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197:, produced in 1887 with a small intended circulation. In its original form it lacked any illustrations and gave only a brief overview of many of its topics. Thanks to a high degree of interest and correspondence regarding the work Wiedersheim decided to publish a revised and expanded version. The German second edition was published in 1893 with an English translation by Henry and Matilda Bernard following in 1895.
227:
It is important to note that a vestige is not necessarily a completely useless organ. Although defined as "useless" in popular media, a vestige as defined in evolutionary biology may still have some use, but the use has since diminished. This definition is consistent with
Wiedersheim, who said that
214:: the muscles of the ear, wisdom teeth, the appendix, the coccyx (tail bone), body hair, and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye. The list, however, contains structures which today are known to be essential, and thus represents a historical record of the physiologic understanding of the day.
200:
As part of the book
Wiedersheim included a list of the organs discussed in the text which might be considered vestigial. He writes, "comparative morphology points not only to the essentially similar plan of organization of the bodies of all vertebrates, ... but also to the occurrence in them of
155:. This book and its subsequent edition proved very popular and a shorter outline version was published, this was also popular and went through several editions, gaining in size with each edition. In 1902 this outline version superseded the original and was published as
827:"Frühe Zeugnisse vom Eichbergschacht (Kat.-Nr.7621/7) bei Undingen (Schwäbische Alb)und Würdigung des biospeläologischen Wirkens von Robert Ernst Wiedersheim. Beiträge zur Höhlen- und Karstkunde in Südwestdeutschland Nr. 46 S. 5-18 Stuttgart, Juni 2008. S. 12"
78:. In 1871 he moved his studies to WĂĽrzburg and the following year to Freiburg. In 1872 Wiedersheim finished a doctoral thesis on the finer structural relations of the glands in the gizzard of birds, a subject suggested to him by Carl Hasse while in WĂĽrzburg.
61:
Wiedersheim's father was Eduard
Friedrich Wiedersheim (1819–1882), a medical doctor and naturalist. His mother, Bertha Friederike Wiedersheim (née Otto, 1825–1848) died a few days after his birth. During his school years Wiedersheim showed an interest in
178:
deals with various anatomical elements of the human body and attempts to frame them in an evolutionary context with other vertebrates. Wiedersheim himself suggests in the introduction that this work is in the same vein as
73:
Initially commencing a science degree at
Lausanne in 1868 Wiedersheim switched after one semester to a medical degree at TĂĽbingen, following his father's wishes. He studied at TĂĽbingen from 1868 to 1870 under
96:
and published a number of relevant textbooks. He also collected early photographs and documents of scientists of his day. In 1883 Wiedersheim became a full professor of anatomy and succeeded
1085:"Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: O: Occipitalis Minor (Transversus Nuchae) (of Santorini)"
224:, on the other hand, have used the discredited examples as an argument against evolution. There is no "scientific" proof, they say, of the uselessness of a particular organ.
239:
that "There are, according to
Wiedersheim, no less than 180 vestigial structures in the human body, sufficient to make of a man a veritable walking museum of antiquities."
201:
certain organs, or parts of organs, now known as 'vestigial.' "By such organs are meant those which were formerly of greater physiological significance than at present."
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vestigial organs are "wholly or in part functionless" (Wiedersheim 1893, p. 200) and have "lost their original physiological significance" (p. 205).
220:
have used the credited examples of this list as an argument for evolution as they are evolutionary leftovers, of little use to the current organism.
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Wegbereiter unserer
Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Moderne: 219 Biographien zur Portrait-Sammlung des Anatomen Robert Wiedersheim (1848-1923)
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and the resulting work is still considered a standard reference on anuran anatomy. A translation by George Haslam of the first two volumes of
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89:
382:
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Although
Wiedersheim's originally published list contains 86 items, later interpretations enlarged his list to 180 vestiges. The zoologist
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Drewes RC, Hedrick MS, Hillman SS, Withers PC. "Unique role of skeletal muscle contraction in vertical lymph movement in anurans."
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163:. English editions under both titles were translated by W.N. Parker an anatomist at University College of South Wales, now
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127:. This collaboration took place over a 40-year period with several publications between 1864 and 1904 under the title
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1103:"Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus IV: Organ Systems: Mammary Gland"
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In 1873 Wiedersheim married
Mathilde (Tilla) Sophie Gruber with whom he had one son, Walter Wiedersheim.
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After finishing his studies
Wiedersheim returned to WĂĽrzburg where he worked as an assistant to
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The young Robert Ernst Eduard
Wiedersheim, probably in early 1874 by Alfredo Noack in Genoa.
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1041:. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895. p.xi
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1026:. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895. p.3
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to produce a comprehensive, illustrated atlas of anatomy for the European edible frog
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Robert Wiedersheim is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of chameleon,
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The formation of rudimentary dental papillae before the sinking of the dental ridge.
850:. Second Edition. Translated by H. and M. Bernard. London: Macmillan and Co. 1895.
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The transition bundles between the trapezius and the sterno- cleido-mastoideus.
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70:. However, he was not a good student and barely passed the final examination.
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as the director of Freiburg's Institute of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy.
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At Freiburg Wiedersheim took part in a lengthy ongoing collaboration with
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until 1876. In 1876 he became an associate professor of anatomy at the
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of the fifth toe, and less conspicuously of the third and fourth toes.
1067:"Episternal ossicles - Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org"
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135:, including considerable new material, was published under the title
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1053:
The World's Most Famous Court Trial: The Tennessee Evolution Case
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Structures included in Wiedersheim's list of 86 vestigial organs
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The branchial clefts (for the most part) and branchial ridges.
1123:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1119:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
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The vertex coccygeus, the foveola and glabella coccygea.
870:. 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2015 from Encyclopedia.com
882:"Robert Ernst Wiedersheim, born 1848 - Ancestry.co.uk"
841:
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said in a written statement read into evidence in the
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Facial muscles transformed into tendinous expansions.
208:'s concept of "rudimentary" organs such as listed in
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Lehrbuch der vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere
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The ciliated epithelium of the embryonic oesophagus.
149:
Lehrbuch der vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere
92:
where he taught until 1918. He became an expert in
1039:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
1024:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
979:Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates
848:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
176:The structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
153:Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates
51:The Structure of Man: An Index to His Past History
720:Certain structures of a vestigial nature in the
1051:Darrow, Clarence and William J. Bryan. (1997).
616:The rami recurrentes of certain cranial nerves.
418:and palmaris longus, when completely tendinous.
302:(probable vestige of the episternal apparatus).
739:Superficial plantar arterial arch of the foot.
147:In 1882 Wiedersheim published a book entitled
8:
947:Ecker, A. Wiedersheim, R. Haslam. G (Trans)
41:(21 April 1848 – 12 July 1923) was a German
868:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
242:
193:began as a much shorter academic treatise,
45:who is famous for publishing a list of 86 "
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981:. Macmillan and Co., Ltd, New York. 1897.
994:Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.
1011:. Macmillan and Co., Ltd, London. 1907.
818:
604:The hypophysis cerebri (pituitary body)
487:Certain vortices of hair on the breast.
308:Certain centres of ossification in the
157:Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere
1055:Pub. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 268
523:(Cloquet's canal) of the embryo – the
496:Supernumerary mammary glands in women.
90:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg
7:
1007:Wiedersheim. R, Parker. WN (Trans.)
977:Wiedersheim. R, Parker. WN (Trans.)
609:The dorsal roots and ganglia of the
499:Alleged vestiges of mammary pouches
370:Processus frontalis of the temporal.
298:The interarticular cartilage of the
186:Evidence as to man's place in nature
319:Processus styloideus ossis temporis
1009:Comparative anatomy of vertebrates
677:The vestiges of a third dentition.
383:Processus supracondyloideus humeri
161:Comparative anatomy of vertebrates
143:Comparative anatomy of vertebrates
25:
1121:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
763:system, and (in the male) of the
951:. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1889.
902:Academia-Press, Germany, 2003.
759:Vestiges (in the female) of the
471:The primitive hairy covering or
357:(and ? preinterparietalia).
935:Journal of Experimental Biology
502:Supernumerary olfactory ridges.
405:and the Musculus occipitalis. L
39:Robert Ernst Eduard Wiedersheim
1188:19th-century German biologists
923:. Braunschweig, Germany. 1864.
706:Lobus subpericardiacus of the
27:German anatomist and biologist
1:
1148:Biodiversity Heritage Library
966:. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 1883.
511:Papilla palatina and foliata.
750:Venae cardinales posteriores
508:, and ductus naso-palatinus.
408:M. transversus nuchae. L. --
360:Processus paramastoideus of
1144:Works by Robert Wiedersheim
996:Gustav Fischer, Jena. 1902.
937:2007 Nov;210(Pt 22):3931-9.
744:vena cava superior sinistra
690:Musculi broncho-oesophagei.
683:Bursa sub- and prehyoidea (
670:The occurrence of a fourth
1209:
1131:. ("Wiedersheim", p. 285).
919:Ecker, A. Wiedersheim, R.
663:The occurrence of a third
592:, taeniae medullares, and
389:Trochanter tertius femoris
344:Processus gracilis of the
921:Die Anatomie des Frosches
579:parieto-occipital fissure
549:Certain varieties of the
433:M. latissimo-condyloideus
428:M. epitrochleo-anconaeus.
133:Die Anatomie des Frosches
129:Die Anatomie des Frosches
619:Certain elements of the
594:velum medullare anterius
323:ligamentum stylohyoideum
1178:Evolutionary biologists
1037:Wiedersheim, R. (1893)
1022:Wiedersheim, R. (1893)
949:The anatomy of the frog
866:"Wiedersheim, Robert."
846:Wiedersheim, R. (1893)
701:Ventricle of the larynx
439:M. transversus thoracis
335:, for the greater part.
300:sterno-clavicular joint
137:The anatomy of the frog
109:The anatomy of the frog
1107:www.anatomyatlases.org
1089:www.anatomyatlases.org
790:Trioceros wiedersheimi
770:Conus inguinalis, and
728:Arteria sacralis media
713:Certain Valves of the
441:(triangularis sterni).
255:Superfluous embryonic
35:
1193:People from NĂĽrtingen
454:M. levator claviculae
374:Processus coracoideus
351:Post-frontal bone (?)
305:Ossa supra-sternalia.
33:
772:ligamentum inguinale
695:appendix vermiformis
421:M. ischio femoralis.
355:Ossa interparietalia
195:Der Bau der Menschen
191:The structure of Man
171:The Structure of Man
86:Albert von Koelliker
703:(Morgagni's pouch).
685:ductus thyroglossus
574:and parietal organ.
424:The caudal muscles.
94:comparative anatomy
886:www.ancestry.co.uk
803:Human vestigiality
734:Arteria ischiadica
460:M. rectus thoracis
445:M. palmaris brevis
379:Os centrale carpi.
367:Torus occipitalis.
211:The Descent of Man
165:Cardiff University
36:
1183:German anatomists
1129:978-1-4214-0135-5
639:glandula coccygea
611:hypoglossus nerve
572:Glandula pinealis
555:Darwin's tubercle
553:of the ear, i.e.
525:choroidal fissure
515:Plica semilunaris
16:(Redirected from
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777:The area scroti.
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506:Jacobson's organ
310:manubrium sterni
204:He picked up on
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710:(reversionary).
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667:(reversionary).
644:Palatal ridges.
632:coccygeal nerve
600:, of the brain.
562:filum terminale
401:Muscles of the
329:Anterior cornua
284:The thirteenth
259:and associated
252:. Cauda humana.
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181:Thomas Huxley's
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659:Wisdom teeth
625:lumbo-sacral
544:M. orbitalis
478:Vestiges of
466:M. cremaster
293:cervical rib
291:The seventh
237:Scopes Trial
230:
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222:Creationists
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1173:1923 deaths
1168:1848 births
761:mesonephric
566:spinal cord
517:of the eye.
362:exoccipital
250:Os coccygis
119:Ernst Gaupp
18:Wiedersheim
1162:Categories
908:3000119426
814:References
538:epicanthus
533:, in part.
321:, and the
266:Embryonic
649:sublingua
627:plexuses.
598:posterius
480:vibrissae
416:plantaris
396:phalanges
257:notochord
139:in 1889.
57:Biography
43:anatomist
797:See also
665:premolar
621:brachial
268:cervical
183:earlier
564:of the
493:in men.
491:Nipples
346:malleus
331:of the
261:somites
68:zoology
1127:
906:
783:Legacy
752:, and
590:ligula
473:lanugo
276:sacral
274:, and
272:lumbar
206:Darwin
64:botany
830:(PDF)
722:heart
715:veins
672:molar
551:pinna
403:pinna
333:hyoid
1125:ISBN
904:ISBN
742:The
708:lung
693:The
657:The
647:The
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