901:
535:, while other species (cats, dogs, raccoons, pandas) do not appear to. The distribution of mechanoreceptor types in the whisker follicle differs between rats and cats, which may correspond to this difference in the way they are used. Whisking movements are amongst the fastest produced by mammals. In all whisking animals in which it has so far been measured, these whisking movements are rapidly controlled in response to behavioural and environmental conditions. The whisking movements occur in bouts of variable duration, and at rates between 3 and 25 whisks/second. Movements of the whiskers are closely coordinated with those of the head and body.
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reports indicate that whisker length is genetically determined and does not vary as the cat grows thinner or fatter. In the laboratory, rats are able to accurately (within 5–10%) discriminate the size of an opening, so it seems likely that cats can use their whiskers for this purpose. However, reports of cats, particularly kittens, with their heads firmly stuck in some discarded receptacle are commonplace indicating that if a cat has this information available, it does not always make best use of it.
960:
527:. Generally, the supraorbital, genal and macrovibrissae are motile, whereas the microvibrissae are not. This is reflected in anatomical reports that have identified musculature associated with the macrovibrissae that is absent for the microvibrissae. A small muscle 'sling' is attached to each macrovibrissa and can move it more-or-less independently of the others, whilst larger muscles in the surrounding tissue move many or all of the macrovibrissae together.
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whisker trimming (they soon grow back), or for the duration of an experimental trial by restraining the whiskers with a flexible cover like a mask (the latter technique is used, in particular, in studies of marine mammals). Such experiments have shown that whiskers are required for, or contribute to: object localization, orienting of the snout, detection of movement, texture discrimination, shape discrimination, exploration,
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795:) has striking, stiff white feathers protruding from above and below the eyes of the otherwise slate-grey bird, and a dark plume which swoops forward from the top of its head. Whiskered auklets sent through a maze of tunnels with their feathers taped back bumped their heads more than twice as often as they did when their feathers were free, indicating they use their feathers in a similar way to cats.
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358:
373:(small, down-pointing whiskers for identifying objects). Not only are these two types hard to distinguish on an animal's face (see for example the image of a rat here), there are similarly weak distinctions in how they are used, though the distinction is nonetheless referred to ubiquitously in scientific literature and is considered useful in analysis.
43:
498:'s whiskers can be more than a third of its body length (see image). Even in species with shorter whiskers, they can be very prominent appendages (see images). Thus, whilst whiskers certainly could be described as "proximal sensors" in contrast to, say, eyes, they offer a tactile sense with a sensing range that is functionally very significant.
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736:. Indeed, some humans even still develop vestigial vibrissal muscles in the upper lip, consistent with the hypothesis that previous members of the human lineage had mystacial vibrissae. Thus, it is possible that the development of the whisker sensory system played an important role in mammalian development, more generally.
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in (laboratory) mice, and a slightly larger number of microvibrissae. Thus, an estimate for the total number of sensory nerve cells serving the mystacial vibrissal array on the face of a rat or mouse might be 25,000. Natural shapes of rat's mystacial pad vibrissae are well approximated by pieces of the
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Researchers have begun to build artificial whiskers of a variety of types, both to help them understand how biological whiskers work and as a tactile sense for robots. These efforts range from the abstract, through feature-specific models, to attempts to reproduce complete whiskered animals in robot
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Since rapid movement of the vibrissae consumes energy, and has required the evolution of specialised musculature, it can be assumed that whisking must convey some sensory advantages to the animal. Likely benefits are that it provides more degrees of freedom for sensor positioning, that it allows the
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of at least eight distinct types. Accordingly, even small deflections of the vibrissal hair can evoke a sensory response in the animal. Rats and mice typically have approximately 30 macrovibrissae on each side of the face, with whisker lengths up to around 50 mm in (laboratory) rats, 30 mm
558:
Whisking—the periodic movement of the whiskers—is also presumed to serve tactile sensing in some way. However, exactly why an animal might be driven "to beat the night with sticks", as one researcher once put it, is a matter of debate, and the answer is probably multi-faceted. Scholarpedia offers:
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Generally, vibrissae are considered to mediate a tactile sense, complementary to that of skin. This is presumed to be advantageous in particular to animals that cannot always rely on sight to navigate or to find food, for example, nocturnal animals or animals which forage in muddy waters. Whiskers
473:
The mystacial macrovibrissae are shared by a large group of land and marine mammals (see images), and it is this group that has received by far the most scientific study. The arrangement of these whiskers is not random: they form an ordered grid of arcs (columns) and rows, with shorter whiskers at
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of the brain. The largest number and the longest are found among the small, social, arboreal, and nocturnal mammals. Whiskers of aquatic mammals are the most sensitive. During foraging in complex, dark habitats, whiskers are rapidly moved in a cyclic way, tracing small circles at their tips. This
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Anecdotally, it is often stated that cats use their whiskers to gauge whether an opening is wide enough for their body to pass through. This is sometimes supported by the statement that the whiskers of individual cats extend out to about the same width as the cat's body, but at least two informal
490:
Marine mammals may make even greater investment in their vibrissal sensory system than rats and mice. Seal whiskers, which are similarly arrayed across the mystacial region, are each served by around 10 times as many nerve fibres as those in rats and mice, so that the total number of nerve cells
550:
The sensory function of vibrissae is an active research area—experiments to establish the capabilities of whiskers use a variety of techniques, including temporary deprivation either of the whisker sense or of other senses. Animals can be deprived of their whisker sense for a period of weeks by
636:, pinnipeds do not move their vibrissae over an object when examining it but instead extend their moveable whiskers and keep them in the same position. By holding their vibrissae steady, pinnipeds are able to maximize their detection ability. The vibrissae of seals are undulated and wavy while
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of terrestrial mammals, allowing them to effectively detect vibrations in the water. These vibrations are generated, for example, when a fish swims through water. Detecting vibrations is useful when the animals are foraging and may add to or even replace vision, particularly in darkness.
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Vibrissae are anatomically distinguished from other hair. They are easily visually identified since they are longer, stiffer, significantly larger in diameter, and stand above the surrounding fur by a considerable amount. In addition, they have well-innervated
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Ebara, Satomi; Kumamoto, Kenzo; Matsuura, Tadao; Mazurkiewicz, Joseph E.; Rice, Frank L. (22 July 2002). "Similarities and differences in the innervation of mystacial vibrissal follicle–sinus complexes in the rat and cat: A confocal microscopic study".
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of whisker-specialist mammals is involved in the processing of nerve impulses from vibrissae, a fact that presumably corresponds to the important position the sense occupies for the animal. Information from the vibrissae arrives in the brain via the
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Vibrissae typically grow in clusters. These groups vary somewhat in form and function, but they are relatively consistent among land mammals. Between land and marine mammals, there is less consistency (though commonalities are certainly present).
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have been observed following varying paths of other organisms that swam ahead several minutes before, similar to a dog following a scent trail, and even to discriminate the species and the size of the fish responsible for the trail. Blind
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had a rugose (wrinkled) jaw texture that has been interpreted as the attachment sites for vibrissae, though actual vibrissae have not been recorded. More recently, a specific type of feathers has been found around anurognathid mouths.
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vibrissae are smooth. Research is ongoing to determine the function, if any, of these shapes on detection ability. The vibrissa's angle relative to the flow, and not the fiber shape, however, seems to be the most important factor.
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The last common ancestor of all extant mammals had vibrissae. All other extant mammal species besides great apes retain the same ancestral layout of the whiskers along with the special facial muscles that move them.
1602:
Rice, Frank L.; Mance, Ajuan; Munger, Bryce L. (8 October 1986). "A comparative light microscopic analysis of the sensory innervation of the mystacial pad. I. Innervation of vibrissal follicle-sinus complexes".
530:
Amongst those species with motile macrovibrissae, some (rats, mice, flying squirrels, gerbils, chinchillas, hamsters, shrews, porcupines, opossums) move them back and forth periodically in a movement known as
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motion, called "whisking" can occur at speeds of 25 Hz in mice, which is one of the fastest movements that mammals can make. Small animals use whisking to position their front paws during locomotion.
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showing four major cranial groups of vibrissae: supraorbital (above the eye), mystacial (where a moustache would be), genal (on the cheek, far left), and mandibular (pointing down, under the snout)
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A pet rat clearly showing the grid-like arrangement of the macrovibrissae on the face, and the microvibrissae under the nostrils. The supraorbital vibrissae above the right eye are also visible.
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708:, to name but a couple, are increasingly coming under scrutiny. Neuroscientists, and other researchers, studying sensory systems favour the whisker system for a number of reasons (see
555:, locomotion, maintenance of equilibrium, maze learning, swimming, locating food pellets, locating food animals, and fighting, as well as nipple attachment and huddling in rat pups.
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the front and longer whiskers at the rear (see images). In the mouse, gerbil, hamster, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat, each individual follicle is innervated by 100–200 primary
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Sensory function aside, movements of the vibrissae may also indicate something of the state of mind of the animal, and the whiskers play a role in social behaviour of rats.
61:
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Mugnaini, Matias; Mehrotra, Dhruv; Davoine, Federico; Sharma, Varun; Mendes, Ana Rita; Gerhardt, Ben; Concha-Miranda, Miguel; Brecht, Michael; Clemens, Ann M. (2023).
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innervating the mystacial vibrissae of a seal has been estimated to be in excess of 300,000. Manatees, remarkably, have around 600 vibrissae on or around their lips.
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may be a vibrissa (see image). Other marine mammals, like seals and sea-lions, have head vibrissae just like those on land mammals (see image), although these groups
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animal to sample a larger volume of space with a given density of whiskers, and that it allows control over the velocity with which the whiskers contact surfaces.
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Tamatsu, Yuichi; Tsukahara, Kazue; Hotta, Mitsuyuki; Shimada, Kazuyuki (August 2007). "Vestiges of vibrissal capsular muscles exist in the human upper lip".
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Benton, Michael J.; Xu, Xing; Orr, Patrick J.; Kaye, Thomas G.; Pittman, Michael; Kearns, Stuart L.; McNamara, Maria E.; Jiang, Baoyu; Yang, Zixiao (2019).
2656:
Grant R, Wieskotten S, Wengst N, Prescott T, Dehnhardt G (2013). "Vibrissal touch sensing in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): how do seals judge size?".
487:. When all these pieces for a single rat are assembled together, they span an interval extending from one coiled domain of the Euler spiral to the other.
380:). Whilst these five major groups are often reported in studies of land mammals, several other groups have been reported more occasionally; for instance
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Animals that do not whisk, but have motile whiskers, presumably also gain some advantage from the investment in musculature. Dorothy Souza, in her book
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1176:"The evolution of active vibrissal sensing in mammals: evidence from vibrissal musculature and function in the marsupial opossum Monodelphis domestica"
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Some fish have slender, pendulous tactile organs near the mouth. These are often referred to as "whiskers", although they are more correctly termed
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The vibrissal hair is usually thicker and stiffer than other types of (pelagic) hair but, like other hairs, the shaft consists of an inert material (
217:. Although whiskers are specifically those found around the face, vibrissae are known to grow in clusters at various places around the body. Most
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1846:"Microstructure and innervation of the mystacial vibrissal follicle sinus complex in bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus (Pinnipedia: Phocidae)"
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261:'to vibrate') from the characteristic motion seen in a small rodent that is otherwise sitting still. In medicine, the term also refers to the
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1035:
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Reep, R. L.; Marshall, C. D.; Stoll, M. L. (2002). "Tactile Hairs on the
Postcranial Body in Florida Manatees: A Mammalian Lateral Line?".
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which is heavily innervated by sensory nerves. Vibrissae are symmetrically arranged in groups on the face and supply the trigeminal nerve.
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have whiskers at birth but they are typically lost during maturation. The follicles and any vestigial hair sometimes function as touch or
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Diamond, M.; von
Heimendahl, P; Knutsen, P.; Kleinfeld, D.; Ahissar, A. (2008). "'Where' and 'what' in the whisker sensorimotor system".
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Whiskers bend forward as the cat pounces. Teeth grasp the mouse tightly around its neck. The cat holds on until the prey stops wriggling.
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Whiskers are sensitive tactile hairs that aid navigation, locomotion, exploration, hunting, social touch and perform other functions.
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have lost their snout whiskers and gained vibrissae around their blowholes, whereas every single one of the body hairs of the
2435:"Behavioral Properties of the trigeminal somatosensory system in rats performing whisker-dependent tactile discriminations"
2566:
Miersch, L.; Hanke, W.; Wieskotten, S.; Hanke, F. D.; Oeffner, J.; Leder, A.; Brede, M.; Witte, M.; Dehnhardt, G. (2011).
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732:) with remarkable conservation of operation suggests that they may be an old feature present in a common ancestor of all
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3141:
3111:
2014:
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Brecht, Michael; Preilowski, Bruno; Merzenich, Michael M. (1997). "Functional architecture of the mystacial vibrissae".
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Many land mammals, including domestic cats, also have vibrissae on the underside of the leg just above the paws (called
3298:
850:. Fish that have barbels include the catfish, carp, goatfish, hagfish, sturgeon, zebrafish and some species of shark.
632:, likely relying on their vibrissae to gain sensory information and catch prey. Unlike terrestrial mammals, such as
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Kulikov, V. F. (2011). "A new vibrissa group in insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora) and its role in orientation".
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their environment. These hairs are finely specialised for this purpose, whereas other types of hair are coarser as
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1885:
Spotorno, Angel E.; Zuleta, Carlos A.; Valladares, J. Pablo; Deane, Amy L.; Jiménez, Jaime E. (15 December 2004).
2906:
Kleinfeld, Rune w. Berg (1999). "Anatomical loops and their electrical dynamics in relation to whisking by rat".
2699:
Hyvärinen H (1989). "Diving in darkness: whiskers as sense organs of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis)".
1966:"Biomechanics of the Vibrissa Motor Plant in Rat: Rhythmic Whisking Consists of Triphasic Neuromuscular Activity"
1740:"Two Psychophysical Channels of Whisker Deflection in Rats Align with Two Neuronal Classes of Primary Afferents"
1318:
Wineski, Lawrence E. (1983). "Movements of the cranial vibrissae in the Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)".
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31:
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2915:
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Krupa, David J.; Matell, Matthew S.; Brisben, Amy J.; Oliveira, Laura M.; Nicolelis, Miguel A. L. (2001).
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Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph H.; Krajewski, Carey (2007).
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712:), not least the simple fact that laboratory rats and mice are whisker, rather than visual, specialists.
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1346:
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Mitchinson, B.; Grant, R. A.; Arkley, K.; Rankov, V.; Perkon, I.; Prescott, T. J. (12 November 2011).
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A range of non-mammals possess structures which resemble or function similarly to mammalian whiskers.
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Many land mammals, like rats and hamsters, have four typical whisker groups on their heads (called
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Grant, Robyn A.; Haidarliu, Sebastian; Kennerley, Natalie J.; Prescott, Tony J. (1 January 2013).
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1699:. In Masland, Richard H.; Albright, Thomas D.; Albright, Thomas D.; Masland, Richard H. (eds.).
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This article is primarily about the specialised sensing hairs of mammals, but some birds, fish,
458:. However, vibrissae are different from other hair structures because they grow from a special
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Marine mammals can have substantially different arrangements of their vibrissae. For instance,
3331:
3277:
3020:
2985:
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2839:
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Ginter CC, Fish FE (2010). "Morphological analysis of the bumpy profile of phocid vibrissae".
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324:), which might vary among animals due to different lifestyles. These cranial groups include:
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126:
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R. J., Schusterman; D., Kastak; D. H., Levenson; C. J., Reichmuth; B. L., Southall (2000).
1347:"Structure, function, and cortical representation of the rat submandibular whisker trident"
1850:
The
Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology
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Dehnhardt, G. (2001). "Hydrodynamic trail-following in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)".
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Schulte-Pelkum, N.; Wieskotten, S.; Hanke, W.; Dehnhardt, G. & Mauck, B. (2007).
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Wolfe, Jason; Mende, Carolin; Brecht, Michael (2011). "Social facial touch in rats".
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can also function as wind detecting antannae such as the supra-orbital ones in rats.
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1981:
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226:
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Murphy, T. C.; Eberhardt, W. C.; Calhoun, B. H.; Mann, K. A.; Mann, D. A. (2013).
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of catfishes (order
Siluriformes) commonly known as the long-whiskered catfishes.
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2106:
854:
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629:
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613:
552:
240:
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Beddard, Frank E. (1902). "Observations upon the carpal vibrissae in mammals".
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2018:
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688:. From there, the most studied pathways are those leading up through parts of
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262:
109:
2190:
2115:
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form (ScratchBot and ShrewBot, both robots by
Bristol Robotics Laboratory).
2815:
Mynett, Natasha; Mossman, Hannah L.; Huettner, Tim; Grant, Robyn A. (2022).
2617:"Tracking of biogenic hydrodynamic trails in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)"
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1999:
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reports some whisker movement during prey capture (in cats, in this case):
3241:
2355:
1950:
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1080:
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784:
around the base of the beak which are sometimes referred to as whiskers.
701:
689:
649:
637:
589:
524:
247:
are known to have similar structures also used to sense the environment.
3299:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"
3363:, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1225:110–118, April 2011.
1862:
1845:
1194:
1101:"Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals"
966:
847:
807:
451:
400:
266:
222:
206:
17:
2633:
2616:
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1665:
1545:
1072:
438:
Vibrissal follicles have evolved other functions in dolphins, such as
3016:
2835:
2532:
2507:
2182:
1345:
Thé, L.; Wallace, M. L.; Chen, C. H.; Chorev, E.; Brecht, M. (2013).
1030:(3 ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 99.
733:
721:
641:
633:
309:
236:
218:
2312:
1844:
Marshall, CD; Amin, H.; Kovacs, K. M.; Lydersen, C. (January 2006).
1277:
1099:
Grant, Robyn A.; Breakell, Vicki; Prescott, Tony J. (13 June 2018).
395:
2041:"Fiber Types of the Intrinsic Whisker Muscle and Whisking Behavior"
1059:
Van Horn, R.N. (1970). "Vibrissae
Structure in the Rhesus Monkey".
993:
Supraorbital vibrissae and mystacial macrovibrissae of a house cat.
511:
407:
2731:"Effect of Angle on Flow-Induced Vibrations of Pinniped Vibrissae"
950:
891:
837:
768:
752:
676:
603:
597:
510:
463:
455:
406:
394:
356:
303:
210:
103:
91:
2342:
Brecht, Michael (September 2004). "What Makes
Whiskers Shake?".
1964:
Hill, D. N.; Bermejo, R.; Zeigler, H. P.; Kleinfeld, D. (2008).
1903:
1886:
781:
202:
3369:, Blog-post about the functions of cat whiskers, April 7, 2012.
1923:"The musculature of the mystacial vibrissae of the white mouse"
1579:
Encyclopedia of animals – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians.
684:
and is delivered first into the trigeminal sensory complex of
523:
The follicles of some groups of vibrissae in some species are
516:
97:
36:
2090:"Supra-orbital whiskers act as wind-sensing antennae in rats"
628:
have even been observed successfully hunting on their own in
519:
shows how the mystacial macrovibrissae can be swept forward.
3082:
Fend, Miriam; Bovet, Simon; Hafner, Verena
Vanessa (2004).
494:
Whiskers can be very long in some species; the length of a
193:
175:
150:
132:
720:
The presence of mystacial vibrissae in distinct lineages (
369:(long whiskers for feeling the space around the head) and
1738:
Stuttgen, M. C.; Rüter, J.; Schwarz, C. (July 26, 2006).
780:
Some birds possess specialized hair-like feathers called
187:
144:
3207:"A robot inspired by the Etruscan shrew called Shrewbot"
2039:
Jin, T.-E.; Witzemann, V.; Brecht, M. (March 31, 2004).
3084:
The
Artificial Mouse - A Robot with Whiskers and Vision
1105:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
57:
2817:"Diversity of vibrissal follicle anatomy in cetaceans"
1235:
Grant, Robyn; Mitchinson, Ben; Prescott, Tony (2011).
1573:
1571:
704:(a major visual structure in visual animals) and the
596:
senses. Their mystacial vibrissae have ten times the
190:
147:
2956:"Active vibrissal sensing in rodents and marsupials"
365:
The mystacial whiskers can be roughly identified as
184:
181:
172:
141:
138:
129:
1695:Halata, Z.; Baumann, K. I.; Grim, M. (2008-01-01).
178:
135:
52:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2867:"Vibrissal afferents from trigeminus to cortices"
1787:Starostin, E. L.; et al. (15 January 2020).
981:Prominent immotile vibrissae on a horse's muzzle.
411:Macrovibrissae and supraorbital vibrissae of the
2512:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3274:Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy
574:
561:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1005:Whiskers of the Brown Thrasher near the head.
798:Other birds that have obvious "whiskers" are
478:. These cells serve an even larger number of
8:
3086:. 35th International Symposium on Robotics.
2949:
2947:
2210:
2208:
1703:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 33–38.
1094:
1092:
1090:
291:, and an identifiable representation in the
2561:
2559:
612:. The lower undulated whisker belongs to a
256:
696:, though other major pathways through the
3327:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9
3325:
3240:
3091:
2979:
2919:
2890:
2865:Deschenes, Martin; Urbain, Nadia (2009).
2764:
2754:
2632:
2591:
2531:
2486:"Cops save kitten with head stuck in can"
2460:
2450:
2283:
2123:
2105:
2064:
1989:
1940:
1902:
1861:
1820:
1763:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1373:
1313:
1311:
1260:
1124:
1027:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
64:, without removing the technical details.
2724:
2722:
1916:
1914:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1513:
1511:
1153:The Free Dictionary's Medical dictionary
2145:
2143:
1597:
1595:
1016:
880:
608:The upper, smooth whisker belongs to a
1701:The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference
159:
62:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
2258:Ahissar, E.; Knutsen, P. M. (2011).
1654:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1605:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1581:Reader's Digest Association. p. 18.
1282:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
937:cross section of an equine vibrissa.
773:The "whiskers" around the beak of a
27:Type of animal hair used for sensing
3117:"Bristol Robotics Lab - Scratchbot"
2658:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
2568:"Flow sensing by pinniped whiskers"
1278:"The tactile hair of the white rat"
432:
221:have them, including all non-human
2908:Somatosensory & Motor Research
2713:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb05008.x
2452:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05752.2001
1789:"The Euler spiral of rat whiskers"
1459:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1902.tb08213.x
1332:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05788.x
1237:"Vibrissal behaviour and function"
906:Macrovibrissae of a Hooded Lister
201:) are a type of stiff, functional
25:
3229:"Bird uses 'whiskers' like a cat"
922:A cat's prominent macrovibrissae.
3047:"Invention: Artificial whiskers"
2802:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00365.x
2508:"Why pinnipeds don't echolocate"
1709:10.1016/b978-012370880-9.00341-8
998:
986:
974:
958:
942:
927:
915:
899:
883:
757:"Whiskers" on a whiskered auklet
168:
125:
41:
3367:The Mysterious Whiskers of Cats
3147:"SCRATCHbot - A Rat like Robot"
3064:. Neurophilosophy.wordpress.com
2621:Journal of Experimental Biology
1519:"Whiskers! A Feel For The Dark"
1183:Journal of Experimental Biology
3306:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3276:. Princeton University Press.
2057:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5151-03.2004
1982:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5008-07.2008
1756:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1864-06.2006
1366:10.1523/jneurosci.4770-12.2013
1:
2260:"Vibrissal location decoding"
1577:Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993).
1534:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
1416:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)83328-1
1155:. Farlex, Inc. April 14, 2009
3361:A night in the life of a rat
2756:10.1371/journal.pone.0069872
2107:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002168
2013:RoyalSociety (Oct 2, 2011).
342:where a moustache would be (
3060:Costandi, Mo (2006-10-05).
2439:The Journal of Neuroscience
2301:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2045:The Journal of Neuroscience
1970:The Journal of Neuroscience
1744:The Journal of Neuroscience
1474:Doklady Biological Sciences
1354:The Journal of Neuroscience
462:incorporating a capsule of
3404:
2344:Journal of Neurophysiology
1404:Behavioural Brain Research
668:
433:function quite differently
29:
3318:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7
2892:10.4249/scholarpedia.7454
2670:10.1007/s00359-013-0797-7
2488:. Toronto Sun. 2011-01-25
2380:Look What Whiskers Can Do
2285:10.4249/scholarpedia.6639
2152:"Just the cat's whiskers"
2017:. Youtube. Archived from
1486:10.1134/s0012496611030021
1262:10.4249/scholarpedia.6642
969:) showing macrovibrissae.
570:Look What Whiskers Can Do
112:with large macrovibrissae
3272:Wilton, Mark P. (2013).
2409:"Focus Magazine Q&A"
32:Whisker (disambiguation)
2385:Lerner Publishing Group
2377:Souza, Dorothy (2007).
2229:10.1126/science.1060514
2171:Behavioral Neuroscience
1276:Vincent, S. B. (1913).
870:Anurognathid pterosaurs
842:"Whiskers" on a catfish
2972:10.1098/rstb.2011.0156
2960:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
2930:10.1080/08990229970528
2584:10.1098/rstb.2011.0155
1813:10.1126/sciadv.aax5145
1117:10.1098/rspb.2018.0592
843:
777:
758:
617:
578:
566:
520:
420:
404:
362:
313:
257:
255:Vibrissae (from Latin
113:
101:
3242:10.1038/news.2008.674
3209:. YouTube. 2012-01-19
3179:. YouTube. 2011-09-03
3149:. YouTube. 2011-09-15
3119:. YouTube. 2009-07-01
2824:The Anatomical Record
2790:Marine Mammal Science
2356:10.1152/jn.00404.2004
1697:"6.02 – Merkel Cells"
1617:10.1002/cne.902520203
1294:10.1002/cne.900230101
894:with facial whiskers.
841:
772:
756:
607:
514:
410:
399:All the hairs of the
398:
360:
307:
107:
95:
1887:"Chinchilla Laniger"
1189:(Pt 18): 3483–3494.
949:Macrovibrissae of a
824:long-whiskered owlet
716:Evolutionary biology
675:A large part of the
592:have well-developed
476:afferent nerve cells
293:somatosensory cortex
30:For other uses, see
3262:Bennett et al 2007b
2966:(1581): 3037–3048.
2883:2009SchpJ...4.7454D
2747:2013PLoSO...869872M
2524:2000ASAJ..107.2256S
2276:2011SchpJ...6.6639A
1805:2020SciA....6.5145S
1253:2011SchpJ...6.6642P
740:Artificial whiskers
698:superior colliculus
610:California sea lion
425:whales and dolphins
265:found inside human
3227:Brown, S. (2008).
2701:Journal of Zoology
2150:McSporran, Keith.
1928:Journal of Anatomy
1863:10.1002/ar.a.20273
1447:Journal of Zoology
1320:Journal of Zoology
1195:10.1242/jeb.087452
1111:(1880): 20180592.
965:Laboratory mouse (
844:
778:
759:
618:
521:
454:) and contains no
421:
413:common harbor seal
405:
390:submental whiskers
363:
314:
114:
102:
2634:10.1242/jeb.02708
2578:(1581): 3077–84.
2445:(15): 5752–5763.
2394:978-0-761-39459-4
2223:(5527): 102–104.
2051:(13): 3386–3393.
1976:(13): 3438–3455.
1935:(Pt 1): 147–154.
1921:Dörfl, J (1982).
1891:Mammalian Species
1750:(30): 7933–7941.
1718:978-0-12-370880-9
1666:10.1002/cne.10277
1546:10.1159/000064161
1360:(11): 4815–4824.
1073:10.1159/000155325
1037:978-0-8018-8695-9
828:Xenoglaux loweryi
660:Lines of research
403:may be vibrissae.
349:under the snout (
322:cranial vibrissae
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3395:
3348:
3347:
3329:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3017:10.1002/ca.20497
3000:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2836:10.1002/ar.24714
2821:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2533:10.1121/1.428506
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2411:. Archived from
2405:
2399:
2398:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2350:(3): 1265–1266.
2339:
2333:
2332:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2183:10.1037/a0026165
2166:
2160:
2159:
2154:. Archived from
2147:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2109:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1793:Science Advances
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1599:
1590:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1232:
1215:
1214:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1021:
1002:
990:
978:
962:
946:
931:
919:
903:
887:
789:whiskered auklet
682:trigeminal nerve
654:electrical sense
480:mechanoreceptors
440:electroreception
378:carpal vibrissae
328:above the eyes (
300:Vibrissal groups
260:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
161:
157:
156:
153:
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137:
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85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3373:
3372:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3202:Wayback Machine
3195:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3172:Wayback Machine
3165:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3142:Wayback Machine
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3112:Wayback Machine
3105:
3101:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3062:"Sculpted Face"
3059:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2921:10.1.1.469.3914
2905:
2904:
2900:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2313:10.1038/nrn2411
2298:
2297:
2293:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2100:(7): e3002168.
2087:
2086:
2082:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1799:(3): eaax5145.
1786:
1785:
1781:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1234:
1233:
1218:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
982:
979:
970:
963:
954:
947:
938:
932:
923:
920:
911:
904:
895:
888:
879:
867:
836:
816:whip-poor-wills
782:rictal bristles
767:
751:
742:
734:therian mammals
718:
673:
667:
662:
587:
541:
509:
504:
466:called a blood
448:
429:Florida manatee
335:on the cheeks (
302:
284:
275:
253:
225:and especially
215:tactile sensors
171:
167:
128:
124:
86:
75:
69:
66:
58:help improve it
55:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3383:Mammal anatomy
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3355:External links
3353:
3350:
3349:
3289:
3283:978-0691150611
3282:
3264:
3255:
3219:
3189:
3159:
3129:
3099:
3093:10.1.1.58.6535
3074:
3052:
3038:
2995:
2943:
2898:
2857:
2830:(3): 609–621.
2807:
2780:
2718:
2707:(4): 663–678.
2691:
2664:(6): 521–531.
2648:
2627:(5): 781–787.
2607:
2555:
2518:(4): 2256–64.
2498:
2476:
2425:
2400:
2393:
2387:. p. 17.
2369:
2334:
2307:(8): 601–612.
2291:
2250:
2204:
2177:(6): 900–910.
2161:
2158:on 2012-02-12.
2139:
2080:
2031:
2021:on Jul 3, 2013
2005:
1956:
1910:
1877:
1836:
1779:
1730:
1717:
1687:
1660:(2): 103–119.
1638:
1611:(2): 154–174.
1591:
1567:
1540:(3): 141–154.
1524:
1507:
1480:(1): 154–157.
1464:
1453:(1): 127–136.
1437:
1410:(1–2): 81–97.
1389:
1337:
1326:(2): 261–280.
1307:
1268:
1216:
1166:
1140:
1086:
1067:(4): 241–285.
1061:Folia Primatol
1051:
1036:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
997:
995:
992:
985:
983:
980:
973:
971:
964:
957:
955:
948:
941:
939:
933:
926:
924:
921:
914:
912:
908:laboratory rat
905:
898:
896:
889:
882:
878:
875:
866:
863:
835:
832:
793:Aethia pygmaea
766:
763:
750:
749:In non-mammals
747:
741:
738:
717:
714:
671:Mitra Hartmann
666:
663:
661:
658:
586:
585:Marine mammals
583:
540:
537:
508:
505:
503:
500:
447:
444:
417:Phoca vitulina
371:microvibrissae
367:macrovibrissae
355:
354:
347:
340:
333:
310:Patagonian fox
301:
298:
283:
280:
274:
271:
252:
249:
100:with vibrissae
88:
87:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3400:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3248:September 28,
3243:
3238:
3234:
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3223:
3220:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3163:
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3148:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
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3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:(6): 628–31.
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:(7): e69872.
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2483:For example:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2415:on 2018-07-18
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2382:
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855:Pimelodidae
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614:harbor seal
598:innervation
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3213:2013-06-24
3183:2013-06-24
3153:2013-06-24
3123:2013-06-24
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2492:2013-06-24
2419:2012-04-13
2025:2013-06-24
1724:2020-12-09
1011:References
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117:Whiskers
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