian alphabet 886:bicameral scripts 846: 845: 838: 803:original research 711: 710: 347:used to hold the 135:Lowercase (music) 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 6061: 6016: 6015: 5993:Related template 5925:Related articles 5726:Phototypesetting 5580:reverse-contrast 5565:Display typeface 5522: 5499:Blackletter type 5455: 5392:Vertical aspects 5373:Sentence spacing 5183:Typeface anatomy 5179: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5023: 5018: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4974: 4961: 4946:Bruce M. Metzger 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4716: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4688:Currin Berdine. 4685: 4679: 4678: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4588:on 6 August 2017 4584:. Archived from 4582:KeolaDonaghy.com 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4373:"Capitalization" 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4323:. Archived from 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4101: 4085: 4076:(and most other 4074:English alphabet 4062: 4010:Grammatical case 3982:Alternating caps 3883:, ligatures and 3795:Uspenski Gospels 3783:English language 3662: 3648: 3634: 3618: 3613:Codex Ebnerianus 3608: 3590: 3572: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3328:standard library 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3227:(U+0062), Greek 3119:keyword searches 3100:Case-insensitive 3058:Sun Microsystems 2938:, especially in 2883:lower camel case 2852:upper camel case 2778: 2777:(multiply (x y)) 2768: 2753:manifestly typed 2750: 2740: 2730:human-readable, 2712:space characters 2631: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2456:electric current 2391:Tamar of Georgia 2340: 2334: 2083:The first word, 1890: 1886: 1797: 1680: 1591:Arthur Eddington 1572: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1434:Hebrew alphabets 1390:, and choice of 1378:effects such as 1367:Related features 1353: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1305:single character 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1108: 1102: 1029:proper adjective 879: 873: 841: 834: 830: 827: 821: 818:inline citations 794: 793: 786: 782:Bicameral script 543: 542: 530:English alphabet 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 406:, less commonly 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 299: 282: 265: 256: 210: 206: 202: 198: 161:English alphabet 152: 145: 138: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6004: 5988: 5920: 5880:writing systems 5879: 5873: 5827: 5767: 5711:Microtypography 5650: 5586: 5548: 5525: 5493: 5450:classifications 5449: 5438: 5387: 5341: 5307:Blackboard bold 5293: 5245: 5168: 5118: 5109:Recto and verso 5055: 5050: 5006: 5003: 5001:Further reading 4998: 4988: 4986: 4985:on 16 July 2007 4976: 4975: 4964: 4960:: 2005), p. 92. 4943: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4648:TheGuardian.com 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4295:Dave's ESL Cafe 4289:Dennis Oliver. 4288: 4287: 4280: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4049: 3972: 3960:composing stick 3914: 3901:Times New Roman 3893:Humanist script 3760:, and minuscule 3754:Roman majuscule 3749:Greek minuscule 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3667:composing stick 3663: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3270: 3264:does the same. 3263: 3259: 3253:word processors 3249: 3127: 3110:character set. 3078: 3028: 2968: 2919: 2835: 2829: 2802:syntactic sugar 2689: 2683: 2629: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2592:look different. 2589: 2585: 2581: 2440: 2421:, and "ibn" in 2401:" and "der" in 2352: 2338: 2332: 2243:parts of speech 2241:words (certain 2160: 1919: ARE 1913: THE 1799: 1795: 1716: 1712:(all uppercase) 1700:text processing 1687: 1656: 1621: 1573: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1542: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1423:blackboard bold 1419:script typeface 1369: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1259:, the digraph " 1247: 1243: 1197: 1168: 1004:with its first 994: 988: 980:various factors 978:, depending on 871: 855:Cyrillic script 842: 831: 825: 822: 807: 795: 791: 784: 717:Typographically 518: 492:and the prefix 475: 466: 411: 407: 373: 369: 361: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 300: 291: 290: 289: 283: 272: 261: 254: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192:writing systems 186:(more formally 178:(more formally 153: 146: 139: 132: 130: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Capitalization 6041: 6031: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5914:National Fonts 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5859:Web typography 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Reversing type 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5363:Letter-spacing 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5317:Color printing 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5251:Capitalization 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5089:Page numbering 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4962: 4950:Bart D. Ehrman 4937: 4917: 4899: 4892: 4874: 4853: 4831: 4804: 4780: 4766: 4737: 4706: 4680: 4661: 4634: 4608: 4599: 4569: 4544: 4519: 4494: 4469: 4447: 4415: 4389: 4364: 4338: 4307: 4278: 4263: 4256: 4236: 4229: 4210: 4191: 4174: 4167: 4147: 4118: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3992:Capitalization 3989: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3913: 3910: 3790:Greek alphabet 3778: 3777: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3664: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3574: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3552: 3398: 3385:character sets 3337: 3279: 3269: 3266: 3248: 3245: 3126: 3123: 3084:developed for 3082:character sets 3077: 3074: 3027: 3024: 2967: 2964: 2918: 2915: 2887:dromedary case 2831:Main article: 2828: 2825: 2793: 2792: 2785:type inference 2774: 2764: 2746: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2634: 2633: 2626:Web typography 2618:SCRIPT SMALL L 2593: 2570: 2569: 2554: 2535: 2498:), and "mol" ( 2450:symbols, "A" ( 2439: 2436: 2409:" and "zu" in 2387:personal names 2351: 2348: 2316: 2315: 2306:(e.g., "Short- 2279:(such as many 2257: 2246: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2124:All-lowercase 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056:Sentence case 2053: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: MY 1923: 1922: IN 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1831:(avoiding the 1821: 1818: 1815: 1792: 1787: 1713: 1707: 1704:part of speech 1684: 1681: 1653: 1647: 1624: 1614: 1586:New York Times 1575: 1574: 1557:September 2013 1539:of the subject 1537:worldwide view 1528: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1473: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1440:of the Korean 1426: 1399: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1327:quotation mark 1311: 1308: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1218: 1215:iota subscript 1211: 1195: 1184: 1167: 1164: 1125:(German), and 1097:, for example 992:Capitalisation 990:Main article: 987: 986:Capitalisation 984: 844: 843: 798: 796: 789: 783: 780: 723:and sometimes 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 626: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 517: 514: 465: 462: 446:palaeographers 360: 357: 301: 294: 293: 292: 284: 277: 276: 275: 274: 273: 271: 268: 182:) and smaller 128: 125: 124: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6066: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:Bézier curves 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Rasterization 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706:Microprinting 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Etaoin shrdlu 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4893:0-7641-5615-2 4889: 4885: 4878: 4875: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4794: 4793:caml.inria.fr 4790: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4755: 4751: 4750:Charts (Beta) 4747: 4741: 4738: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4662: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4436: 4429: 4428: 4419: 4416: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4257:0-486-20427-8 4253: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4168:9780486261423 4164: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4119: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066:Roman Antiqua 4061: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020:Roman cursive 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006:, or drop cap 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3887:are omitted; 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826:Roman cursive 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745:uncial script 3742: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734:Ancient Greek 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:Roman cursive 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3647: 3633: 3614: 3607: 3596: 3589: 3578: 3577:Arch of Titus 3571: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3311:"A" 3293:"a" 3277: 3275: 3267: 3265: 3254: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:character set 3203: 3202:typographical 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:dromedaryCase 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2627: 2623: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549:(named after 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2446:Of the seven 2444: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Spanish names 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2209:sentence case 2206: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2192:The Economist 2188: 2187: 2186:New Scientist 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871:Billie Eilish 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1817:All lowercase 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:disemvoweling 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1671:style manuals 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644:concatenation 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1613:Sentence case 1612: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1560: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303:designates a 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1087: 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