1773:
1692:, thereby eliminating any need for a crimp at the top of the brass shotgun shell to hold a shotgun shell together. Reloading brass shotgun shells was widely practiced by self-reliant American farmers during the 1870s, using the same waterglass material that was also used to preserve eggs. The cementing of the top wad on a shotgun shell consisted of applying from three to five drops of waterglass on the top wad to secure it to the brass hull. Brass hulls for shotgun shells were superseded by paper hulls starting around 1877. The newer paper-hulled shotgun shells used a roll crimp in place of a waterglass-cemented joint to hold the top wad in the shell. However, whereas brass shotshells with top wads cemented with waterglass could be reloaded nearly indefinitely (given powder, wad, and shot, of course), the paper hulls that replaced the brass hulls could be reloaded only a few times.
942:(SiN) to act as a diffusion barrier for sodium ions. The deposition of such a layer requires a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition step. A disadvantage of sodium silicate bonding, however, is that it is very difficult to eliminate air bubbles. This is in part because the technique does not require a vacuum and also does not use field assistance as in anodic bonding. This lack of field assistance can sometimes be beneficial, because field assistance can provide such high attraction between wafers as to bend a thinner wafer and collapse onto nanofluidic cavity or MEMS elements.
1688:. Sodium silicate was used to seal combustible nitrated paper together to form a conical paper cartridge to hold the black powder, as well as to cement the lead ball or conical bullet into the open end of the paper cartridge. Such sodium silicate cemented paper cartridges were inserted into the cylinders of revolvers, thereby speeding the reloading of cap-and-ball black powder revolvers. This use largely ended with the introduction of Colt revolvers employing brass-cased cartridges starting in 1873. Similarly, sodium silicate was also used to cement the top wad into brass
954:. Such coatings can be cured in two ways. One method is to heat a thin layer of sodium silicate into a gel and then into a hard film. To make the coating water-resistant, high temperatures of 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) are needed. The temperature is slowly raised to 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K) to dehydrate the film and avoid steaming and blistering. The process must be relatively slow, but infrared lamps may be used at first. In the other method, when high temperatures are not practical, the water resistance may be achieved by chemicals (or
1267:, and high-temperature insulations, such as in moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed with finely divided mineral powders, such as vermiculite dust (which is common scrap from the exfoliation process), one can produce high temperature adhesives. The intumescence disappears in the presence of finely divided mineral dust, whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix. Waterglass is inexpensive and abundantly available, which makes its use popular in many refractory applications.
1781:
remains on the eggs. If they are then stored in appropriate environment, the majority of bacteria which would otherwise cause them to spoil are kept out and their moisture is kept in. According to the cited source, treated eggs can be kept fresh using this method for up to five months. When boiling eggs preserved that way, the shell is no longer permeable to air, and the egg will tend to crack unless a hole in the shell is made (e.g., with a pin) in order to allow steam to escape.
1711:
1529:
1423:
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43:
1297:(reaction product of an acid and an alcohol) to the mixture of sand and sodium silicate before it is placed into the molding box or core box. As the ester hydrolyzes from the water in the liquid sodium silicate, an acid is released which causes the liquid sodium silicate to gel. Once the gel has formed, it will dehydrate to a glassy phase as a result of
1480:(40–30%), an aluminium silicate mineral, to make the sodium silicate "glued" joint opaque. The sodium silicate, however, is the high-temperature adhesive; the kaolin serves simply as a compatible high-temperature coloring agent. Some of these repair compounds also contain glass fibres to enhance their gap-filling abilities and reduce brittleness.
1499:
disappear instantly. However, this repair works only when the sodium silicate reaches its "conversion" temperature. Also, sodium silicate (glass particulate) contamination of lubricants is detrimental to their function, and contamination of engine oil is a serious possibility in situations in which a coolant-to-oil leak is present.
2143:
Emile Kopp (1857): "Sur la préparation et les propriétés du verre soluble ou des silicates de potasse et de soude; analyse de tous les travaux publiés jusqu'a ce jour sur ce sujet" (On the preparation and properties of soluble glass or the silicates of potash and soda; analysis of all works published
1304:
Method 3 requires microwave energy to heat and dehydrate the mixture of sand and sodium silicate in the sand molding box or core box. The forming tools must pass through microwaves for this to work well. Because sodium silicate has a high dielectric constant, it absorbs microwave energy very rapidly.
1664:, the world's first nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In Seattle, crewmen dressed in civilian clothing were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts (160 liters) of an automotive product containing sodium silicate (originally identified as Stop Leak) to repair a leaking condenser system. The
1638:
and the need for large amounts of water to liquidize the clay body. It is also used to create a crackle effect in pottery, usually wheel-thrown. A vase or bottle is thrown on the wheel, fairly narrow and with thick walls. Sodium silicate is brushed on a section of the piece. After five minutes, the
1322:
that require a high pH to react with the textile fiber. After the dye is applied to a cellulose-based fabric, such as cotton or rayon, or onto silk, it is allowed to dry, after which the sodium silicate is painted on to the dyed fabric, covered with plastic to retain moisture, and left to react for
1289:
Method 1 requires passing carbon dioxide gas through the mixture of sand and sodium silicate in the sand molding box or core box. The carbon dioxide reacts with the sodium silicate to form solid silica gel and sodium carbonate. This provides adequate strength to remove the now hardened sand shape
1780:
Waterglass has been used as an egg preservative with large success, primarily when refrigeration is not available. Fresh-laid eggs are immersed in a solution of sodium silicate (waterglass). After being immersed in the solution, they are removed and allowed to dry. A permanent air tight coating
937:
Sodium silicate solutions can also be used as a spin-on adhesive layer to bond glass to glass or a silicon dioxide–covered silicon wafer to one another. Sodium silicate glass-to-glass bonding has the advantage that it is a low-temperature bonding technique, as opposed to fusion bonding. It also
1763:
Sodium silicate and other silicates are the primary components in "instant" wrinkle remover creams, which temporarily tighten the skin to minimize the appearance of wrinkles and under-eye bags. These creams, when applied as a thin film and allowed to dry for a few minutes, can present dramatic
1498:
and allowed to circulate. When the sodium silicate reaches its "conversion" temperature of 100–105 °C (212–221 °F), it loses water molecules and forms a glass seal with a re-melting temperature above 810 °C (1,490 °F). This repair can last two years or longer, and symptoms
1309:
Since the sodium silicate does not burn during casting (it can actually melt at pouring temperatures above 1800 °F), it is common to add organic materials to provide for enhanced sand breakdown after casting. The additives include sugar, starch, carbons, wood flour and phenolic resins.
1613:
of colored metal silicates are formed. This phenomenon has been used by manufacturers of toys and chemistry sets to provide instructive enjoyment to many generations of children from the early 20th century until the present. An early mention of crystals of metallic salts forming a
1475:
Sodium silicate is also used currently as an exhaust system joint and crack sealer for repairing mufflers, resonators, tailpipes, and other exhaust components, with and without fiberglass reinforcing tapes. In this application, the sodium silicate (60–70%) is typically mixed with
445:, double (soda and potash), and fixing (i.e., stabilizing) as types of water glass. The fixing type was "a mixture of silica well saturated with potash water glass and a sodium silicate" used to stabilize inorganic water color pigments on cement work for outdoor signs and murals.
1966:." (Furthermore, stone, gems, sand, marble, silica, etc., become glassy by the addition of alkali: but if roasted with more alkali, they are dissolved in moisture: and the former weight of the stone powder is separated from the alkali and released by simply adding acid.)
2754:
Commander
William R. Anderson with Clay Blair Jr., Nautilus 90 North (Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Co., 1959), pp. 133–137; Commander William R. Anderson with Clay Blair Jr., Nautilus 90 North (New York: The New American Library, 1959),
1963:
Porro lapides, gemmae, arenae, marmora, silices, &c. adjuncto alcali, vitrificantur: sin autem plure alcali coquantur, resolvuntur in humido quidem: ac resoluta, facili negotio acidorum spirituum, separantur ab alcali, pondere pristini pulveris
1301:. Commonly used esters include acetate esters of glycerol and ethylene glycol as well as carbonate esters of propylene and ethylene glycol. The higher the water solubility of the ester, the faster the hardening of the sand.
1772:
1502:
Sodium silicate solution is used to inexpensively, quickly, and permanently disable automobile engines. Running an engine with half a U.S. gallon (or about two liters) of a sodium silicate solution instead of
317:
O weight ratio (which can be converted to molar ratio by multiplication with 1.032). The ratio can vary between 1:2 and 3.75:1. Grades with ratio below 2.85:1 are termed alkaline. Those with a higher SiO
1764:
results. This effect is not permanent, lasting from a few minutes up to a couple of hours. It works like water cement, once the muscle starts to move, it cracks and leaves white residues on the skin.
2100:"Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali; und dessen nüzliche Anwendung als Schuzmittel gegen schnelle Verbreitung des Feuers in Theatern, als Bindemittel, firnißartigen Anstrichen u.s.w."
373:
reported the formation of alkali silicates as a soluble substance made by melting sand with excess alkali, and observed that the silica could be precipitated quantitatively by adding acid to the
1048:) present in the concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the surface, making them far more durable and water repellent. This treatment generally is applied only after the initial
2217:. (The Water-glass: Its properties, production, and application on the basis of experiences and communications of the firm of Henkel & Co.) Published by Vieweg, Braunschweig, Germany.
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1147:
It is used in detergent auxiliaries such as complex sodium disilicate and modified sodium disilicate. The detergent granules gain their ruggedness from a coating of silicates.
404:). The mixture was allowed to cool and then was ground to a fine powder. When the powder was exposed to moist air, it gradually formed a viscous liquid, which Glauber called "
1040:. This effect aids in reducing water penetration, but has no known effect on reducing water vapor transmission and emission. A chemical reaction occurs with the excess Ca(OH)
1305:
Fully dehydrated sand shapes can be produced within a minute of microwave exposure. This method produces the highest strength of sand shapes bonded with sodium silicate.
2368:
411:
However, it was later claimed that the substances prepared by those alchemists were not waterglass as it is understood today. That would have been prepared in 1818 by
2102:[On a new product from silica and potash; and its useful application as a protection against the rapid spread of fire in theaters, as a glue, varnish, etc.].
1179:
caused by the addition of sodium silicate (doubly negatively charged anion accompanied by two sodium cations) and they subsequently aggregate. This process is called
1511:, catastrophically damaging the engine's bearings and pistons within a few minutes. In the United States, this procedure was used to comply with requirements of the
934:. When used as a paper cement, the sodium silicate joint tends to crack within a few years, at which point it no longer holds the paper surfaces cemented together.
453:
Sodium silicates are colorless glassy or crystalline solids, or white powders. Except for the most silicon-rich ones, they are readily soluble in water, producing
6489:
1793:
properties are also used to clarify wine and beer by precipitating colloidal particles. As a clearing agent, though, sodium silicate is sometimes confused with
4504:
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in Japan in April, 2011. The residual heat carried by the water used for cooling the damaged reactors accelerated the setting of the injected mixture.
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1650:
Sodium silicate with additives was injected into the ground to harden it and thereby to prevent further leakage of highly radioactive water from the
1263:. When blended with the latter lightweight fraction, water glass can be used to make hard, high-temperature insulation boards used for refractories,
64:
51:
1809:
and other fishes. Eggs can be preserved in a bucket of waterglass gel, and their shells are sometimes also used (baked and crushed) to clear wine.
6041:
1397:
repair and fitting paste. When dissolved in water, both sodium silicate and magnesium silicate form a thick paste that is easy to apply. When the
1171:
that sink to the bottom of the water column. The microscopic negatively charged particles suspended in water interact with sodium silicate. Their
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It is also the main agent in "magic water", which is used when joining clay pieces, especially if the moisture level of the two differs.
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2215:
Das
Wasserglas; Sein Eigenschaften, Fabrikation und Verwendung auf Grund von Erfahrungen und Mitteilungen der Firma Henkel & Cie
1750:
1568:
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1875:
Gerard Lagaly, Werner Tufar, A. Minihan, A. Lovell "Silicates" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
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2304:"An old solution to a new problem? Hydrogen generation by the reaction of ferrosilicon with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions"
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Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called
2251:
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6426:
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1494:, which are sensitive to thermally induced surface deflection. Sodium silicate is added to the cooling system through the
926:
The adhesive properties of sodium silicate were noted as early as the 1850s and have been widely used at least since the
6600:
6259:
267:. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts.
6605:
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JLR Thompson et al
Characterization of Silicate Sealers on Concrete Cement and Concrete Research Vol. 27 No. 10 1997
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magazine. Metal salts used included the sulfates and/or chlorides of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, and manganese.
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1990:"Wie durch Hülff eines reinen Sandes oder Kißlings auß Sale Tartari ein kräfftiger Spiritus kan erlanget werden."
1495:
1290:
from the forming tool. Additional strength occurs as any unreacted sodium silicate in the sand shape dehydrates.
400:
cream of tartar) and sand in a crucible, and keeping it molten until it ceased to bubble (due to the release of
6191:
4579:
3694:
3654:
3071:
2680:
1061:
994:
412:
346:
2831:
Bechtold, M. F. (1955). "Polymerization and
Properties of Dilute Aqueous Silicic Acid from Cation Exchange".
2126:
Das
Wasserglas: Seine Darstellung, Eigenschaften und seine mannichfache Anwendung in den technischen Gewerben
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When crystals of a number of metallic salts are dropped into a solution of water glass, simple or branching
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requires less processing than glass-to-glass anodic bonding, which requires an intermediate layer such as
361:(quartz) to melt at a lower temperature. Other possible early references to alkali silicates were made by
4219:
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of all common metals. It allows for the rapid production of a strong mold or core by three main methods.
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wall of the piece is stretched outward with a rib or hand. The result is a wrinkled or cracked look.
1160:
1060:. An example of the reaction of sodium silicate with the calcium hydroxide found in concrete to form
431:
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2174:
Water-glass and soluble earths, their nature and significance for industry, technology, and commerce
1992:(How with the help of a pure sand or silica a powerful solution can be gotten from cream of tartar).
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Brack, Paul; Dann, Sandie E.; Wijayantha, K. G. Upul; Adcock, Paul; Foster, Simon (November 2015).
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or in solid form, is often greenish or blue owing to the presence of iron-containing impurities.
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Wasserglas und
Infusorienerde, deren Natur und Bedeutung für Industrie, Technik und die Gewerbe
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with an alkali; the result being soluble in water, "but not affected by atmospheric changes".
366:
88:
2524:"Glass-to-glass anodic bonding with standard IC technology thin films as intermediate layers"
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1409:
compounds that are left over have glass-like properties, making a temporary, brittle repair.
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1958:
974:. Before application, an aqueous solution of sodium silicate is mixed with a curing agent.
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was en route to the North Pole on a top secret mission to cross the North Pole submerged.
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1986:] (in German). Vol. 2. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Johann Fabel. pp. 136–137.
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2730:"Ceramic, Pottery, Sculpture and Kintsugi Repair | China repair and restoration"
2499:
2131:
Water-glass: its preparation, properties, and its manifold uses in technical commerce
1689:
1676:
A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of
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610:
31:
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1776:
World War I poster suggesting the use of waterglass to preserve eggs (lower right).
1631:
1590:
1282:
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1168:
991:
950:
Sodium silicate may be used for various paints and coatings, such as those used on
829:
513:
488:. Heated to drive off the water, the result is a hard translucent substance called
477:
416:
909:
The main applications of sodium silicates are in detergents, paper industry (as a
2167:
2124:
930:. The largest application of sodium silicate solutions is a cement for producing
309:
In industry, the various grades of sodium silicate are characterized by their SiO
27:
Hygroscopic chemical compound of variable Na2O/SiO2 ratio precursor of waterglass
6569:
6534:
6254:
6136:
5507:
5489:
3682:
2416:
Wang, H.Y; Foote, R.S; Jacobson, S.C; Schneibel, J.H; Ramsey, J.M (1997-12-15).
2351:
Commerce, Royal
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and (1859).
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489:
438:
299:
291:
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Ashford's
Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, third edition, 2011, page 8369.
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2441:
1951:(in Latin). Cologne, Germany: Jost Kalckhoven (Jodocum Kalcoven). p. 53.
1880:
6431:
6330:
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1504:
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427:
338:
295:
2418:"Low temperature bonding for microfabrication of chemical analysis devices"
42:
2186:
Von Wagner, Rudolf (1892; translation of 13th edition by
Willian Crookes)
1052:
has taken place (approximately seven days depending on conditions). These
17:
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1735: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1582:
1553: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1447: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1394:
1361: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1260:
1221: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1053:
1037:
1025:
504:
Solutions of sodium silicates can be produced by treating a mixture of
481:
342:
282:. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of
264:
6345:
6151:
4794:
2133:] (in German). Quedlinburg and Leipzig, Germany: Gottfried Basse.
1904:), France: Guillaume Rouillé (Gulielmum Rovillium). pp. 290–291.
1477:
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469:
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334:
283:
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1817:
Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate for algal growth in
1318:
Sodium silicate solution is used as a fixative for hand dyeing with
4899:
2891:
2665:
The Killer App for Clunkers Breathes Fresh Life Into 'Liquid Glass'
457:
solutions. When dried up it still can be rehydrated back in water.
6264:
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3761:
1771:
1598:
1405:, the heat drives out all of the excess water from the paste. The
1294:
1064:(CSH) gel, the main product in hydrated Portland cement, follows.
955:
2054:[The alleged invention of waterglass in the year 1520].
1586:
6023:
4903:
4668:
2895:
2871:
990:
walls. It is particularly useful when drill holes pass through
1894:
Magia naturalis sive de miraculis rerum naturalium, libri iiii
1704:
1522:
1416:
1330:
1190:
817:
485:
36:
408:" (i.e., oil or solution of silica, sand or quartz crystal).
2793:
Self consuming paper cartridges for the percussion revolver
461:
2232:. Published by Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1961:, van Helmont mentions that alkalis dissolve silicates: "
2052:"Die angebliche Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"
1898:
Natural magic or on the miracles of nature, in four books
1155:
Sodium silicate is used as an alum coagulant and an iron
422:
The terms "water glass" and "soluble glass" were used by
2036:[The invention of waterglass in the year 1520].
2018:[The invention of waterglass in the year 1520].
1928:[The invention of waterglass in the year 1520].
1020:
treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to reduce
30:"E550" redirects here. For the Italian locomotive, see
2767:"Making and using combustible paper pistol cartridges"
913:
agent), water treatment, and construction materials.
1930:
Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen Ingenieur-Vereins
1585:
has been used in between the double skin of certain
594:
Sodium silicates can also be obtained by dissolving
496:. It can withstand temperatures up to 1100 °C.
6480:
6412:
6344:
6278:
6240:
6084:
6058:
4758:
4723:
4702:
4328:
3647:
3419:
3228:
3143:
3089:
2980:
2936:
2929:
2795:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Northwest Development Co.
2559:
2557:
2079:[On a new product from silica and potash].
1255:Water glass is a useful binder for solids, such as
2681:Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS program
406:Oleum oder Liquor Silicum, Arenæ, vel Crystallorum
2077:"Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali"
1401:of an internal combustion engine heats up to its
2513:
2511:
2509:
1483:Sodium silicate can be used to fill gaps in the
617:(that melts with decomposition at 851 °C):
290:, textile and lumber processing, manufacture of
2882:ChemSub Online : Silicic acid, sodium salt
2567:Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics
2464:Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
2460:"Bonding wafers with sodium silicate solution"
2176:] (in German). Vienna, Austria: Hartleben.
2091:"Ich erhielt es zuerst, vor ungefähr 7 Jahren"
2034:"Die Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"
2016:"Die Erfindung des Wasserglases im Jahre 1520"
1646:Sealing of leaking water-containing structures
1281:It is used as a binder of the sand when doing
6490:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
6035:
4915:
4680:
2907:
2453:
2451:
1684:between 1851 and 1873, especially during the
834:Sodium silicate may be produced as a part of
8:
2411:
2409:
2367:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1926:"Die Erfindung des Wasserglas im Jahre 1520"
1487:of an engine. This is especially useful for
2659:
2657:
2388:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
1593:, but also makes cutting them open with an
6042:
6028:
6020:
4922:
4908:
4900:
4687:
4673:
4665:
2933:
2914:
2900:
2892:
2641:"Sodium silicate as a fixative for dyeing"
2093:(I first obtained it about 7 years ago).
1618:" in sodium silicate is found in the 1946
2887:ChemSub Online : Sodium metasilicate
2327:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1751:Learn how and when to remove this message
1569:Learn how and when to remove this message
1463:Learn how and when to remove this message
1377:Learn how and when to remove this message
1237:Learn how and when to remove this message
820:of alkali metal silicates were produced.
437:In 1892, Rudolf Von Wagner distinguished
6001:
5997:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5899:
5889:
5885:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3705:
67:of all important aspects of the article.
2877:International Chemical Safety Card 1137
1857:
1680:for black powder revolvers produced by
986:to stabilize and avoid the collapse of
830:Ferrosilicon § Hydrogen production
706:The material can be obtained also from
302:. The commercial product, available in
2872:Centre Européen d'Etudes des Silicates
2360:
1013:Concrete and general masonry treatment
982:Sodium silicate is frequently used in
476:ions react with hydrogen ions to form
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
1652:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant
7:
2253:The OxyChem Sodium Silicate Handbook
1733:adding citations to reliable sources
1551:adding citations to reliable sources
1445:adding citations to reliable sources
1389:Sodium silicate is used, along with
1359:adding citations to reliable sources
1219:adding citations to reliable sources
1277:Sand casting § Sodium silicate
2081:Archiv für die gesammte Naturlehre
2075:Nepomuk von Fuchs, Johann (1825).
1892:della Porta, Giambattista (1569).
1513:Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS)
325:O ratio are described as neutral.
25:
2833:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
2528:Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
2458:Puers, R; Cozma, A (1997-09-01).
2422:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
1581:A mixture of sodium silicate and
1175:collapses due to the increase of
1163:plants. Sodium silicate binds to
838:by dissolving ferrosilicon in an
710:(melting point 884 °C) with
516:, and water, with hot steam in a
2707:: 88. April 1946. Archived from
2384:"Sodium silicate as an adhesive"
2308:Energy Science & Engineering
1709:
1634:in casting slips helping reduce
1589:. This not only makes them more
1527:
1421:
1335:
1195:
41:
6560:Radioactive waste vitrification
6515:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
2639:Burch, Paula (March 22, 2010).
2522:; Vellekoop, M.J (2000-05-15).
2056:Neues Repertorium für Pharmacie
1976:Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1647).
1720:needs additional citations for
1597:extremely difficult due to the
1538:needs additional citations for
1432:needs additional citations for
1346:needs additional citations for
1206:needs additional citations for
480:, which tend to decompose into
460:Sodium silicates are stable in
55:may be too short to adequately
2144:until today on this subject).
1947:van Helmont, Johannes (1644).
65:provide an accessible overview
1:
6427:Chemically strengthened glass
2540:10.1016/S0924-4247(99)00376-3
2434:10.1016/S0925-4005(97)00294-3
2202:Manual of Chemical Technology
2188:Manual of Chemical Technology
1630:Sodium silicate is used as a
1323:an hour at room temperature.
6260:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
2098:Nepomuk Fuchs, Joh. (1825).
1682:Colt's Manufacturing Company
1293:Method 2 requires adding an
889:which is often converted to
341:) were observed by European
6611:Inorganic silicon compounds
2570:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
2382:Furness, Rex (1922-09-30).
2229:Water-glass: A Bibliography
1914:" (Quartz, so made molten)]
1912:Crystallus, ut fusilis fiat
1167:molecules, creating larger
613:is 1713 °C) in molten
298:, and in the production of
6637:
2765:Tom Kelley (August 1995).
2564:Li, Dongqing, ed. (2008).
2518:Berthold, A.; Nicola, L.;
1274:
1248:
827:
520:. The overall reaction is
29:
6291:Chemical vapor deposition
6212:Ultra low expansion glass
6102:Borophosphosilicate glass
4937:
2576:10.1007/978-0-387-48998-8
2484:10.1088/0960-1317/7/3/008
2275:Chemistry of the Elements
2273:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2166:Krätzer, Hermann (1887).
1984:New Philosophical Furnace
1801:extracted from the dried
6530:Glass-reinforced plastic
6192:Sodium hexametaphosphate
2146:Le Moniteur scientifique
2020:Kunst- und Gewerbe-Blatt
1949:Opuscula medica inaudita
1900:] (in Latin). Lyon (
1881:10.1002/14356007.a23_661
1062:calcium silicate hydrate
413:Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs
347:Giambattista della Porta
263:). The anions are often
6422:Anti-reflective coating
6296:Glass batch calculation
6177:Photochromic lens glass
2806:How To Store Fresh Eggs
2669:The Wall Street Journal
2400:10.1002/jctb.5000411801
2226:Morris Schrero (1922):
2123:Wolff, Leopold (1846).
2104:Polytechnisches Journal
2038:Polytechnisches Journal
1979:Furni Novi Philosophici
1797:which is prepared from
1507:causes the solution to
1265:passive fire protection
1173:electrical double layer
877:Though unprofitable, Na
371:Jan Baptist van Helmont
288:passive fire protection
2213:Hermann Mayer (1925):
1777:
1058:silicate mineral paint
369:in 1550. Around 1640,
349:observed in 1567 that
87:is a generic name for
6555:Prince Rupert's drops
6404:Transparent materials
6364:Gradient-index optics
6172:Phosphosilicate glass
2808:. motherearthnews.com
2279:Butterworth-Heinemann
2271:Greenwood, Norman N.
1775:
1657:On June 3, 1958, the
1403:operating temperature
1143:Detergent auxiliaries
968:sodium fluorosilicate
828:Further information:
714:as a reducing agent:
345:in the 16th century.
333:Soluble silicates of
6520:Glass ionomer cement
6394:Photosensitive glass
6321:Liquidus temperature
6142:Fluorosilicate glass
2791:Kirst, W.J. (1983).
2705:Mechanix Illustrated
1729:improve this article
1547:improve this article
1441:improve this article
1355:improve this article
1215:improve this article
1161:wastewater treatment
997:containing swelling
355:potassium bitartrate
206:sodium orthosilicate
6601:Drilling technology
6540:Glass-to-metal seal
6462:Self-cleaning glass
6384:Optical lens design
2845:10.1021/j150528a013
2819:Amateur wine making
2476:1997JMiMi...7..114P
2320:2015EneSE...3..535B
1831:Precipitated silica
972:aluminium phosphate
836:hydrogen production
816:In 1990, 4 million
492:, widely used as a
394:potassium carbonate
231:sodium pyrosilicate
181:sodium metasilicate
6606:Glass compositions
6525:Glass microspheres
6447:Hydrogen darkening
6369:Hydrogen darkening
6117:Chalcogenide glass
6107:Borosilicate glass
2817:SM Tritton (1956)
2686:2010-10-19 at the
2663:Helliker, Kevin. "
2204:(1892 translation)
1789:Sodium silicate's
1778:
1686:American Civil War
1672:Firearm cartridges
1595:oxyacetylene torch
1391:magnesium silicate
885:is a byproduct of
388:, which he called
386:potassium silicate
357:) caused powdered
353:(cream of tartar,
337:metals (sodium or
89:chemical compounds
6578:
6577:
6495:Glass-coated wire
6467:sol–gel technique
6452:Insulated glazing
6389:Photochromic lens
6374:Optical amplifier
6326:sol–gel technique
6017:
6016:
4897:
4896:
4696:Silicon compounds
4662:
4661:
4324:
4323:
2585:978-0-387-32468-5
2394:(18): 381R–384R.
2288:978-0-08-037941-8
2001:(Glauber, 1647),
1924:Kohn, C. (1862).
1768:Food preservation
1761:
1760:
1753:
1696:Food and medicine
1579:
1578:
1571:
1519:Safe construction
1473:
1472:
1465:
1413:Automotive repair
1387:
1386:
1379:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1028:products such as
91:with the formula
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
6628:
6616:Sodium compounds
6316:Ion implantation
6071:Glass transition
6044:
6037:
6030:
6021:
6005:
5991:
5977:
5963:
5949:
5935:
5921:
5911:
5904:
5893:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5116:
4931:Oxygen compounds
4924:
4917:
4910:
4901:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4666:
3732:
3718:
3708:
3420:Oxypnictogenides
3229:Oxychalcogenides
2934:
2923:Sodium compounds
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2849:
2848:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2769:. Archived from
2762:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:(TEPCO:2011.4.6)
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2697:
2691:
2678:
2672:
2671:, 4 August 2009.
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2605:. Archived from
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2534:(1–3): 224–228.
2515:
2504:
2503:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2277:(2nd ed.).
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2157:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2088:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2045:
2027:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1889:
1883:
1873:
1846:Sodium germanate
1836:Sodium carbonate
1756:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1713:
1705:
1678:paper cartridges
1574:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1531:
1523:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1425:
1417:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1339:
1331:
1251:Calcium silicate
1242:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1199:
1191:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
891:calcium silicate
843:sodium hydroxide
812:
811:
810:
800:
799:
798:
788:
787:
786:
776:
775:
774:
764:
763:
753:
752:
751:
741:
740:
739:
731:
730:
702:
701:
700:
690:
689:
688:
678:
677:
676:
666:
665:
655:
654:
653:
643:
642:
641:
633:
632:
615:sodium carbonate
608:
607:
606:
590:
588:
587:
574:
573:
572:
562:
561:
560:
550:
549:
539:
538:
537:
484:silicon dioxide
430:in 1857, and by
365:in 1520, and by
262:
261:
260:
252:
251:
243:
242:
228:
227:
226:
218:
217:
203:
202:
201:
193:
192:
178:
177:
176:
166:
165:
155:
154:
153:
143:
142:
132:
131:
130:
115:
114:
104:
103:
77:
74:
68:
45:
37:
21:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6510:Glass electrode
6505:Glass databases
6482:
6476:
6414:
6408:
6340:
6274:
6250:Bioactive glass
6236:
6222:Vitreous enamel
6207:Thoriated glass
6202:Tellurite glass
6187:Soda–lime glass
6157:Gold ruby glass
6127:Cranberry glass
6080:
6054:
6048:
6018:
6013:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5865:
5861:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5799:
5791:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5713:
5709:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5671:
5663:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5493:
5484:
5476:
5463:
5459:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5372:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5279:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5165:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4933:
4928:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4769:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4719:
4698:
4693:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4612:
4608:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4570:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4368:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3885:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3831:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3085:
3080:
3066:
3052:
3038:
3020:
3016:
3007:
2999:
2991:
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2856:Further reading
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2013:
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1946:
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1859:
1854:
1841:Sodium stannate
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1757:
1746:
1740:
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1620:Modern Mechanix
1616:chemical garden
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1605:Crystal gardens
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1007:montmorillonite
984:drilling fluids
980:
978:Drilling fluids
964:phosphoric acid
948:
940:silicon nitride
928:First World War
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472:solutions, the
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363:Basil Valentine
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85:Sodium silicate
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50:This article's
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12:
11:
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6472:Tempered glass
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6442:DNA microarray
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6437:Dealkalization
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6311:Glass modeling
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6182:Silicate glass
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2867:
2866:External links
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2839:(6): 532–541.
2823:
2810:
2798:
2783:
2757:
2747:
2735:
2721:
2701:"Magic garden"
2692:
2673:
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2631:
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2470:(3): 114–117.
2447:
2428:(3): 199–207.
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2314:(6): 535–540.
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2113:
2112:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2050:Anon. (1863).
2046:
2032:Anon. (1863).
2014:Anon. (1863).
2006:
1994:
1968:
1939:
1916:
1884:
1856:
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1699:
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1694:
1690:shotgun shells
1673:
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1647:
1644:
1627:
1624:
1606:
1603:
1591:fire resistant
1577:
1576:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1492:cylinder heads
1489:aluminum alloy
1471:
1470:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1399:exhaust system
1385:
1384:
1343:
1341:
1334:
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1302:
1291:
1275:Main article:
1272:
1269:
1245:
1244:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:Refractory use
1185:
1177:ionic strength
1152:
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853:2NaOH + Si + H
846:
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807:
795:
783:
769:
760:
748:
736:
727:
708:sodium sulfate
704:
703:
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662:
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638:
629:
603:
592:
591:
584:
569:
555:
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468:solutions. In
450:
447:
415:, by treating
402:carbon dioxide
390:liquor silicum
330:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
304:water solution
257:
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239:
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198:
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97:
80:
79:
59:the key points
49:
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40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Optical fiber
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6336:Vitrification
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:Glass melting
6304:
6302:
6301:Glass forming
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Uranium glass
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6197:Soluble glass
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Ceramic glaze
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6040:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6010:
6007:
6004:
5993:
5990:
5979:
5976:
5965:
5962:
5951:
5948:
5937:
5934:
5923:
5920:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5895:
5892:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5856:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5666:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5614:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5497:
5495:
5488:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5106:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4870:
4868:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4655:
4633:
4631:
4616:
4614:
4603:
4601:
4590:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4565:
4563:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4533:
4519:
4517:
4503:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4466:
4464:
4450:
4448:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4409:
4407:
4389:
4387:
4376:
4374:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4291:
4289:
4274:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4138:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4098:
4096:
4082:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3989:
3987:
3973:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3792:
3790:
3776:
3774:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3566:
3564:
3550:
3548:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3354:
3352:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3320:
3306:
3304:
3290:
3288:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:Pnictogenides
3088:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:Chalcogenides
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2773:on 2008-03-27
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:Press Release
2739:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2711:on 2012-02-10
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2612:on 2018-08-10
2608:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:pages 366–391
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2106:(in German).
2105:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2087:(4): 385–412.
2086:
2083:(in German).
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2058:(in German).
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2040:(in German).
2039:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:(in German).
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:(in German).
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:swim bladders
1800:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1741:December 2022
1734:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:This section
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1562:
1559:December 2022
1552:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:This section
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1453:December 2022
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:This section
1428:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1367:December 2022
1360:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1344:This section
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:reactive dyes
1314:Dye auxiliary
1313:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1227:December 2022
1220:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:This section
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:are known as
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:clay minerals
996:
993:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
943:
941:
935:
933:
929:
921:
916:
914:
912:
904:
902:
892:
888:
887:Bayer process
873:Bayer process
872:
852:
851:
850:
849:O) solution:
844:
841:
837:
831:
823:
821:
819:
772:
721:
717:
716:
715:
713:
709:
674:
623:
620:
619:
618:
616:
612:
611:melting point
597:
578:
558:
527:
523:
522:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:silicic acids
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:Leopold Wolff
420:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
396:(obtained by
395:
392:, by melting
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:tartari salis
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
307:
305:
301:
297:
294:ceramics, as
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
232:
207:
182:
174:
151:
128:
124:
112:
101:
90:
86:
76:
66:
60:
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
32:FS Class E550
19:
6545:Porous glass
6500:Safety glass
6457:Porous glass
6415:modification
6227:Wood's glass
6196:
6147:Fused quartz
6122:Cobalt glass
6076:Supercooling
4115:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:the original
2760:
2750:
2738:
2724:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2704:
2695:
2676:
2668:
2644:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2594:
2566:
2531:
2527:
2467:
2463:
2425:
2421:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2353:
2346:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2274:
2265:
2252:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2200:Von Wagner,
2196:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2148:, volume 1,
2145:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2041:
2037:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1953:In Part I:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1821:hatcheries.
1816:
1788:
1779:
1762:
1747:
1738:
1727:Please help
1722:verification
1719:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1632:deflocculant
1629:
1619:
1608:
1580:
1565:
1556:
1545:Please help
1540:verification
1537:
1501:
1482:
1474:
1459:
1450:
1439:Please help
1434:verification
1431:
1388:
1373:
1364:
1353:Please help
1348:verification
1345:
1327:Metal repair
1317:
1308:
1283:sand casting
1280:
1254:
1233:
1224:
1213:Please help
1208:verification
1205:
1154:
1146:
1016:
992:argillaceous
981:
952:welding rods
949:
936:
925:
908:
876:
833:
824:Ferrosilicon
815:
770:
719:
705:
672:
621:
593:
576:
556:
525:
514:caustic soda
508:(usually as
503:
459:
452:
436:
426:in 1846, by
421:
417:silicic acid
410:
405:
389:
379:
358:
350:
332:
308:
286:, coatings,
280:liquid glass
279:
275:
271:
269:
172:
149:
126:
122:
110:
99:
84:
83:
70:
54:
52:lead section
6570:Glass fiber
6535:Glass cloth
6279:Preparation
6255:CorningWare
6137:Flint glass
6132:Crown glass
6085:Formulation
2520:Sarro, P.M.
1955:De Lithiasi
1908:pp. 290–291
1819:aquaculture
1813:Aquaculture
1611:stalagmites
1509:precipitate
1485:head gasket
1257:vermiculite
1181:coagulation
1046:portlandite
958:), such as
917:Engineering
510:quartz sand
398:calcinating
276:water glass
6585:Categories
6565:Windshield
6399:Refraction
6359:Dispersion
6167:Milk glass
6162:Lead glass
3144:Oxyhalides
2777:2010-12-17
2715:2007-04-30
2690:, cars.gov
2616:2018-08-09
2110:: 465–481.
2062:: 271–273.
2044:: 394–395.
2026:: 228–230.
1936:: 229–230.
1852:References
1791:flocculant
1249:See also:
1169:aggregates
1157:flocculant
995:formations
960:boric acid
500:Production
490:silica gel
449:Properties
428:Émile Kopp
359:crystallum
343:alchemists
300:silica gel
292:refractory
272:waterglass
179:, such as
18:Waterglass
6621:Silicates
6432:Corrosion
6331:Viscosity
6286:Annealing
2930:Inorganic
2646:March 22,
2548:0924-4247
2500:250822654
2492:0960-1317
2442:0925-4005
2363:cite book
1795:isinglass
1701:Cosmetics
1636:viscosity
1601:emitted.
1515:program.
1505:motor oil
1299:syneresis
1165:colloidal
1115:x CaO.SiO
932:cardboard
494:desiccant
434:in 1887.
380:In 1646,
339:potassium
296:adhesives
265:polymeric
73:June 2023
57:summarize
6596:Concrete
6550:Pre-preg
6354:Achromat
6097:Bioglass
6092:AgInSbTe
2684:Archived
2338:54929253
1902:Lugdunum
1825:See also
1807:sturgeon
1799:collagen
1666:Nautilus
1661:Nautilus
1496:radiator
1407:silicate
1103:x Ca(OH)
1054:coatings
1038:plasters
1030:concrete
1024:in most
1022:porosity
1018:Concrete
1003:smectite
1001:such as
988:borehole
946:Coatings
922:Adhesive
911:deinking
742:+ C + 2
482:hydrated
474:silicate
466:alkaline
455:alkaline
375:solution
367:Agricola
6481:Diverse
6413:Surface
6270:Zerodur
6009:more...
4724:Si(III)
4330:Organic
3683:NaAl(SO
2937:Halides
2472:Bibcode
2354:Journal
2316:Bibcode
2150:337–349
1964:lapidum
1959:page 53
1785:Brewing
1626:Pottery
1583:sawdust
1395:muffler
1271:Foundry
1261:perlite
1026:masonry
857:O → 2Na
845:(NaOH·H
840:aqueous
609:(whose
528:NaOH +
518:reactor
462:neutral
382:Glauber
329:History
284:cements
229:), and
6591:Cement
6483:topics
6346:Optics
6152:GeSbTe
6059:Basics
4759:Si(IV)
4703:Si(II)
4460:(OH)CO
4360:HCOONa
4280:[Co(NO
4224:Fe(CN)
4212:Fe(CN)
4172:Zn(OH)
3861:NaHXeO
3695:NaAuCl
3648:Others
3396:NaHSeO
2600:"Home"
2582:
2546:
2498:
2490:
2440:
2357:. RSA.
2336:
2285:
2259:, 2019
2003:p. 138
1478:kaolin
1036:, and
1034:stucco
970:, and
956:esters
712:carbon
596:silica
506:silica
470:acidic
443:potash
335:alkali
6265:Macor
6232:ZBLAN
6066:Glass
6051:Glass
4613:COONa
4600:COONa
4513:AlNaO
4386:COONa
4373:COONa
4293:NaNSi
4288:]
3903:NaTcO
3895:NaTcO
3890:NaSCN
3882:NaReO
3877:NaOCN
3869:NaMnO
3841:NaHCO
3828:NaCoO
3823:NaCNO
3810:NaBiO
3714:NaAsF
3704:NaSbF
3663:NaAlO
3655:NaAlH
3636:NaSbO
3268:NaHSO
3260:NaHSO
3201:NaBrO
3193:NaBrO
3185:NaBrO
3180:NaBrO
3172:NaClO
3164:NaClO
3156:NaClO
3151:NaClO
3072:NaHTe
3058:NaSeH
2755:89–90
2610:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2496:S2CID
2334:S2CID
2257:(PDF)
2172:[
2129:[
1988:See:
1982:[
1896:[
1599:smoke
1587:safes
1393:, in
1295:ester
1137:2NaOH
384:made
278:, or
4847:Si(N
4811:SiAu
4779:SiCl
4766:SiBr
4427:NaCH
4313:PdCl
4236:Fe(C
4088:O(UO
4076:PtCl
4064:IrCl
3911:NaVO
3818:NaCN
3754:NaBO
3749:(CN)
3745:NaBH
3737:NaBH
3616:HAsO
3471:NaPO
3435:NaNO
3427:NaNO
3217:NaIO
3209:NaIO
3114:NaNH
3044:NaSH
3030:NaOD
3025:NaOH
2972:NaAt
2962:NaBr
2957:NaCl
2949:NaHF
2648:2010
2580:ISBN
2544:ISSN
2488:ISSN
2438:ISSN
2369:link
2283:ISBN
1906:See
1659:USS
1259:and
1124:.y H
1050:cure
905:Uses
865:+ 2H
818:tons
789:+ 2
754:→ 2
464:and
439:soda
158:(SiO
6000:PtF
5875:NbO
5870:NbO
5841:NaO
5763:MoO
5755:MoO
5723:MnO
5718:MnO
5701:MgO
5628:IrO
5537:HgO
5529:HfO
5473:GeO
5468:GeO
5418:FeO
5377:CuO
5357:CsO
5313:CrO
5284:CoO
5207:ClO
5175:CeO
5170:CdO
5162:CaO
5157:CaO
5076:BrO
5056:BiO
5039:BeO
5034:BaO
4966:AmO
4885:SiF
4827:SiS
4819:SiO
4803:SiI
4795:SiH
4787:SiF
4774:SiC
4715:SiS
4710:SiO
4641:256
4637:164
4580:NaC
4521:NaC
4500:NO]
4484:NaC
4468:NaC
4452:NaC
4436:NaC
4431:COO
4419:NaO
4355:ONa
4342:ONa
4297:(CH
4268:SiF
4256:SiO
4132:TiO
4120:SiO
4052:MoO
4040:MnO
4011:GeO
3967:CrO
3853:XeO
3836:NaH
3728:TiF
3675:AlF
3628:AsO
3624:NaH
3604:AsO
3592:AsO
3487:HPO
3459:NaH
3408:TeO
3388:SeO
3376:SeO
3106:NaN
2996:NaO
2988:NaO
2967:NaI
2944:NaF
2841:doi
2572:doi
2536:doi
2480:doi
2430:doi
2396:doi
2324:doi
2042:168
1910:, "
1877:doi
1805:of
1731:by
1549:by
1443:by
1357:by
1217:by
1159:in
1090:y H
1078:SiO
1005:or
901:).
897:SiO
893:(Ca
881:SiO
861:SiO
779:SiO
756:(Na
744:SiO
681:SiO
658:(Na
646:SiO
599:SiO
565:SiO
542:(Na
530:SiO
512:),
486:gel
321::Na
313::Na
219:SiO
204:),
194:SiO
135:(Na
133:or
6587::
5916:OF
5909:OF
5884:Nd
5858:Na
5849:Na
5788:NO
5783:NO
5771:Mo
5743:Mn
5731:Mn
5706:Mg
5689:Lu
5677:Li
5668:Li
5656:La
5636:KO
5616:In
5563:IO
5551:Ho
5542:Hg
5456:Ga
5447:Ga
5435:Fe
5423:Fe
5406:Eu
5394:Er
5382:Dy
5365:Cs
5351:12
5345:Cr
5333:Cr
5321:Cr
5301:Co
5289:Co
5272:Cl
5260:Cl
5248:Cl
5236:Cl
5224:Cl
5215:Cl
5195:Ce
5183:Ce
5137:CO
5132:CO
5109:Br
5096:Br
5084:Br
5064:Bi
5044:Bi
5010:Au
4998:As
4986:As
4974:Am
4954:Al
4942:Ag
4889:Cl
4876:Cl
4872:Si
4859:Si
4835:Si
4747:Cl
4743:Si
4731:Si
4651:Na
4645:68
4630:Na
4624:35
4620:18
4611:33
4607:17
4598:31
4594:15
4575:Na
4562:Na
4549:Na
4545:NO
4511:16
4496:Na
4486:10
4474:23
4470:12
4444:CO
4391:Na
4338:CH
4309:Na
4276:Na
4264:Na
4252:Na
4232:Na
4220:Na
4208:Na
4202:28
4198:10
4192:Na
4184:VO
4180:Na
4168:Na
4160:WO
4156:Na
4140:Na
4128:Na
4116:Na
4100:Na
4084:Na
4072:Na
4060:Na
4048:Na
4036:Na
4028:Na
4023:He
4019:Na
4007:Na
4001:10
3995:Cr
3991:Na
3979:Cr
3975:Na
3963:Na
3947:Na
3931:Na
3923:CO
3919:Na
3849:Na
3804:13
3794:Na
3778:Na
3762:Na
3724:Na
3671:Na
3612:Na
3600:Na
3588:Na
3568:Na
3552:Na
3546:10
3536:Na
3528:PO
3524:Na
3512:PS
3508:Na
3499:PO
3495:Na
3483:Na
3463:PO
3443:Na
3404:Na
3384:Na
3372:Na
3356:Na
3340:Na
3324:Na
3308:Na
3292:Na
3276:Na
3252:SO
3248:Na
3240:SO
3236:Na
3135:As
3131:Na
3122:Na
3097:Na
3081:Po
3077:Na
3067:Te
3063:Na
3053:Se
3049:Na
3035:Na
3013:Na
3004:Na
2837:59
2835:.
2703:.
2667:"
2656:^
2578:.
2556:^
2542:.
2532:82
2530:.
2526:.
2508:^
2494:.
2486:.
2478:.
2466:.
2462:.
2450:^
2436:.
2426:45
2424:.
2420:.
2408:^
2392:41
2390:.
2386:.
2365:}}
2361:{{
2332:.
2322:.
2310:.
2306:.
2281:.
2237:^
2152:,
2108:17
2060:12
2024:49
1957:,
1934:14
1860:^
1183:.
1135:+
1113:→
1101:+
1088:+
1069:Na
1032:,
1009:.
966:,
962:,
803:CO
801:+
791:SO
765:O)
732:SO
723:Na
693:CO
691:+
667:O)
656:→
644:+
634:CO
625:Na
575:+
551:O)
540:→
441:,
377:.
274:,
244:Si
235:Na
210:Na
185:Na
144:O)
105:Si
93:Na
6043:e
6036:t
6029:v
6002:6
5998:2
5996:O
5988:2
5986:F
5984:6
5982:O
5974:2
5972:F
5970:5
5968:O
5960:2
5958:F
5956:4
5954:O
5946:2
5944:F
5942:3
5940:O
5932:2
5930:F
5928:2
5926:O
5918:2
5902:F
5900:2
5898:O
5890:3
5888:O
5886:2
5877:2
5864:2
5862:O
5860:2
5853:O
5851:2
5843:2
5835:5
5833:O
5831:2
5829:N
5823:4
5821:O
5819:2
5817:N
5811:3
5809:O
5807:2
5805:N
5800:O
5798:2
5796:N
5790:2
5777:3
5775:O
5773:2
5765:3
5757:2
5749:7
5747:O
5745:2
5737:3
5735:O
5733:2
5725:2
5712:3
5710:O
5708:2
5695:3
5693:O
5691:2
5683:2
5681:O
5679:2
5672:O
5670:2
5662:3
5660:O
5658:2
5650:2
5648:O
5646:2
5644:K
5638:2
5630:2
5622:3
5620:O
5618:2
5610:9
5608:O
5606:4
5604:I
5598:6
5596:O
5594:2
5592:I
5586:5
5584:O
5582:2
5580:I
5574:4
5572:O
5570:2
5568:I
5557:3
5555:O
5553:2
5546:O
5544:2
5531:2
5523:2
5521:O
5519:2
5517:H
5512:O
5510:2
5508:H
5503:O
5501:2
5499:H
5494:O
5492:2
5490:H
5485:O
5483:2
5481:H
5475:2
5462:3
5460:O
5458:2
5451:O
5449:2
5441:4
5439:O
5437:3
5429:3
5427:O
5425:2
5412:3
5410:O
5408:2
5400:3
5398:O
5396:2
5388:3
5386:O
5384:2
5371:3
5369:O
5367:2
5359:2
5349:O
5347:5
5339:5
5337:O
5335:2
5327:3
5325:O
5323:2
5315:3
5307:4
5305:O
5303:3
5295:3
5293:O
5291:2
5278:7
5276:O
5274:2
5266:6
5264:O
5262:2
5254:4
5252:O
5250:2
5242:3
5240:O
5238:2
5230:2
5228:O
5226:2
5219:O
5217:2
5209:2
5201:3
5199:O
5197:2
5189:4
5187:O
5185:3
5177:2
5164:2
5151:2
5149:O
5147:3
5145:C
5139:2
5123:8
5118:O
5114:3
5102:5
5100:O
5098:2
5090:3
5088:O
5086:2
5078:2
5070:5
5068:O
5066:2
5058:2
5050:3
5048:O
5046:2
5028:3
5026:O
5024:2
5022:B
5016:3
5014:O
5012:2
5004:5
5002:O
5000:2
4992:3
4990:O
4988:2
4980:3
4978:O
4976:2
4968:2
4960:3
4958:O
4956:2
4948:4
4946:O
4944:4
4923:e
4916:t
4909:v
4887:3
4880:O
4878:6
4874:2
4867:O
4865:2
4863:N
4861:2
4853:4
4851:)
4849:3
4841:4
4839:N
4837:3
4829:2
4821:2
4813:4
4805:4
4797:4
4789:4
4781:4
4768:4
4749:6
4745:2
4737:6
4735:H
4733:2
4688:e
4681:t
4674:v
4653:2
4649:2
4647:S
4643:O
4639:H
4635:C
4628:2
4626:O
4622:H
4618:C
4609:H
4605:C
4596:H
4592:C
4586:5
4584:H
4582:5
4573:9
4571:H
4569:4
4567:C
4560:5
4558:H
4556:6
4554:C
4547:4
4543:8
4541:H
4539:5
4537:C
4531:6
4529:O
4527:7
4525:H
4523:6
4515:4
4509:H
4507:6
4505:C
4498:2
4490:8
4488:H
4478:2
4476:O
4472:H
4462:2
4458:4
4456:H
4454:6
4446:2
4442:5
4440:H
4438:6
4429:3
4421:6
4417:5
4415:H
4413:4
4411:C
4405:6
4403:O
4401:4
4399:H
4397:4
4395:C
4393:2
4384:7
4382:H
4380:3
4378:C
4371:5
4369:H
4367:2
4365:C
4353:5
4351:H
4349:2
4347:C
4340:3
4315:4
4311:2
4303:6
4301:)
4299:3
4295:2
4286:6
4284:)
4282:2
4278:3
4270:6
4266:2
4258:4
4254:4
4246:3
4244:)
4242:4
4240:O
4238:2
4234:3
4226:6
4222:3
4214:6
4210:4
4200:O
4196:V
4194:6
4186:4
4182:3
4174:4
4170:2
4162:4
4158:2
4150:7
4148:O
4146:2
4144:U
4142:2
4134:3
4130:2
4122:3
4118:2
4110:6
4108:O
4106:4
4104:S
4102:2
4094:2
4092:)
4090:3
4086:2
4078:6
4074:2
4066:6
4062:3
4054:4
4050:2
4042:4
4038:2
4030:2
4021:2
4013:3
4009:2
3999:O
3997:3
3993:2
3985:7
3983:O
3981:2
3977:2
3969:4
3965:2
3957:5
3955:S
3953:3
3951:C
3949:2
3941:4
3939:O
3937:2
3935:C
3933:2
3925:3
3921:2
3913:3
3905:4
3897:3
3884:4
3871:4
3863:4
3855:6
3851:4
3843:3
3830:2
3812:3
3802:O
3800:8
3798:B
3796:2
3788:9
3786:O
3784:2
3782:B
3780:2
3772:7
3770:O
3768:4
3766:B
3764:2
3756:2
3747:3
3739:4
3730:6
3726:2
3716:6
3706:6
3697:4
3689:2
3687:)
3685:4
3677:6
3673:3
3665:2
3657:4
3638:3
3630:4
3626:2
3618:4
3614:2
3606:4
3602:3
3594:3
3590:3
3582:7
3580:O
3578:2
3576:P
3574:2
3572:H
3570:2
3562:7
3560:O
3558:2
3556:P
3554:4
3544:O
3542:3
3540:P
3538:5
3530:4
3526:3
3518:2
3516:O
3514:2
3510:3
3503:F
3501:3
3497:2
3489:3
3485:2
3477:2
3475:H
3473:2
3465:4
3461:2
3453:2
3451:O
3449:2
3447:N
3445:2
3437:3
3429:2
3410:3
3406:2
3398:3
3390:4
3386:2
3378:3
3374:2
3366:8
3364:O
3362:2
3360:S
3358:2
3350:7
3348:O
3346:2
3344:S
3342:2
3334:6
3332:O
3330:2
3328:S
3326:2
3318:5
3316:O
3314:2
3312:S
3310:2
3302:4
3300:O
3298:2
3296:S
3294:2
3286:3
3284:O
3282:2
3280:S
3278:2
3270:4
3262:3
3254:4
3250:2
3242:3
3238:2
3219:4
3211:3
3203:4
3195:3
3187:2
3174:4
3166:3
3158:2
3133:3
3126:P
3124:3
3116:2
3108:3
3101:N
3099:3
3079:2
3065:2
3051:2
3039:S
3037:2
3019:2
3017:O
3015:2
3008:O
3006:2
2998:2
2990:3
2951:2
2915:e
2908:t
2901:v
2847:.
2843::
2821:.
2780:.
2732:.
2718:.
2650:.
2619:.
2588:.
2574::
2550:.
2538::
2502:.
2482::
2474::
2468:7
2444:.
2432::
2402:.
2398::
2371:)
2340:.
2326::
2318::
2312:3
2291:.
2156:.
2085:5
1879::
1754:)
1748:(
1743:)
1739:(
1725:.
1614:"
1572:)
1566:(
1561:)
1557:(
1543:.
1466:)
1460:(
1455:)
1451:(
1437:.
1380:)
1374:(
1369:)
1365:(
1351:.
1240:)
1234:(
1229:)
1225:(
1211:.
1133:O
1129:2
1120:2
1108:2
1099:O
1095:2
1083:3
1074:2
1044:(
1042:2
899:4
895:2
883:3
879:2
867:2
863:3
859:2
855:2
847:2
808:2
796:2
784:2
777:·
771:x
761:2
749:2
737:4
728:2
720:x
718:2
698:2
686:2
679:·
673:x
663:2
651:2
639:3
630:2
622:x
604:2
589:O
585:2
580:H
577:x
570:2
563:·
557:x
547:2
535:2
526:x
524:2
323:2
319:2
315:2
311:2
258:7
253:O
249:2
240:6
233:(
224:4
215:4
208:(
199:3
190:2
183:(
173:y
167:)
163:2
156:·
150:x
140:2
127:x
125:+
123:y
121:2
116:O
111:y
100:x
98:2
75:)
71:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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