692:
522:
734:, Henry VIII decreed that "beggars who are old and incapable of working receive a beggar's licence. On the other hand, whipping and imprisonment for sturdy vagabonds. They are to be tied to the cart-tail and whipped until the blood streams from their bodies, then they are to swear on oath to go back to their birthplace or to serve where they have lived the last three years and to 'put themselves to labour'. For the second arrest for vagabondage the whipping is to be repeated and half the ear sliced off; but for the third relapse the offender is to be executed as a hardened criminal and enemy of the common weal."
877:, vagrants to receive poverty relief had to seek it from the parish where they were last legally settled, often the parish where they were born. This led to a system of convicted vagrants being 'passed' from parish to parish from where they had been convicted and punished to their own parish. The 'pass' system led to them being transported by vagrancy contractors, a system found to be open to abuses and fraud. It also found that in many instances the punishment for vagrancy offences were insufficient and certain types of vagrants should be given longer prison sentences and made to complete hard labour during it.
750:
111:
830:, those suspected of vagrancy could be detained by the constable or watchman and brought before a magistrate who had the legal right to interview them to determine their status. If declared vagrant, they were to be arrested, whipped, and physically expelled from the county by a vagrant contractor, whose job it was to take them to the edge of the county and pass them to the contractor for the next county on the journey. This process would continue until the person reached his or her place of legal settlement, which was often but not always their place of birth.
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is to be branded on forehead or back with the letter S; if he runs away three times, he is to be executed as a felon... If it happens that a vagabond has been idling about for three days, he is to be taken to his birthplace, branded with a red hot iron with the letter V on his breast, and set to work, in chains, on the roads or at some other labour... Every master may put an iron ring round the neck, arms or legs of his slave, by which to know him more easily."
938:. Homeless or unemployed persons could be forced into labour on public or private works, for very low pay, for a statutory maximum of three months; if fugitive and recaptured, they must serve the rest of their term at minimum subsistence, wearing ball and chain. In effect, though not in declared intent, the Act criminalized attempts by impoverished freed people to seek out their own families and rebuild their lives. The commanding general in Virginia,
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897:
676:
36:
1344:
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942:, condemned the Act as a form of entrapment, the attempted reinstitution of "slavery in all but its name". He forbade its enforcement. It is not known how often it was applied, or what was done to prevent its implementation, but it remained statute in Virginia until 1904. Other Southern states enacted similar laws to funnel blacks into their system of
965:. Prior to 2020, the criminal statutes of law in Louisiana specifically criminalized vagrancy as associating with prostitutes, being a professional gambler, being a habitual drunk, or living on the social welfare benefits or pensions of others. This law established as vagrants all those healthy adults who are not engaged in gainful employment.
822:
and as often as the justices of the peace think fit … Incorrigible and dangerous rogues are to be branded with an R on the left shoulder and set to hard labour, and if they are caught begging again, to be executed without mercy. These statutes, legally binding until the beginning of the 18th century, were only repealed by 12 Anne, c. 23.
772:
as a person who had no land, no master, and no legitimate trade or source of income; it included rogues in the class of vagrants or vagabonds. If a person were apprehended as a rogue, he would be stripped to the waist, whipped until bleeding, and a hole, about the compass of an inch about, would be
745:
ordained that "if anyone refuses to work, he shall be condemned as a slave to the person who has denounced him as an idler. The master has the right to force him to do any work, no matter how vile, with whip and chains. If the slave is absent for a fortnight, he is condemned to slavery for life and
634:
in
Germany). Russian law recognized one as a vagrant if they could not prove their own standing (title), or if they changed residence without a permission from authorities, rather than punishing loitering or absence of livelihood. Foreigners who had been twice expatriated with prohibition of return
821:
James 1: Any one wandering about and begging is declared a rogue and a vagabond. Justices of the peace in petty sessions are authorised to have them publicly whipped and for the first offence to imprison them for 6 months, for the second for 2 years. Whilst in prison they are to be whipped as much
914:
Colonists imported
British vagrancy laws when they settled in North America. Throughout the colonial and early national periods, vagrancy laws were used to police the mobility and economic activities of the poor. People experiencing homelessness and ethnic minorities were especially vulnerable to
868:
After hearing the views of many witnesses appearing before it the select committee made several recommendations. The select committee found that the existing vagrancy laws had become over-complicated and that they should be amended and consolidated into a single act of
Parliament. The payment of
549:
began strictly enforcing this provision, applying it even when work was potentially available. In
Finland, the legal protection provision was repealed in 1883; however, vagrancy still remained illegal, if connected with "immoral" or "indecent" behavior. In 1936, a new law moved the emphasis from
780:
The
Vagabonds Act 1572 decreed that "unlicensed beggars above fourteen years of age are to be severely flogged and branded on the left ear unless someone will take them into service for two years; in case of a repetition of the offence, if they are over eighteen, they are to be executed, unless
407:
Many world religions, both in history and today, have vagrant traditions or make reference to vagrants. In
Christianity, Jesus is shown in the Bible as having compassion for beggars, prostitutes, and the disenfranchised. The Catholic Church also teaches compassion for people living in vagrancy.
683:. The note, introduced by the Federal Law No. 162 of 8 December 2003, provides that the section does not apply, if such act is performed by a parent of the juvenile under harsh life circumstances due to the loss of livelihood or the absence of living place.
888:. The Vagrancy Act 1824 consolidated the previous vagrancy laws and addressed many of the frauds and abuses identified during the select committee hearings. Much reformed since 1824, some of the offences included in it are still enforceable.
659:
495:). There, the prisoners had to work for their living by working on the land or in the prison. If the prisoners had earned enough money, then they could leave the "colony" (as it was called). On 12 January 1993, the
377:
Some ancient sources show vagrants as passive objects of pity, who deserve generosity and the gift of alms. Others show them as subversives, or outlaws, who make a parasitical living through theft, fear and threat.
773:
burned through the cartilage of his right ear with a hot iron. A rogue who was charged with a second offence, unless taken in by someone who would give him work for one year, could face execution as a
545:(nobility, clergy, burghers or land-owners) were obliged to be employed, or otherwise, they could be charged with vagrancy. Legal protection was mandatory already in medieval Swedish law, but
641:, the legal code, a vagrant who could not elaborate on his kinship, standing, or permanent residence, or gave false evidence, was sentenced to a 4-year imprisonment and a subsequent exile to
781:
someone will take them into service for two years; but for the third offence they are to be executed without mercy as felons." The same act laid the legal groundwork for the enforced exile (
1357:Закон «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс РСФСР, Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс РСФСР и кодекс РСФСР об административных правонарушениях» jn 5 December 1991 № 1982-I
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At present, vagrancy is not a criminal offence in Russia, but it is an offence for someone over 18 to induce a juvenile (one who has not reached that age) to vagrancy, according to
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915:
arrest as a vagrant. Thousands of inhabitants of colonial and early national
America were incarcerated for vagrancy, usually for terms of 30 to 60 days, but occasionally longer.
884:
was introduced, 'An Act for the
Punishment of Idle and Disorderly Persons, and Rogues and Vagabonds, in that Part of Great Britain called England', commonly known as the
1172:
664:, which came into force on 1 January 1961, systematic vagrancy (that which was identified more than once) was punishable by up to two years' imprisonment (section 209).
46:
722:(unemployment) an offence. A vagrant was a person who could work but chose not to, and having no fixed abode or lawful occupation, begged. Vagrancy was punishable by
811:
Capital Volume One, Chapter Twenty-Eight: Bloody
Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing Down of Wages by Acts of Parliament
1214:
Original definition: "se, joka ilman elatusta omista varoistaan tahi toisen huolenpidon kautta työttömänä kuljeksii harjoittaen siveetöntä ja säädytöntä elämää..."
1279:
702:, c. 1808. At this time paupers from outside London apprehended by the authorities could be imprisoned for seven days before being sent back to their own parish.
431:
and South Asian countries, the condition of vagrancy has long been historically associated with the religious life, as described in the religious literature of
1256:
Das
Arbeitshaus Breitenau. Bettler, Landstreicher, Prostituierte, Zuhälter und Fürsorgeempfänger in der Korrektions- und Landarmenanstalt Breitenau (1874–1949)
881:
325:. In Western countries, vagrancy was historically a crime punishable with forced labor, military service, imprisonment, or confinement to dedicated
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293:
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In Germany, according to the 1871 Penal Code (§ 361 des Strafgesetzbuches von 1871), vagabondage was among the grounds to confine a person to a
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Until July 2006, vagrancy was punishable with imprisonment between one month to 3 years, according to the article 327 on the Penal Code.
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criminalization into social assistance. Forced labor sentences were abolished in 1971 and anti-vagrancy laws were repealed in 1987.
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who was responsible for a town or district and expelled those without a permit. Their role eventually transferred to the police.
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to the Russian Empire and were arrested in Russia again were also recognized as vagrants. Punishments were harsh: according to
313:
without regular employment or income. Vagrants usually live in poverty and support themselves by travelling while engaging in
864:
In 1821, the existing vagrancy law was reviewed by a House of Commons select committee, resulting in the publication of the,
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From 27 November 1891, a vagabond could be jailed. Vagabonds, beggars and procurers were imprisoned in vagrancy prisons:
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934:. In 1866, the state of Virginia, fearing that it would be "overrun with dissolute and abandoned characters", passed an
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949:
Since at least as early as the 1930s, a vagrancy law in America typically has rendered "no visible means of support" a
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in England and Wales at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. The law was an amendment to the
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This continued until 5 December 1991, when Section 209 was repealed and vagrancy ceased to be a criminal offense.
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102:
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Polanyi, Karl, and Robert Morrison MacIver. The great transformation. Vol. 5. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957. p.168
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586:
98:
1345:Закон РСФСР от 27 October 1960 «Об утверждении Уголовного кодекса РСФСР» (вместе с «Уголовным кодексом РСФСР»)
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793:'s plantations in America. Those who returned unlawfully from their place of exile faced death by hanging.
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Vagrants have been historically characterised as outsiders in settled, ordered communities: embodiments of
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841:) tried to address some of the problems that underlay vagrancy. The Speenhamland system was a form of
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1173:"Evangelii Gaudium : Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World"
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Based on the findings and recommendations from the 1821 House of Commons Select on Vagrancy, a new
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777:. A rogue charged with a third offence would only escape death if someone hired him for two years.
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ruled that a Florida vagrancy law was unconstitutional because it was too vague to be understood.
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1347:// Свод законов РСФСР. – т. 8, – с. 497, 1988 // Ведомости ВС РСФСР. – 1960. – № 40. – ст. 591
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In premodern Finland and Sweden, vagrancy was a crime, which could result in a sentence of
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or an unpopular group. Ambiguous vagrancy laws became more narrowly and clearly defined.
953:, yet it has commonly been used as a pretext to take one into custody for such things as
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A woodcut from c.1536 depicting a vagrant being punished in the streets in Tudor England
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412:. Many still exist in places like Europe, Africa, and the Near East, as preserved by
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730:, who were unable to support themselves because of advanced age or sickness. In the
785:) of "obdurate idlers" to "such parts beyond the seas as shall be assigned by the
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1462:"Loose, idle and disorderly: vagrant removal in late eighteenth-century Middlesex"
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In the 1960s, laws proven unacceptably broad and vague were found to violate the
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Unsettled: The Culture of Mobility and the Working Poor in Early Modern England
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have beggars cast curses on anyone who was insulting or stingy toward them. In
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866:'Report from the Select Committee on The Existing Laws Relating to Vagrants'.
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was repealed. At that time, 260 vagabonds still lived in the Wortel colony.
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Vagrants and Vagabonds: Poverty and Mobility in the Early American Republic
1627:
Vagrants and Vagabonds: Poverty and Mobility in the Early American Republic
1547:"Report from the Select Committee on The Existing Laws Relating to Vagrant"
573:, where vagrancy, together with begging, prostitution, and "work-shyness" (
1774:
Aggressive Panhandling & Solicitation – It's a Crime and You Can Help!
1747:
374:, objects of scorn or mistrust, or worthy recipients of help and charity.
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Nevertheless, new local laws in the U.S. have been passed to criminalize
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215:
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1793:
Cast Out: Vagrancy and Homelessness in Global and Historical Perspective
853:. It was created as an indirect result of Britain's involvements in the
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banished and transplanted "incorrigible and dangerous rogues" overseas.
341:
45:
deal primarily with Europe and the United States and do not represent a
17:
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In medieval times, vagabonds were controlled by an official called the
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Hitchcock, Tim; Crymble, Adam; Falcini, Louise (13 December 2014).
1118:"Vagrant – Definition of vagrant in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
408:
Vagrant lifestyles are seen in Christian movements, such as in the
93:"Vagrant" and "Vagabond" redirect here. For vagrant organisms, see
1373:. Ernest Mandel, Ben Fowkes. England: Pelican Books. p. 896.
1088:
1045:, a label for those deemed to contribute insufficiently to society
1036:
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109:
1033:, a catchall criminal charge for minor offenses such as loitering
400:, some of those who begged door-to-door for "milk, yeast, drink,
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447:
869:
fixed rewards for the apprehension and taking vagrants before
29:
27:
Condition of homelessness without regular employment or income
1359:// Ведомости Съезда НД РФ и ВС РФ, N 52, 26.12.91, ст. 1867
710:
was the first major vagrancy law in England and Wales. The
1051:, the voluntary practice of doing without many possessions
930:, laws that tried to control the hundreds of thousands of
362:
originally denoted a person without a home or employment.
789:". At the time, this meant exile for a fixed term to the
714:
sought to increase the available workforce following the
622:) was defined in a different way than in Western Europe (
1057:, the action of occupying an abandoned area or structure
54:
976:. Such laws could no longer be used to obstruct the "
974:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1649:Tarter, B. Vagrancy Act of 1866, 2015, 25 August,
726:or whipping. Vagrants were distinguished from the
1762:Legal Opinion 2008-1 (On Aggressive Panhandling)
1796:(1st ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press.
1573:"The Vagrancy Act 1824 (as originally enacted)"
819:
1521:. London: Longman Green & Co. p. 19.
287:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1436:. England: Pelican Books. pp. 898–899.
936:Act Providing for the Punishment of Vagrants
873:had led to abuses of the system. Due to the
127:
1860:Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Vagrancy
537:. There was a "legal protection" (Finnish:
1667:http://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78260
1278:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
294:
280:
126:
1790:Beier, A.L.; Ocobock, Paul, eds. (2008).
1601:"The Vagrancy Act 1824 (current version)"
1321:"LEGE 278 04/07/2006 - Portal Legislativ"
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1817:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1418:An Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds (
690:
1838:. New York: New York University Press.
1455:
1453:
1393:An Act for the Punishing of Vagabonds (
1109:
1067:
681:Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
1271:
614:, the legal term "vagrancy" (Russian:
340:ultimately derive from the Latin word
1541:
1539:
1537:
7:
1295:"Art 327 Vagabondajul | Codul Penal"
990:Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville
541:) obligation: those not part of the
1832:O'Brassill-Kulfan, Kristin (2019).
1625:O'Brassill-Kulfan, Kristin (2019).
585:) and punishable by confinement to
1128:from the original on 1 March 2020.
996:Supreme Court of the United States
384:were itinerant monks of the early
25:
1689:156 (1972) is available from:
1171:Pope Francis (24 November 2013).
1027:, an impoverished, migrant worker
655:Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1960)
346:, meaning "to wander". The term
135:
34:
1141:from Oxford Dictionaries Online
1519:The Village Labourer 1760–1832
1406:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica,
404:" were thought to be witches.
309:is the condition of wandering
1:
1225:"Teema: Irtolaisuus – Portti"
1122:Oxford Dictionaries – English
1015:Anti-homelessness legislation
645:or another far-off province.
450:traditions. Examples include
123:, depicting vagrant musicians
1679:Papachristou v. Jacksonville
1481:10.1080/03071022.2014.975943
1811:Fumerton, Patricia (2006).
1764:Nashville, 20 February 2008
1152:The Discovery of Witchcraft
1043:Parasitism (social offense)
826:In late-eighteenth-century
708:Ordinance of Labourers 1349
57:, discuss the issue on the
1906:
1748:Oyez (oral argument audio)
92:
1242:The unsettled, "asocials"
1196:. Colonies of Benevolence
1191:"Colonies of Benevolence"
994:405 U.S. 156 (1972), the
615:
103:Vagabond (disambiguation)
1551:U.K Parliamentary Papers
129:Feudal titles and status
99:Vagrant (disambiguation)
1656:retrieved 30 March 2018
1254:Ayaß, Wolfgang (1992).
1244:University of Minnesota
677:Chapter 20, Section 151
1665:LA Rev Stat § 14:107,
1653:Encyclopedia Virginia
1139:Definition of vagabond
1003:aggressive panhandling
982:political demonstrator
911:
824:
757:
716:Black Death in England
703:
577:), was classified as "
526:
466:traditions generally.
350:is derived from Latin
124:
97:. For other uses, see
900:Political cartoon by
899:
845:intended to mitigate
752:
694:
524:
113:
1885:Informal occupations
963:criminal association
855:French Revolutionary
851:Elizabethan Poor Law
783:penal transportation
579:anti-social behavior
543:estates of the realm
497:Belgian vagrancy law
115:John Everett Millais
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1776:City of Minneapolis
1730:Library of Congress
1432:Marx, Karl (1976).
1369:Marx, Karl (1976).
839:Berkshire Bread Act
837:(also known as the
835:Speenhamland system
587:concentration camps
131:
1605:legislation.gov.uk
1580:Legislation.Gov.UK
1325:legislatie.just.ro
1155:(London, 1584) by
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798:Vagabonds Act 1597
762:Vagabonds Act 1572
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739:Vagabonds Act 1547
732:Vagabonds Act 1530
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671:Russian Federation
547:Gustav I of Sweden
527:
517:Finland and Sweden
125:
95:Vagrancy (biology)
1293:Systems, Indaco.
978:freedom of speech
886:Vagrancy Act 1824
882:Act of Parliament
620:brodyazhnichestvo
539:laillinen suojelu
304:
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170:Lord of the manor
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65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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658: [
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625:vagabondage
560:labor house
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424:practices.
390:fairy tales
386:Middle Ages
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230:Free tenant
1869:Categories
1739:OpenJurist
1489:2299/15233
1420:14 Eliz. 1
1258:. Kassel.
1104:References
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907:The Masses
718:by making
533:or forced
462:, and the
429:East Asian
414:Gnosticism
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319:scavenging
223:Husbandman
182:Liege lord
163:Mesne lord
1677:*Text of
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1080:vagabonds
1055:Squatting
955:loitering
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875:Poor Laws
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460:bhikkhus
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