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undulation in pitch. Most violinists oscillate below the note, or lower in pitch from the actual note when using vibrato, since it is believed that perception favors the highest pitch in a varying sound. Vibrato does little, if anything, to disguise an out-of-tune note; in other words, misapplied vibrato is a poor substitute for good intonation. Scales and other exercises meant to work on intonation are typically played without vibrato to make the work easier and more effective. Music students are often taught that unless otherwise marked in music, vibrato is assumed. However, it has to be noted that this is only a trend; there is nothing on the sheet music that compels violinists to add vibrato. This can be an obstacle to a classically trained violinist wishing to play in a style that uses little or no vibrato at all, such as baroque music played in period style and many traditional fiddling styles.
2274:. This gives a different sound from a stopped string, since the string vibrates more freely at the nut than under a finger. Further, it is impossible to use vibrato fully on an open string (though a partial effect can be achieved by stopping a note an octave up on an adjacent string and vibrating that, which introduces an element of vibrato into the overtones). In the classical tradition, violinists will often use a string crossing or shift of position to allow them to avoid the change of timbre introduced by an open string, unless indicated by the composer. This is particularly true for the open E which is often regarded as having a harsh sound. However, there are also situations where an open string may be specifically chosen for artistic effect. This is seen in classical music which is imitating the drone of an organ (J. S. Bach, in his Partita in E for solo violin, achieved this), fiddling (e.g.,
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it is uncommon to hear references to anything higher than seventh position. The highest position, practically speaking, is 13th position. Very high positions are a particular technical challenge, for two reasons. Firstly, the difference in location of different notes becomes much narrower in high positions, making the notes more challenging to locate and in some cases to distinguish by ear. Secondly, the much shorter sounding length of the string in very high positions is a challenge for the right arm and bow in sounding the instrument effectively. The finer (and more expensive) an instrument, the better able it is to sustain good tone right to the top of the fingerboard, at the highest pitches on the E string.
1720:) are optional. Most fine tuners consist of a metal screw that moves a lever attached to the string end. They permit very small pitch adjustments much more easily than the pegs. Turning a fine tuner clockwise causes the pitch to become sharper (as the string is under more tension), and turning it counterclockwise, the pitch becomes flatter (as the string is under less tension). Fine tuners on all four of the strings are very helpful when using those with a steel core, and some players use them with synthetic strings. Since modern E strings are steel, a fine tuner is nearly always fitted for that string. Fine tuners are not used with gut strings, which are more
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by an octave, resembling common scordatura or fiddle cross-tunings such as G3âD4âG4âD5 or A3âE4âA4âE5. The tonic sa (do) is not fixed, but variably tuned to accommodate the vocalist or lead player. The way the musician holds the instrument varies from
Western to Indian music. In Indian music the musician sits on the floor cross-legged with the right foot out in front of them. The scroll of the instrument rests on the foot. This position is essential to playing well due to the nature of Indian music. The hand can move all over the fingerboard and there is no set position for the left hand, so it is important for the violin to be in a steady, unmoving position.
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oscillation, causing the pitch to oscillate in a fashion that sounds like a mix between wide vibrato and a very fast trill. This gives a less defined transition between the higher and lower note, and is usually implemented by interpretative choice. This trill technique only works well for semi-tonal trills or trills in high positions (where the distance between notes is lessened), as it requires the trilling finger and the finger below it to be touching, limiting the distance that can be trilled. In very high positions, where the trilled distance is less than the width of the finger, a vibrato trill may be the only option for trill effects.
2052:, advice as to what good posture is and how to achieve it differs in details. However, all insist on the importance of a natural relaxed position without tension or rigidity. Things which are almost universally recommended are keeping the left wrist straight (or very nearly so) to allow the fingers of the left hand to move freely and to reduce the chance of injury and keeping either shoulder in a natural relaxed position and avoiding raising either of them in an exaggerated manner. This, like any other unwarranted tension, would limit freedom of motion, and increase the risk of injury.
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four notes had been voiced simultaneously. In some circumstances, a "triple stop" is possible, where three notes across three strings can be voiced simultaneously. The bow will not naturally strike three strings at once, but if there is sufficient bow speed and pressure when the violinist "breaks" (sounds) a three note chord, the bow hair can be bent temporarily onto three strings, allowing each to sound simultaneously. This is accomplished with a heavy stroke, typically near the frog, and produces a loud and aggressive tone. Double stops in
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1931:. If the instrument's playing length, or string length from nut to bridge, is equal to that of an ordinary full-scale violin; i.e., a bit less than 13 inches (33 cm), then it may be properly termed a violin. Some such instruments are somewhat longer and should be regarded as violas. Violins with five strings or more are typically used in jazz or folk music. Some custom-made instruments have extra strings which are not bowed, but which sound sympathetically, due to the vibrations of the bowed strings.
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2403:(or tone color, or timbre) and the directional pattern of sound projection change with changes in pitch. By "pointing" the sound at different parts of the room in a rhythmic way, vibrato adds a "shimmer" or "liveliness" to the sound of a well-made violin. Vibrato is, in a large part, left to the discretion of the violinist. Different types of vibrato will bring different moods to the piece, and the varying degrees and styles of vibrato are often characteristics that stand out in well-known violinists.
4502:. "Now we will discipline the shaking of the left hand in the following manner: Shake the wrist slowly and evenly in 8th notes. Start from the original position and for the second 8th note the wrist is to move backward (toward the scroll). Do this in triplets, dotted 8ths and 16ths, and 16th notes. A week or two later, the vibrato may be started on the Violin. ... The procedure will be as follows: 1. Roll the finger tip from this upright position on the note, to slightly below the pitch of this note."
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2295:. Sometimes the two notes are identical (for instance, playing a fingered A on the D string against the open A string), giving a ringing sort of "fiddling" sound. Playing an open string simultaneously with an identical stopped note can also be called for when more volume is required, especially in orchestral playing. Some classical violin parts have notes for which the composer requests the violinist to play an open string, because of the specific sonority created by an open string.
2523:(the octave above the open string), the third harmonic is the second overtone, and so on. The second harmonic is in the middle of the string and sounds an octave higher than the string's pitch. The third harmonic breaks the string into thirds and sounds an octave and a fifth above the fundamental, and the fourth harmonic breaks the string into quarters sounding two octaves above the first. The sound of the second harmonic is the clearest of them all, because it is a common
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1332:. Strings have a limited lifetime. Eventually, when oil, dirt, corrosion, and rosin accumulate, the mass of the string can become uneven along its length. Apart from obvious things, such as the winding of a string coming undone from wear, players generally change a string when it no longer plays "true" (with good intonation on the harmonics), losing the desired tone, brilliance and intonation. String longevity depends on string quality and playing intensity.
2494:. Instead of the normal tone, a higher pitched note sounds. Each node is at an integer division of the string, for example half-way or one-third along the length of the string. A responsive instrument will sound numerous possible harmonic nodes along the length of the string. Harmonics are marked in music either with a little circle above the note that determines the pitch of the harmonic, or by diamond-shaped note heads. There are two types of harmonics:
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position is an octave (with the index finger on the lower string and the pinky finger on the higher string). Nonetheless, intervals of tenths or even more are sometimes required to be double-stopped in advanced repertoire, resulting in a stretched left-hand position with the fingers extended. The term "double stop" is often used to encompass sounding an open string alongside a fingered note as well, even though only one finger stops the string.
1281:, like the cello's spike), which fits into a tapered hole in the bottom block. The E string will often have a fine tuning lever worked by a small screw turned by the fingers. Fine tuners may also be applied to the other strings, especially on a student instrument, and are sometimes built into the tailpiece. The fine tuners enable the performer to make small changes in the pitch of a string. At the scroll end, the strings wind around the wooden
1738:). (When accompanying or playing with a fixed-pitch instrument such as a piano or accordion, the violin tunes to the corresponding note on that instrument rather than to any other tuning reference. The oboe is generally the instrument used to tune orchestras where violins are present since its sound is penetrating and can be heard over the other woodwinds.) The other strings are then tuned against each other in intervals of
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positions, the thumb is often thought of as an 'anchor' whose location defines what position the player is in. In very high positions, the thumb is unable to move with the fingers as the body of the instrument gets in the way. Instead, the thumb works around the neck of the instrument to sit at the point at which the neck meets the right bout of the body, and remains there while the fingers move between the high positions.
2045:(or a sponge and an elastic band for younger players who struggle with shoulder rests). The jaw and the shoulder must hold the violin firmly enough to allow it to remain stable when the left hand goes from a high position (a high pitched note far up on the fingerboard) to a low one (nearer to the pegbox). In the Indian posture, the stability of the violin is guaranteed by its scroll resting on the side of the foot.
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2614:) most often with the right hand. In some cases, the violinist will pluck strings with the left hand. This is done to facilitate transitions from pizzicato to arco playing. It is also used in some virtuoso showpieces. Left hand pizzicato is usually done on open strings. Pizzicato is used on all of the violin family instruments; however, the systematic study of advanced pizzicato techniques is most developed in
2113:. Students often use these ringing tones to check the intonation of the stopped note by seeing if it is harmonious with the open string. For example, when playing the stopped pitch "A" on the G string, the violinist could play the open D string at the same time, to check the intonation of the stopped "A". If the "A" is in tune, the "A" and the open D string should produce a harmonious perfect fourth.
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2327:(usually of Baroque music and earlier), neither split-chord nor triple-stop chords are thought to be appropriate; some violinists will arpeggiate all chords (including regular double stops), playing all or most notes individually as if they had been written as a slurred figure. However, with the development of modern violins, triple-stopping has become more natural due to the
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and hence are in a significantly different state than when they left the hands of their makers, doubtless with differences in sound and response. But it is in their present (modified) condition that these instruments have set the standard for perfection in violin craftsmanship and sound, and violin makers all over the world try to come as close to this ideal as possible.
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more original wood can be preserved when repairing a joint. (More modern glues must be cleaned off entirely for the new joint to be sound, which generally involves scraping off some wood along with the old glue.) Weaker, diluted glue is usually used to fasten the top to the ribs, and the nut to the fingerboard, since common repairs involve removing these parts. The
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violinists. In the general repertoire fractions smaller than a sixth are not used. However, divisions up to an eighth are sometimes used and, given a good instrument and a skilled player, divisions as small as a twelfth are possible. There are a few books dedicated solely to the study of violin harmonics. Two comprehensive works are Henryk Heller's seven-volume
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the string while the lower one stays on, thus producing the correct pitch. By increasing the force of the pluck, one can increase the volume of the note that the string is producing. Pizzicato is used in orchestral works and in solo showpieces. In orchestral parts, violinists often have to make very quick shifts from arco to pizzicato, and vice versa.
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2229:, forms an extension. Extensions are commonly used where one or two notes are slightly out of an otherwise solid position, and give the benefit of being less intrusive than a shift or string crossing. The lowest position on the violin is referred to as "half position". In this position the first finger is on a "low first position" note, e.g. B
2262:(a Roman numeral indicating to play on the fourth string; by convention, the strings are numbered from thinnest, highest pitch (I) to the lowest pitch (IV)). Even without an explicit instructions in the score, an advanced violinist will use her/his discretion and artistic sensibility to select which string to play specific notes or passages.
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the wood next to the screw. The violin produces louder notes with greater bow speed or more weight on the string. The two methods are not equivalent, because they produce different timbres; pressing down on the string tends to produce a harsher, more intense sound. One can also achieve a louder sound by placing the bow closer to the bridge.
2280:) or where taking steps to avoid the open string is musically inappropriate (for instance in Baroque music where shifting position was less common). In quick passages of scales or arpeggios an open E string may simply be used for convenience if the note does not have time to ring and develop a harsh timbre. In folk music, fiddling and other
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2254:, because of the different weights (thicknesses) of the strings and because of the resonances of other open strings. For instance, the G string is often regarded as having a very full, sonorous sound which is particularly appropriate to late Romantic music. This is often indicated in the music by the marking, for example,
2694:. There are many bowing techniques that allow for every range of playing style. Many teachers, players, and orchestras spend a lot of time developing techniques and creating a unified technique within the group. These techniques include legato-style bowing (a smooth, connected, sustained sound suitable for melodies),
3041:, and are usually divided into two sections, known as the first and second violins. Composers often assign the melody to the first violins, typically a more difficult part using higher positions. In contrast, second violins play harmony, accompaniment patterns or the melody an octave lower than the first violins. A
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on its correct place in the new position. In elementary shifting exercises the "guide finger" is often voiced while gliding up or down the string, so the player can establish correct placement by ear. Outside of these exercises it should rarely be audible (unless the performer is consciously applying a
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In the case of string instruments, however, not only are they strongly directional, but the pattern of their directionality changes very rapidly with frequency. If you think of that pattern at a given frequency as beacons of sound, like the quills of a porcupine, then even the slight changes in pitch
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that are also called "fiddles". Fiddle music differs from classical in that the tunes are generally considered dance music, and various techniques, such as droning, shuffling, and ornamentation specific to particular styles are used. In many traditions of folk music, the tunes are not written but are
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The Indian violin, while essentially the same instrument as that used in
Western music, is different in some senses. The instrument is tuned so that the IV and III strings (G and D on a western-tuned violin) and the II and I (A and E) strings are saâpa (doâsol) pairs and sound the same but are offset
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uses it in his
Fourteenth Symphony in the movement 'At the Sante Jail'. Some violinists, however, object to this style of playing as it can damage the finish and impair the value of a fine bow, but most of such will compromise by using a cheap bow for at least the duration of the passage in question.
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and effective shifting maintaining accurate intonation and a smooth legato (connected) sound is a key element of technique at all levels. Often a "guide finger" is used; the last finger to play a note in the old position continuously lightly touches the string during the course of the shift to end up
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Violins are tuned in perfect fifths, like all the orchestral strings (violin, viola, cello) except the double bass, which is tuned in perfect fourths. Each subsequent note is stopped at a pitch the player perceives as the most harmonious, "when unaccompanied, does not play consistently in either the
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After extensive playing, the tuning pegs and their holes can become worn, making the pegs more likely to slip under tension. A slipping peg leads to the pitch of the string dropping somewhat, or if the peg becomes completely loose, to the string completely losing tension. A violin in which the tuning
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The effect can be visualized in terms of a number of highly directional sound beacons, all of which the vibrato causes to undulate back and forth in a coherent and highly organized fashion. It is obvious that such a phenomenon will help immensely in fusing sounds of the differently directed partials
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are artistic matters of style and taste, with different teachers, music schools and styles of music favouring different styles of vibrato. For example, overdone vibrato may become distracting. In acoustic terms, the interest that vibrato adds to the sound has to do with the way that the overtone mix
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The upper limit of the violin's range is largely determined by the skill of the player, who may easily play more than two octaves on a single string, and four octaves on the instrument as a whole. Position names are mostly used for the lower positions and in method books and etudes; for this reason,
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While most violins have four strings, there are violins with additional strings, some with as many as seven. Seven is generally thought to be the maximum number of strings practical on a bowed string instrument; with more than seven strings, it would be impossible to play any particular inner string
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is the preferred material because of its hardness, beauty, and superior resistance to wear. Fingerboards are dressed to a particular transverse curve, and have a small lengthwise "scoop," or concavity, slightly more pronounced on the lower strings, especially when meant for gut or synthetic strings.
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rather than common white glue for a number of reasons. Hide glue is capable of making a thinner joint than most other glues. It is reversible (brittle enough to crack with carefully applied force and removable with hot water) when disassembly is needed. Since fresh hide glue sticks to old hide glue,
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Significant changes occurred in the construction of the violin in the 18th century, particularly a longer neck which is angled more toward the back of the instrument than in earlier examples, heavier strings, and a heavier bass bar. The majority of old instruments have undergone these modifications,
811:. The earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words "violino" and "vyollon" are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the
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The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with some further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries to give the instrument a more powerful sound and projection. In Europe, it served as the basis for the development of other stringed instruments used in
Western classical music,
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will be indicated by a + (plus sign) below or above the note. In left-hand pizzicato, two fingers are put on the string; one (usually the index or middle finger) is put on the correct note, and the other (usually the ring finger or little finger) is put above the note. The higher finger then plucks
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in
Austria. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, though this belief is disputed. Great numbers of instruments have come from the hands of less famous makers, as well as still greater numbers of mass-produced commercial "trade violins"
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for "with the wood") in the written music calls for striking the string(s) with the stick of the bow, rather than by drawing the hair of the bow across the strings. This bowing technique is somewhat rarely used, and results in a muted percussive sound. The eerie quality of a violin section playing
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The most essential part of bowing technique is the bow grip. It is usually with the thumb bent in the small area between the frog and the winding of the bow. The other fingers are spread somewhat evenly across the top part of the bow. The pinky finger is curled with the tip of the finger placed on
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higher than the stopped note produces the fourth harmonic, two octaves above the stopped note. Finger placement and pressure, as well as bow speed, pressure, and sounding point are all essential in getting the desired harmonic to sound. And to add to the challenge, in passages with different notes
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The violin is often called a fiddle. "Fiddle" can be used as the instrument's customary name in folk music, or as an informal name for the instrument in other styles of music. The word "fiddle" was first used in
English in the late 14th century. The word "fiddle" comes from "fedele, fydyll, fidel,
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Where three or four simultaneous notes are indicated, the violinist will typically "split" the chord, choosing the lower one or two notes to play first before immediately continuing onto the upper one or two notes, with the natural resonance of the instrument producing an effect similar to if all
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All notes (except those below the open D) can be played on more than one string. This is a standard design feature of stringed instruments; however, it differs from the piano, which has only one location for each of its 88 notes. For instance, the note of open A on the violin can be played as the
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indicating an open string. The chart to the right shows the arrangement of notes reachable in first position. Not shown on this chart is the way the spacing between note positions becomes closer as the fingers move up (in pitch) from the nut. The bars at the sides of the chart represent the usual
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Violin authentication is the process of determining the maker and manufacture date of a violin. This can be an important process as significant value may be attached to violins made either by specific makers or at specific times and locations. Analysis on design, model, wood characteristics, and
3500:. To be effective as an acoustic violin, electro-acoustic violins retain much of the resonating body of the violin, and often resemble an acoustic violin or fiddle. The body may be finished in bright colors and made from alternative materials to wood. These violins may need to be hooked up to an
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higher (a third harmonic). These harmonics are less commonly used; in the case of the major third, both the stopped note and touched note must be played slightly sharp otherwise the harmonic does not speak as readily. In the case of the fifth, the stretch is greater than is comfortable for many
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is when two separate strings are stopped by the fingers and bowed simultaneously, producing two continuous tones (typical intervals include 3rds, 4ths, 5ths, 6ths, and octaves). Double-stops can be indicated in any position, though the widest interval that can be double-stopped naturally in one
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is often mostly in first position. The lowest note available in this position in standard tuning is an open G3; the highest note in first position is played with the fourth finger on the E-string, sounding a B5. Moving the hand up the neck, the first finger takes the place of the second finger,
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wrapping at both ends, for identification of the string (e.g., G string, D string, A string or E string) and to provide friction against the pegs. The tapered pegs allow friction to be increased or decreased by the player applying appropriate pressure along the axis of the peg while turning it.
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on the fingerboard, which wear off in a few weeks of regular practice. This practice, unfortunately, is used sometimes in lieu of adequate ear-training, guiding the placement of fingers by eye and not by ear. Especially in the early stages of learning to play, the so-called "ringing tones" are
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is a precisely cut piece of maple that forms the lower anchor point of the vibrating length of the strings and transmits the vibration of the strings to the body of the instrument. Its top curve holds the strings at the proper height from the fingerboard in an arc, allowing each to be sounded
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is a technique of the left hand and arm in which the pitch of a note varies subtly in a pulsating rhythm. While various parts of the hand or arm may be involved in the motion, the result is a movement of the fingertip bringing about a slight change in vibrating string length, which causes an
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In the course of a shift in low positions, the thumb of the left hand moves up or down the neck of the instrument so as to remain in the same position relative to the fingers (though the movement of the thumb may occur slightly before, or slightly after, the movement of the fingers). In such
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effect. To execute this effect, the finger above the finger stopping the note is placed very slightly off the string (firmly pressed against the finger stopping the string) and a vibrato motion is implemented. The second finger will lightly touch the string above the lower finger with each
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consisting of a stick with a ribbon of horsehair strung between the tip and frog (or nut, or heel) at opposite ends. A typical violin bow may be 75 cm (30 in) overall, and weigh about 60 g (2.1 oz). Viola bows may be about 5 mm (0.20 in) shorter and 10 g
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and divided between the players, with some division of the musicians playing the lower note and some division playing the higher note. Double stops (and divisi) are common in orchestral repertoire when the violins play accompaniment and another instrument or section plays melodically.
3544:. Since electric violins do not rely on string tension and resonance to amplify their sound they can have more strings. For example, five-stringed electric violins are available from several manufacturers, and a seven string electric violin (with three lower strings encompassing the
2648:, if the players in a section change their bows at different times, a note can seem to be endlessly sustainable. As well, the bow can be used to play short, crisp little notes, such as repeated notes, scales and arpeggios, which provide a propulsive rhythm in many styles of music.
3391:, the violin had improved (in volume, tone, and agility), to the point that it not only became a very important instrument in art music, but proved highly appealing to folk musicians as well, ultimately spreading very widely, sometimes displacing earlier bowed instruments.
2728:) in the written music is to be played by plucking the string with a finger of the right hand rather than by bowing. (The index finger is most commonly used here.) Sometimes in orchestra parts or virtuoso solo music where the bow hand is occupied (or for show-off effect),
2085:(tuning). Beginning violinists play open strings and the lowest position, nearest to the nut. Students often start with relatively easy keys, such as A Major and G major. Students are taught scales and simple melodies. Through practice of scales and arpeggios and
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Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a
Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical
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on the A string, with the other two fingers placed in between as required. As the position of the thumb is typically the same in "half position" as in first position, it is better thought of as a backwards extension of the whole hand than as a genuine position.
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The placement of the left hand on the fingerboard is characterized by "positions". First position, where most beginners start (although some methods start in third position), is the most commonly used position in string music. Music composed for beginning
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with all the succeeding even-numbered harmonics (4th, 6th, etc.). The third and succeeding odd-numbered harmonics are harder to play because they break the string into an odd number of vibrating parts and do not share as many nodes with other harmonics.
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in the pegbox. The tuning pegs are tapered and fit into holes in the peg box. The tuning pegs are held in place by the friction of wood on wood. Strings may be made of metal or less commonly gut or gut wrapped in metal. Strings usually have a colored
3034:, for several reasons. The tone of the violin stands out above other instruments, making it appropriate for playing a melody line. In the hands of a good player, the violin is extremely agile, and can execute rapid and difficult sequences of notes.
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individually with the bow. Violins with seven strings are very rare. The extra strings on such violins typically are lower in pitch than the G-string; these strings are usually tuned (going from the highest added string to the lowest) to C, F, and B
4138:"The history of the violin, and other instruments played on with the bow from the remotest times to the present. Also, an account of the principal makers, English and foreign, with numerous illustrations. By William Sandys and Simon Andrew Forster"
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in the South Indian style. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, musicians can use any convenient tuning to maintain these relative pitch intervals between the strings. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is
1652:, these instruments are slightly shorter than a full size violin, but tend to be high-quality instruments capable of producing a sound comparable to that of fine full size violins. The sizes of 5-string violins may differ from the normal 4-string.
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that coats its outside surface and the skill of the luthier in doing all of these steps. The varnish and especially the wood continue to improve with age, making the fixed supply of old well-made violins built by famous luthiers much sought-after.
3496:. Electric violins are usually constructed as such, but a pickup can be added to a conventional acoustic violin. An electric violin with a resonating body that produces listening-level sound independently of the electric elements can be called an
1208:, evidenced by a glue joint between the pegbox and neck. Many authentic old instruments have had their necks reset to a slightly increased angle, and lengthened by about a centimeter. The neck graft allows the original scroll to be kept with a
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is the very rapid repetition (typically of a single note, but occasionally of multiple notes), usually played at the tip of the bow. Tremolo is marked with three short, slanted lines across the stem of the note. Tremolo is often used as a
1262:, fits precisely inside the instrument between the back and top, at a carefully chosen spot near the treble foot of the bridge, which it helps support. It also influences the modes of vibration of the top and the back of the instrument.
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Hunching can hamper good playing because it throws the body off balance and makes the shoulders rise. Another sign that comes from unhealthy tension is pain in the left hand, which indicates too much pressure when holding the violin.
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into a single auditory stream; one may even speculate that it is a reason why vibrato is used so universally by violinistsâas compared to wind players, from the sound of whose instruments directional tone color is generally absent.
789:. Several sources suggest alternative possibilities for the violin's origins, such as northern or western Europe. The first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lyra. These included the
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1312:, which despite the name, did not come from cats), or simply gut, which was stretched, dried, and twisted. In the early years of the 20th century, strings were made of either gut or steel. Modern strings may be gut, solid
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The left hand determines the sounding length of the string, and thus the pitch of the string, by "stopping" it (pressing it) against the fingerboard with the fingertips, producing different pitches. As the violin has no
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or old-time) have their bridge's top edge cut to a slightly flatter curve, making techniques such as a "double shuffle" less taxing on the bow arm, as it reduces the range of motion needed for alternating between
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The violin is played either seated or standing up. Solo players (whether playing alone, with a piano or with an orchestra) play mostly standing up (unless prevented by a physical disability such as in the case of
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1395:) may be considered a practical limit for orchestral violin parts, but it is often possible to play higher, depending on the length of the fingerboard and the skill of the violinist. Yet higher notes (up to C
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is rubbed onto the hair, to render it slightly sticky; when the bow is drawn across a string, the friction between them makes the string vibrate. Traditional materials for the more costly bow sticks include
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1664:
is the mezzo violin, tuned the same as a violin but with a slightly longer body. The strings of the mezzo violin are the same length as those of the standard violin. This instrument is not in common use.
1053:, especially those made by Stradivari, Guarneri del GesĂč, and Montagnana, are the most sought-after instruments by both collectors and performers. The current record amount paid for a Stradivari violin is
2641:. The natural texture of the horsehair and the stickiness of the rosin help the bow to "grip" the string, and thus when the bow is drawn over the string, the bow causes the string to sound a pitch.
2637:. The player draws the bow over the string, causing the string to vibrate and produce a sustained tone. The bow is a wooden stick with tensioned horsetail hair, which has been rosined with a bar of
2839:, a strongly accented effect produced by releasing each bowstroke forcefully and suddenly. Martelé can be played in any part of the bow. It is sometimes indicated in written music by an arrowhead.
2398:, modulates the pitch by movement at the elbow. A combination of these techniques allows a player to produce a large variety of tonal effects. The "when" and "what for" and "how much" of violin
2571:
Elaborate passages in artificial harmonics can be found in virtuoso violin literature, especially of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Two notable examples of this are an entire section of
1164:
running around the edge of the spruce top provides some protection against cracks originating at the edge. It also allows the top to flex more independently of the rib structure. Painted-on
1966:
thumb cushion (called the grip) and a winding protect the stick and provide a secure hold for the player's hand. Traditional windings are of wire (often silver or plated silver), silk, or
2988:
1742:
by bowing them in pairs. A minutely higher tuning is sometimes employed for solo playing to give the instrument a brighter sound; conversely, Baroque music is sometimes played using
2926:. Such mutes are generally not used in performance, but are used to deaden the sound of the violin in practice areas such as hotel rooms. (For practicing purposes there is also the
2540:
played as false harmonics, the distance between stopping finger and harmonic finger must constantly change, since the spacing between notes changes along the length of the string.
1324:. Most E strings are unwound, either plain or plated steel. Gut strings are not as common as they once were, but many performers use them to achieve a specific sound especially in
1631:
size is 310 mm (12.2 in). With the violin's closest family member, the viola, size is specified as body length in inches or centimeters rather than fractional sizes. A
1746:
to make the violin's sound more gentle. After tuning, the instrument's bridge may be examined to ensure that it is standing straight and centered between the inner nicks of the
3245:
beginning in the last years of the 20th century has brought the violin back into the popular music arena, with both electric and acoustic violins being used by popular bands.
3772:
The Origin and
Evolution of Violin as a Musical Instrument and Its Contribution to the Progressive Flow of Indian Classical Music: In search of the historical roots of violin
2100:
placed on the fingerboard for proper left hand finger placement, but usually abandon the tapes quickly as they advance. Another commonly used marking technique uses dots of
2960:
2335:
can be played during a passage mainly written on an adjacent string, to provide a basic accompaniment. This is more often seen in folk traditions than in classical music.
1591:
While related in some sense to the dimensions of the instruments, the fractional sizes are not intended to be literal descriptions of relative proportions. For example, a
1004:, with the presence of several makers of bowed instruments from the early 16th century out of more than 140 makers of string instruments registered between 1490 and 1630.
4513:
2531:
Artificial harmonics are more difficult to produce than natural harmonics, as they involve both stopping the string and playing a harmonic on the stopped note. Using the
2446:
205:
2511:
Natural harmonics are played on an open string. The pitch of the open string when it is plucked or bowed is called the fundamental frequency. Harmonics are also called
703:; all of uncertain origin." As to the origin of the word "fiddle", the "...usual suggestion, based on resemblance in sound and sense, is that it is from Medieval Latin
4647:
1277:
anchors the strings to the lower bout of the violin by means of the tailgut, which loops around an ebony button called the tailpin (sometimes confusingly called the
2345:
3832:
4754:
1970:("whalebone", now substituted by alternating strips of tan and black plastic.) Some fiberglass student bows employ a plastic sleeve as both grip and winding.
2806:
5406:
3684:
In short, the difference between a fiddle and a violin is simply in the style of music they are used to play. Violin players are typically used to perform
2148:, such as sheet music and etude books. Especially in instructional editions of violin music, numbers over the notes may indicate which finger to use, with
1588:. These smaller instruments are commonly used by young players whose fingers are not long enough to reach the correct positions on full-sized instruments.
2987:
2250:
open A, or on the D string (in first to fourth positions) or even on the G string (very high up in sixth to ninth positions). Each string has a different
5687:
1147:. The "voice" or sound of a violin depends on its shape, the wood it is made from, the graduation (the thickness profile) of both the top and back, the
5078:
Antonio
Stradivari, his life and work, 1644-1737', by William Henry Hill; Arthur F Hill; Alfred Ebsworth Hill (1902/1963), Dover Publications. 1963.
1994:(CodaBows) for the stick, at all levels of craftsmanship. Inexpensive bows for students are made of less costly timbers, or from fiberglass (Glasser).
5285:
by Flavio
Dassenno, (2009) a catalogue of an exhibition that gives information on the famous master life and work, Comune di SalĂČ, Cremonabooks, 2009.
2959:
4739:
2596:
When strings are worn, dirty and old, the harmonics may no longer be accurate in pitch. For this reason, violinists change their strings regularly.
2445:
204:
5447:
5212:
The Complete Luthier's Library. A Useful International Critical Bibliography for the Maker and the Connoisseur of Stringed and Plucked Instruments
4012:
Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990
2068:
First position fingerings. Note that this diagram only shows the "first position" notes. There are notes of higher pitch beyond those indicated.
628:(1724) is from Italian, literally "a viola for the leg" (i.e. to hold between the legs)." A violin is the "modern form of the smaller, medieval
3319:
bands have often embraced new and unusual arrangements, allowing them more freedom to feature the violin than many mainstream musical artists.
905:, beginning in the late 14th century with liras, violettas, violas and active in the field of the violin in the first half of the 16th century
5353:
5020:
4968:
4955:
4942:
4495:
2437:
961:, beginning in the second half of the 16th century with violas and violone and in the field of violin in the second half of the 16th century
4543:
3508:. Some types come with a silent option that allows the player to use headphones that are hooked up to the violin. The first specially built
1953:
Heads of three violin bows: (upper) transitional (F. Tourte), swan-bill head of a long 18th-century model, pike-head of a 17th-century model
2985:
3950:
2048:
While teachers point out the vital importance of good posture both for the sake of the quality of the playing and to reduce the chance of
1601:-sized instrument is not three-quarters the length of a full size instrument. The body length (not including the neck) of a full-size, or
6055:
1024:
2895:; the sound of an entire orchestral string section playing with mutes has a hushed quality. The mute changes both the loudness and the
3982:
3780:
2365:
2026:). In contrast, in the orchestra and in chamber music it is usually played seated. In the 2000s and 2010s, some orchestras performing
222:
2664:) gives a more intense sound than usual, emphasizing the higher harmonics; and playing with the bow over the end of the fingerboard (
5612:
5346:
5315:
5271:
5258:
5245:
5223:
5206:
5193:
5180:
5161:
5144:
5131:
5118:
5105:
5091:
5072:
5059:
5046:
5033:
5007:
4994:
4981:
4303:
2958:
2324:
1944:
1685:
The pitches of open strings on a violin. The note names of the pitches are written in letter names below the stave and their French
1325:
1300:
1086:
847:
294:
2535:(the normal distance between the first and fourth fingers in any given position) with the fourth finger just touching the string a
854:, who used it for forty years and thousands of concerts, for its very powerful and beautiful tone, similar to that of a Guarneri.
2586:
1822:
343:
2519:. They occur at whole-number multiples of the fundamental, which is called the first harmonic. The second harmonic is the first
6070:
4517:
2660:
The sounding point where the bow intersects the string also influences timbre (or "tone colour"). Playing close to the bridge (
1092:
1765:. Other tunings are occasionally employed; the G string, for example, can be tuned up to A. The use of nonstandard tunings in
763:. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along eastâwest trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, and the
2129:, the strings typically "sweeten" their tuning to suit the key they are playing in. When playing with an instrument tuned to
2768:
1787:
5414:
4710:
733:, with angels playing violin, viola, and cello, dates from 1535 and is one of the earliest depictions of the violin family.
5999:
5926:
5484:
4437:
3113:
2582:
629:
383:
302:
4252:
3406:
can be used informally no matter what the genre of music). Worldwide, there are various stringed instruments such as the
5931:
3722:
2930:, a violin without a sound box.) Some composers have used practice mutes for special effect, for example, at the end of
3440:
with fine tuners on all four strings, instead of the single fine tuner on the E string used by many classical players.
6075:
5440:
2673:
1429:
The arched shape, the thickness of the wood, and its physical qualities govern the sound of a violin. Patterns of the
4880:
4578:
1962:(0.35 oz) heavier. At the frog end, a screw adjuster tightens or loosens the hair. Just forward of the frog, a
1139:
of its top and back. The hourglass shape comprises two upper bouts, two lower bouts, and two concave C-bouts at the
461:
and speakers to produce sound. The violin has come to be incorporated in many non-Western music cultures, including
4766:
4171:
3644:
3622:
2031:
1878:
1830:
909:
772:
6065:
5279:
by Flavio Dassenno, (2004) a complete survey of the brescian school defined by the last researches and documents.
4729:
4214:
3974:
3485:
3187:
music. This trend accelerated in the late 1960s, with a significant revival of the use of strings, especially in
2827:
A smooth and even stroke during which bow speed and weight are the same from beginning of the stroke to the end.
2357:
2138:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1373:
446:
4788:
3804:
3326:
3266:
3215:
3031:
2049:
1766:
1724:
than steel or synthetic-core strings and do not respond adequately to the very small movements of fine tuners.
992:
949:
4422:, 224. quote in Kolinski, Mieczyslaw (Summer - Autumn, 1959). "A New Equidistant 12-Tone Temperament", p.210,
2994:
2699:
4618:
1893:, for instance. In Iranian classical music and Iranian light music, the violin has different tunings in each
6080:
5662:
4623:
4530:
Accordingly, the sound level of each harmonic will have a periodically fluctuating value due to the vibrato.
4081:
4054:
4027:
3770:
3081:
1758:
or peg compound, used regularly, can delay the onset of such wear while allowing the pegs to turn smoothly.
1635:
averages 40 cm (16 in). However, each individual adult will determine which size of viola to use.
1062:
414:
31:
5362:
4826:
3919:
3859:
2064:
6060:
6028:
5722:
5433:
5364:
A Methodology for Investigation of Bowed String Performance Through Measurement of Violin Bowing Technique
3297:
2976:. A relatively typical baroque violin composition, it would probably have been performed with less use of
2973:
2703:
1782:
942:
878:
1168:
purfling on the top is usually a sign of an inferior instrument. The back and ribs are typically made of
838:, is the oldest surviving violin. The finest Renaissance carved and decorated violin in the world is the
6004:
5952:
5588:
3888:
3569:
2760:
2669:
2013:
716:
273:
266:
5232:
3427:, or using tunings other than standard GDAE. Some players of American styles of folk fiddling (such as
3085:
2577:
1433:
made by sand or glitter sprinkled on the plates with the plate vibrated at certain frequencies, called
1417:
74:
1265:
1199:, typically made of ebony, but often some other wood stained or painted black on cheaper instruments.
413:
Violins are important instruments in a wide variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the
5855:
4551:
3501:
3195:
recordings of the late 1960s and 1970s relied heavily on strings as part of their trademark texture.
3171:. They were extensively used in popular music throughout the 1920s and early 1930s. With the rise of
2630:
2386:
Vibrato can be produced by a proper combination of finger, wrist and arm motions. One method, called
2199:. For instance, in third position on the A string, the hand naturally sits with the first finger on D
1008:
855:
831:
785:(۱ۚۧۚ۩), which developed into the Byzantine lyra developed by the 9th century and later the European
458:
336:
3359:
2394:), involves rocking the hand back at the wrist to achieve oscillation. In contrast, another method,
834:
ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560. One of these "noble" instruments, the
5764:
5637:
3202:
in the 1980s, violins declined in use, as synthesized string sounds played by a keyboardist with a
3129:
2815:
2500:
2368:
2353:
2328:
2235:
on the A string, and the fourth finger is in a downward extension from its regular position, e.g. D
2195:
A note played outside of the normal compass of a position, without any shift, is referred to as an
1902:
1818:
1400:
1250:
1124:
1104:
1030:
245:
4854:
4665:
4192:
2179:, and so on. A change of positions, with its associated movement of the hand, is referred to as a
2175:. Letting the first finger take the first-position place of the third finger brings the player to
1949:
5489:
5153:
4792:
3549:
3533:
3246:
2856:
2691:
2118:
2110:
2082:
863:
391:
386:, but these are virtually unused. Most violins have a hollow wooden body, and commonly have four
170:
120:
1721:
1399:) can be sounded by stopping the string, reaching the limit of the fingerboard, and/or by using
1195:
is usually maple with a flamed figure compatible with that of the ribs and back. It carries the
933:
839:
564:
The word "violin" was first used in English in the 1570s. The word "violin" comes from "Italian
3948:
3947:, Silk Road Story 2: Bowed Instruments, Smithsonian Center for Folk life and Cultural Heritage
5759:
5390:
5342:
5321:
5311:
5267:
5254:
5241:
5219:
5202:
5189:
5176:
5157:
5140:
5127:
5114:
5101:
5087:
5079:
5068:
5055:
5042:
5029:
5016:
5003:
4990:
4977:
4964:
4951:
4938:
4491:
4299:
3978:
3776:
3513:
3316:
3293:
2695:
2604:
The strings may be sounded by drawing the hair of the bow held by the right hand across them (
2281:
2137:, skilled violinists adjust their tuning to match the equal temperament of the piano to avoid
2130:
1977:
male horse (which has predominantly white hair). Some cheaper bows use synthetic fiber. Solid
1802:
1681:
1014:
830:
The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility; the French king
312:
57:
1881:
style, the tuning is usually Pa-Sa-Pa-Sa instead of SaâPaâSaâPa. This could correspond to FâB
6050:
5972:
5947:
5901:
5835:
5697:
5499:
5332:
3603:
3517:
3482:
3320:
3262:
3254:
3211:
3199:
3156:
3125:
2801:
2756:
is exploited in some symphonic pieces, notably the "Witches' Dance" of the last movement of
2748:
2626:
2552:
2548:
2536:
2126:
2101:
2003:
1412:
1066:
1036:
986:
867:
764:
601:
575:
402:
across the strings. The violin can also be played by plucking the strings with the fingers (
287:
280:
259:
230:
186:
3135:
Violins also appear in ensembles supplying orchestral backgrounds to many jazz recordings.
2287:
Playing an open string simultaneously with a stopped note on an adjacent string produces a
2081:, the player must know exactly where to place the fingers on the strings to play with good
1797:
to impart an eerie dissonance to the composition. Other examples are the third movement of
5911:
5840:
5749:
5560:
5555:
5494:
5479:
5419:
5215:
3954:
3693:
3685:
3659:
3529:
3509:
3461:
3428:
3392:
3376:
3289:
3242:
3184:
3105:
2947:
2167:
1826:
1305:
1020:
919:
803:
679:
574:. The term "viola" comes from the expression for "tenor violin" in 1797, from Italian and
442:
434:
387:
379:
329:
4340:
4049:
3436:
on different string pairs. Fiddlers who use solid steel core strings may prefer to use a
2490:, but without fully pressing the string, and then plucking or bowing the string, creates
1422:
484:
Violinists and collectors particularly prize the fine historical instruments made by the
4648:"Violin virtuoso Dr L Subramaniam on how Indian classical music took on the world stage"
4379:
3175:, however, from 1935 to 1945, the string sound was often used to add to the fullness of
1750:; a crooked bridge may significantly affect the sound of an otherwise well-made violin.
544:
or other synthetic, or steel strings. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a
5962:
5875:
5850:
5845:
5830:
5815:
5805:
5787:
5667:
5570:
5522:
4103:
3809:
3557:
3420:
3416:
3415:
memorized by successive generations of musicians and passed on in what is known as the
3168:
3117:
3042:
3019:
2764:
2757:
2678:
2645:
2572:
2524:
2487:
2145:
2122:
2090:
2037:
The standard way of holding the violin is with the left side of the jaw resting on the
2023:
1874:
1836:
In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the violin is likely to be tuned to D
1761:
The tuning GâDâAâE is used for most violin music, including Classical music, jazz, and
1430:
1205:
1054:
893:
808:
613:
582:
5400:
3128:
have spent significant parts of their careers playing jazz. The Swiss-Cuban violinist
2157:
possibilities for beginners' tape placements, at 1st, high 2nd, 3rd, and 4th fingers.
1383:. (On rare occasions, the lowest string may be tuned down by as much as a fourth, to D
1230:
721:
406:) and, in specialized cases, by striking the strings with the wooden side of the bow (
6044:
5860:
5820:
5672:
5527:
5456:
3697:
3664:
3537:
3411:
3330:
3258:
3223:
3097:
3027:
2969:
2931:
2412:
2332:
2097:
2042:
2027:
1914:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1435:
1349:
1329:
1173:
1050:
746:
509:
466:
430:
418:
395:
375:
319:
130:
102:
4167:
3398:
When played as a folk instrument, the violin is usually referred to in English as a
3206:
took their place. However, while the violin has had very little usage in mainstream
3018:
and the higher registers of the instrument is typical of violin playing in the late
2270:
If a string is bowed or plucked without any finger stopping it, it is said to be an
2034:) have had all of their violins and violas, solo and ensemble, perform standing up.
6009:
5989:
5870:
5865:
5825:
5532:
5504:
5238:
Violin Technique and Performance Practice in the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries
4137:
3654:
3649:
3521:
3512:
date back to 1928 and were made by Victor Pfeil, Oskar Vierling, George Eisenberg,
3424:
3304:
3270:
3250:
3227:
3219:
3109:
3101:
2891:, to the bridge of the violin gives a softer, more mellow tone, with fewer audible
2883:
2852:
2106:
2086:
1991:
1974:
1918:
1777:
1661:
1224:
1192:
1120:
816:
777:
664:
462:
5308:
Violin techniques in Western and South Indian classical music: a comparative study
4906:
3072:
as a solo instrument are documented during the first decades of the 20th century.
2899:("tone colour") of a violin. The conventional Italian markings for mute usage are
1673:
1215:
1077:
5336:
4462:
4155:. Augener & Company, printed in Germany. p. 27 – via Google Books.
4152:
4122:
3968:
2777:
technique to imitate the sound of dancing skeletons. "Mars" from Gustav Holst's "
2621:
The right arm, hand, and bow and the bow speed are responsible for tone quality,
2444:
1990:(which is also known as Pernambuco wood). Some recent bow design innovations use
203:
5979:
5921:
5906:
5810:
5754:
5705:
5657:
5625:
5580:
5550:
3639:
3628:
3593:
3576:
3553:
3525:
3489:
3433:
3407:
3384:
3368:
3342:
3338:
3323:
plays the violin in conjunction with electronic/dubstep/trance rifts and beats.
3312:
3308:
3274:
3231:
3203:
3172:
3121:
3093:
3089:
3069:
3054:
2927:
2778:
2590:
2303:
1958:
1940:
1196:
1144:
742:
637:
454:
438:
399:
367:
153:
143:
86:
82:
4689:
3152:
2144:
The fingers are conventionally numbered 1 (index) through 4 (little finger) in
1825:, where all four strings are designated to be tuned a semitone higher, and the
1611:, violin is 356 mm (14.0 in), smaller in some 17th-century models. A
5891:
5781:
5710:
5677:
5652:
4804:
4734:
4256:
3730:
3689:
3616:
3598:
3380:
3334:
3285:
3207:
3188:
3077:
3073:
3007:
2811:
2561:
2478:
2371:
was an instructor of vibrato method on the violin and published a book titled
2292:
2185:
1987:
1910:
1909:
is (EâAâDâA). In Arabic classical music, the A and E strings are lowered by a
1771:
1762:
1705:
1452:
1340:
1282:
1255:
979:
757:
753:
737:
The earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked (for example, the Greek
493:
485:
450:
426:
1135:. A distinctive feature of a violin body is its hourglass-like shape and the
5957:
5776:
5769:
5716:
5682:
5325:
4108:
The stringed instruments of the Middle Ages, their evolution and development
3505:
3493:
3478:
3466:
3437:
3235:
3180:
3038:
2743:
2724:
2698:, and a variety of bowings which produce shorter notes, including ricochet,
2615:
2610:
2312:
1983:
1754:
pegs are slipping needs to be repaired by a luthier or violin repairperson.
1713:
1274:
1220:
1156:
1132:
926:
655:
553:
522:
422:
407:
403:
221:
2364:
2117:
tempered or the natural scale, but tends on the whole to conform with the
1238:
425:) and as solo instruments. Violins are also important in many varieties of
4884:
1348:
diagram of the overtones of a violin G string (foreground). Note that the
1127:, a soundpost, four strings, and various fittings, optionally including a
110:
46:
5967:
5744:
5732:
5642:
5630:
5620:
5598:
4694:
3176:
3076:, one of the first jazz violinists, is known for his work with guitarist
3030:
era, the violin has been one of the most important of all instruments in
2892:
2707:
2520:
2491:
2288:
2038:
1755:
1380:
1345:
1161:
1128:
972:
882:
851:
823:
in 1556. By this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout
750:
489:
5002:, by Patricia and Allen Strange (2001), University of California Press.
4123:"The Precursors of the Violin Family: Records, Researches & Studies"
2089:, the violinist's left hand eventually "finds" the notes intuitively by
5896:
5737:
5727:
5593:
5565:
5083:
4800:
4565:
created by vibrato can cause those quills to be continually undulating.
4076:
4022:
3364:
3183:, from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, strings began to be revived in
3015:
2977:
2847:
2644:
Bowing can be used to produce long sustained notes or melodies. With a
2399:
2379:
2276:
2041:
of the violin, and supported by the left shoulder, often assisted by a
1963:
1686:
1441:
1317:
1209:
1148:
958:
937:
902:
726:
545:
541:
518:
505:
501:
371:
17:
5355:
Fresh Prince: Joshua Bell on composition, hyperviolins, and the future
5341:, New York, New York : W.W. Norton & Company, December 2012.
4755:"Get Your Life From This Violin Freestyle Of Fetty Wap's "Trap Queen""
4218:
3167:
Up through at least the 1970s, most types of popular music used bowed
2870:
1212:
violin when bringing its neck into conformance with modern standards.
5916:
5647:
5338:
The Violin: A Social History of the World's Most Versatile Instrument
4320:
4239:
3634:
3609:
3583:
misrepresentation can be used to inflate the value of an instrument.
3541:
3354:
3278:
3192:
3011:
3003:
2965:
2918:
Larger metal, rubber, or wooden mutes are widely available, known as
2896:
2634:
2622:
2316:
2251:
2078:
1967:
1747:
1321:
1309:
1243:
1100:
1001:
913:
871:
824:
790:
749:
cultures of Central Asia, in forms closely resembling the modern-day
537:
514:
398:
with notes G3, D4, A4, E5, and are most commonly played by drawing a
362:
252:
67:
3395:
have observed its widespread use in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
2881:
Attaching a small metal, rubber, leather, or wooden device called a
2109:
sounds a unison or octave with another (open) string, causing it to
1165:
682:
532:
The components of a violin are usually made from different types of
2331:
being less curved. In some musical styles, a sustained open string
888:
210:
Recording of violinist demonstrating different sounds of the violin
5984:
5542:
5514:
5380:
4253:"Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1716 (Messiah; la Messie, Salabue)"
3580:
3545:
3465:
3449:
3388:
3358:
3151:
3050:
3046:
2983:
2956:
2869:
2638:
2363:
2342:
2284:
genres, open strings are commonly used for their resonant timbre.
2134:
2074:
2063:
2012:
1978:
1948:
1735:
1680:
1672:
1648:
size violin instead of a full-size instrument. Sometimes called a
1632:
1451:
1416:
1339:
1313:
1264:
1237:
1229:
1214:
1200:
1169:
1091:
1090:
1076:
1061:
15.9 million at that time), when the instrument known as the
965:
887:
786:
781:
760:
741:). Two-stringed, bowed instruments, played upright and strung and
730:
720:
667:
571:
526:
497:
478:
139:
135:
5253:, by William Sandys and Simon Andrew (2006), Dover Publications.
5188:, by Theodore Rowland-Entwistle (1967/1974), Dover Publications.
3970:
The NPR Classical Music Companion: Terms and Concepts from A to Z
2618:, a style in which the instrument is almost exclusively plucked.
5994:
5425:
4666:"Ithilien - discography, line-up, biography, interviews, photos"
4293:
3160:
3066:
1287:
1136:
820:
738:
640:
533:
149:
5429:
4711:"Andrew Bird Brings His Sweeping Symphony of Sounds to Chicago"
3379:, the violin descends from remote ancestors that were used for
3333:/pop/classical elements and instrumental beats. The successful
3045:
similarly has parts for first and second violins, as well as a
1058:
807:. The violin in its present form emerged in early 16th-century
776:, the direct ancestor of all European bowed instruments is the
4762:
3836:
3492:
or wireless transmitter sends the signal to an amplifier of a
1638:
Occasionally, an adult with a small frame may use a so-called
1391:, the E two octaves above the open string (which is tuned to E
1204:
Some old violins (and some made to appear old) have a grafted
5399:
5169:, by Franz Farga (1950), Rockliff Publishing Corporation Ltd.
4907:"General Information on Violin Authentication and Appraisals"
4401:
2411:
A vibrato-like motion can sometimes be used to create a fast
2105:
useful. There are nine such notes in first position, where a
4140:. London W. Reeves. p. 28 – via Internet Archive.
2426:
473:
is often used regardless of the type of music played on it.
370:, and is the smallest, and thus highest-pitched instrument (
109:
3524:
and Fredray Kislingbury. These violins can be plugged into
2486:
Lightly touching the string with a fingertip at a harmonic
548:
or violinmaker. One who makes or repairs bows is called an
5385:
3315:, have also spurred increased interest in the instrument.
2581:
and a passage towards the middle of the third movement of
1833:, in which each movement has different scordatura tuning.
1621:
violin's body length is 335 mm (13.2 in), and a
1155:
The majority of glued joints in the instrument use animal
1049:
To this day, instruments from the so-called Golden Age of
3383:. Following a stage of intensive development in the late
1781:. One famous example of scordatura in classical music is
1316:, stranded steel, or various synthetic materials such as
1131:, which may attach directly over, or to the left of, the
945:, student of Gasparo da SalĂČ, active 1600â1630 in Brescia
885:) between the 16th century and the 18th century include:
5000:
The Contemporary Violin: Extended Performance Techniques
3488:
that converts string vibration to an electric signal. A
3300:
feature a violin player, Tim Charles, in their line-up.
2668:) makes for a delicate, ethereal sound, emphasizing the
525:. Many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by
51:
A standard modern violin shown from the top and the side
5240:, by Robin Stowell (1985), Cambridge University Press.
5201:, by Robin Stowell (2001), Cambridge University Press.
4341:"Stradivarius violin sold for ÂŁ9.8m at charity auction"
4136:
Sandys, William; Forster, Simon Andrew (May 29, 1864).
3696:. Fiddle players, on the other hand, typically perform
3548:'s range) is also available. The majority of the first
3080:
during the 1920s. Since that time there have been many
1444:
to verify their work before assembling the instrument.
1320:, wound with various metals, and sometimes plated with
378:. Smaller violin-type instruments exist, including the
4963:, by Stefano Pio (2002), Venezia Ed. Venice research,
4950:, by Stefano Pio (2004), Venezia Ed. Venice research,
4937:, by Stefano Pio (2012), Venezia Ed. Venice research,
3575:
varnish texture can be used to authenticate a violin.
1660:
The instrument which corresponds to the violin in the
610:, "to cry out in joy or exaltation." The related term
604:, Roman goddess of joy..., or from related Latin verb
5277:
Per gli occhi e 'l core. Strumenti musicali nell'arte
5065:
The Violin Explained - Components Mechanism and Sound
4976:, by Stewart Pollens (1992), London: Peter Biddulph.
4619:"Die SÀngerin und Geigerin Yilian Cañizares in Moods"
4400:
The New Violin Family Association, Inc (2020-04-04).
2291:-like drone, often used by composers in imitation of
1791:, where the solo violin's E string is tuned down to E
1689:
equivalents above the stave. G=sol; D=re; A=la; E=mi
5175:, by Jennifer A. Charlton (1985), Ashmolean Museum.
4238:
It is now in the Vestlandske Kunstindustrimuseum in
1387:.) The highest note playable is less well defined: E
585:
5940:
5884:
5796:
5696:
5611:
5579:
5541:
5513:
5470:
5463:
5113:, by Chris Coetzee (2003), New Holland Publishers.
3833:"Double-Blind Violin Test: Can You Pick The Strad?"
1873:âF, which corresponds to SaâPaâSaâPa in the Indian
1727:To tune a violin, the A string is first tuned to a
1708:in the pegbox under the scroll or by adjusting the
866:in 1716 remains pristine. It is now located in the
745:with horsehair, may have originated in the nomadic
194:
178:
162:
119:
101:
93:
73:
63:
56:
5100:, by Alberto Bachmann (1965/1990), Da Capo Press.
4861:. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
4125:. W. Reeves. p. 221 – via Google Books.
3945:The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust
2551:above the pressed note (the fifth harmonic), or a
1716:. All violins have pegs; fine tuners (also called
1372:. The lowest note of a violin, tuned normally, is
5410:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 102â107.
3230:). The instrument has a stronger place in modern
1017:, known for his celli, active 1685â1742 in Venice
513:coming from cottage industries in places such as
4646:Bhattacharya, Suryasarathi (December 10, 2017).
3292:use violin extensively along their discography.
2683:; one may think of different sounding points as
1973:Bow hair traditionally comes from the tail of a
1308:were first made of sheep gut (commonly known as
850:and later, from 1841, by the Norwegian virtuoso
5067:by James Beament (1992/1997), Clarendon Press.
4298:. Venice, Italy: Venice Research. p. 441.
3345:use violins extensively in their arrangements.
2690:Various methods of attack with the bow produce
2564:in 1928, and Michelangelo Abbado's five-volume
1913:, i.e. GâDâGâD. This is to ease playing Arabic
658:
2217:. Stretching the first finger back down to a C
975:family, active 1626â1744 in Cremona and Venice
500:families from the 16th to the 18th century in
5441:
5264:The Violin: A Research and Information Guide
4989:, by Ivan Galamian (1999), Shar Products Co.
4424:Journal of the American Musicological Society
2299:Double stops, triple stops, chords and drones
611:
565:
337:
8:
5054:, by Jo Nardolillo (2012), Scarecrow Press.
5028:, by Marion Thede (1970), Oak Publications.
4848:
4846:
4442:. Jacobs' Band Monthly, Volume 4. p. 52
4380:"Carleen Maley Hutchins' Work With Saunders"
3996:
3994:
3452:, the violin has been used in Arabic music.
2469:Harmonic glissando on the A string â 566 KB.
1027:and from Cremona, active 1717â1762 in Venice
688:
39:
5415:The violin: provenance, value and appraisal
5398:Harrison, Robert William Frederick (1911).
3281:, was enlisted by the band as a violinist.
1877:classical music style. In the North Indian
1494:) size, violins are also made in so-called
1356:A violin is tuned in fifths, in the notes G
673:
605:
5467:
5448:
5434:
5426:
5358:, Strings magazine, October 2002, No. 105.
5139:, edited by Dominic Gill (1984), Phaidon.
4948:Violin and Lute Makers of Venice 1640â1760
4490:. New York: Alfred Publishing. p. 4.
2877:clothespin mute and a rubber practice mute
2583:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto
2457:Beginning of an A major scale with vibrato
2077:to stop the strings, as is usual with the
344:
330:
216:
4987:Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching
4467:. Central States Music Publishing Company
4295:Viol and Lute Makers of Venice 1490 -1630
3049:part, and a bass instrument, such as the
2855:in orchestral music, particularly in the
2807:The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
1425:traveling back and forth along the string
1119:), maple ribs and back, two endblocks, a
1039:, active before 1741 until 1776 in Venice
5126:, by Yehudi Menuhin (1996), Flammarion.
4961:Liuteri & Sonadori, Venice 1750â1870
4935:Viol and Lute Makers of Venice 1490â1630
4577:Weinreich, Gabriel (December 16, 1996).
4488:String Builder, Book 3: Teacher's Manual
2017:A man playing the violin on a park bench
1897:; it is likely to be tuned (EâAâEâA) in
936:family, active 1530â1615 in Brescia and
912:family, active 1510â1560 in Brescia and
4544:"Weinreich and Directional Tone Colour"
4000:
3883:
3881:
3713:
3677:
3120:. While not primarily jazz violinists,
1805:, where the E string is tuned down to E
1352:we hear is the peak around 200 Hz.
1069:in an online auction on June 20, 2011.
237:
5377:English-speaking violin organizations
4974:The Violin Forms of Antonio Stradivari
4514:"The psychoacoustic secret of vibrato"
4464:Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone
4121:Schlesinger, Kathleen (May 29, 1914).
4110:. London: William Reeves. p. 434.
3854:
3852:
2773:includes the string section using the
2676:referred to the sounding point as the
2476:
2461:Natural harmonics of an A, E, and an A
2373:Cultivation of the Violin Vibrato Tone
1301:Strings section of violin construction
862:(also known as the "Salabue") made by
725:The cupola of Madonna dei Miracoli in
38:
4193:"Historical Background of the Violin"
3914:
3912:
3910:
3006:style of playing, with lavish use of
2585:. A section of the third movement of
1234:Front and back views of violin bridge
1172:, most often with a matching striped
7:
5391:Beare's International Violin Society
5381:European String Teachers Association
5283:Gasparo da SalĂČ architetto del suono
4730:"Lindsey Stirlingâhip hop violinist"
3375:Like many other instruments used in
2633:, and most (but not all) changes in
2121:." When violinists are playing in a
1775:; in some folk styles, it is called
4166:Arkenberg, Rebecca (October 2002).
3037:Violins make up a large part of an
1957:A violin is usually played using a
1677:Scroll and pegbox, correctly strung
1025:Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri
989:family, active 1650â1740 in Cremona
982:family, active 1644â1737 in Cremona
968:family, active 1550â1740 in Cremona
952:family, active 1661â1721 in Brescia
922:family, active 1530â1615 in Brescia
5266:, by Mark Katz (2006), Routledge.
5013:The Violin: Its History and Making
4709:Golden, Brian (December 5, 2017).
4599:Fischer, Simon (1999). "Detache".
2455:A major scale (arco and pizzicato)
1033:, active circa 1700â1750 in Venice
929:family active 1550â1580 in Brescia
152:family (some historians argue the
25:
4881:"7String Violin Harlequin finish"
4793:"Eric Stanley: Hip Hop Violinist"
4584:. Acoustical Society of America.
2452:Open strings (arco and pizzicato)
2325:historically informed performance
2223:, or the fourth finger up to an A
1704:Violins are tuned by turning the
1326:historically informed performance
1269:Violin case owned by Ginger Smock
1099:A violin generally consists of a
1087:Violin construction and mechanics
848:Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
6023:
6022:
5156:(1885/1994), Ward Lock Limited.
4742:from the original on 2014-12-05.
4426:, Vol. 12, No. 2/3, pp. 210-214.
3805:"A Strad? Violinists Can't Tell"
2859:(1800-1910) and in opera music.
2587:Paganini's Violin Concerto No. 1
2477:Problems playing this file? See
2463:Artificial (false) harmonic of A
2442:
2188:effect for expressive reasons).
457:, with the pickups plugged into
220:
201:
45:
5422:for a string instrument and bow
5150:Violin-Making as it was, and is
1905:is (EâAâDâE) and (EâAâEâE), in
75:HornbostelâSachs classification
5052:The Canon of Violin Literature
4883:. Jordan Music. Archived from
4827:"Arcade Fire â 10 of the best"
4728:Self, Brooke (April 9, 2011).
4607:: 638 – via Music Index.
4279:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
4153:"Catechism of musical history"
4151:Riemann, Hugo (May 29, 1892).
3803:Belluck, Pam (April 7, 2014).
3367:Hins Anders Ersson painted by
3329:improvises on the violin with
2568:published by Ricordi in 1934.
2459:A major scale played col legno
2060:Left hand and pitch production
1917:, especially those containing
1143:, providing clearance for the
529:and other mass merchandisers.
1:
5098:An Encyclopedia of the Violin
4542:Curtin, Joseph (April 2000).
3926:. Online Etymology Dictionary
3895:. Online Etymology Dictionary
3866:. Online Etymology Dictionary
3470:Acoustic and electric violins
3303:Independent artists, such as
3132:mixes jazz with Cuban music.
2911:, meaning 'without mute'; or
2785:to play a repeated rhythm in
843:
536:. Violins can be strung with
156:developed from the bass viol)
5306:Lalitha, Muthuswamy (2004).
5231:, by George Dubourg (1854),
5173:Viols, Violins and Virginals
4191:Deverich, Robin Kay (2006).
3752:Allen, Edward Heron (1914).
3200:electronically created music
3070:performance using the violin
2438:Violin sounds and techniques
2096:Beginners sometimes rely on
1081:The construction of a violin
1011:, active 1505â1640 in Venice
5367:. PhD Thesis. M.I.T., 2007.
5218:, Bologna: Florenus, 1990.
4382:. Violin Society of America
4255:. Cozio.com. Archived from
4215:"The History of the Violin"
4050:"Lira | musical instrument"
3831:Joyce, Christopher (2012).
3775:. Ramakrisna Vedanta Math.
3065:The earliest references to
2907:, meaning 'with mute'; and
1440:, are occasionally used by
1254:separately by the bow. The
415:Western classical tradition
6097:
6056:16th-century introductions
5291:Les ancetres du violon v.1
5199:The Early Violin and Viola
4905:Institution, Smithsonian.
4486:Applebaum, Samuel (1957).
4281:. Oxford University Press.
4172:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3769:Choudhary, S.Dhar (2010).
3759:Accessed 5 September 2015.
3645:Kingri (string instrument)
3623:List of solo violin pieces
3567:
3459:
3352:
2945:
2566:Tecnica dei suoni armonici
2205:and the fourth on either G
2032:Freiburg Baroque Orchestra
2001:
1938:
1410:
1298:
1084:
1073:Construction and mechanics
714:
449:are used in some forms of
417:, both in ensembles (from
360:, sometimes referred as a
29:
6018:
5386:Violin Society of America
5289:Grillet, Laurent (1901).
4277:Kennedy, Michael (2017).
3975:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3729:. YouTube. Archived from
3723:"Interview: Kala Ramnath"
3210:, it has some history in
2600:Right hand and tone color
2171:bringing the player into
1945:Violin construction (bow)
199:
183:
167:
126:
108:
44:
5784:(changing string tuning)
5167:Violins & Violinists
4579:"Directional tone color"
4321:"Violin changes by 1800"
3267:The Mahavishnu Orchestra
3216:Electric Light Orchestra
2810:demands its use in the "
2315:are occasionally marked
2111:resonate sympathetically
2050:repetitive strain injury
1480:Apart from the standard
1242:Sound post seen through
993:Carlo Bergonzi (luthier)
374:) in regular use in the
5407:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5111:Violin - And Easy Guide
4911:Smithsonian Institution
4853:Harris, Rodger (2009).
4670:www.spirit-of-metal.com
4418:Seashore, Carl (1938).
4402:"The New Violin Family"
4364:Piston, Walter (1955).
4082:Encyclopedia Britannica
4055:Encyclopedia Britannica
4028:Encyclopedia Britannica
3967:Hoffman, Miles (1997).
3700:, and other folk music.
3552:were musicians playing
3498:electro-acoustic violin
3349:Folk music and fiddling
2968:for two violins by the
2692:different articulations
2608:) or by plucking them (
2352:Kyoko Yonemoto playing
773:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
683:
668:
659:
641:
32:Violin (disambiguation)
27:Bowed string instrument
6071:Folk music instruments
5233:Robert Cocks & Co.
5137:The Book of the Violin
5015:, by Karl Roy (2006),
4799:(Interview). Phoenix:
4461:Bissing, Petrowitsch.
3471:
3448:As well as the Arabic
3372:
3164:
3139:Indian classical music
3082:improvising violinists
3023:
2998:from Massenet's opera
2981:
2915:, meaning 'mute off'.
2878:
2431:
2376:
2361:
2069:
2018:
1954:
1811:and the G tuned to a G
1701:
1678:
1477:
1426:
1353:
1270:
1246:
1235:
1227:
1096:
1082:
995:(1683-1747) in Cremona
943:Giovanni Paolo Maggini
897:
734:
689:
674:
654:, which is related to
636:earlier fithele, from
612:
606:
590:as a term which means
586:
566:
527:Sears, Roebuck and Co.
445:with solid bodies and
114:
6005:Violin musical styles
5953:History of the violin
5589:Electric upright bass
5310:. Sundeep Prakashan.
5251:History of the Violin
4436:Eaton, Louis (1919).
4406:The New Violin Family
4168:"Renaissance Violins"
3957:(accessed 2008-09-26)
3579:and other methods of
3570:Violin authentication
3564:Violin authentication
3560:) and popular music.
3469:
3362:
3261:who later joined the
3179:music. Following the
3155:
2991:
2963:
2873:
2761:Symphonie Fantastique
2670:fundamental frequency
2593:thirds in harmonics.
2430:
2367:
2351:
2067:
2016:
1952:
1823:First Violin Concerto
1684:
1676:
1455:
1420:
1343:
1268:
1241:
1233:
1218:
1094:
1080:
891:
724:
717:History of the violin
459:instrument amplifiers
447:piezoelectric pickups
113:
5856:Double bass concerto
4624:Neue ZĂŒrcher Zeitung
4292:Pio Stefano (2012).
3502:instrument amplifier
2547:can also touch at a
2501:artificial harmonics
1734:(usually A=440
1401:artificial harmonics
1219:Closeup of a violin
1107:, also known as the
394:), usually tuned in
30:For other uses, see
5885:Related instruments
5799:and genres of music
5765:Finger substitution
5041:, by Sam Bardfeld,
4791:(October 3, 2010).
4627:. 16 September 2013
4420:Psychology of Music
4213:Bartruff, William.
3550:electric violinists
3402:(although the term
3257:featured violinist
3249:features violinist
2816:Dmitri Shostakovich
2730:left-hand pizzicato
2558:Theory of Harmonics
2369:Petrowitsch Bissing
1783:Camille Saint-Saëns
1031:Domenico Montagnana
793:(also known as the
595:stringed instrument
121:Related instruments
41:
6076:Italian inventions
5490:Five-string violin
5352:Templeton, David,
5154:Edward Heron-Allen
4520:on 7 February 2010
4512:Schleske, Martin.
4195:. ViolinOnline.com
3953:2008-10-13 at the
3924:www.etymonline.com
3893:www.etymonline.com
3864:www.etymonline.com
3472:
3393:Ethnomusicologists
3373:
3247:Dave Matthews Band
3241:The popularity of
3165:
3086:Stéphane Grappelli
3024:
2982:
2879:
2857:Romantic music era
2767:'s symphonic poem
2722:(abbreviation for
2432:
2377:
2362:
2323:In some genres of
2070:
2019:
1955:
1702:
1679:
1478:
1427:
1354:
1271:
1247:
1236:
1228:
1097:
1083:
1057:9.8 million (
898:
864:Antonio Stradivari
735:
171:List of violinists
115:
97:Early 16th century
6038:
6037:
5607:
5606:
5333:Schoenbaum, David
5021:978-1-4243-0838-5
4969:978-88-907252-1-0
4956:978-88-907252-2-7
4943:978-88-907252-0-3
4769:on April 10, 2015
4690:"Ne Obliviscaris"
4497:978-0-7579-3056-0
4319:Perras, Richard.
3514:Benjamin Miessner
3294:Progressive metal
3198:With the rise of
2989:
2961:
2938:for solo violin.
2652:Bowing techniques
2496:natural harmonics
2447:
2349:
2282:traditional music
2131:equal temperament
2119:Pythagorean scale
1899:Dastgah-h Esfahan
1466:) and full size (
1176:, referred to as
1015:Matteo Goffriller
632:." ("arm viola")
570:, diminutive of
354:
353:
215:
214:
206:
58:String instrument
16:(Redirected from
6088:
6066:Necked box lutes
6026:
6025:
5948:Violin acoustics
5902:Hardanger fiddle
5836:String orchestra
5500:Alexander violin
5468:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5427:
5411:
5403:
5329:
5294:
4921:
4920:
4918:
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4902:
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4868:
4866:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4803:. Archived from
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4765:. Archived from
4753:Tietjen, Alexa.
4750:
4744:
4743:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4715:Chicago Magazine
4706:
4700:
4699:
4686:
4680:
4679:
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4609:
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4589:
4583:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4550:. Archived from
4539:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4516:. Archived from
4509:
4503:
4501:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4458:
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4451:
4449:
4447:
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4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4217:. Archived from
4210:
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4188:
4182:
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4179:
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4163:
4157:
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4019:
4013:
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3998:
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3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3721:Singh, Jhujhar.
3718:
3701:
3682:
3604:Hardanger fiddle
3518:George Beauchamp
3510:electric violins
3475:Electric violins
3456:Electric violins
3423:pieces call for
3321:Lindsey Stirling
3277:, who is also a
3263:jazz-rock fusion
3212:progressive rock
3157:Lindsey Stirling
3130:Yilian Cañizares
3053:or, rarely, the
2990:
2962:
2802:Benjamin Britten
2800:time signature.
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2710:, and staccato.
2687:in the highway.
2449:
2448:
2429:
2350:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2168:youth orchestras
2127:string orchestra
2004:Violin technique
1930:
1929:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1819:NiccolĂČ Paganini
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1796:
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1700:
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1647:
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1522:
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1512:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1423:Helmholtz corner
1413:Violin acoustics
1067:Tarisio Auctions
896:by Jacob Stainer
877:The most famous
868:Ashmolean Museum
845:
765:Byzantine Empire
702:
699:
696:
692:
686:
677:
671:
662:
653:
650:
647:
644:
630:viola da braccio
627:
624:
621:
617:
609:
600:, perhaps from
599:
596:
593:
589:
569:
443:Electric violins
346:
339:
332:
224:
217:
208:
207:
187:List of luthiers
49:
42:
21:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6014:
6000:Violin lutherie
5936:
5912:Lira da braccio
5880:
5841:Violin concerto
5798:
5792:
5692:
5603:
5575:
5561:Cello da spalla
5556:Baritone violin
5537:
5509:
5495:Violino piccolo
5480:Electric violin
5459:
5454:
5397:
5374:
5318:
5305:
5302:
5300:Further reading
5297:
5288:
5216:Roberto Regazzi
5026:The Fiddle Book
4930:
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4924:
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4617:
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4598:
4597:
4593:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4557:
4555:
4554:on May 29, 2009
4541:
4540:
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4511:
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4506:
4498:
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4443:
4435:
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4417:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4378:Laird, Paul R.
4377:
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4104:Panum, Hortense
4102:
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4021:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3955:Wayback Machine
3943:
3939:
3929:
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3918:
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3763:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3694:string quartets
3686:classical music
3683:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3660:Violin concerto
3589:
3572:
3566:
3530:electric guitar
3528:, just like an
3464:
3462:Electric violin
3458:
3446:
3377:classical music
3357:
3351:
3298:Ne Obliviscaris
3243:crossover music
3234:bands, notably
3185:traditional pop
3169:string sections
3150:
3141:
3063:
3032:classical music
2984:
2957:
2955:
2953:Classical music
2950:
2948:Violin in music
2944:
2868:
2845:
2833:
2825:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2739:
2716:
2674:Shinichi Suzuki
2654:
2602:
2560:, published by
2545:harmonic finger
2506:false harmonics
2504:(also known as
2484:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2453:
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2427:
2422:
2409:
2343:
2341:
2304:Double stopping
2301:
2268:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2173:second position
2163:
2062:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1947:
1939:Main articles:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1907:DastgÄh-e MÄhur
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1827:Mystery Sonatas
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1767:classical music
1694:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1658:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1633:full-size viola
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
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1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1338:
1303:
1297:
1095:Violin and bow.
1089:
1075:
1021:Pietro Guarneri
1009:Linarolo family
934:Gasparo da SalĂČ
846:1574) owned by
840:Gasparo da SalĂČ
819:, published in
813:Epitome musical
804:lira da braccio
719:
713:
700:
697:
694:
680:Old High German
651:
648:
645:
625:
622:
619:
597:
594:
591:
562:
508:(Italy) and by
435:bluegrass music
380:violino piccolo
350:
307:
304:
211:
209:
202:
80:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6094:
6092:
6084:
6083:
6081:String section
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Bass amplifier
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5876:Carnatic music
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5851:Cello concerto
5848:
5846:Viola concerto
5843:
5838:
5833:
5831:String section
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:String quintet
5813:
5808:
5806:String quartet
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5762:
5757:
5752:
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5702:
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5609:
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5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5571:Electric cello
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5523:Vertical viola
5519:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5420:Shipping guide
5417:
5412:
5401:"Violin"
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5373:
5372:External links
5370:
5369:
5368:
5361:Young, Diana.
5359:
5350:
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5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:
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4897:
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4789:Martinez, Marc
4780:
4745:
4720:
4701:
4681:
4657:
4638:
4610:
4591:
4569:
4548:Strad Magazine
4534:
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4014:
4005:
3990:
3984:978-0618619450
3983:
3959:
3937:
3906:
3877:
3848:
3823:
3810:New York Times
3795:
3782:978-9380568065
3781:
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3613:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3568:Main article:
3565:
3562:
3558:Jean-Luc Ponty
3460:Main article:
3457:
3454:
3445:
3442:
3417:oral tradition
3353:Main article:
3350:
3347:
3163:Berkeley, 2012
3159:performing at
3149:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3118:Jean-Luc Ponty
3062:
3059:
3043:string quartet
2954:
2951:
2946:Main article:
2943:
2942:Musical styles
2940:
2920:practice mutes
2867:
2861:
2844:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2791:
2738:
2735:
2718:A note marked
2715:
2712:
2662:sul ponticello
2653:
2650:
2646:string section
2601:
2598:
2591:double-stopped
2573:Vittorio Monti
2474:
2464:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2358:Caprice No. 24
2340:
2337:
2300:
2297:
2267:
2264:
2177:third position
2162:
2159:
2146:music notation
2123:string quartet
2061:
2058:
2024:Itzhak Perlman
2010:
2007:
2002:Main article:
1999:
1996:
1936:
1933:
1740:perfect fifths
1718:fine adjusters
1712:screws at the
1670:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1449:
1446:
1411:Main article:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1369:
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1357:
1337:
1334:
1299:Main article:
1296:
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1085:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1018:
1012:
1000:The school of
998:
997:
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990:
983:
976:
969:
957:The school of
955:
954:
953:
946:
940:
930:
923:
916:
901:The school of
894:Baroque violin
809:northern Italy
715:Main article:
712:
709:
614:Viola da gamba
583:Medieval Latin
561:
558:
396:perfect fifths
366:, is a wooden
352:
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274:Musical styles
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3:
2:
6093:
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6062:
6061:C instruments
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5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Violin sonata
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:String sextet
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Shoulder rest
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5528:Viola pomposa
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5457:Violin family
5451:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5348:
5347:9780393084405
5344:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5317:9788175741515
5313:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:0-8153-3637-3
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:0-486-45269-7
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:0-521-23279-1
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:88-85250-01-7
5221:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:0-521-62555-6
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:0-340-05992-3
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:0-907849-44-X
5178:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:0-7063-1045-4
5159:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:0-7148-2286-8
5142:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:2-08-013623-2
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:1-84330-332-9
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:0-306-80004-7
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:0-486-20425-1
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5073:0-19-816623-0
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:0-8108-7793-7
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:0-9628467-7-5
5044:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:0-8256-0145-2
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:0-520-22409-4
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:0-9621416-3-1
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:0-9520109-0-9
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4887:on 2009-02-27
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4860:
4859:okhistory.org
4856:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4807:on 2021-10-29
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:Orchestration
4361:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4305:9788890725203
4301:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4259:on 2008-10-08
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4221:on 2007-02-08
4220:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3745:
3733:on 2014-06-03
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3698:country music
3695:
3691:
3688:, such as in
3687:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3665:Violin sonata
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:wah-wah pedal
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:piezoelectric
3480:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3412:Apache fiddle
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:, largely in
3386:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:hip hop music
3328:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:Jerry Goodman
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:Popular music
3147:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:Mark O'Connor
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:Leroy Jenkins
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:Regina Carter
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2952:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:Sequenza VIII
2933:
2932:Luciano Berio
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:" Variation.
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2794:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:Danse Macabre
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:A marking of
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2468:
2439:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2407:Vibrato trill
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:wrist vibrato
2389:
2384:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2091:muscle memory
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:shoulder rest
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:(such as the
2029:
2028:Baroque music
2025:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1919:quarter tones
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:DastgÄh-e Ć ur
1900:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1788:Danse Macabre
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:lower tunings
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:lady's violin
1636:
1634:
1589:
1497:
1483:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1382:
1381:middle C (C4)
1379:, or G below
1378:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1330:Baroque music
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:violin making
1047:
1038:
1037:Santo Serafin
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
962:
960:
956:
951:
947:
944:
941:
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
906:
904:
900:
899:
895:
890:
886:
884:
880:
879:violin makers
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:"The Messiah"
853:
849:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
779:
775:
774:
770:According to
768:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
723:
718:
710:
708:
706:
691:
685:
681:
676:
670:
666:
661:
657:
643:
639:
633:
631:
616:
615:
608:
603:
588:
584:
580:
577:
576:Old Provençal
573:
568:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
510:Jacob Stainer
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
474:
472:
468:
467:Iranian music
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:country music
428:
424:
420:
419:chamber music
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:violin family
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
327:
325:
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
310:
306:
300:
299:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
198:
193:
188:
185:
184:
182:
177:
172:
169:
168:
166:
161:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
131:Violin family
128:
127:
125:
122:
118:
112:
107:
104:
103:Playing range
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:sounded by a
84:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6027:
6010:Violin octet
5990:Stradivarius
5871:Cello sonata
5866:Viola sonata
5826:String octet
5715:
5533:Tenor violin
5505:Stroh violin
5471:
5405:
5363:
5354:
5337:
5307:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5263:
5250:
5237:
5228:
5211:
5198:
5185:
5172:
5166:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5110:
5097:
5077:
5064:
5051:
5039:Latin Violin
5038:
5025:
5012:
4999:
4986:
4973:
4960:
4947:
4934:
4928:Bibliography
4914:. Retrieved
4910:
4900:
4889:. Retrieved
4885:the original
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4858:
4834:. Retrieved
4831:The Guardian
4830:
4821:
4811:December 11,
4809:. Retrieved
4805:the original
4796:
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4767:the original
4758:
4748:
4733:
4723:
4714:
4704:
4693:
4684:
4673:. Retrieved
4669:
4660:
4651:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4622:
4613:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4585:
4572:
4563:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:the original
4547:
4537:
4529:
4522:. Retrieved
4518:the original
4507:
4487:
4481:
4471:November 16,
4469:. Retrieved
4463:
4456:
4446:November 16,
4444:. Retrieved
4438:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4405:
4395:
4384:. Retrieved
4373:
4365:
4360:
4349:. Retrieved
4347:. 2011-06-21
4344:
4335:
4324:. Retrieved
4314:
4294:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:the original
4247:
4234:
4223:. Retrieved
4219:the original
4208:
4197:. Retrieved
4186:
4175:. Retrieved
4161:
4146:
4131:
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4080:
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4059:. Retrieved
4053:
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4032:. Retrieved
4026:
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4008:
4003:, p. 29
4001:Grillet 1901
3969:
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3923:
3897:. Retrieved
3892:
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3863:
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3826:
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3808:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3771:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3726:
3716:
3680:
3655:Stroh violin
3650:Stradivarius
3627:
3615:
3608:
3573:
3532:, including
3526:effect units
3522:Hugo Benioff
3497:
3474:
3473:
3447:
3444:Arabic music
3434:double stops
3425:cross-tuning
3408:wheel fiddle
3403:
3399:
3397:
3374:
3327:Eric Stanley
3325:
3305:Owen Pallett
3302:
3283:
3251:Boyd Tinsley
3240:
3228:Gentle Giant
3220:King Crimson
3197:
3166:
3142:
3134:
3110:Adam Taubitz
3102:Johnny Frigo
3064:
3036:
3025:
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2993:
2935:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2853:sound effect
2846:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2805:
2792:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2753:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2643:
2631:articulation
2620:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2589:consists of
2576:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2544:
2542:
2533:octave frame
2532:
2530:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2454:
2410:
2395:
2391:
2388:hand vibrato
2387:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2322:
2309:
2302:
2286:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:Open strings
2259:
2255:
2252:tone quality
2248:
2244:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2133:, such as a
2115:
2107:stopped note
2095:
2087:ear training
2071:
2054:
2047:
2036:
2020:
1992:carbon fiber
1972:
1956:
1923:
1835:
1798:
1786:
1778:cross tuning
1776:
1770:
1769:is known as
1760:
1752:
1726:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1662:violin octet
1659:
1656:Mezzo violin
1649:
1637:
1590:
1495:
1481:
1479:
1456:Fractional (
1434:
1428:
1355:
1304:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1248:
1225:fleur-de-lis
1190:
1186:tiger stripe
1185:
1181:
1177:
1154:
1140:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1065:was sold by
1048:
1044:
876:
859:
835:
829:
817:Jambe de Fer
812:
802:
798:
794:
780:
771:
769:
736:
704:
665:Middle Dutch
634:
578:
563:
549:
531:
483:
477:such as the
475:
470:
463:Indian music
429:, including
412:
361:
357:
355:
295:Construction
238:
195:Sound sample
129:
36:
5980:Jazz violin
5922:Nyckelharpa
5907:Hurdy-gurdy
5811:String trio
5755:Double stop
5658:Fingerboard
5581:Double bass
5551:Bass violin
5464:Instruments
4797:Fox 10 News
4524:11 February
4034:24 November
3788:5 September
3737:5 September
3640:Ravanahatha
3629:Nyckelharpa
3594:Bass violin
3554:jazz fusion
3490:patch cable
3385:Renaissance
3369:Anders Zorn
3343:Arcade Fire
3339:baroque pop
3313:Andrew Bird
3309:The Shondes
3275:Saul Davies
3232:jazz fusion
3204:synthesizer
3173:swing music
3122:Darol Anger
3094:Eddie South
3090:Stuff Smith
3055:double bass
3002:. The very
2980:originally.
2928:mute violin
2924:hotel mutes
2909:senza sord.
2905:con sordino
2779:The Planets
2765:Saint-Saëns
2549:major third
2396:arm vibrato
2360:on a violin
2272:open string
1941:Bow (music)
1803:BĂ©la BartĂłk
1336:Pitch range
1283:tuning pegs
1197:fingerboard
910:Dalla Corna
860:"Le Messie"
638:Old English
469:. The name
455:jazz fusion
390:(sometimes
368:chordophone
305:maintenance
154:double bass
144:double bass
83:chordophone
81:(Composite
64:Other names
6045:Categories
5892:Arpeggione
5782:Scordatura
5711:Bow stroke
5698:Techniques
5688:Tuning peg
5678:Sound post
5229:The Violin
5186:The Violin
5124:The Violin
4916:2023-05-27
4891:2009-02-27
4865:9 February
4855:"Fiddling"
4836:2019-12-12
4735:Her Campus
4675:2017-03-12
4652:First Post
4439:The Violin
4386:2008-09-26
4351:2011-06-21
4326:2006-10-29
4263:2008-09-26
4225:2006-09-22
4199:2006-09-22
4177:2006-09-22
3842:2012-01-02
3757:. E. Howe.
3755:Instrument
3708:References
3690:orchestras
3599:Cello rock
3581:fraudulent
3534:distortion
3381:folk music
3335:indie rock
3286:folk metal
3208:rock music
3191:. Popular
3189:soul music
3106:John Blake
3084:including
3078:Eddie Lang
3074:Joe Venuti
3026:Since the
3008:portamento
2995:Meditation
2835:Literally
2812:Percussion
2479:media help
2293:folk music
2186:portamento
2139:discordant
2083:intonation
1988:brazilwood
1911:whole step
1879:Hindustani
1772:scordatura
1763:folk music
1710:fine tuner
1496:fractional
1256:sound post
1182:fiddleback
1105:soundboard
1063:Lady Blunt
980:Stradivari
836:Charles IX
832:Charles IX
801:) and the
754:Morin huur
747:equestrian
494:Guadagnini
486:Stradivari
451:rock music
427:folk music
423:orchestras
303:Making and
246:Violinists
79:321.322-71
5973:Slap bass
5958:Jazz bass
5797:Ensembles
5777:Pizzicato
5770:Bariolage
5760:Fingering
5750:Harmonics
5717:Col legno
5683:Tailpiece
4242:, Norway.
3506:PA system
3494:PA system
3438:tailpiece
3429:bluegrass
3279:guitarist
3255:The Flock
3236:The Corrs
3181:swing era
3039:orchestra
2972:composer
2913:via sord.
2901:con sord.
2893:overtones
2783:col legno
2775:col legno
2758:Berlioz's
2754:col legno
2744:col legno
2737:Col legno
2725:pizzicato
2714:Pizzicato
2666:sul tasto
2616:jazz bass
2611:pizzicato
2513:overtones
2492:harmonics
2420:Harmonics
2313:orchestra
2197:extension
2161:Positions
2102:white-out
1984:snakewood
1799:Contrasts
1714:tailpiece
1578:and even
1498:sizes of
1476:) violins
1407:Acoustics
1275:tailpiece
1260:soul post
1223:, with a
1221:tailpiece
1157:hide glue
1133:tailpiece
1109:top plate
1103:top (the
1023:, son of
927:Inverardi
751:Mongolian
687:, German
656:Old Norse
623:bass viol
560:Etymology
550:archetier
523:Mirecourt
437:, and in
408:col legno
404:pizzicato
288:Acoustics
281:Technique
163:Musicians
94:Developed
6029:Category
5968:Big band
5927:Pochette
5745:Arpeggio
5733:Spiccato
5643:Chinrest
5621:Bass bar
5599:Octobass
5485:Pochette
5326:57671835
5293:. Paris.
4740:Archived
4695:Facebook
4345:BBC News
4106:(1939).
3951:Archived
3920:"Fiddle"
3860:"Violin"
3816:April 9,
3587:See also
3479:magnetic
3421:old-time
3290:Ithilien
3177:big band
3020:Romantic
2974:Telemann
2863:Mute or
2837:hammered
2708:spiccato
2700:sautillé
2679:Kreisler
2627:dynamics
2521:overtone
2517:partials
2354:Paganini
2238:♮
2232:♭
2226:♮
2220:♯
2214:♯
2208:♮
2202:♮
2039:chinrest
1928:♭
1890:♭
1884:♭
1875:carnatic
1870:♭
1864:♭
1857:♯
1851:♯
1845:♯
1839:♯
1814:♯
1808:♭
1794:♭
1756:Peg dope
1729:standard
1442:luthiers
1438:patterns
1346:spectrum
1162:purfling
1129:chinrest
973:Guarneri
883:luthiers
852:Ole Bull
756:and the
698:a fiddle
672:, Dutch
618:meaning
607:vitulari
554:bowmaker
490:Guarneri
384:pochette
382:and the
313:Luthiers
260:Fiddlers
231:a series
229:Part of
179:Builders
6051:Violins
5932:Quinton
5897:Baryton
5788:Vibrato
5738:Tremolo
5728:Portato
5723:Martelé
5594:Violone
5566:Cellone
4801:KTSP-TV
4773:May 13,
4759:vh1.com
4631:12 June
4558:May 23,
4368:, p.45.
4088:6 April
4077:"Rabab"
4061:6 April
4023:"rebec"
3889:"Viola"
3617:LĂ„tfiol
3577:Forgery
3556:(e.g.,
3477:have a
3450:rababah
3419:. Many
3365:fiddler
3214:(e.g.,
3028:Baroque
3022:period.
3016:vibrato
2978:vibrato
2970:Baroque
2889:sordino
2865:sordino
2848:Tremolo
2843:Tremolo
2831:Martelé
2823:Detaché
2781:" uses
2749:Italian
2704:martelé
2681:highway
2578:CsĂĄrdĂĄs
2562:Simrock
2400:vibrato
2380:Vibrato
2339:Vibrato
2289:bagpipe
2277:Hoedown
2141:notes.
2009:Posture
1998:Playing
1964:leather
1895:Dastgah
1748:f-holes
1722:elastic
1687:solfege
1643:⁄
1626:⁄
1616:⁄
1606:⁄
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1523:⁄
1513:⁄
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1489:⁄
1471:⁄
1461:⁄
1436:Chladni
1306:Strings
1295:Strings
1210:Baroque
1149:varnish
1137:arching
959:Cremona
920:Micheli
903:Brescia
727:Saronno
711:History
567:violino
546:luthier
519:Bohemia
506:Cremona
502:Brescia
388:strings
372:soprano
267:History
18:Violins
5917:Lirone
5706:Bowing
5668:Scroll
5653:F-hole
5648:Endpin
5638:Bridge
5472:Violin
5345:
5324:
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3930:20 May
3899:20 May
3870:20 May
3779:
3727:News X
3635:Rabeca
3610:Kontra
3542:reverb
3486:pickup
3404:fiddle
3400:fiddle
3371:, 1904
3355:Fiddle
3311:, and
3265:band,
3224:Kansas
3193:Motown
3116:, and
3012:rubato
3004:legato
2966:sonata
2897:timbre
2875:Ad hoc
2635:timbre
2623:rhythm
2537:fourth
2329:bridge
2317:divisi
2181:shift,
2079:guitar
1986:, and
1968:baleen
1915:maqams
1901:or in
1669:Tuning
1322:silver
1318:perlon
1310:catgut
1279:endpin
1251:bridge
1244:f-hole
1206:scroll
1174:figure
1125:bridge
1101:spruce
1002:Venice
987:Rugeri
950:Rogeri
914:Venice
872:Oxford
825:Europe
799:viuola
791:vielle
778:Arabic
758:Kazakh
705:vitula
690:Fiedel
684:fidula
669:vedele
649:fiddle
642:fiĂ°ele
602:Vitula
587:vitula
542:Perlon
521:, and
515:Saxony
471:fiddle
363:fiddle
358:violin
320:Family
253:Fiddle
239:Violin
68:fiddle
40:Violin
5985:Rosin
5941:Other
5613:Parts
5543:Cello
5515:Viola
5152:, by
4601:Strad
4582:(PDF)
3672:Notes
3546:cello
3389:Italy
3341:band
3317:Indie
3296:band
3288:band
3271:James
3051:cello
3047:viola
3000:Thais
2903:, or
2887:, or
2720:pizz.
2696:collé
2685:lanes
2639:rosin
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2413:trill
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2135:piano
2125:or a
2098:tapes
2075:frets
1979:rosin
1831:Biber
1801:, by
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1448:Sizes
1350:pitch
1314:steel
1258:, or
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1184:, or
1178:flame
1170:maple
1141:waist
1117:belly
1115:, or
1113:table
966:Amati
892:1658
795:fidel
787:rebec
782:rebab
761:Kobyz
743:bowed
731:Italy
675:vedel
660:fiĂ°la
579:viola
572:viola
498:Amati
479:viola
140:cello
136:viola
5995:Viol
5631:Frog
5343:ISBN
5322:OCLC
5312:ISBN
5268:ISBN
5255:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5220:ISBN
5203:ISBN
5190:ISBN
5177:ISBN
5158:ISBN
5141:ISBN
5128:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5102:ISBN
5088:ISBN
5080:OCLC
5069:ISBN
5056:ISBN
5043:ISBN
5030:ISBN
5017:ISBN
5004:ISBN
4991:ISBN
4978:ISBN
4965:ISBN
4952:ISBN
4939:ISBN
4867:2018
4813:2014
4775:2016
4633:2015
4560:2009
4526:2010
4492:ISBN
4473:2012
4448:2012
4300:ISBN
4090:2019
4063:2019
4036:2022
3979:ISBN
3932:2017
3901:2017
3872:2017
3818:2014
3790:2015
3777:ISBN
3739:2015
3692:and
3540:and
3410:and
3363:The
3337:and
3284:The
3161:TEDx
3124:and
3067:jazz
3061:Jazz
3014:and
2992:The
2884:mute
2606:arco
2543:The
2525:node
2498:and
2488:node
2390:(or
2211:or G
1975:grey
1943:and
1935:Bows
1887:âFâB
1867:âFâB
1706:pegs
1695:Play
1482:full
1431:node
1421:The
1288:silk
1273:The
1249:The
1193:neck
1191:The
1166:faux
1123:, a
1121:neck
1059:US$
1007:The
985:The
978:The
971:The
964:The
948:The
938:SalĂČ
932:The
925:The
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908:The
821:Lyon
739:lyre
534:wood
504:and
496:and
465:and
453:and
439:jazz
392:five
356:The
150:Viol
5663:Nut
5626:Bow
5214:by
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4605:110
3837:NPR
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