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42:
65:
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457:
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685:
635:
192:
In addition to the top-mounted eyes, a stargazer also has a large, upward-facing mouth in a large head. Their usual habit is to bury themselves in sand, and leap upwards to ambush prey (
420:
605:
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200:) that pass overhead. Some species have a worm-shaped lure growing out of the floors of their mouths, which they can wiggle to attract prey's attention. Both the
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519:
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1065:
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788:
456:
811:
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species have theirs derived from sonic muscles. These two genera within stargazers represent one of eight independent evolutions of
279:
are aligned vertically inside the head, behind the eyes. Uniquely, they are used only for hunting or defence, as the fish does not
569:
Alves-Gomes, J. A. (2001). "The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective".
1189:
271:
1232:
1109:
287:
Stargazers are a delicacy in some cultures (the venom is not poisonous when eaten), and they can be found for sale in some
64:
1026:
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781:
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that have eyes on top of their heads (hence the name). The family includes about 51 species (one extinct) in eight
1122:
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832:
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366:
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840:
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51:
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in not possessing electroreceptors, meaning that they do not use an electric sense to locate prey.
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991:
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are relatively long; some lack dorsal spines. Lengths range from 18 up to 90 cm, for the
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which camouflage themselves; some can deliver both venom and electric shocks. Ichthyologist
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727:
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598:"Stargazer fishes from the western north Atlantic (Family Uranoscopidae)"
205:
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223:
1083:
86:
1070:
947:
1166:
270:
181:
177:
766:
173:
951:
770:
496:
1057:
222:; they have two large venomous spines situated behind their
705:
626:"Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn"
738:"A second New Zealand species of the stargazer genus
184:
and found worldwide in shallow and deep saltwaters.
960:
919:
856:
825:
804:
677:
596:Berry, Frederick H.; Anderson, William W. (1961).
564:
562:
560:
558:
606:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
291:with the electric organ removed. Stargazers are
299:called them "the meanest things in creation".
782:
307:Uranscopidae contains the following genera:
8:
948:
789:
775:
767:
254:consisting of modified eye muscles, while
40:
31:
757:
528:
416:
674:
309:
7:
1248:Taxa named by Barton Warren Evermann
1172:FD1087D9-FFB6-4A47-FF67-A18E4CCBF80F
1133:73d967a2-585e-4752-bcec-ff345b0a8ea3
812:Electroreception and electrogenesis
736:Gomon, M.F.; Roberts, C.D. (2011).
1238:Extant Tortonian first appearances
25:
1243:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
699:
683:
624:Grady, Denise (22 August 2006).
473:
455:
437:
419:
230:. The species within the genera
63:
742:(Trachinoidei: Uranoscopidae)"
1:
431:(Kathetostoma nigrofasciatum)
1264:
872:(S. American knifefishes)
817:Jamming avoidance response
689:Stargazer lunges from sand
927:History of bioelectricity
759:10.11646/zootaxa.2776.1.1
698:
682:
148:
143:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
721:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
652:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
467:(Uranoscopus sulphureus)
264:. They are unique among
571:Journal of Fish Biology
485:(Astroscopus y-graecum)
1233:Strongly electric fish
723:"Family Uranoscopidae"
583:10.1006/jfbi.2001.1625
538:"Family Uranoscopidae"
449:(Astroscopus guttatus)
284:
250:species have a single
213:Kathetostoma giganteum
1154:Paleobiology Database
841:Ampullae of Lorenzini
654:"Family Uranscopidae"
463:Whitemargin stargazer
274:
900:(electric catfishes)
662:. June 2022 version.
866:(African knifefish)
731:. May 2006 version.
638:on 7 December 2013.
542:Fishes of Australia
427:Deepwater stargazer
275:Stargazer's paired
631:The New York Times
481:Southern stargazer
445:Northern stargazer
285:
52:Kathetostoma laeve
49:Common stargazer,
1205:
1204:
1141:Open Tree of Life
954:Taxon identifiers
945:
944:
837:Electroreceptors
714:
713:
413:
400:
387:
370:
357:
344:
331:
318:
297:William Leo Smith
262:bioelectrogenesis
155:
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16:(Redirected from
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937:Magnetoreception
888:(elephantfishes)
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634:. Archived from
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577:(6): 1489–1511.
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293:ambush predators
226:and above their
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27:Family of fishes
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906:(electric rays)
904:Torpediniformes
880:(electric eels)
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678:External videos
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671:Further reading
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317:Brevoort, 1860
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277:electric organs
244:electric shocks
242:can also cause
218:Stargazers are
210:giant stargazer
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1223:Trachiniformes
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898:Malapteruridae
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833:Electric organ
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719:Froese, Rainer
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650:Froese, Rainer
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536:Bray, Dianne.
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252:electric organ
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117:Trachiniformes
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107:Actinopterygii
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1228:Venomous fish
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1218:Uranoscopidae
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1019:Uranoscopidae
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1007:
1006:Uranoscopidae
1002:
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992:Uranoscopidae
987:
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962:Uranoscopidae
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955:
950:
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910:Uranoscopidae
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877:Electrophorus
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870:Gymnotiformes
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798:Electric fish
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281:electrolocate
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266:electric fish
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229:
228:pectoral fins
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198:invertebrates
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167:Uranoscopidae
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127:Uranoscopidae
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18:Uranoscopidae
961:
932:Lateral line
912:(stargazers)
909:
876:
864:Gymnarchidae
846:Knollenorgan
749:
745:
740:Kathetostoma
739:
726:
708:
692:
657:
644:
636:the original
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619:
610:
604:
591:
574:
570:
547:30 September
545:. Retrieved
541:
531:
484:
466:
448:
430:
405:Xenocephalus
403:
390:
375:Selenoscopus
373:
362:Pleuroscopus
360:
349:Kathetostoma
347:
336:Ichthyscopus
334:
321:
311:
306:
289:fish markets
286:
255:
247:
237:
231:
217:
212:
194:benthic fish
191:
166:
158:
156:
149:
126:
50:
29:
1079:iNaturalist
986:Wikispecies
392:Uranoscopus
313:Astroscopus
257:Uranoscopus
248:Astroscopus
239:Uranoscopus
233:Astroscopus
188:Description
1212:Categories
892:Rajiformes
886:Mormyridae
805:Physiology
523:References
159:stargazers
35:Stargazer
384:Kishimoto
323:Genyagnus
206:anal fins
171:perciform
150:See text
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
971:Wikidata
894:(skates)
752:: 1–12.
728:FishBase
659:FishBase
492:Timeline
397:Linnaeus
341:Swainson
224:opercles
220:venomous
136:Evermann
123:Family:
97:Chordata
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
977:Q183280
920:Related
826:Anatomy
746:Zootaxa
709:YouTube
693:YouTube
412:, 1858
399:, 1758
386:, 1993
380:Okamura
369:, 1927
367:Barnard
356:, 1860
354:Günther
343:, 1839
330:, 1861
144:Genera
113:Order:
103:Class:
1195:125573
1182:114425
1179:uBio:
1130:NZOR:
1110:171053
1097:114232
857:Groups
382:&
303:Genera
202:dorsal
182:marine
180:, all
178:genera
163:family
161:are a
138:, 1898
134:&
132:Jordan
1190:WoRMS
1167:Plazi
1159:82278
1146:76747
1123:70846
1092:IRMNG
1084:86126
601:(PDF)
169:, of
1118:NCBI
1105:ITIS
1071:8603
1066:GBIF
1058:5190
1027:BOLD
750:2776
611:1961
549:2014
410:Kaup
328:Gill
236:and
204:and
196:and
174:fish
157:The
1053:EoL
1045:HPK
1040:CoL
1032:702
1014:AFD
1001:ADW
754:doi
579:doi
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1143::
1120::
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988::
973::
748:.
744:.
725:.
707:–
691:–
656:.
628:.
609:.
603:.
575:58
573:.
557:^
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246:.
215:.
165:,
790:e
783:t
776:v
762:.
756::
613:.
585:.
581::
551:.
283:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
