1284:. These symptoms may occur so abruptly and without any warning that space travelers may vomit suddenly without time to contain the emesis, resulting in strong odors and liquid within the cabin which may affect other astronauts. Some changes to eye movement behaviors might also occur as a result of SMS. Symptoms typically last anywhere from one to three days upon entering weightlessness, but may recur upon reentry to Earth's gravity or even shortly after landing. SMS differs from terrestrial motion sickness in that sweating and pallor are typically minimal or absent and gastrointestinal findings usually demonstrate absent bowel sounds indicating reduced
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without traveling into space. Parabolic flight studies have provided a broad range of results regarding changes in the cardiovascular system in a micro-g environment. Parabolic flight studies have increased the understanding of orthostatic intolerance and decreased peripheral blood flow suffered by astronauts returning to Earth. Due to the loss of blood to pump, the heart can atrophy in a micro-g environment. A weakened heart can result in low blood volume, low blood pressure and affect the body's ability to send oxygen to the brain without the individual becoming dizzy.
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space. It keeps satellites from flying straight off into interstellar emptiness. What's missing is "weight", the resistance of gravitational attraction by an anchored structure or a counterforce. Satellites stay in space because of their tremendous horizontal speed, which allows them—while being unavoidably pulled toward Earth by gravity—to fall "over the horizon." The ground's curved withdrawal along the Earth's round surface offsets the satellites' fall toward the ground. Speed, not position or lack of gravity, keeps satellites in orbit around the Earth.
1265:, described feeling disoriented with physical complaints mostly consistent with motion sickness. It is one of the most studied physiological problems of spaceflight but continues to pose a significant difficulty for many astronauts. In some instances, it can be so debilitating that astronauts must sit out from their scheduled occupational duties in space – including missing out on a spacewalk they have spent months training to perform. In most cases, however, astronauts will work through the symptoms even with degradation in their performance.
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1295:" to describe symptoms of lethargy and drowsiness associated with motion sickness in 1976. Since then, their definition has been revised to include "...a symptom complex that develops as a result of exposure to real or apparent motion and is characterized by excessive drowsiness, lassitude, lethargy, mild depression, and reduced ability to focus on an assigned task." Together, these symptoms may pose a substantial threat (albeit temporary) to the astronaut who must remain attentive to life and death issues at all times.
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2642:"Jake Garn was sick, was pretty sick. I don't know whether we should tell stories like that. But anyway, Jake Garn, he has made a mark in the Astronaut Corps because he represents the maximum level of space sickness that anyone can ever attain, and so the mark of being totally sick and totally incompetent is one Garn. Most guys will get maybe to a tenth Garn, if that high. And within the Astronaut Corps, he forever will be remembered by that."
1430:. These fluid shifts become more dangerous upon returning to a regular gravity environment as the body will attempt to adapt to the reintroduction of gravity. The reintroduction of gravity again will pull the fluid downward, but now there would be a deficit in both circulating fluid and red blood cells. The decrease in cardiac filling pressure and stroke volume during the orthostatic stress due to a decreased blood volume is what causes
181:) the force of gravity on an object in free fall is exactly the same as usual. A classic example is an elevator car where the cable has been cut and it plummets toward Earth, accelerating at a rate equal to the 9.81 meters per second per second. In this scenario, the gravitational force is mostly, but not entirely, diminished; anyone in the elevator would experience an absence of the usual gravitational pull, however the force is not
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1145:. These effects can be minimized through a regimen of exercise, such as cycling for example. Astronauts subject to long periods of weightlessness wear pants with elastic bands attached between waistband and cuffs to compress the leg bones and reduce osteopenia. Other significant effects include fluid redistribution (causing the "moon-face" appearance typical of pictures of astronauts in weightlessness), changes in the
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1434:. Orthostatic intolerance can result in temporary loss of consciousness and posture, due to the lack of pressure and stroke volume. Some animal species have evolved physiological and anatomical features (such as high hydrostatic blood pressure and closer heart place to head) which enable them to counteract orthostatic blood pressure. More chronic orthostatic intolerance can result in additional symptoms such as
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laterally with respect to the surface at such immense speeds, the object will not lose altitude because of the curvature of the Earth. When viewed from an orbiting observer, other close objects in space appear to be floating because everything is being pulled towards Earth at the same speed, but also moving forward as the Earth's surface "falls" away below. All these objects are in
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1380:. Centrifugation can be performed with centrifuges or by cycling along the inner wall of the space station. Whole body vibration has been found to reduce bone resorption through mechanisms that are unclear. Vibration can be delivered using exercise devices that use vertical displacements juxtaposed to a fulcrum, or by using a plate that oscillates on a vertical axis. The use of
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weightlessness reduces the hydrostatic pressure on the lower body causing fluids to shift toward the head from the rest of the body. These fluid shifts are thought to increase cerebrospinal fluid pressure (causing back aches), intracranial pressure (causing headaches), and inner ear fluid pressure (causing vestibular dysfunction).
272:- Reduced Gravity Flight Opportunities Plan, also known as the Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program, allows teams of undergraduates to submit a microgravity experiment proposal. If selected, the teams design and implement their experiment, and students are invited to fly on NASA's Vomit Comet.
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system (posture, position of the body) conflicts with misperceived information from the semicircular canals and the otoliths within the inner ear. This is known as the 'neural mismatch theory' and was first suggested in 1975 by Reason and Brand. Alternatively, the fluid shift hypothesis suggests that
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that can be inhabited for long periods, exposure to weightlessness has been demonstrated to have some deleterious effects on human health. Humans are well-adapted to the physical conditions at the surface of the Earth. In response to an extended period of weightlessness, various physiological systems
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it would take roughly three and a half hours to reach this micro-gravity environment (a region of space where the acceleration due to gravity is one-millionth of that experienced on the Earth's surface). To reduce the gravity to one-thousandth of that on Earth's surface, however, one needs only to be
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Many studies on the physiological effects of weightlessness on the cardiovascular system are done in parabolic flights. It is one of the only feasible options to combine with human experiments, making parabolic flights the only way to investigate the true effects of the micro-g environment on a body
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In the space (or microgravity) environment the effects of unloading varies significantly among individuals, with sex differences compounding the variability. Differences in mission duration, and the small sample size of astronauts participating in the same mission also adds to the variability to the
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Though extremely thin, there is some air at orbital altitudes of 185 to 1,000 km. This atmosphere causes minuscule deceleration due to friction. This could be compensated by a small continuous thrust, but in practice the deceleration is only compensated from time to time, so the tiny g-force of
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One of the nice things about living in space is that exercise is part of your job ... If I don't exercise six days a week for at least a couple of hours a day, my bones will lose significant mass - 1 percent each month ... Our bodies are smart about getting rid of what's not needed, and my body has
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Next to the skeletal and muscular system, the cardiovascular system is less strained in weightlessness than on Earth and is de-conditioned during longer periods spent in space. In a regular environment, gravity exerts a downward force, setting up a vertical hydrostatic gradient. When standing, some
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to almost zero. This is simple in conception but requires travelling a very large distance, rendering it highly impractical. For example, to reduce the gravity of the Earth by a factor of one million, one needs to be at a distance of 6 million kilometres from the Earth, but to reduce the gravity of
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The myth that satellites remain in orbit because they have "escaped Earth's gravity" is perpetuated further (and falsely) by almost universal misuse of the word "zero gravity" to describe the free-falling conditions aboard orbiting space vehicles. Of course, this isn't true; gravity still exists in
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Weight is a measurement of the force on an object at rest in a relatively strong gravitational field (such as on the surface of the Earth). These weight-sensations originate from contact with supporting floors, seats, beds, scales, and the like. A sensation of weight is also produced, even when the
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have also been seen among astronauts, but it is unclear whether this was a result of pre-existing conditions or an effect of the micro-g environment. One current countermeasure includes drinking a salt solution, which increases the viscosity of blood and would subsequently increase blood pressure,
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Despite a multitude of studies searching for a solution to the problem of SMS, it remains an ongoing problem for space travel. Most non-pharmacological countermeasures such as training and other physical maneuvers have offered minimal benefit. Thornton and Bonato noted, "Pre- and inflight adaptive
120:. In the case of the Earth, the effects are minor, especially on objects of relatively small dimensions (such as the human body or a spacecraft) and the overall sensation of weightlessness in these cases is preserved. This condition is known as microgravity, and it prevails in orbiting spacecraft.
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zero. Since gravity is a force directed towards the center of the Earth, two balls a horizontal distance apart would be pulled in slightly different directions and would come closer together as the elevator dropped. Also, if they were some vertical distance apart the lower one would experience a
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To counter the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system, aerobic exercise is recommended. This often takes the form of in-flight cycling. A more effective regimen includes resistive exercises or the use of a penguin suit (contains sewn-in elastic bands to maintain a stretch load on
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In the first two weeks that the muscles are unloaded from carrying the weight of the human frame during space flight, whole muscle atrophy begins. Postural muscles contain more slow fibers, and are more prone to atrophy than non-postural muscle groups. The loss of muscle mass occurs because of
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At a distance relatively close to Earth (less than 3000 km), gravity is only slightly reduced. As an object orbits a body such as the Earth, gravity is still attracting objects towards the Earth and the object is accelerated downward at almost 1g. Because the objects are typically moving
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Afshinnekoo, Ebrahim; Scott, Ryan T.; MacKay, Matthew J.; Pariset, Eloise; Cekanaviciute, Egle; Barker, Richard; Gilroy, Simon; Hassane, Duane; Smith, Scott M.; Zwart, Sara R.; Nelman-Gonzalez, Mayra; Crucian, Brian E.; Ponomarev, Sergey A.; Orlov, Oleg I.; Shiba, Dai (November 2020).
1414:, some fluid quickly redistributes toward the chest and upper body; sensed as 'overload' of circulating blood volume. In the micro-g environment, the newly sensed excess blood volume is adjusted by expelling excess fluid into tissues and cells (12-15% volume reduction) and
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Also at NASA Glenn is the 2.2 Second Drop Tower, which has a drop distance of 24.1 m. Experiments are dropped in a drag shield in order to reduce the effects of air drag. The entire package is stopped in a 3.3 m tall air bag, at a peak deceleration rate of approximately 20
436:, is a 145 m vertical shaft, largely below the ground, with an integral vacuum drop chamber, in which an experiment vehicle can have a free fall for a duration of 5.18 seconds, falling a distance of 132 m. The experiment vehicle is stopped in approximately 4.5 m of
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Reichert, Paul; Prosise, Winifred; Fischmann, Thierry O.; Scapin, Giovanna; Narasimhan, Chakravarthy; Spinale, April; Polniak, Ray; Yang, Xiaoyu; Walsh, Erika; Patel, Daya; Benjamin, Wendy; Welch, Johnathan; Simmons, Denarra; Strickland, Corey (2019-12-02).
1602:, where results showed more uniform and homogenous crystal particles compared to ground controls. Such uniform crystal particles can allow for the formulation of more concentrated, low-volume antibody therapies, something which can make them suitable for
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in 1961. Since then, roughly 45% of all people who have flown in space have suffered from this condition. The duration of space sickness varies, but in no case has it lasted for more than 72 hours, after which the body adjusts to the new environment.
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Fritsch-Yelle, Janice M.; Leuenberger, Urs A.; D’Aunno, Dominick S.; Rossum, Alfred C.; Brown, Troy E.; Wood, Margie L.; Josephson, Mark E.; Goldberger, Ary L. (June 1998). "An
Episode of Ventricular Tachycardia During Long-Duration Spaceflight".
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astronaut, flies with these one-day astronauts on board A310 Zero-G. After the flight, he explains the quest of space and talks about the 3 space travels he did along his career. The aircraft has also been used for cinema purposes, with
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253:'s Reduced Gravity Research Program since 1973, where the unofficial nickname originated. NASA later adopted the official nickname 'Weightless Wonder' for publication. NASA's current Reduced Gravity Aircraft, "Weightless Wonder VI", a
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Smith, Scott M.; Heer, Martina; Shackelford, Linda C.; Sibonga, Jean D.; Spatz, Jordan; Pietrzyk, Robert A.; Hudson, Edgar K.; Zwart, Sara R. (2015). "Bone metabolism and renal stone risk during
International Space Station missions".
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Weerts, Aurélie P.; Vanspauwen, Robby; Fransen, Erik; Jorens, Philippe G.; Van de
Heyning, Paul H.; Wuyts, Floris L. (2014-06-01). "Space Motion Sickness Countermeasures: A Pharmacological Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study".
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793:. This is because the mass of the surrounding planet is exerting an equal gravitational pull in all directions from the center, canceling out the pull of any one direction, establishing a space with no gravitational pull.
4228:"Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long Duration Spaceflight: Functional Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias (Integrated Cardiovascular)"
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Russian scientists have observed differences between cockroaches conceived in space and their terrestrial counterparts. The space-conceived cockroaches grew more quickly, and also grew up to be faster and tougher.
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that plagues nearly half of all astronauts who venture into space. SMS, along with facial stuffiness from headward shifts of fluids, headaches, and back pain, is part of a broader complex of symptoms that comprise
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Elmantaser, M; McMillan, M; Smith, K; Khanna, S; Chantler, D; Panarelli, M; Ahmed, SF (September 2012). "A comparison of the effect of two types of vibration exercise on the endocrine and musculoskeletal system".
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Airplanes have been used since 1959 to provide a nearly weightless environment in which to train astronauts, conduct research, and film motion pictures. Such aircraft are commonly referred by the nickname
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Novespace created Air Zero G in 2012 to share the experience of weightlessness with 40 public passengers per flight, using the same A310 ZERO-G as for scientific experiences. These flights are sold by
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that an astronaut can feel because of the free-fall condition, and also there being zero difference between the acceleration of the spacecraft and the acceleration of the astronaut. Space journalist
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In
Newtonian physics, the sensation of weightlessness experienced by astronauts is not the result of there being zero gravitational acceleration (as seen from the Earth), but of there being no
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Chicken eggs that are put in microgravity two days after fertilization appear not to develop properly, whereas eggs put in microgravity more than a week after fertilization develop normally.
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Despite their experiences in some of the most rigorous and demanding physical maneuvers on earth, even the most seasoned astronauts may be affected by SMS, resulting in symptoms of severe
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If an object were to travel to the center of a spherical planet unimpeded by the planet's materials, it would achieve a state of weightlessness upon arriving at the center of the planet's
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imbalances in protein synthesis and breakdown. The loss of muscle mass is also accompanied by a loss of muscle strength, which was observed after only 2–5 days of spaceflight during the
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Horneck G.; Eschweiler, U.; Reitz, G.; Wehner, J.; Willimek, R.; Strauch, K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I".
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to increase muscle mass, and the use of essential amino acids in conjunction with resistive exercises have been proposed as pharmacologic means of combating muscle atrophy in space.
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1587:, in an attempt to reduce crystal lattice defects. Such defect-free crystals may prove useful for certain microelectronic applications and also to produce crystals for subsequent
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Even when the nausea and vomiting resolve, some central nervous system symptoms may persist which may degrade the astronaut's performance. Graybiel and
Knepton proposed the term "
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As of May 2010, the ESA has flown 52 scientific campaigns and also 9 student parabolic flight campaigns. Their first Zero-G flights were in 1984 using a NASA KC-135 aircraft in
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1981:
528:, the random positioning machine rotates in two axes simultaneously and progressively establishes a microgravity-like condition via the principle of gravity-vector-averaging.
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1502:, a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent when cultivated in space. On April 29, 2013, scientists in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, funded by
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of three flights over consecutive days, with each flight's about 30 parabolae totalling about 10 minutes of weightlessness. These campaigns are currently operated from
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Dose, K.; Bieger-Dose, A.; Dillmann, R.; Gill, M.; Kerz, O.; Klein, A.; Meinert, H.; Nawroth, T.; Risi, S.; Stridde, C. (1995). "ERA-experiment "space biochemistry"".
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1180:. Exposure to high levels of radiation may influence the development of atherosclerosis . Clots in the internal jugular vein have recently been detected inflight.
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is also greater on the side of the spacecraft furthest from the Earth. At a 400 km LEO altitude, the overall differential in g-force is approximately 0.384 μ
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Over the years, biomedical research on the implications of space flight has become more prominent in evaluating possible pathophysiological changes in humans.
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Tirumalai, Madhan R.; Karouia, Fathi; Tran, Quyen; Stepanov, Victor G.; Bruce, Rebekah J.; Ott, C. Mark; Pierson, Duane L.; Fox, George E. (December 2017).
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efforts, some of them mandatory and most of them onerous, have been, for the most part, operational failures." To date, the most common intervention is
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Koszelak, S; Leja, C; McPherson, A (1996). "Crystallization of biological macromolecules from flash frozen samples on the
Russian Space Station Mir".
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the Sun to this amount, one has to be at a distance of 3.7 billion kilometres. This is not impossible, but it has only been achieved thus far by four
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Gravity between the spacecraft and an object within it may make the object slowly "fall" toward a more massive part of it. The acceleration is 0.007 μ
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Comparison of boiling of water under Earth's gravity (1 g, left) and microgravity (right). The source of heat is in the lower part of the photograph.
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antigravity muscles), centrifugation, and vibration. Centrifugation recreates Earth's gravitational force on the space station, in order to prevent
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2235:"The 2.5 s Microgravity Drop Tower at National Centre for Combustion Research and Development (NCCRD), Indian Institute of Technology Madras"
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arc, first climbing, then entering a powered dive. During the arc, the propulsion and steering of the aircraft are controlled to cancel the
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4183:. Gunga, Hanns-Christian,, Ahlefeld, Victoria Weller von,, Coriolano, Hans-Joachim Appell,, Werner, Andreas,, Hoffmann, Uwe. Switzerland.
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460:. While the Zero Gravity Facility conducts one or two drops per day, the 2.2 Second Drop Tower can conduct up to twelve drops per day.
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3071:"Galactic Cosmic Radiation Leads to Cognitive Impairment and Increased Aβ Plaque Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease"
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Abbasi, Jennifer (20 December 2016). "Do Apollo
Astronaut Deaths Shine a Light on Deep Space Radiation and Cardiovascular Disease?".
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missions. Decreases in the generation of contractile forces and whole muscle power have also been found in response to microgravity.
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Gunga, Hanns-Christian; Ahlefeld, Victoria Weller von; Coriolano, Hans-Joachim Appell; Werner, Andreas; Hoffmann, Uwe (2016-07-14).
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Cherry, Jonathan D.; Frost, Jeffrey L.; Lemere, Cynthia A.; Williams, Jacqueline P.; Olschowka, John A.; O'Banion, M. Kerry (2012).
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Structural
Vibration: Stress enacted on the hull of the spacecraft results in the spacecraft bending, causing apparent acceleration.
720:, or a differential pull, between the ends of the object nearest and furthest from the Earth. (An extreme version of this effect is
2770:"Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight"
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Six astronauts who had been in training at the
Johnson Space Center for almost a year are getting a sample of a micro-g environment
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because the force of gravity is no longer pulling the blood down into the vessels of the legs and abdomen, resulting in increased
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4824:"The adaptation of Escherichia coli cells grown in simulated microgravity for an extended period is both phenotypic and genomic"
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A "stationary" micro-g environment would require travelling far enough into deep space so as to reduce the effect of gravity by
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Ploutz-Snyder, Lori; Bloomfield, Susan; Smith, Scott M.; Hunter, Sandra K.; Templeton, Kim; Bemben, Debra (November 2014).
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In the left half, the spring is far away from any gravity source. In the right half, it is in a uniform gravitation field.
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Nasoori, Alireza; Taghipour, Ali; Shahbazzadeh, Delavar; Aminirissehei, Abdolhossein; Moghaddam, Sharif (September 2014).
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started to notice that my bones are not needed in zero gravity. Not having to support our weight, we lose muscle as well.
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which would mitigate post micro-g environment orthostatic intolerance. Another countermeasure includes administration of
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adrenergic agonist. Midodrine produces arterial and venous constriction resulting in an increase in blood pressure by
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1257:(SAS). SMS was first described in 1961 during the second orbit of the fourth crewed spaceflight when the cosmonaut
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are similar, but directed away from the Sun. Unlike the effect of the atmosphere, it does not reduce with altitude.
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Another ground-based approach to simulate weightlessness for biological sample is a "3D-clinostat," also called a
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Under certain test conditions, microbes have been observed to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space and to
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Heer, Martina; Paloski, William H. (2006). "Space motion sickness: Incidence, etiology, and countermeasures".
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Ground-based facilities that produce weightless conditions for research purposes are typically referred to as
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4589:"Published Results From Crystallization Experiments on the ISS Could Help Merck Improve Cancer Drug Delivery"
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Graybiel, A; Knepton, J (August 1976). "Sopite syndrome: a sometimes sole manifestation of motion sickness".
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begin to change and atrophy. Though these changes are usually temporary, long term health issues can result.
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Astronaut Tracy Dyson talks about studies into cardiovascular health aboard the
International Space Station.
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Narici, M. V.; de Boer, M. D. (March 2011). "Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth".
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changes. Such eyesight problems may be a major concern for future deep space flight missions, including a
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as blood pressures and flow velocities change in response to a lack of gravity, a decreased production of
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Jhala, Dhwani; Kale, Raosaheb; Singh, Rana (2014). "Microgravity Alters Cancer Growth and Progression".
3386:"Microsaccades in Applied Environments: Real-World Applications of Fixational Eye Movement Measurements"
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1410:'excess' fluid resides in vessels and tissues of the legs. In a micro-g environment, with the loss of a
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properties, but sedation can be a problematic side effect. Other common pharmacological options include
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was the worst on record. Accordingly, one "Garn" is equivalent to the most severe possible case of SAS.
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Because the force of gravity decreases with distance, objects with non-zero size will be subjected to a
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233:(air resistance) on the plane out, leaving the plane to behave as if it were free-falling in a vacuum.
4091:"Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii"
2368:"Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration"
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and represent a promising research model for short-term exposure. Examples of such approaches are the
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is more or less synonymous in its effects, with the recognition that g-forces are never exactly zero.
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The sensation of weightlessness, or zero gravity, happens when the effects of gravity are not felt.
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Matsangas, Panagiotis; McCauley, Michael E. (June 2014). "Sopite Syndrome: A Revised Definition".
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Microgravity Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
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3132:"Study Shows that Space Travel is Harmful to the Brain and Could Accelerate Onset of Alzheimer's"
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The most common problem experienced by humans in the initial hours of weightlessness is known as
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2663:. With Margaret Lazarus Dean. Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Penguin Random House. p. 174.
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3218:"NASA's Efforts to Manage Health and Human Performance Risks for Space Exploration (IG-16-003)"
3030:
Auñón-Chancellor, Serena M.; Pattarini, James M.; Moll, Stephan; Sargsyan, Ashot (2020-01-02).
1237:
1161:, and puffiness of the face. These effects begin to reverse quickly upon return to the Earth.
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709:
is a form of free fall. Objects in orbit are not perfectly weightless due to several effects:
467:
hosts another drop tube facility that is 105 m tall and provides a 4.6 s free fall under near-
128:
116:
5580:
3161:
2150:"French astronaut performs "Moonwalk" on parabolic flight - Air & Cosmos - International"
335:
5986:
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4760:
NASA - SpaceResearch - Human Physiology Research and the ISS: Staying Fit Along the Journey
2963:
1949:
575:
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313:
5873:
5773:
5726:
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5565:
5550:
5504:
5487:
5393:
5388:
4919:
4745:
4719:
2721:
2698:
2576:
Kanas, Nick; Manzey, Dietrich (2008). "Basic Issues of Human Adaptation to Space Flight".
2346:
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1345:
1292:
1249:
891:
831:
819:
725:
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659:
491:
433:
406:
258:
50:
3217:
2691:
1157:. Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass, nasal congestion, sleep disturbance, excess
630:, gravity from objects other than the Earth, such as astronauts, the spacecraft, and the
4620:
4544:
4501:
4413:
3934:
3088:
2639:, pg 35, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, interview with Dr. Robert Stevenson:
2585:
2292:
2250:
2036:
1916:
1055:
186:
higher gravitational force than the upper one since gravity diminishes according to the
5920:
5907:
5800:
5731:
5721:
5706:
5684:
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5570:
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1803:
1484:
1439:
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1415:
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1173:
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835:
790:
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683:
679:
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327:
230:
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4750:
4714:
4266:
4107:
4090:
2518:
Stepanek, Jan; Blue, Rebecca S.; Parazynski, Scott (2019-03-14). Longo, Dan L. (ed.).
2452:"What would happen if you fell into a hole that went through the center of the earth?"
1522:
in ways "not observed on Earth" and in ways that "can lead to increases in growth and
540:
5975:
5868:
5785:
5716:
5679:
5519:
5440:
5304:
5299:
4965:
4944:
4939:
4754:
4552:
4509:
1599:
1576:
1427:
1352:, and increased fracture risks. Bone resorption leads to increased urinary levels of
1331:, but drowsiness and sedation are common side effects for these medications as well.
1316:
1258:
1169:
1154:
1107:
1072:
647:
498:
92:
35:
4697:
4457:"Alarming Study Indicates Why Certain Bacteria Are More Resistant to Drugs in Space"
4075:
3916:"What happens to the human heart in space? - Parabolic flights provide some answers"
3914:
Aubert, André E.; Beckers, Frank; Verheyden, Bart; Plester, Vladimir (August 2004).
3900:
3782:
3517:
2803:
2559:
1344:
that are seen in space. In addition to muscle loss, microgravity leads to increased
579:
The relationship between acceleration and velocity vectors in an orbiting spacecraft
5925:
5860:
5529:
5514:
5215:
5210:
4059:
3610:
3157:
2702:
2316:"What Are Zero Gravity and Microgravity, and What Are the Sources of Microgravity?"
1312:
1165:
588:
445:
225:
To create a weightless environment, the airplane flies in a 10 km (6 mi)
4779:, a persuasion to use terminology that reflects accurate physics (sci.space post).
1829:
4422:
3965:
3657:
3594:
3135:
3097:
2787:
2211:
5753:
5619:
5309:
5292:
5164:
4787:
4147:
3863:
Ramsdell, Craig D.; Cohen, Richard J. (2003). "Cardiovascular System in Space".
2593:
2519:
1852:
1808:
1697:
Liquids may also behave differently than on Earth, as demonstrated in this video
1507:
1328:
802:
717:
627:
441:
437:
285:
165:
107:
79:
gravitational field is zero, when contact forces act upon and overcome a body's
3813:
3031:
2383:
5887:
5795:
5738:
5698:
5492:
5193:
4934:
4839:
4765:
4628:
4132:"Chronic orthostatic intolerance and the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)"
3872:
3766:
3667:
3633:
3360:
2916:"Orbital and Intracranial Effects of Microgravity: Findings at 3-T MR Imaging"
2258:
1706:
1530:
1460:
1320:
1196:
1158:
1004:
827:
823:
756:
583:
508:
395:
376:
111:
88:
4636:
4307:
4198:
3055:
2543:
2391:
5897:
5748:
5465:
5346:
5267:
5250:
4181:
Cardiovascular system, red blood cells, and oxygen transport in microgravity
3008:
2933:
2888:
1834:
1747:
1730:
1580:
1523:
1476:
1452:
1302:
that occurs when sensory information from the visual system (sight) and the
1119:
1104:
1027:
975:
867:
815:
811:
525:
418:
103:
34:
experience only microgravity and thus display an example of weightlessness.
4857:
4814:
4689:
4654:
4560:
4517:
4441:
4165:
4116:
4046:
Lillywhite, Harvey B. (1993). "Orthostatic Intolerance of Viperid Snakes".
4032:
4014:
3983:
3849:
3821:
3774:
3726:
3602:
3550:
3509:
3501:
3419:
3277:
3269:
3116:
3016:
2941:
2795:
2551:
2409:
1654:
Protein crystals grown by American scientists on the Russian Space Station
1571:
While not yet a commercial application, there has been interest in growing
346:
177:
From the perspective of an observer not moving with the object (i.e. in an
4726:
4682:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19961120)52:4<449::AID-BIT1>3.0.CO;2-P
4274:
3708:
3693:"Effects of Sex and Gender on Adaptation to Space: Musculoskeletal Health"
3401:
3384:
Alexander, Robert G.; Macknik, Stephen L.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2019).
2535:
2475:
Depending on distance, "stationary" is meant relative to Earth or the Sun.
5053:
Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
4970:
4400:
3901:
Current status and future direction of NASA's Space Life Sciences Program
3474:
3075:
3047:
1773:
1281:
1273:
1262:
1138:
1123:
1100:
1096:
1088:
772:
639:
485:
226:
4067:
3948:
Wieling, Wouter; Halliwill, John R.; Karemaker, John M. (January 2002).
1083:
or SAS, commonly referred to as space sickness. Symptoms of SAS include
350:
Inside a Russian Ilyushin 76MDK of the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
26:
4461:
3189:
1673:
1606:, a less invasive approach compared to the current prevalent method of
1572:
1555:
1515:
1369:
1365:
655:
320:
161:
84:
80:
62:
4738:
2341:
2300:
1924:
1856:
398:
which flies parabolic arcs to create 25–30 seconds of weightlessness.
5711:
5575:
1559:
1435:
1419:
1269:
1129:
The most significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness are
1084:
651:
592:
468:
363:
324:
46:
1638:(left) and in a microgravity environment, such as that found on the
288:
aircraft to perform research in microgravity. Along with the French
3662:. SpringerBriefs in Space Development. Springer. 2012. p. 59.
1594:
In 2017, an experiment on the ISS was conducted to crystallize the
1418:
are adjusted downward to maintain a normal concentration (relative
4396:"Spaceflight Promotes Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
4363:"Space flight shown to alter ability of bacteria to cause disease"
1635:
1192:
1063:
as a large drop of water floats in front of him on the Discovery.
1054:
856:
687:
611:
607:
582:
574:
405:
345:
235:
197:
127:
4864:
2822:"Astronauts' vision severely affected during long space missions"
658:, because these flights were devoted to microgravity research in
3225:
1503:
1220:
1184:
1177:
1112:
504:
Queensland University of Technology Drop Tower – 2.0 s free fall
309:
289:
250:
190:. These two second-order effects are examples of micro gravity.
5137:
4868:
3162:"Important Research Results NASA Is Not Talking About (Update)"
140:) Zero gravity but not weightless (Spring is rocket propelled)
19:"Zero gravity" and "Zero-G" redirect here. For other uses, see
5592:
5133:
1656:
1639:
861:
695:
631:
591:
demonstrates the effect of weightlessness on long hair during
535:
371:
3185:"Report: NASA needs better handle on health hazards for Mars"
1103:, and overall malaise. The first case of SAS was reported by
45:
is the complete or near-complete absence of the sensation of
4605:"Pembrolizumab microgravity crystallization experimentation"
1422:). In the absence of gravity, venous blood will rush to the
2002:
1676:
crystals growth in outer space (left) and on Earth (right).
507:
National Centre for Combustion Research and Development at
5068:
Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation
2964:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"
2580:. Space Technology Library. Vol. 22. pp. 15–48.
1763:
ESA Scientific Research on the International Space Station
1562:
flame in orbital conditions (right) versus on Earth (left)
1551:
ESA Scientific Research on the International Space Station
713:
Effects depending on relative position in the spacecraft:
240:
NASA's KC-135A plane ascending for a zero gravity maneuver
2426:
Conceptual Design and Flight Simulation of Space Stations
4777:
Criticism of the terms "Zero Gravity" and "Microgravity"
2885:"Spaceflight Bad for Astronauts' Vision, Study Suggests"
1115:
jokingly measures SAS using the "Garn scale", named for
551:
484:
Experimental drop tube of the metallurgy department of
5103:
Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space
3838:
Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions
1789:
Scientific research on the International Space Station
1547:
Scientific research on the International Space Station
1356:, which can subsequently lead to an increased risk of
1135:
Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space
284:(ESA) flies parabolic flights on a specially modified
5118:
Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions
5093:
Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight
4768:" Video explanation of the fallacy of "zero gravity".
1298:
SMS is most commonly thought to be a disorder of the
674:
seize the approximated weightlessness, or μg, in the
2179:"Tom Cruise defies gravity in Novespace ZERO-G A310"
642:
to the space station). The symbol for microgravity,
114:, such tidal effects can be very strong, meeting to
5906:
5859:
5811:
5697:
5633:
5538:
5458:
5449:
5337:
5171:
5035:
5004:
4958:
4902:
2660:
Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery
2520:"Space Medicine in the Era of Civilian Spaceflight"
1634:A comparison between the combustion of a candle on
4615:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 28.
1035:gravitational potential at some of these locations
4772:Overview of microgravity applications and methods
2878:
2876:
2204:"Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility"
1974:"Zero-G flying means high stress for an old A310"
1327:, as well as oral and transdermal application of
249:Versions of such airplanes have been operated by
5098:Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei
4788:Space Biology Research at AU-KBC Research Centre
2815:
2813:
5043:Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure
2914:Kramer, Larry A.; et al. (13 March 2012).
2845:
2843:
2342:"Space myths and misconceptions – space flight"
1137:for more information) and deterioration of the
170:
5123:Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure
748:Uniform effects (which could be compensated):
148:) Spring rests on a plinth and has both weight
5149:
4880:
3999:"Common Syndromes of Orthostatic Intolerance"
3624:Thornton, William; Bonato, Frederick (2017).
3576:
3574:
3351:Thornton, William; Bonato, Frederick (2017).
2763:
2761:
1830:"Weightlessness and Its Effect on Astronauts"
330:MDK before founding Novespace, then a French
8:
5088:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
5017:National Space Biomedical Research Institute
3950:"Orthostatic intolerance after space flight"
3899:White, Ronald J.; Lujan, Barbara F. (1989).
3865:Encyclopedia of Space Science and Technology
3563:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2003:"Novespace: microgravity, airborne missions"
1153:, balance disorders, and a weakening of the
312:; the aircraft is flown by test pilots from
5048:Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight
4340:"Egg Experiment in Space Prompts Questions"
3490:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
3463:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
3258:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
2571:
2569:
1496:A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that
5455:
5156:
5142:
5134:
5083:Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight
4887:
4873:
4865:
4211:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4095:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
3292:"Space Motion Sickness (Space Adaptation)"
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
194:Weightless and reduced weight environments
4847:
4644:
4431:
4421:
4292:. Springer Science & Business Media.
4155:
4106:
4022:
3973:
3716:
3409:
3106:
3096:
2456:Science Questions with Surprising Answers
2399:
1768:European Low Gravity Research Association
474:Other drop facilities worldwide include:
323:, Texas. Other aircraft used include the
38:can be seen exercising in the foreground.
3659:Space Pharmacology | Virginia E. Wotring
3321:"Illness keeps astronaut from spacewalk"
2450:Baird, Christopher S. (4 October 2013).
1554:
1442:, and other vasomotor symptoms as well.
1391:
1236:
841:
785:Weightlessness at the center of a planet
597:
342:Commercial flights for public passengers
244:
144:) Spring is in free fall and weightless
25:
5641:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
5058:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4976:Illness and injuries during spaceflight
3535:. Brand, J. J. London: Academic Press.
2726:Journal of Space Technology and Science
1821:
1758:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1612:
1473:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1047:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
5663:Psychological and sociological effects
4469:from the original on 14 September 2017
4375:from the original on 14 September 2017
4361:Caspermeyer, Joe (23 September 2007).
4204:
3894:
3892:
3794:
3792:
3755:European Journal of Applied Physiology
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3556:
3431:
3429:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3032:"Venous Thrombosis during Spaceflight"
2828:from the original on November 10, 2011
743:for 1000 kg at 1 m distance.
638:, and astronaut movements that impart
5063:Effects of sleep deprivation in space
4455:Dvorsky, George (13 September 2017).
4394:Kim W, et al. (April 29, 2013).
4322:"Mutant super-cockroaches from space"
3236:from the original on October 30, 2015
3197:from the original on October 30, 2015
2976:from the original on 14 February 2014
2686:
2684:
2618:"NASA - Johnson Space Center History"
2314:Karthikeyan KC (September 27, 2015).
626:, there are small g-forces come from
124:Weightlessness in Newtonian mechanics
95:, or within an accelerating vehicle.
7:
5113:Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis
4981:Medical treatment during spaceflight
4130:Stewart, Julian M. (December 2004).
2962:Fong, MD, Kevin (12 February 2014).
2861:from the original on 4 February 2009
2499:from the original on 28 January 2014
1531:survive in the vacuum of outer space
1481:Medical treatment during spaceflight
1248:(SMS) is thought to be a subtype of
1168:missions, astronauts may experience
4324:. New Scientist. January 21, 2008.
2239:Microgravity Science and Technology
5372:Weather and environment monitoring
4575:"Growing Crystals in Zero-Gravity"
4328:from the original on June 4, 2016.
4255:The American Journal of Cardiology
2895:from the original on 13 March 2012
2768:Mader, T. H.; et al. (2011).
2728:, Vol.9 No.1 spring 1993, pp.21-23
2485:Chang, Kenneth (27 January 2014).
2429:. Herbert Utz Verlag. p. 57.
2013:from the original on 31 March 2018
839:at a distance of 200,000 km.
771:Routine crew activity: Due to the
168:explains the phenomenon this way:
16:Zero apparent weight, microgravity
14:
4807:10.2174/1568009614666140407113633
4226:Bungo, Michael (March 23, 2016).
3626:The Human Body and Weightlessness
3353:The Human Body and Weightlessness
3183:Dunn, Marcia (October 29, 2015).
2274:"Weightlessness and Microgravity"
1898:"Weightlessness and Microgravity"
624:International Space Station (ISS)
614:, February 2010. The ISS is in a
479:Micro-Gravity Laboratory of Japan
410:Zero-gravity testing at the NASA
276:European Space Agency A310 Zero-G
5955:
5945:
5944:
4725:
4713:
4670:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
4350:from the original on 2009-01-21.
3440:. Boston: Springer. p. 52.
3390:Journal of Eye Movement Research
2154:Air & Cosmos - International
1938:Reduced Gravity Research Program
1857:"Space myths and misconceptions"
1709:
1681:
1665:
1647:
1627:
1615:
1205:NASA Office of Inspector General
539:
5416:Space launch market competition
3036:New England Journal of Medicine
2820:Puiu, Tibi (November 9, 2011).
2630:from the original on 2012-04-06
2578:Space Psychology and Psychiatry
2524:New England Journal of Medicine
2185:from the original on 2017-08-21
2160:from the original on 2017-08-21
2047:from the original on 2012-05-26
1984:from the original on 2017-08-21
1871:from the original on 2007-09-27
1585:Low-gravity process engineering
1187:-supported study reported that
646:, was used on the insignias of
245:NASA's Reduced Gravity Aircraft
110:and is not stress-free. Near a
5653:Health threat from cosmic rays
5108:Renal stone formation in space
5078:Health threat from cosmic rays
4766:Why are astronauts weightless?
4290:Fundamentals of Space Medicine
4060:10.1086/physzool.66.6.30163751
2130:ESA Human Spaceflight web site
2102:ESA Human Spaceflight web site
2074:ESA Human Spaceflight web site
2041:ESA Human Spaceflight web site
1467:Effects on non-human organisms
1280:, malaise (feeling sick), and
752:this effect is not eliminated.
426:Zero Gravity Research Facility
412:Zero Gravity Research Facility
263:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
136:) Zero gravity and weightless
1:
5012:Aerospace Medical Association
4718:The dictionary definition of
4267:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00179-9
4108:10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60220-0
2883:Space Staff (13 March 2012).
1067:plays a bigger role in space.
21:Zero gravity (disambiguation)
4553:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N
4510:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R
4423:10.1371/journal.pone.0062437
3966:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013372
3595:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.07.014
3355:. SpringerLink. p. 32.
3098:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275
2788:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021
2272:Chandler, David (May 1991).
2037:"Parabolic Flight Campaigns"
1896:Chandler, David (May 1991).
1199:and accelerate the onset of
465:Marshall Space Flight Center
402:Ground-based drop facilities
370:, Chairman of Novespace and
202:Zero gravity flight maneuver
5769:Self-replicating spacecraft
5605:International Space Station
4795:Current Cancer Drug Targets
4148:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.084
3997:Stewart, J. M. (May 2013).
2744:. Oxford University Press.
2715:The Pleasure of Spaceflight
2594:10.1007/978-1-4020-6770-9_2
2487:"Beings Not Made for Space"
2423:Bertrand, Reinhold (1998).
1604:subcutaneous administration
1512:International Space Station
604:International Space Station
516:Random Positioning Machines
358:, are mainly operated from
302:Bordeaux - Mérignac Airport
32:International Space Station
6008:
5283:Space Liability Convention
4490:Advances in Space Research
3814:10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.002
3216:Staff (October 29, 2015).
3134:. SpaceRef. Archived from
2384:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.050
1540:
1470:
1382:beta-2 adrenergic agonists
1230:
1044:
910:200,000 km from Earth
522:random positioning machine
210:
207:Reduced weight in aircraft
102:is non-uniform, a body in
18:
5939:
5646:Space adaptation syndrome
4986:Space adaptation syndrome
4840:10.1038/s41526-017-0020-1
4629:10.1038/s41526-019-0090-3
4136:The Journal of Pediatrics
3954:The Journal of Physiology
3873:10.1002/0471263869.sst074
3767:10.1007/s00421-010-1556-x
3697:Journal of Women's Health
3668:10.1007/978-1-4614-3396-5
3634:10.1007/978-3-319-32829-4
3361:10.1007/978-3-319-32829-4
3130:Staff (January 1, 2013).
2340:Oberg, James (May 1993).
2259:10.1007/s12217-018-9639-0
1794:Space adaptation syndrome
1448:Heart rhythm disturbances
1342:musculoskeletal disorders
1286:gastrointestinal motility
1255:space adaptation syndrome
1233:Space adaptation syndrome
1081:space adaptation syndrome
883:200 pm/s = 6 mm/s/yr
850:
847:
844:
692:Swedish Space Corporation
481:(MGLAB) – 4.5 s free fall
5379:Communications satellite
4751:How Weightlessness Works
4368:Arizona State University
4288:Clément, Gilles (2011).
1784:Reduced-gravity aircraft
1579:or automated artificial
1506:, reported that, during
1183:On December 31, 2012, a
1164:In addition, after long
1071:Following the advent of
773:conservation of momentum
392:Zero Gravity Corporation
213:Reduced-gravity aircraft
179:inertial reference frame
73:Microgravity environment
5883:reusable launch systems
5500:Extravehicular activity
5411:Commercial use of space
5315:Militarisation of space
5288:Registration Convention
5204:Accidents and incidents
3531:T., Reason, J. (1975).
3436:Wotring, V. E. (2012).
3009:10.1001/jama.2016.12601
2934:10.1148/radiol.12111986
2738:Buckey, Jay C. (2006).
2126:"Campaign Organisation"
1779:Microgravity University
1753:Commercial use of space
1543:Commercial use of space
1537:Commercial applications
1455:, which is a selective
1432:orthostatic intolerance
1335:Musculoskeletal effects
1203:. In October 2015, the
270:Microgravity University
5931:Mission control center
5893:Non-rocket spacelaunch
5327:Billionaire space race
4996:Spaceflight osteopenia
4015:10.1542/peds.2012-2610
3583:Autonomic Neuroscience
3502:10.3357/ASEM.3891.2014
3270:10.3357/asem.3865.2014
2644:
1563:
1499:Salmonella typhimurium
1406:
1388:Cardiovascular effects
1242:
1143:spaceflight osteopenia
1068:
724:.) In a spacecraft in
619:
595:
580:
548:This section is empty.
444:, experiencing a peak
414:
351:
241:
203:
175:
157:
39:
5781:Spacecraft propulsion
5231:European Space Agency
5027:Space Nursing Society
4925:Neuroscience in space
4915:Astronautical hygiene
4734:at Wikimedia Commons
4048:Physiological Zoology
3709:10.1089/jwh.2014.4910
3402:10.16910/jemr.12.6.15
2724:", Toyohiro Akiyama,
2640:
2536:10.1056/NEJMra1609012
2122:European Space Agency
2094:European Space Agency
2066:European Space Agency
2033:European Space Agency
1741:Commercial astronauts
1589:X-ray crystallography
1567:High-quality crystals
1558:
1518:seem to adapt to the
1461:baroreceptor reflexes
1404:
1246:Space motion sickness
1240:
1227:Space motion sickness
1209:health hazards report
1147:cardiovascular system
1117:United States Senator
1058:
696:European Space Agency
601:
586:
578:
430:Glenn Research Center
409:
368:Jean-François Clervoy
349:
282:European Space Agency
255:McDonnell Douglas C-9
239:
201:
131:
87:forces- such as in a
29:
5406:Satellite navigation
4959:Illness and injuries
3048:10.1056/NEJMc1905875
2233:Kumar, Amit (2018).
2214:on 19 September 2000
1953:www.nasaexplores.com
1838:. 16 December 2017.
1575:in micro-g, as in a
1412:hydrostatic gradient
1350:bone mineral density
1030:, not zero gravity.
690:program run by the
495:University of Bremen
394:operates a modified
53:. It is also termed
5791:Electric propulsion
5478:Life-support system
5362:Imagery and mapping
5322:Private spaceflight
4739:Microgravity Centre
4621:2019npjMG...5...28R
4545:1995AdSpR..16h.105H
4502:1995AdSpR..16h.119D
4414:2013PLoSO...862437K
3935:2004ESABu.119...30A
3327:. February 12, 2008
3160:(January 3, 2013).
3089:2012PLoSO...753275C
2586:2008spp..book.....K
2293:1991PhTea..29..312C
2281:The Physics Teacher
2251:2018MicST..30..663V
1917:1991PhTea..29..312C
1905:The Physics Teacher
1799:Space manufacturing
1596:monoclonal antibody
1201:Alzheimer's disease
1122:, whose SAS during
922:up to 12 mm/s
808:interstellar probes
755:The effects of the
672:Sub-orbital flights
666:Sub-Orbital flights
616:micro-g environment
524:. Unlike a regular
100:gravitational field
83:by mechanical, non-
65:) or, incorrectly,
5744:Robotic spacecraft
5670:Space and survival
5525:Space colonization
5421:Space architecture
5273:Outer Space Treaty
5022:Rubicon Foundation
4991:Space and survival
4910:Artificial gravity
4744:2011-07-26 at the
3438:Space Pharmacology
2851:"Video News - CNN"
2824:. zmescience.com.
2720:2012-02-21 at the
2697:2012-05-19 at the
1736:Astronaut training
1726:Artificial gravity
1717:Spaceflight portal
1564:
1407:
1243:
1069:
797:Absence of gravity
761:radiation pressure
620:
596:
581:
511:– 2.5 s free fall
501:– 4.74 s free fall
415:
352:
336:Airbus A300 Zero-G
308:, a subsidiary of
242:
204:
188:inverse square law
158:
40:
30:Astronauts on the
5969:
5968:
5916:Flight controller
5693:
5692:
5451:Human spaceflight
5426:Space exploration
5352:Earth observation
5131:
5130:
4730:Media related to
4299:978-1-4419-9905-4
4261:(11): 1391–1392.
3882:978-0-471-26386-9
3677:978-1-4614-3395-8
3643:978-3-319-32828-7
3447:978-1-4614-3396-5
3370:978-3-319-32828-7
3003:(23): 2469–2470.
2782:(10): 2058–2069.
2751:978-0-19-513725-5
2603:978-1-4020-6769-3
2530:(11): 1053–1060.
2301:10.1119/1.2343327
2007:www.novespace.com
1925:10.1119/1.2343327
1692:
1520:space environment
1402:
1300:vestibular system
1213:human spaceflight
1189:human spaceflight
1023:
1022:
730:centrifugal force
722:spaghettification
568:
567:
488:– 3.1 s free fall
428:, located at the
360:Bordeaux-Merignac
314:DGA Essais en Vol
117:spaghettification
61:(named after the
5999:
5959:
5948:
5947:
5658:Space psychology
5483:Animals in space
5456:
5436:Space technology
5278:Rescue Agreement
5158:
5151:
5144:
5135:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4828:npj Microgravity
4818:
4729:
4717:
4702:
4701:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4609:npj Microgravity
4599:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4202:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4054:(6): 1000–1014.
4043:
4037:
4036:
4026:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3750:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3554:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3348:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2741:Space Physiology
2735:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2378:(5): 1162–1184.
2362:
2356:
2355:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1978:Flightglobal.com
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1826:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1694:
1693:
1669:
1651:
1631:
1619:
1610:administration.
1403:
1315:, an injectable
1061:Clayton Anderson
985:
983:
957:
955:
933:
931:
842:
563:
560:
550:You can help by
543:
536:
532:Neutral buoyancy
421:or drop towers.
381:Annabelle Wallis
6007:
6006:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5935:
5902:
5874:Escape velocity
5855:
5807:
5774:Space telescope
5727:Reentry capsule
5689:
5629:
5534:
5505:Overview effect
5488:Bioastronautics
5445:
5333:
5167:
5162:
5132:
5127:
5031:
5000:
4954:
4920:Bioastronautics
4898:
4893:
4821:
4792:
4746:Wayback Machine
4711:
4706:
4705:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4203:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4045:
4044:
4040:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3752:
3751:
3734:
3703:(11): 963–966.
3690:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3555:
3543:
3533:Motion sickness
3530:
3529:
3525:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3301:. June 15, 2016
3294:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3138:on May 21, 2020
3129:
3128:
3124:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3029:
3028:
3024:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:Wayback Machine
2712:
2708:
2699:Wayback Machine
2689:
2682:
2671:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2098:"Next campaign"
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1569:
1553:
1539:
1487:
1471:Main articles:
1469:
1416:red blood cells
1392:
1390:
1358:nephrolithiasis
1346:bone resorption
1337:
1293:sopite syndrome
1250:motion sickness
1235:
1229:
1151:red blood cells
1053:
1045:Main articles:
1043:
1019:up to 400 pm/s
981:
979:
953:
951:
929:
927:
892:Low Earth orbit
874:Earth's surface
832:Pioneer program
820:Voyager program
799:
787:
768:Other Effects:
726:low Earth orbit
704:
676:low Earth orbit
668:
660:low Earth orbit
573:
564:
558:
555:
534:
518:
492:Fallturm Bremen
434:Cleveland, Ohio
404:
344:
296:, they conduct
292:and the German
286:Airbus A310-300
278:
259:Ellington Field
247:
215:
209:
196:
155:
151:
126:
51:apparent weight
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6005:
6003:
5995:
5994:
5992:Space medicine
5989:
5984:
5982:Weightlessness
5974:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5952:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Ground station
5918:
5912:
5910:
5908:Ground segment
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5841:Interplanetary
5838:
5837:
5836:
5834:Geosynchronous
5831:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5801:Gravity assist
5798:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5732:Service module
5729:
5724:
5722:Orbital module
5714:
5709:
5707:Launch vehicle
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5685:Space sexology
5682:
5677:
5675:Space medicine
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5510:Weightlessness
5507:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5462:
5460:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5431:Space research
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5367:Reconnaissance
5364:
5359:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:European Union
5233:
5228:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Sleep in space
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4950:Weightlessness
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Space exposure
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4896:Space medicine
4894:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4819:
4801:(4): 394–406.
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4748:
4732:Weightlessness
4724:at Wiktionary
4710:
4709:External links
4707:
4704:
4703:
4660:
4594:
4580:
4566:
4533:Adv. Space Res
4523:
4496:(8): 119–129.
4480:
4447:
4386:
4353:
4346:. 1989-03-31.
4344:New York Times
4331:
4313:
4298:
4280:
4244:
4218:
4189:
4171:
4142:(6): 725–730.
4122:
4081:
4038:
4009:(5): 968–980.
3989:
3940:
3906:
3888:
3881:
3855:
3844:(3): 144–154.
3827:
3788:
3761:(3): 403–420.
3732:
3683:
3676:
3649:
3642:
3616:
3589:(1–2): 77–79.
3570:
3542:978-0125840507
3541:
3523:
3496:(6): 672–673.
3480:
3469:(8): 873–882.
3453:
3446:
3425:
3376:
3369:
3338:
3312:
3283:
3264:(6): 638–644.
3247:
3208:
3175:
3149:
3122:
3083:(12): e53275.
3061:
3022:
2987:
2954:
2928:(3): 819–827.
2906:
2872:
2839:
2809:
2757:
2750:
2730:
2706:
2692:Health Fitness
2680:
2669:
2646:
2609:
2602:
2565:
2510:
2492:New York Times
2477:
2468:
2442:
2435:
2415:
2357:
2332:
2306:
2264:
2245:(5): 663–673.
2225:
2195:
2170:
2141:
2113:
2085:
2057:
2024:
1994:
1980:. 2015-03-23.
1965:
1941:
1930:
1881:
1844:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:Space medicine
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1680:
1678:
1672:Comparison of
1671:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1568:
1565:
1538:
1535:
1485:Space medicine
1468:
1465:
1440:sleep problems
1389:
1386:
1378:muscle atrophy
1336:
1333:
1325:metoclopramide
1304:proprioceptive
1228:
1225:
1215:, including a
1176:to the planet
1174:crewed mission
1131:muscle atrophy
1073:space stations
1051:Space medicine
1042:
1041:Health effects
1039:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1000:
999:
998:500 nm/s
996:
993:
990:
987:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
888:
887:
886:9.81 m/s
884:
881:
878:
875:
871:
870:
864:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:Gravity due to
846:
836:speed of light
798:
795:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
776:
766:
765:
764:
753:
746:
745:
744:
737:
707:Orbital motion
703:
702:Orbital Motion
700:
667:
664:
636:air resistance
572:
569:
566:
565:
546:
544:
533:
530:
517:
514:
513:
512:
505:
502:
489:
482:
403:
400:
343:
340:
328:Ilyushin Il-76
277:
274:
257:, is based at
246:
243:
211:Main article:
208:
205:
195:
192:
153:
149:
125:
122:
43:Weightlessness
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6004:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Direct ascent
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5851:Intergalactic
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Rocket engine
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:Space capsule
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:Space nursing
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:Health issues
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Space Shuttle
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Space tourism
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5441:Space weather
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Space command
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:Space warfare
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5261:United States
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Astrodynamics
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:Organizations
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Asthenization
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Space weather
4943:
4941:
4940:Space nursing
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:HowStuffWorks
4752:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4676:(4): 449–58.
4675:
4671:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4539:(8): 105–18.
4538:
4534:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4481:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4190:9783319332260
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4101:: S137–S142.
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3158:Cowing, Keith
3153:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2775:Ophthalmology
2771:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:9781524731595
2666:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2436:9783896755001
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:(5): 312–13.
2286:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2075:
2071:
2070:"A300 Zero-G"
2067:
2061:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:(5): 312–13.
1910:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1707:
1702:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Pembrolizumab
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:space station
1574:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:stroke volume
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:antihistamine
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:, projectile
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:Gherman Titov
1256:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:human mission
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:may harm the
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:immune system
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:Gherman Titov
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
992:500 nm/s
991:
988:
977:
974:
973:
969:
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625:
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587:US astronaut
585:
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559:November 2022
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49:, i.e., zero
48:
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5861:Space launch
5846:Interstellar
5812:Destinations
5581:Apollo–Soyuz
5530:Space diving
5515:Space toilet
5509:
5339:Applications
5256:Soviet Union
5216:Space policy
5211:Space launch
5036:Other topics
4949:
4831:
4827:
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4721:zero gravity
4720:
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4473:14 September
4471:. Retrieved
4460:
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4379:14 September
4377:. Retrieved
4366:
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4237:November 25,
4235:. Retrieved
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3329:. Retrieved
3324:
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3303:. Retrieved
3298:
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3238:. Retrieved
3224:
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3188:
3178:
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3164:. NASA Watch
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3136:the original
3125:
3080:
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3064:
3042:(1): 89–90.
3039:
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2854:
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2709:
2703:Space Future
2674:
2658:
2655:Kelly, Scott
2649:
2641:
2632:. Retrieved
2612:
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2212:the original
2207:
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2040:
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2015:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1950:"Loading..."
1944:
1933:
1908:
1904:
1873:. Retrieved
1864:
1860:
1855:(May 1993).
1853:Oberg, James
1847:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1655:
1598:therapeutic
1593:
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1528:
1497:
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1424:right atrium
1408:
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1348:, decreased
1338:
1313:promethazine
1309:
1297:
1290:
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1254:
1244:
1182:
1166:space flight
1163:
1128:
1078:
1070:
1033:Compare the
1032:
1024:
946:6 mm/s
913:10 mm/s
800:
788:
740:
733:
705:
669:
643:
621:
615:
589:Marsha Ivins
556:
552:adding to it
547:
519:
473:
471:conditions.
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:deceleration
440:of expanded
423:
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108:tidal forces
106:experiences
97:
77:
72:
71:
67:zero gravity
66:
58:
55:zero g-force
54:
42:
41:
5819:Sub-orbital
5754:Space probe
5620:New Shepard
5598:Shuttle–Mir
5357:Archaeology
5310:Space force
5293:Moon Treaty
5165:Spaceflight
3808:: 712–720.
3240:October 29,
3201:October 30,
2980:12 February
2832:February 9,
1809:Vomit Comet
1608:intravenous
1508:spaceflight
1329:scopolamine
1261:aboard the
1211:related to
986:from Earth)
940:6 mm/s
916:6 mm/s
905:9 m/s
899:6 mm/s
880:6 mm/s
803:attenuation
728:(LEO), the
718:tidal force
448:rate of 65
442:polystyrene
220:Vomit Comet
166:James Oberg
5976:Categories
5888:Launch pad
5879:Expendable
5829:Geocentric
5796:Solar sail
5739:Spaceplane
5699:Spacecraft
5493:Space suit
5471:commercial
5399:Television
5194:Space Race
4935:Space food
4903:Main areas
4003:Pediatrics
3168:January 7,
3142:January 7,
2634:2012-05-10
2503:27 January
2354:(7): 38ff.
2189:2017-08-23
2164:2017-08-23
2135:2006-11-12
2107:2006-11-12
2079:2006-11-12
2051:2011-10-28
1988:2017-08-23
1875:2007-05-02
1816:References
1731:Astronauts
1541:See also:
1321:antiemetic
1231:See also:
1197:astronauts
1159:flatulence
1059:Astronaut
1007:from Earth
1005:light-year
984:10 km
958:from Earth
956:10 km
934:from Earth
932:10 km
896:9 m/s
834:.) At the
824:Pioneer 10
757:solar wind
419:drop tubes
396:Boeing 727
377:Tom Cruise
152:and weight
112:black hole
89:centrifuge
5898:Spaceport
5749:Satellite
5466:Astronaut
5394:Telephone
5347:Astronomy
5268:Space law
5221:Australia
4834:(1): 15.
4637:2373-8065
4308:768427940
4207:cite book
4199:953694996
3929:: 30–38.
3903:(Report).
3559:cite book
3056:0028-4793
2921:Radiology
2889:Space.com
2544:0028-4793
2392:0092-8674
2320:Geekswipe
1835:Space.com
1748:Clinostat
1581:satellite
1524:virulence
1477:Infection
1453:midodrine
1207:issued a
1120:Jake Garn
1105:cosmonaut
1097:headaches
1028:free fall
976:Voyager 1
868:Milky Way
812:Voyager 1
526:clinostat
387:in 2017.
385:the Mummy
332:Caravelle
306:Novespace
298:campaigns
227:parabolic
104:free fall
98:When the
5950:Category
5615:Tiangong
5610:Shenzhou
5539:Programs
5384:Internet
5189:Timeline
4971:Ebullism
4858:28649637
4815:24720362
4742:Archived
4698:36939988
4690:11541085
4655:31815178
4561:11542695
4518:11542696
4467:Archived
4442:23658630
4401:PLOS ONE
4373:Archived
4348:Archived
4326:Archived
4166:15580191
4117:25312108
4076:88375293
4068:30163751
4033:23569093
3984:11773310
3960:(1): 1.
3850:22947546
3822:26456109
3783:25185533
3775:20617334
3727:25401942
3603:16935570
3518:36203751
3510:24919391
3420:33828760
3278:24919385
3231:Archived
3195:Archived
3117:23300905
3076:PLOS ONE
3017:27829076
2974:Archived
2947:14 March
2942:22416248
2899:14 March
2893:Archived
2865:24 April
2859:Archived
2826:Archived
2804:13965518
2796:21849212
2718:Archived
2695:Archived
2657:(2017).
2625:Archived
2560:76667295
2552:30865799
2497:Archived
2410:33242416
2325:17 April
2218:24 April
2208:nasa.gov
2183:Archived
2158:Archived
2045:Archived
2017:24 April
2011:Archived
1982:Archived
1958:24 April
1869:Archived
1774:G-jitter
1703:See also
1660:in 1995.
1642:(right).
1583:through
1573:crystals
1516:microbes
1282:headache
1274:vomiting
1263:Vostok 2
1139:skeleton
1124:STS-51-D
1101:lethargy
1089:vomiting
1065:Cohesion
1016:200 pm/s
1013:200 pm/s
1010:400 am/s
995:200 pm/s
970:10 μm/s
967:200 pm/s
943:200 pm/s
919:200 pm/s
902:200 pm/s
866:rest of
845:Location
694:and the
650:flights
640:momentum
486:Grenoble
5987:Gravity
5824:Orbital
5625:Artemis
5556:Voskhod
5551:Mercury
5459:General
5199:Records
5184:History
5172:General
4849:5460176
4646:6889310
4617:Bibcode
4541:Bibcode
4498:Bibcode
4462:Gizmodo
4433:3639165
4410:Bibcode
4275:9631987
4157:4511479
4024:3639459
3975:2290012
3931:Bibcode
3718:4235589
3611:6520556
3551:2073893
3411:7962687
3325:ABCNews
3190:AP News
3108:3534034
3085:Bibcode
2582:Bibcode
2401:8441988
2289:Bibcode
2247:Bibcode
1913:Bibcode
1770:(ELGRA)
1674:insulin
1510:on the
1457:alpha-1
1370:Soyuz-8
1366:Soyuz-3
1354:calcium
1278:fatigue
1093:vertigo
964:10 μm/s
961:29 pm/s
937:10 μm/s
830:of the
818:of the
656:STS-107
622:On the
610:around
463:NASA's
438:pellets
424:NASA's
334:and an
325:Russian
321:Houston
268:NASA's
183:exactly
162:g-force
81:inertia
63:g-force
5961:Portal
5954:
5943:
5759:Lander
5712:Rocket
5576:Skylab
5571:Apollo
5561:Gemini
5546:Vostok
5251:Russia
4856:
4846:
4813:
4696:
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2390:
1560:Candle
1549:, and
1483:, and
1436:nausea
1420:anemia
1270:nausea
1193:brains
1170:vision
1085:nausea
989:1 pm/s
851:Total
822:, and
652:STS-87
593:STS-98
571:Orbits
499:Bremen
469:vacuum
364:France
59:zero-g
47:weight
5764:Rover
5566:Soyuz
5389:Radio
5246:Japan
5241:India
5226:China
4694:S2CID
4072:S2CID
4064:JSTOR
3919:(PDF)
3779:S2CID
3607:S2CID
3514:S2CID
3396:(6).
3295:(PDF)
3234:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
2969:Wired
2800:S2CID
2628:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2556:S2CID
2461:8 May
2277:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1867:(7).
1636:Earth
1319:with
1141:, or
1133:(see
857:Earth
688:TEXUS
686:, or
684:MAXUS
680:MASER
612:Earth
608:orbit
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5926:Pass
5881:and
4854:PMID
4811:PMID
4686:PMID
4651:PMID
4633:ISSN
4557:PMID
4514:PMID
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4438:PMID
4381:2017
4304:OCLC
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4232:NASA
4213:link
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4113:PMID
4029:PMID
3980:PMID
3877:ISBN
3846:PMID
3818:PMID
3802:Bone
3771:PMID
3723:PMID
3672:ISBN
3638:ISBN
3599:PMID
3565:link
3547:OCLC
3537:ISBN
3506:PMID
3471:PMID
3442:ISBN
3416:PMID
3365:ISBN
3333:2017
3307:2017
3299:NASA
3274:PMID
3242:2015
3226:NASA
3203:2015
3170:2013
3144:2013
3113:PMID
3052:ISSN
3013:PMID
2997:JAMA
2982:2014
2949:2012
2938:PMID
2901:2012
2867:2018
2834:2012
2792:PMID
2746:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2598:ISBN
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2540:ISSN
2505:2014
2463:2024
2431:ISBN
2406:PMID
2388:ISSN
2372:Cell
2347:OMNI
2327:2019
2220:2018
2019:2018
1960:2018
1861:Omni
1504:NASA
1368:and
1221:Mars
1185:NASA
1178:Mars
1113:NASA
1087:and
1049:and
1003:0.1
826:and
814:and
791:core
759:and
654:and
602:The
390:The
383:for
379:and
310:CNES
290:CNES
280:The
251:NASA
231:drag
5593:Mir
4844:PMC
4836:doi
4803:doi
4753:at
4678:doi
4641:PMC
4625:doi
4549:doi
4506:doi
4428:PMC
4418:doi
4263:doi
4152:PMC
4144:doi
4140:145
4103:doi
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4011:doi
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3970:PMC
3962:doi
3958:538
3927:119
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3713:PMC
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3587:129
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2784:doi
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