1182:(ALT) rise in a separate pattern. If the ALP (10â45 IU/L) and GGT (18â85 IU/L) levels rise proportionately as high as the AST (12â38 IU/L) and ALT (10â45 IU/L) levels, this indicates a cholestatic problem. If the AST and ALT rise is significantly higher than the ALP and GGT rise, though, this indicates a liver problem. Finally, distinguishing between liver causes of jaundice, comparing levels of AST and ALT can prove useful. AST levels typically are higher than ALT. This remains the case in most liver disorders except for hepatitis (viral or hepatotoxic). Alcoholic liver damage may have fairly normal ALT levels, with AST 10 times higher than ALT. If ALT is higher than AST, however, this is indicative of hepatitis. Levels of ALT and AST are not well correlated to the extent of liver damage, although rapid drops in these levels from very high levels can indicate severe necrosis. Low levels of albumin tend to indicate a chronic condition, while the level is normal in hepatitis and cholestasis.
1529:, which may be intermittent or continuous. A 2014 systematic review found no evidence indicating whether outcomes were different for hospital-based versus home-based treatment. A 2021 Cochrane systematic review found that sunlight can be used to supplement phototherapy, as long as care is taken to prevent overheating and skin damage. There was not sufficient evidence to conclude that sunlight by itself is an effective treatment. Bilirubin count is also lowered through excretionâbowel movements and urinationâso frequent and effective feedings are vital measures to decrease jaundice in infants.
621:
1186:
hepatitis (less than 1). Bilirubin levels greater than 10 times normal could indicate neoplastic or intrahepatic cholestasis. Levels lower than this tend to indicate hepatocellular causes. AST levels greater than 15 times normal tend to indicate acute hepatocellular damage. Less than this tend to indicate obstructive causes. ALP levels greater than 5 times normal tend to indicate obstruction, while levels greater than 10 times normal can indicate drug (toxin) induced cholestatic hepatitis or
989:
981:
3935:
771:
512:
3949:
81:
457:
839:. This bilirubin is "unconjugated", "free", or "indirect" bilirubin. Around 4 mg of bilirubin per kg of blood are produced each day. The majority of this bilirubin comes from the breakdown of heme from expired red blood cells in the process just described. Roughly 20% comes from other heme sources, however, including ineffective
899:, giving stool its characteristic brown coloration. A small portion of urobilinogen is reabsorbed back into the gastrointestinal cells. Most reabsorbed urobilinogen undergoes hepatobiliary recirculation. A smaller portion of reabsorbed urobilinogen is filtered into the kidneys. In the urine, urobilinogen is converted to
1336:
commonly associated with severity of disease with an incidence of up to 40% of patients requiring intensive care in ICU experiencing jaundice. The causes of jaundice in the intensive care setting is both due to jaundice as the primary reason for ICU stay or as a morbidity to an underlying disease (i.e. sepsis).
1173:
Some bone and heart disorders can lead to an increase in ALP and the aminotransferases, so the first step in differentiating these from liver problems is to compare the levels of GGT, which are only elevated in liver-specific conditions. The second step is distinguishing from biliary (cholestatic) or
519:
Jaundice is a sign indicating the presence of an underlying diseases involving abnormal bilirubin metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. In general, jaundice is present when blood levels of bilirubin exceed 3 mg/dl. Jaundice is classified into three categories, depending on
1478:
is one of the most common conditions occurring in newborns (children under 28 days of age) with more than 80 per cent experienceing jaundice during their first week of life. Jaundice in infants, as in adults, is characterized by increased bilirubin levels (infants: total serum bilirubin greater than
1335:
Jaundice in adults is rare. Under the five year DISCOVERY programme in the UK, annual incidence of jaundice was 0.74 per 1000 individuals over age 45, although this rate may be slightly inflated due to the main goal of the programme collecting and analyzing cancer data in the population. Jaundice is
498:
A much less common sign of jaundice specifically during childhood is yellowish or greenish teeth. In developing children, hyperbilirubinemia may cause a yellow or green discoloration of teeth due to bilirubin deposition during the process of tooth calcification. While this may occur in children with
1363:
Risk factors associated with high serum bilirubin levels include male gender, white ethnicities, and active smoking. Mean serum total bilirubin levels in adults were found to be higher in men (0.72 ± 0.004 mg/dl) than women (0.52 ± 0.003 mg/dl). Higher bilirubin levels in adults are found
632:
Hepatic jaundice is caused by abnormal liver metabolism of bilirubin. The major causes of hepatic jaundice are significant damage to hepatocytes due to infectious, drug/medication-induced, autoimmune etiology, or less commonly, due to inheritable genetic diseases. The following is a partial list of
962:
Posthepatic jaundice, also called obstructive jaundice, is due to the blockage of bile excretion from the biliary tract, which leads to increased conjugated bilirubin and bile salts there. In complete obstruction of the bile duct, conjugated bilirubin cannot access the intestinal tract, disrupting
937:
due to inflammation causes mechanical obstruction of the intrahepatic biliary tract. Most commonly, interferences in all three major steps of bilirubin metabolismâuptake, conjugation, and excretionâusually occur in hepatocellular jaundice. Thus, an abnormal rise in both unconjugated and conjugated
1185:
Laboratory results for liver panels are frequently compared by the magnitude of their differences, not the pure number, as well as by their ratios. The AST:ALT ratio can be a good indicator of whether the disorder is alcoholic liver damage (above 10), some other form of liver damage (above 1), or
1388:
Jaundice in infants presents with yellowed skin and icteral sclerae. Neonatal jaundice spreads in a cephalocaudal pattern, affecting the face and neck before spreading down to the trunk and lower extremities in more severe cases. Other symptoms may include drowsiness, poor feeding, and in severe
971:
is produced. In obstructive jaundice, excess conjugated bilirubin is filtered into the urine without urobilinogen. Conjugated bilirubin in urine (bilirubinuria) gives urine an abnormally dark brown color. Thus, the presence of pale stool (stercobilin absent from feces) and dark urine (conjugated
490:
has a particularly high affinity for bilirubin deposition due to high elastin content. Slight increases in serum bilirubin can, therefore, be detected early on by observing the yellowing of sclerae. Traditionally referred to as scleral icterus, this term is actually a misnomer, because bilirubin
1190:
infection. Both of these conditions can also have ALT and AST greater than 20 times normal. GGT levels greater than 10 times normal typically indicate cholestasis. Levels 5â10 times tend to indicate viral hepatitis. Levels less than 5 times normal tend to indicate drug toxicity. Acute hepatitis
777:
Jaundice is typically caused by an underlying pathological process that occurs at some point along the normal physiological pathway of heme metabolism. A deeper understanding of the anatomical flow of normal heme metabolism is essential to appreciate the importance of prehepatic, hepatic, and
1320:. Depending on the level of exposure, the effects range from unnoticeable to severe brain damage and even death. Newborns are especially vulnerable to hyperbilirubinemia-induced neurological damage, so must be carefully monitored for alterations in their serum bilirubin levels.
972:
bilirubin present in urine) suggests an obstructive cause of jaundice. Because these associated signs are also positive in many hepatic jaundice conditions, they cannot be a reliable clinical feature to distinguish obstructive versus hepatocellular jaundice causes.
920:
Prehepatic jaundice results from a pathological increase in bilirubin production: an increased rate of erythrocyte hemolysis causes increased bilirubin production, leading to increased deposition of bilirubin in mucosal tissues and the appearance of a yellow hue.
1487:
in breast milk, which increases bilirubin deconjugation and reabsorption of bilirubin, leading to persistence of physiologic jaundice with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Onset of breast milk jaundice is within 2 weeks after birth and lasts for 4â13 weeks.
1482:
Normal physiological neonatal jaundice is due to immaturity of liver enzymes involved in bilirubin metabolism, immature gut microbiota, and increased breakdown of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Breast milk jaundice is caused by an increased concentration of
945:
The unconjugated bilirubin still enters the liver cells and becomes conjugated in the usual way. This conjugated bilirubin is then returned to the blood, probably by rupture of the congested bile canaliculi and direct emptying of the bile into the
996:
Most people presenting with jaundice have various predictable patterns of liver panel abnormalities, though significant variation does exist. The typical liver panel includes blood levels of enzymes found primarily from the liver, such as the
499:
hyperbilirubinemia, tooth discoloration due to hyperbilirubinemia is not observed in individuals with adult-onset liver disease. Disorders associated with a rise in serum levels of conjugated bilirubin during early development can also cause
3992:
3977:
1364:
also in non-Hispanic white population (0.63 ± 0.004 mg/dl) and
Mexican American population (0.61 ± 0.005 mg/dl) while lower in non-Hispanic black population (0.55 ± 0.005 mg/dl). Bilirubin levels are higher in active smokers.
933:. Bilirubin transport across hepatocytes may be impaired at any point between hepatocellular uptake of unconjugated bilirubin and hepatocellular transport of conjugated bilirubin into the gallbladder. In addition, subsequent cellular
694:
Posthepatic jaundice (obstructive jaundice) is caused by a blockage of bile ducts that transport bile containing conjugated bilirubin out of the liver for excretion. This is a list of conditions that can cause posthepatic jaundice:
568:. The increased breakdown of erythrocytes â increased unconjugated serum bilirubin â increased deposition of unconjugated bilirubin into mucosal tissue. These diseases may cause jaundice due to increased erythrocyte hemolysis:
4103:
406:
is typically required; otherwise, management is medical. Medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing to the jaundice. Jaundice in newborns may be treated with
1503:
occurring with increased unconjugated bilirubin, simultaneous to the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin and the immaturity of gut flora. This condition has been rising in recent years, as babies spend less time in sunlight.
1223:
Unconjugated bilirubin is hydrophobic, so cannot be excreted in urine. Thus, the finding of increased urobilinogen in the urine without the presence of bilirubin in the urine (due to its unconjugated state) suggests
911:
One way to understand jaundice pathophysiology is to organize it into disorders that cause increased bilirubin production (abnormal heme metabolism) or decreased bilirubin excretion (abnormal heme excretion).
1512:
Jaundice in newborns is usually transient and dissipates without medical intervention. In cases when serum bilirubin levels are greater than 4â21 mg/dl (68â360 ÎŒmol/L), infant may be treated with
950:
exiting the liver. Thus, most of the bilirubin in the plasma becomes the conjugated type rather than the unconjugated type, and this conjugated bilirubin, which did not go to the intestine to become
4096:
1339:
In the developed world, the most common causes of jaundice are blockage of the bile duct or medication-induced. In the developing world, the most common cause of jaundice is infectious such as
4735:
4089:
1228:
as the underlying disease process. Urobilinogen will be greater than 2 units, as hemolytic anemia causes increased heme metabolism; one exception being the case of infants, where the
929:
Hepatic jaundice (hepatocellular jaundice) is due to significant disruption of liver function, leading to hepatic cell death and necrosis and impaired bilirubin transport across
1300:
Treatment of jaundice varies depending on the underlying cause. If a bile duct blockage is present, surgery is typically required; otherwise, management is pharmacological.
851:. The unconjugated bilirubin then travels to the liver through the bloodstream. Because this bilirubin is not soluble, it is transported through the blood bound to
3848:
Green J, Beyar R, Sideman S, Mordechovitz D, Better OS (1986). "The 'jaundiced heart': A possible explanation for postoperative shock in obstructive jaundice".
1448:
3303:
Zucker SD, Horn PS, Sherman KE (October 2004). "Serum bilirubin levels in the U.S. population: gender effect and inverse correlation with colorectal cancer".
2581:
1417:
592:
3524:
Click R, Dahl-Smith J, Fowler L, DuBose J, Deneau-Saxton M, Herbert J (2013). "An osteopathic approach to reduction of readmissions for neonatal jaundice".
537:
The pathology occurs prior to the liver metabolism, due to either intrinsic causes to red blood cell rupture or extrinsic causes to red blood cell rupture.
942:) will be present. Because excretion (the rate-limiting step) is usually impaired to the greatest extent, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia predominates.
1495:âmay occur leading to significant disability. Kernicterus is associated with increased unconjugated bilirubin (bilirubin which is not carried by
3478:
3363:
3160:
3133:
3059:
2912:
2772:
2747:
2722:
2466:
2301:
2276:
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2136:
2051:
1904:
1868:
1831:
1800:
1758:
1605:
553:
The pathology occurs after bilirubin conjugation in the liver, due to obstruction of the biliary tract and/or decreased bilirubin excretion.
678:
3735:
673:
3756:
2169:
2020:
1837:
1806:
1764:
3166:
2918:
2433:
471:) and skin with scleral icterus presence indicating a serum bilirubin of at least 3 mg/dl. Other common signs include dark urine (
2192:
1268:
Yellow discoloration of the skin, especially on the palms and the soles, but not of the sclera or inside the mouth, is often due to
597:
133:
3623:"Home- versus hospital-based phototherapy for the treatment of non-haemolytic jaundice in infants at more than 37 weeks' gestation"
778:
posthepatic categories. Thus, an anatomical approach to heme metabolism precedes a discussion of the pathophysiology of jaundice.
1308:
Hyperbilirubinemia, more precisely hyperbilirubinemia due to the unconjugated fraction, may cause bilirubin to accumulate in the
1191:
typically has ALT and AST levels rising 20â30 times normal (above 1000) and may remain significantly elevated for several weeks.
293:
is common, with an estimated 80% affected during their first week of life. The most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice are
3551:
Gottimukkala SB, Lobo L, Gautham KS, Bolisetty S, Fiander M, Schindler T, et al. (Cochrane
Neonatal Group) (March 2023).
1437:
1288:
4324:
3780:
875:(conjugated bilirubin). Bilirubin that has been conjugated by the liver is water-soluble and excreted into the gallbladder.
602:
3502:
2016:
Dr. Chase's Family
Physician, Farrier, Bee-keeper, and Second Receipt Book: Being an Entirely New and Complete Treatise ...
1014:
2400:
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overlying the avascular sclera. Thus, the proper term for the yellowing of "white of the eyes" is conjunctival icterus.
4081:
719:
1232:
has not developed). Conversely, conjugated bilirubin is hydrophilic and thus can be detected as present in the urineâ
2605:
1690:
1422:
1175:
864:
796:
587:
1174:
liver causes of jaundice and altered laboratory results. ALP and GGT levels typically rise with one pattern while
620:
4709:
3798:
372:
4618:
4007:
1412:
1179:
724:
343:
Causes of jaundice vary from relatively benign to potentially fatal. High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to
1500:
3180:
Björnsson E, Gustafsson J, Borkman J, Kilander A (March 2008). "Fate of patients with obstructive jaundice".
564:
Prehepatic jaundice is most commonly caused by a pathological increased rate of red blood cell (erythrocyte)
4664:
4244:
4185:
872:
662:
402:
Treatment of jaundice is typically determined by the underlying cause. If a bile duct blockage is present,
274:. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal
4128:
4116:
2187:. Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Odom, Richard B. (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
1427:
1313:
699:
657:
333:
230:
1389:
cases, unconjugated bilirubin can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause permanent neurological damage (
795:
complete their lifespan of about 120 days, or if they are damaged, they rupture as they pass through the
4402:
1563:
is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to jaundice specifically of sclera. It is also referenced in the
1518:
1491:
While most cases of newborn jaundice are not harmful, when bilirubin levels are very high, brain damageâ
1431:
739:
467:
The most common signs of jaundice in adults are a yellowish discoloration of the white area of the eye (
419:
when the bilirubin is greater than 4â21 mg/dl (68â365 ÎŒmol/L). The itchiness may be helped by
412:
4596:
4349:
4259:
3257:"Jaundice in primary care: a cohort study of adults aged >45 years using electronic medical records"
2705:
Berthelot P, Duvaldestin P, Fevery J (2018). "Physiology and
Disorders of Human Bilirubin Metabolism".
744:
667:
352:
3869:
Green J, Beyar R, Bomzon L, Finberg JP, Better OS (1984). "Jaundice, the
Circulation and the Kidney".
4694:
4684:
4623:
4576:
4559:
4478:
4319:
4190:
3953:
1568:
1402:
1022:
1021:(PT). No single test can differentiate between various classifications of jaundice. A combination of
1002:
883:
Bilirubin enters the intestinal tract via bile. In the intestinal tract, bilirubin is converted into
836:
734:
424:
337:
41:
2790:"ABC of diseases of liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Investigation of liver and biliary disease"
2158:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 496.
4328:
4254:
4229:
3996:
3675:"Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates"
3601:"Bili Lights for Jaundice: Effectiveness for Neonatal and Adults | Heliotherapy Research Institute"
1280:
4344:
4526:
4455:
4387:
4378:
4112:
3328:
2684:
1706:
1225:
729:
572:
329:
271:
189:
169:
4679:
4571:
4460:
4224:
1484:
1202:
Urine: conjugated bilirubin present, urobilinogen > 2 units but variable (except in children)
483:). Because bilirubin is a skin irritant, jaundice is commonly associated with severe itchiness.
3723:
1979:
Winger J, Michelfelder A (September 2011). "Diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice".
4714:
4704:
4699:
4649:
4581:
4498:
4272:
4058:
4018:
3915:
3886:
3857:
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3818:
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3704:
3652:
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3474:
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3359:
3320:
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3156:
3129:
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3022:
2970:
2908:
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2718:
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2132:
2098:
2047:
2014:
1996:
1956:
1900:
1864:
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1821:
1796:
1790:
1754:
1748:
1659:
1601:
1593:
1475:
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1378:
1256:
998:
988:
705:
642:
500:
344:
290:
282:
217:
201:
149:
89:
45:
3150:
2902:
1525:
is often the tool used for early treatment, which consists of exposing the baby to intensive
4669:
4591:
4412:
4339:
4249:
3907:
3878:
3810:
3694:
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3642:
3634:
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3433:
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3351:
3312:
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3189:
3096:
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3014:
2809:
2801:
2710:
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2338:
2330:
2239:
2229:
2124:
2088:
2080:
2039:
1988:
1946:
1938:
1892:
1856:
1649:
1639:
1018:
980:
294:
154:
104:
2425:
2319:"Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and early childhood caries in a diverse group of neonates"
1499:). Newborns are especially vulnerable to this damage, due to increased permeability of the
520:
which part of the physiological mechanism the pathology affects. The three categories are:
4503:
4392:
4299:
4267:
4212:
4158:
3784:
2988:
2837:
1718:
1564:
1348:
1340:
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1187:
888:
868:
828:
754:
714:
637:
461:
440:
420:
416:
356:
162:
4674:
4277:
4239:
4234:
803:
are released into circulation. Macrophages phagocytose free hemoglobin and split it into
624:
Microscopy of a biopsy of a cholestatic liver showing bilirubin pigment (brown pigment),
3673:
Horn D, Ehret D, Gautham KS, Soll R, et al. (Cochrane
Neonatal Group) (July 2021).
3647:
3622:
2630:
1887:
Kaplan M, Hammerman C (2017). "Hereditary
Contribution to Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia".
1316:, potentially causing irreversible neurological damage, leading to a condition known as
1283:
or from another metabolic derangement. Similarly, a golden-ish ring at the edges of the
4654:
4644:
4586:
4521:
4435:
3911:
3699:
3674:
3577:
3552:
3446:
3421:
3355:
3101:
3076:
2814:
2789:
2343:
2318:
2244:
2217:
2093:
2068:
2043:
1951:
1926:
1896:
1654:
1627:
1284:
1205:
1006:
840:
816:
792:
647:
278:
4001:
3934:
328:), while levels over 2â3 mg/dl (34â51 ÎŒmol/L) typically result in jaundice.
4729:
4659:
4440:
4334:
4314:
2659:
Pashankar D, Schreiber RA (July 2001). "Jaundice in older children and adolescents".
1344:
1233:
1192:
852:
683:
577:
472:
286:
209:
3332:
2688:
4536:
4531:
4397:
4304:
4163:
3690:
3638:
3568:
1526:
1514:
1453:
951:
884:
832:
702:(common bile duct gallstones). It is the most common cause of obstructive jaundice.
408:
384:
348:
309:
205:
3939:
3814:
2155:
Primary care medicine : office evaluation and management of the adult patient
387:. Other conditions can also cause yellowish skin, but are not jaundice, including
4012:
3777:
3494:
3005:
Wang L, Yu WF (March 2014). "Obstructive jaundice and perioperative management".
2489:
4689:
4566:
4197:
4053:
3553:"Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice"
1492:
1390:
1317:
1309:
1269:
1005:(ALP); bilirubin (which causes the jaundice); and protein levels, specifically,
964:
892:
758:
750:
582:
492:
487:
480:
388:
321:
298:
235:
223:
196:
52:
3537:
3220:
Bansal V, Schuchert VD (December 2006). "Jaundice in the intensive care unit".
2864:
2547:
2515:
2367:
2128:
1025:
and other physical examination findings is essential to arrive at a diagnosis.
4639:
4450:
4382:
4373:
4365:
4355:
4207:
4202:
4168:
4153:
4064:
4023:
3600:
3233:
3050:
3018:
1992:
1860:
1522:
1324:
1248:
930:
848:
820:
800:
432:
376:
368:
302:
263:
158:
3822:
1195:
toxicity can result in ALT and AST levels greater than 50 times than normal.
444:
4180:
4173:
4148:
4029:
3986:
3273:
3256:
2993:
2933:
2805:
2714:
2234:
2202:
1644:
1459:
1229:
984:
Biliary-tract dilation due to obstruction as seen on CT scan (frontal plane)
844:
812:
770:
652:
565:
511:
364:
360:
317:
313:
3919:
3830:
3708:
3656:
3586:
3455:
3406:
3397:
3380:
3324:
3316:
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3201:
3110:
3092:
3026:
2974:
2880:
2823:
2680:
2559:
2525:
2379:
2352:
2334:
2253:
2102:
2084:
2000:
1960:
1663:
3948:
3890:
3861:
992:
Biliary-tract dilation due to obstruction as seen on CT scan (axial plane)
4483:
4407:
4143:
2672:
2218:"Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment"
1628:"Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment"
1216:
1212:
968:
900:
396:
392:
239:
17:
3437:
1942:
1684:
4493:
4488:
4217:
4120:
4069:
3469:
Collier J, Longore M, Turmezei T, Mafi AR (2010). "Neonatal jaundice".
1496:
1352:
1252:
1010:
670:(found in about 5% of the population, results in induced mild jaundice)
608:
476:
403:
80:
3969:
3882:
1236:âin contrast to unconjugated bilirubin, which is absent in the urine.
887:
by symbiotic intestinal bacteria. Most urobilinogen is converted into
843:, and the breakdown of other heme-containing proteins, such as muscle
4610:
4138:
3981:
934:
808:
468:
428:
380:
267:
178:
174:
3193:
2458:
Hematology in clinical practice: a guide to diagnosis and management
625:
456:
2961:
Roche SP, Kobos R (January 2004). "Jaundice in the adult patient".
1820:
Buttaro TM, Trybulski JA, Polgar-Bailey P, Sandberg-Cook J (2012).
4445:
4294:
987:
979:
947:
896:
811:. Two reactions then take place with the heme molecule. The first
769:
619:
510:
455:
391:, which can develop from eating large amounts of foods containing
355:, not eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or
325:
51:"Yellowing" redirects here. For discoloration of ABS plastic, see
33:
4034:
2514:
Kalakonda A, Jenkins BA, John S (2022). "Physiology, Bilirubin".
1445:(genetic defect resulting in hypoplastic intrahepatic bile ducts)
831:. The next step is the reduction of biliverdin to a yellow color
359:. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as
289:
obstruction. The prevalence of jaundice in adults is rare, while
3898:
Fajers CM (2009). "Experimental
Studies in Cholemic Nephrosis".
963:
further bilirubin conversion to urobilinogen and, therefore, no
824:
804:
275:
4085:
3724:"Increased vigilance needed to prevent kernicterus in newborns"
863:
Once unconjugated bilirubin arrives in the liver, liver enzyme
1554:
1323:
Individuals with parenchymal liver disease who have impaired
113:
1275:
Yellow discoloration of the skin can also rarely occur with
3381:"Is breastfeeding really favoring early neonatal jaundice?"
3379:
Bertini G, Dani C, Tronchin M, Rubaltelli FF (March 2001).
2606:"Bilirubin Metabolism â an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1596:. In Torre DM, Lamb GC, van Ruiswyk J, Schapira RM (eds.).
545:
The pathology is due to damage of parenchymal liver cells.
32:"Icteric" redirects here. For the physiological event, see
110:
2185:
Andrews' diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
122:
3422:"Managing the jaundiced newborn: a persistent challenge"
2271:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 59â68.
1927:"Managing the jaundiced newborn: a persistent challenge"
1521:
depending on the infant's age and prematurity status. A
1826:(4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 690.
27:
Abnormal pigmentation symptom for disease of the liver
1198:
Laboratory findings depend on the cause of jaundice:
1147:
Alanine transferase and aspartate transferase levels
1013:. Other primary lab tests for liver function include
903:, which gives urine its characteristic yellow color.
134:
125:
116:
3959:
3787:. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-23.
2121:
Textbook of
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
119:
4632:
4609:
4547:
4514:
4471:
4428:
4421:
4364:
4286:
4127:
4044:
3963:
2901:Llewelyn H, Ang HA, Lewis K, Al-Abdullah A (2014).
245:
229:
216:
195:
185:
168:
148:
107:
95:
70:
65:
3128:(3rd ed.). Singapore: Elsevier. p. 798.
2742:(3rd ed.). Elsevier India. pp. 296â297.
2296:(3rd ed.). Singapore: Elsevier. p. 798.
1600:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 101.
1405:. Pathologic causes of neonatal jaundice include:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
2700:
2698:
2069:"A Systematic Approach to Patients with Jaundice"
262:, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the
4736:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen
3042:Management of Benign Biliary Stenosis and Injury
1401:The most common cause of jaundice in infants is
3900:Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica
3255:Taylor A, Stapley S, Hamilton W (August 2012).
2554:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2520:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2374:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
815:reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme
3747:
3745:
3215:
3213:
3211:
2123:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 84â92.
2114:
2112:
1575:), whose sight was believed to cure jaundice.
1549:meaning 'yellow disease'. The medical term is
907:Abnormalities in heme metabolism and excretion
4097:
3077:"Management of Malignant Biliary Obstruction"
2019:Chase Publishing Company. 1873. p. 542.
1449:Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
1259:are useful for detecting bile-duct blockage.
835:pigment called bilirubin by cytosolic enzyme
8:
3668:
3666:
2036:Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
2034:Sullivan KM, Gourley GR (2011). "Jaundice".
1544:
1538:
1418:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1215:are raised due to an increased formation of
593:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
460:A 4-year-old boy with icteric sclera due to
3679:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3627:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3557:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2461:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 146â.
2401:"What causes jaundice in hemolytic anemia?"
1792:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1
4425:
4104:
4090:
4082:
3960:
3778:Icterus | Define Icterus at Dictionary.com
3149:Ahmad J, Friedman SL, Dancygier H (2014).
3040:Dixon E, Vollmer CM, May GR, eds. (2015).
2956:
2954:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1111:Dark (urobilinogen, conjugated bilirubin)
522:
79:
62:
3698:
3646:
3576:
3445:
3396:
3272:
3100:
3049:
2813:
2654:
2652:
2430:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
2342:
2317:Amin SB, Karp JM, Benzley LP (May 2010).
2243:
2233:
2092:
1950:
1882:
1880:
1795:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 672.
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1653:
1643:
1621:
1619:
1617:
690:Posthepatic causes (Obstructive jaundice)
3348:Nelson Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis
2788:Beckingham IJ, Ryder SD (January 2001).
2740:Medicine: Prep Manual for Undergraduates
1753:. Oxford University Press. p. 758.
1211:Plasma albumin level is low, but plasma
1032:
3738:from the original on 27 September 2007.
3471:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties
2907:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
2455:Hillman RS, Ault KA, Rinder HM (2005).
1750:Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care
1598:Kochar's Clinical Medicine for Students
1584:
3495:"Facts about Jaundice and Kernicterus"
3169:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2921:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2172:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2067:Gondal B, Aronsohn A (December 2016).
2023:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1840:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1823:Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice
1809:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1767:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1714:
1704:
3222:The Surgical Clinics of North America
3152:Mount Sinai Expert Guides: Hepatology
2904:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis
2580:Tholey D (January 2023). "Jaundice".
491:deposition technically occurs in the
7:
3621:Malwade US, Jardine LA (June 2014).
3081:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
2494:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2216:Bassari R, Koea JB (February 2015).
2073:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
1626:Bassari R, Koea JB (February 2015).
1693:from the original on 27 August 2016
3912:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1957.tb00996.x
3759:from the original on 7 August 2012
3505:from the original on 8 August 2016
3356:10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00015-7
2767:. Saunders/Elsevier. p. 841.
2583:Merck Manual. Professional Version
2044:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10017-x
1897:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00097-4
25:
3350:. Elsevier. pp. 255â274.e1.
2844:. US National Library of Medicine
2436:from the original on 6 March 2016
2269:Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis
2222:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2038:. Elsevier. pp. 176â186.e3.
1632:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1465:Sepsis or other infectious causes
598:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
3947:
3933:
3126:Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
3007:Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica
2323:American Journal of Perinatology
2294:Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
954:, gives the urine a dark color.
679:CriglerâNajjar syndrome, type II
103:
2865:"Jaundice in the Adult Patient"
2709:. CRC Press. pp. 173â214.
2548:"Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia"
1537:Jaundice comes from the French
1327:may develop bleeding problems.
674:CriglerâNajjar syndrome, type I
345:excess red blood cell breakdown
88:Jaundice of the skin caused by
3728:American Academy of Pediatrics
3691:10.1002/14651858.CD013277.pub2
3639:10.1002/14651858.cd010212.pub2
3569:10.1002/14651858.CD008168.pub2
3346:Telega GW (2018). "Jaundice".
2765:Textbook of Medical Physiology
2426:"What Is Sickle Cell Disease?"
1438:Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
1158:Conjugated bilirubin in urine
895:. Stercobilin is excreted via
799:, and cell contents including
308:Normal levels of bilirubin in
44:. For Jaundice in babies, see
1:
3938:The dictionary definition of
3815:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.107
2546:Tripathi N, Jialal I (2022).
2267:McGee SR (2018). "Jaundice".
2119:Reuben A (2012). "Jaundice".
1889:Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
1015:gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
351:, genetic conditions such as
249:Based on the underlying cause
3526:Osteopathic Family Physician
3182:Journal of Hospital Medicine
1555:
1208:show characteristic changes.
1133:Alkaline phosphatase levels
1114:Dark (conjugated bilirubin)
633:hepatic causes to jaundice:
448:, meaning 'yellow disease'.
4325:Charcot's cholangitis triad
3473:. Oxford University Press.
3075:Lorenz JM (December 2016).
2932:Cadogen M (21 April 2019).
2763:Hall JE, Guyton AC (2011).
2366:Joseph A, Samant H (2022).
1462:(congenital hypothyroidism)
1456:(due to vitamin deficiency)
1403:normal physiologic jaundice
958:Posthepatic pathophysiology
938:bilirubin (formerly called
720:Primary biliary cholangitis
375:, due to factors including
332:is divided into two types:
4752:
3538:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.09.005
2863:Roche SP, Kobos R (2004).
2129:10.1002/9781118321386.ch15
1423:Pyruvate kinase deficiency
1376:
1176:aspartate aminotransferase
916:Prehepatic pathophysiology
891:and further oxidized into
865:UDP-glucuronyl transferase
797:reticuloendothelial system
588:Pyruvate kinase deficiency
50:
31:
4710:Sister Mary Joseph nodule
3797:Hoenig LJ (1 June 2015).
3755:. MedicineNet.com. 2011.
3420:Maisels MJ (March 2015).
3234:10.1016/j.suc.2006.09.007
3155:. John Wiley & Sons.
3051:10.1007/978-3-319-22273-8
3019:10.1016/j.aat.2014.03.002
2963:American Family Physician
2869:American Family Physician
1993:10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.004
1925:Maisels MJ (March 2015).
1861:10.1007/978-3-319-39747-4
1434:blood type autoantibodies
1135:
603:Hemolyticâuremic syndrome
373:blockage of the bile duct
87:
78:
2934:"Bilirubin and Jaundice"
1891:. Elsevier: 933â942.e3.
1413:Hereditary spherocytosis
1180:alanine aminotransferase
725:Cholestasis of pregnancy
711:Biliary tract strictures
550:Posthepatic/cholestatic
421:draining the gallbladder
395:âor medications such as
3753:"Definition of Icterus"
2806:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.33
2715:10.1201/9781351070119-6
2235:10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404
1645:10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404
1077:Unconjugated bilirubin
925:Hepatic pathophysiology
873:bilirubin diglucuronide
867:conjugates bilirubin +
823:(green color pigment),
663:Alcoholic liver disease
542:Hepatic/hepatocellular
177:coloration of skin and
4117:human digestive system
3722:O'Keefe L (May 2001).
3398:10.1542/peds.107.3.e41
3317:10.1002/hep.1840400412
3093:10.1055/s-0036-1592330
2838:"Liver Function Tests"
2335:10.1055/s-0029-1243314
2085:10.1055/s-0036-1592331
1851:Al-Tubaikh JA (2017).
1545:
1539:
1314:central nervous system
1272:âa harmless condition.
1263:Differential diagnosis
1049:Total serum bilirubin
993:
985:
879:Posthepatic metabolism
782:Normal heme metabolism
774:
740:Pancreatic pseudocysts
708:of the pancreatic head
658:Drug-induced hepatitis
629:
611:(in endemic countries)
516:
493:conjunctival membranes
464:
231:Differential diagnosis
4403:Obstructed defecation
3274:10.1093/fampra/cmr118
2938:Life in the Fast Lane
2610:www.sciencedirect.com
1519:exchanged transfusion
1289:Kayser-Fleischer ring
1100:Decreased / negative
1063:Conjugated bilirubin
1044:Posthepatic jaundice
991:
983:
787:Prehepatic metabolism
773:
623:
534:Prehepatic/hemolytic
514:
459:
415:depending on age and
413:exchanged transfusion
272:high bilirubin levels
190:High bilirubin levels
4665:Aure-Rozanova's sign
4624:Hannington-Kiff sign
4619:HowshipâRomberg sign
4577:Aortic insufficiency
4479:Abdominal distension
3956:at Wikimedia Commons
3501:. 23 February 2015.
2673:10.1542/pir.22-7-219
2661:Pediatrics in Review
2631:"CDC â Liver Flukes"
1987:(3): viii, 469â482.
1569:yellow-breasted chat
1553:from the Greek word
1543:, meaning 'yellow';
1038:Prehepatic jaundice
1023:liver function tests
1003:alkaline phosphatase
837:biliverdin reductase
735:Chronic Pancreatitis
431:antagonists such as
425:ursodeoxycholic acid
338:conjugated bilirubin
330:High blood bilirubin
212:, certain infections
42:Yellow-breasted chat
4230:Chilaiditi syndrome
3438:10.1503/cmaj.122117
3124:Neville BW (2012).
2292:Neville BW (2012).
1943:10.1503/cmaj.122117
1501:bloodâbrain barrier
1368:Special populations
1094:Normal / increased
1080:Normal / increased
1052:Normal / increased
700:Choledocholithiasis
312:are below 1.0
36:. For the songbird
4597:Grey Turner's sign
4527:Hepatosplenomegaly
4456:Abdominal guarding
4388:Fecal occult blood
4379:Fecal incontinence
4350:Mirizzi's syndrome
4260:Sherren's triangle
4113:Signs and symptoms
4045:External resources
3783:2010-12-31 at the
2738:Mathew KG (2008).
2152:Goroll AH (2009).
1592:Ziebert M (2009).
1226:hemolytic jaundice
994:
986:
859:Hepatic metabolism
775:
745:Mirizzi's syndrome
730:Acute Pancreatitis
668:Gilbert's syndrome
630:
573:Sickle-cell anemia
517:
465:
452:Signs and symptoms
353:Gilbert's syndrome
291:jaundice in babies
4723:
4722:
4695:Fothergill's sign
4685:Rosenstein's sign
4605:
4604:
4560:Mallet-Guy's sign
4499:Shifting dullness
4320:Courvoisier's law
4079:
4078:
3952:Media related to
3883:10.1159/000183235
3480:978-0-19-922888-1
3365:978-0-323-39956-2
3162:978-1-118-74252-5
3135:978-981-4371-07-0
3061:978-3-319-22272-1
2914:978-0-19-967986-7
2774:978-1-4160-4574-8
2749:978-81-312-1154-0
2724:978-1-351-07011-9
2468:978-0-07-144035-6
2303:978-981-4371-07-0
2278:978-0-323-39276-1
2183:James WD (2006).
2165:978-0-7817-7513-7
2138:978-1-118-32138-6
2053:978-1-4377-0774-8
1906:978-0-323-35214-7
1870:978-3-319-39746-7
1853:Internal Medicine
1833:978-0-323-07585-5
1802:978-0-323-08430-7
1789:Ferri FF (2014).
1760:978-0-19-856782-0
1607:978-0-7817-6699-9
1476:neonatal jaundice
1443:Alagille syndrome
1379:Neonatal jaundice
1373:Neonatal jaundice
1171:
1170:
1150:Highly increased
1142:Highly increased
1041:Hepatic jaundice
999:aminotransferases
706:Pancreatic cancer
643:Chronic hepatitis
560:Prehepatic causes
557:
556:
515:Types of jaundice
501:dental hypoplasia
283:liver dysfunction
253:
252:
222:Blood bilirubin,
218:Diagnostic method
202:Pancreatic cancer
90:pancreatic cancer
60:Medical condition
46:Neonatal jaundice
16:(Redirected from
4743:
4426:
4413:Rectal discharge
4329:Reynolds' pentad
4268:Radiologic signs
4255:McBurney's point
4129:Gastrointestinal
4115:relating to the
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
3961:
3951:
3937:
3923:
3894:
3865:
3835:
3834:
3803:JAMA Dermatology
3794:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3300:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3228:(6): 1495â1502.
3217:
3206:
3205:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3002:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2432:. 12 June 2015.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2405:www.medscape.com
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2228:(5): 1404â1413.
2213:
2207:
2206:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1747:Roger J (2004).
1744:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1638:(5): 1404â1413.
1623:
1612:
1611:
1589:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1409:Formula jaundice
1281:Wilson's disease
1033:
1029:Laboratory tests
1019:prothrombin time
1001:(ALT, AST), and
523:
357:thyroid problems
258:, also known as
155:Gastroenterology
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
83:
63:
21:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4680:Lockwood's sign
4628:
4601:
4572:Ballance's sign
4543:
4510:
4504:Fluid wave test
4467:
4461:Blumberg's sign
4417:
4393:Rectal tenesmus
4360:
4300:Councilman body
4282:
4225:Goodsall's rule
4213:Hypersalivation
4130:
4123:
4110:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4040:
4039:
3972:
3930:
3897:
3868:
3847:
3844:
3842:Further reading
3839:
3838:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3785:Wayback Machine
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3685:(7): CD013277.
3672:
3671:
3664:
3633:(6): CD010212.
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3563:(3): CD008168.
3550:
3549:
3545:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3261:Family Practice
3254:
3253:
3249:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3194:10.1002/jhm.272
3179:
3178:
3174:
3163:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2982:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2915:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2800:(7277): 33â36.
2787:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2637:. 18 April 2019
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1761:
1746:
1745:
1726:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1565:scientific name
1535:
1510:
1485:ÎČ-glucuronidase
1479:5 mg/dL).
1472:
1470:Pathophysiology
1399:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1349:schistosomiasis
1341:viral hepatitis
1333:
1306:
1298:
1279:, whether from
1265:
1245:Medical imaging
1242:
1206:Plasma proteins
1188:cytomegalovirus
1031:
978:
960:
927:
918:
909:
889:stercobilinogen
881:
869:glucuronic acid
861:
829:carbon monoxide
819:and results in
793:red blood cells
789:
784:
768:
766:Pathophysiology
755:Opisthorchiidae
715:Biliary atresia
692:
638:Acute hepatitis
618:
562:
509:
479:) fatty stool (
462:G6PD deficiency
454:
163:general surgery
144:
135:
106:
102:
61:
56:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4715:Blumer's shelf
4712:
4707:
4705:Massouh's sign
4702:
4700:Carnett's sign
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:Hamburger sign
4652:
4650:Rovsing's sign
4647:
4645:Obturator sign
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Castell's sign
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4522:Abdominal mass
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4436:Abdominal pain
4432:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4331:
4322:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4273:Hampton's line
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4125:
4124:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4015:
4004:
3989:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:Classification
3958:
3957:
3945:
3929:
3928:External links
3926:
3925:
3924:
3895:
3877:(3): 145â152.
3866:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3789:
3770:
3741:
3714:
3662:
3613:
3592:
3543:
3516:
3486:
3479:
3461:
3432:(5): 335â343.
3412:
3371:
3364:
3338:
3311:(4): 827â835.
3288:
3267:(4): 416â420.
3247:
3207:
3188:(2): 117â123.
3172:
3161:
3141:
3134:
3116:
3087:(4): 259â267.
3067:
3060:
3032:
2997:
2980:
2969:(2): 299â304.
2950:
2924:
2913:
2893:
2875:(2): 299â304.
2855:
2829:
2780:
2773:
2755:
2748:
2730:
2723:
2694:
2667:(7): 219â226.
2648:
2622:
2597:
2572:
2538:
2506:
2481:
2467:
2447:
2417:
2392:
2358:
2329:(5): 393â397.
2309:
2302:
2284:
2277:
2259:
2208:
2193:
2175:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2108:
2079:(4): 253â258.
2059:
2052:
2026:
2006:
1966:
1937:(5): 335â343.
1912:
1905:
1876:
1869:
1843:
1832:
1812:
1801:
1770:
1759:
1724:
1715:|website=
1669:
1613:
1606:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:Icteria virens
1534:
1531:
1509:
1506:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1398:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1332:
1329:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1241:
1238:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:Slightly pale
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
977:
974:
959:
956:
926:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
880:
877:
860:
857:
841:erythropoiesis
817:heme oxygenase
788:
785:
783:
780:
767:
764:
763:
762:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
709:
703:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:Hepatotoxicity
645:
640:
617:
616:Hepatic causes
614:
613:
612:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
508:
505:
453:
450:
367:, infections,
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
233:
227:
226:
220:
214:
213:
199:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
172:
166:
165:
152:
146:
145:
143:
142:
99:
97:
93:
92:
85:
84:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4748:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Dunphy's sign
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Heel tap sign
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Cullen's sign
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Acute abdomen
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:LĂ©pine's sign
4343:
4341:
4340:Murphy's sign
4337:
4336:
4335:cholecystitis
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Markle's sign
4248:
4246:
4245:Arapov's sign
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:oropharyngeal
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3944:at Wiktionary
3943:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:"True Colors"
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2490:"Thalassemia"
2485:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:0-7216-2921-0
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:leptospirosis
1342:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:Complications
1303:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:hypercupremia
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1234:bilirubinuria
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Acetaminophen
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:Urobilinogen
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:total protein
1004:
1000:
990:
982:
975:
973:
970:
966:
957:
955:
953:
949:
943:
941:
936:
932:
924:
922:
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913:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
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876:
874:
870:
866:
858:
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854:
853:serum albumin
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
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772:
765:
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756:
752:
748:
746:
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736:
733:
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726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
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710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
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689:
685:
684:Leptospirosis
682:
680:
677:
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672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
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644:
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627:
622:
615:
610:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Spherocytosis
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
559:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
521:
513:
506:
504:
502:
496:
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:bilirubinuria
470:
463:
458:
451:
449:
447:
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442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
400:
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382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:large bruises
346:
341:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
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315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:biliary-tract
284:
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265:
261:
257:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
228:
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211:
210:liver disease
207:
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180:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
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151:
147:
140:
139:
130:
101:
100:
98:
96:Pronunciation
94:
91:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4675:Alder's sign
4554:
4537:Splenomegaly
4532:Hepatomegaly
4398:Constipation
4333:
4311:
4305:Mallory body
4293:
4278:Klemm's sign
4266:
4240:Aaron's sign
4235:Dance's sign
4164:Trichophagia
4063:
4052:
4028:
4017:
4006:
3991:
3976:
3940:
3906:(1): 44â55.
3903:
3899:
3874:
3870:
3856:(1): 14â20.
3853:
3849:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3773:
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3731:
3727:
3717:
3682:
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3630:
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3595:
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3532:(1): 17â23.
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3304:
3264:
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3181:
3175:
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3013:(1): 22â29.
3010:
3006:
3000:
2987:
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2962:
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2937:
2927:
2903:
2896:
2886:22 September
2884:. Retrieved
2872:
2868:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2841:
2832:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2764:
2758:
2739:
2733:
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2660:
2639:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2609:
2600:
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2582:
2575:
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2551:
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2529:. Retrieved
2516:
2509:
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2493:
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2457:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
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2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2326:
2322:
2312:
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2287:
2268:
2262:
2225:
2221:
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2184:
2178:
2154:
2147:
2120:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2035:
2029:
2015:
2009:
1984:
1981:Primary Care
1980:
1934:
1930:
1888:
1852:
1846:
1822:
1815:
1791:
1749:
1695:. Retrieved
1685:
1635:
1631:
1597:
1587:
1572:
1560:
1550:
1536:
1527:phototherapy
1515:phototherapy
1511:
1490:
1481:
1473:
1454:Pyknocytosis
1400:
1387:
1362:
1359:Risk factors
1338:
1334:
1331:Epidemiology
1322:
1307:
1299:
1243:
1222:
1197:
1184:
1172:
1161:Not present
1128:Pale, white
1119:Stool color
1105:Urine color
995:
961:
952:urobilinogen
944:
939:
928:
919:
910:
885:urobilinogen
882:
862:
833:tetrapyrrole
790:
776:
751:liver flukes
749:Parasites ("
693:
631:
563:
518:
497:
485:
475:) and pale (
466:
443:
439:is from the
436:
409:phototherapy
401:
385:pancreatitis
342:
334:unconjugated
307:
259:
255:
254:
206:pancreatitis
197:Risk factors
57:
37:
29:
4690:Cupola sign
4587:Kehr's sign
4567:Puddle sign
4198:Odynophagia
4054:MedlinePlus
2989:Carotenemia
2943:19 November
2842:MedlinePlus
2635:www.cdc.gov
2474:15 November
1559:. The term
1493:kernicterus
1391:kernicterus
1318:kernicterus
1310:grey matter
1287:can occur (
1270:carotenemia
965:stercobilin
931:hepatocytes
893:stercobilin
849:cytochromes
759:Fasciolidae
583:Thalassemia
529:Definition
488:conjunctiva
481:steatorrhea
435:. The word
417:prematurity
389:carotenemia
369:medications
236:Carotenemia
224:liver panel
181:, itchiness
71:Other names
53:Retrobright
4640:Psoas sign
4472:Distension
4451:Baby colic
4383:encopresis
4374:Flatulence
4366:Defecation
4356:Nardi test
4315:Boas' sign
4208:Xerostomia
4203:Bad breath
4191:esophageal
4169:Pagophagia
4154:Aerophagia
4065:Patient UK
4019:DiseasesDB
3809:(6): 641.
3763:3 February
3734:(5): 231.
3391:(3): E41.
3385:Pediatrics
3305:Hepatology
2848:16 January
2552:StatPearls
2517:StatPearls
2372:StatPearls
2368:"Jaundice"
1594:"Jaundice"
1579:References
1523:bili light
1474:Transient
1325:hemostasis
1249:ultrasound
1217:antibodies
1178:(AST) and
1153:Increased
1139:Increased
1097:Decreased
1083:Increased
1072:Increased
1069:Increased
1058:Increased
1055:Increased
1017:(GGT) and
821:biliverdin
801:hemoglobin
433:naltrexone
377:gallstones
303:dark urine
279:metabolism
159:hepatology
4287:Accessory
4181:Dysphagia
4174:Geophagia
4149:Heartburn
4030:SNOMED CT
3823:2168-6068
3509:13 August
2994:eMedicine
2707:Bilirubin
1717:ignored (
1707:cite book
1697:13 August
1533:Etymology
1508:Treatment
1460:Cretinism
1296:Treatment
1257:HIDA scan
1230:gut flora
1213:globulins
976:Diagnosis
845:myoglobin
813:oxidation
753:" of the
653:Cirrhosis
566:hemolysis
526:Category
365:hepatitis
361:cirrhosis
320:(17
295:itchiness
246:Treatment
238:, taking
175:Yellowish
150:Specialty
18:Yellowing
4730:Category
4555:Jaundice
4484:Bloating
4408:Diarrhea
4312:biliary:
4144:Vomiting
4070:Jaundice
4035:18165001
3954:Jaundice
3941:jaundice
3920:13443982
3831:26061953
3781:Archived
3757:Archived
3736:Archived
3709:34228352
3657:24913724
3648:10750451
3587:36867730
3503:Archived
3456:25384650
3407:11230622
3333:25854541
3325:15382174
3283:22247287
3242:17116459
3202:18438808
3167:Archived
3111:27904244
3027:24999215
2975:14765767
2919:Archived
2881:14765767
2824:11141153
2689:11100275
2681:11435623
2615:23 April
2590:12 April
2565:23 April
2560:32965843
2531:23 April
2526:29261920
2434:Archived
2410:26 April
2385:23 April
2380:31334972
2353:20013583
2254:25663760
2203:62736861
2170:Archived
2103:27904243
2021:Archived
2001:21872092
1961:25384650
1838:Archived
1807:Archived
1765:Archived
1691:Archived
1686:Jaundice
1664:25663760
1551:icterus,
1546:jaunisse
1384:Symptoms
1247:such as
1167:Present
1164:Present
969:urobilin
940:cholemia
901:urobilin
445:jaunisse
437:jaundice
397:rifampin
393:carotene
256:Jaundice
240:rifampin
170:Symptoms
66:Jaundice
4494:Tympany
4489:Ascites
4422:Abdomen
4218:Burping
4121:abdomen
4013:D007565
3891:6738765
3871:Nephron
3862:3726756
3850:Surgery
3700:8259558
3606:24 July
3578:9979775
3447:4361106
3102:5088103
2815:1119305
2586:. Merck
2499:27 July
2440:8 March
2344:3264945
2245:4316083
2094:5088098
1952:4361106
1655:4316083
1567:of the
1561:icterus
1556:ikteros
1497:albumin
1353:malaria
1312:of the
1253:CT scan
1240:Imaging
1136:Normal
1108:Normal
1086:Normal
1066:Normal
1011:albumin
626:H&E
609:malaria
607:Severe
477:acholia
404:surgery
297:, pale
270:due to
260:icterus
74:Icterus
38:Icteria
4611:Hernia
4515:Masses
4139:Nausea
4059:003243
3918:
3889:
3860:
3829:
3821:
3707:
3697:
3655:
3645:
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2050:
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1959:
1949:
1903:
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1830:
1799:
1757:
1662:
1652:
1604:
1397:Causes
1285:irises
1255:, and
1122:Brown
827:, and
809:globin
507:Causes
469:sclera
441:French
429:opioid
381:cancer
301:, and
268:sclera
186:Causes
179:sclera
141:
40:, see
4633:Other
4548:Other
4446:Colic
4295:liver
4131:tract
4002:782.4
3329:S2CID
2685:S2CID
1540:jaune
1351:, or
948:lymph
935:edema
897:feces
791:When
628:stain
427:, or
383:, or
371:, or
310:blood
299:feces
285:, or
138:-diss
34:Ictal
4429:Pain
4381:and
4159:Pica
4024:7038
4008:MeSH
3997:9-CM
3916:PMID
3887:PMID
3858:PMID
3827:PMID
3819:ISSN
3765:2013
3705:PMID
3683:2021
3653:PMID
3631:2014
3608:2022
3583:PMID
3561:2023
3511:2016
3475:ISBN
3452:PMID
3426:CMAJ
3403:PMID
3360:ISBN
3321:PMID
3279:PMID
3238:PMID
3198:PMID
3157:ISBN
3130:ISBN
3107:PMID
3056:ISBN
3023:PMID
2971:PMID
2945:2019
2909:ISBN
2888:2020
2877:PMID
2850:2021
2820:PMID
2769:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2677:PMID
2643:2020
2617:2022
2592:2022
2567:2022
2556:PMID
2533:2022
2522:PMID
2501:2021
2476:2010
2463:ISBN
2442:2016
2412:2022
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2376:PMID
2349:PMID
2298:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2250:PMID
2199:OCLC
2189:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2099:PMID
2048:ISBN
1997:PMID
1957:PMID
1931:CMAJ
1901:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1719:help
1699:2016
1660:PMID
1602:ISBN
1009:and
847:and
825:iron
807:and
805:heme
757:and
486:Eye
336:and
322:ÎŒmol
276:heme
266:and
264:skin
136:JAWN
4119:or
3993:ICD
3987:R17
3978:ICD
3908:doi
3879:doi
3854:100
3811:doi
3807:151
3695:PMC
3687:doi
3643:PMC
3635:doi
3573:PMC
3565:doi
3534:doi
3499:CDC
3442:PMC
3434:doi
3430:187
3393:doi
3389:107
3352:doi
3313:doi
3269:doi
3230:doi
3190:doi
3097:PMC
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2794:BMJ
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2339:PMC
2331:doi
2240:PMC
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