2588:
2816:
1445:
1501:
3339:
within the cavity. Power scaling also requires optimization of matching passive fibers within the optical cavity. The optimization of the ytterbium-doped glass itself through host glass modification of various dopants also plays a large part in reducing the background loss of the glass, improvements in slope efficiency of the fiber, and improved photodarkening performance, all of which contribute to increased power levels in 1 ÎŒm systems.
1979:
2760:
3022:
40:
3102:, and Georges Urbain, which was then responsible for the attribution of new element names, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones, based on the fact that the separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain. After Urbain's names were recognized,
3327:
achievement of near perfect beam qualities (M2<1.1) at power levels of 1.5 kW to greater than 2 kW at ~1064 nm in a broadband configuration. Ytterbium-doped LMA fibers also have the advantages of a larger mode field diameter, which negates the impacts of nonlinear effects such as stimulated
3326:
Much progress has been made in the power scaling lasers and amplifiers produced with ytterbium (Yb) doped optical fibers. Power levels have increased from the 1 kW regimes due to the advancements in components as well as the Yb-doped fibers. Fabrication of Low NA, Large Mode Area fibers enable
3223:
A pair of experimental atomic clocks based on ytterbium atoms at the
National Institute of Standards and Technology has set a record for stability. NIST physicists reported in the August 22, 2013 issue of Science Express that the ytterbium clocks' ticks are stable to within less than two parts in 1
3338:
To achieve even higher power levels in ytterbium-based fiber systems, all factors of the fiber must be considered. These can be achieved only through optimization of all ytterbium fiber parameters, ranging from the core background losses to the geometrical properties, to reduce the splice losses
2059:, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density, melting point and boiling point are much lower than those of most other lanthanides.
4374:
Xiang, Z.; Kasahara, Y.; Asaba, T.; Lawson, B.; Tinsman, C.; Chen, Lu; Sugimoto, K.; Kawaguchi, S.; Sato, Y.; Li, G.; Yao, S.; Chen, Y. L.; Iga, F.; Singleton, John; Matsuda, Y.; Li, Lu (2018). "Quantum oscillations of electrical resistivity in an insulator".
2265:
Contrary to most other lanthanides, which have a close-packed hexagonal lattice, ytterbium crystallizes in the face-centered cubic system. Ytterbium has a density of 6.973 g/cm, which is significantly lower than those of the neighboring lanthanides,
2274:(9.841 g/cm). Its melting and boiling points are also significantly lower than those of thulium and lutetium. This is due to the closed-shell electron configuration of ytterbium ( 4f 6s), which causes only the two 6s electrons to be available for
3202:âa series of pancake-shaped wells made of laser light. Another laser that "ticks" 518 trillion times per second (518 THz) provokes a transition between two energy levels in the atoms. The large number of atoms is key to the clocks' high stability.
3571:
Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation".
2656:, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The world production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting that it has few commercial applications. Microscopic traces of ytterbium are used as a
3409:
Although ytterbium is fairly stable chemically, it is stored in airtight containers and in an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen-filled dry box to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of ytterbium are treated as highly
4827:
Grukh, Dmitrii A.; Bogatyrev, V. A.; Sysolyatin, A. A.; Paramonov, Vladimir M.; Kurkov, Andrei S.; Dianov, Evgenii M. (2004). "Broadband
Radiation Source Based on an Ytterbium-Doped Fibre With Fibre-Length-Distributed Pumping".
3280:
lasers. Ytterbium lasers are highly efficient, have long lifetimes and can generate short pulses; ytterbium can also easily be incorporated into the material used to make the laser. Ytterbium lasers commonly radiate in the
3484:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
2730:
or by reduction with sodium amalgam. In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent rare earths is treated with molten sodium-mercury alloy, which reduces and dissolves Yb. The alloy is treated with
3228:(1 followed by 18 zeros), roughly 10 times better than the previous best published results for other atomic clocks. The clocks would be accurate within a second for a period comparable to the age of the universe.
4251:
Girard, P.; Namy, J. L.; Kagan, H. B. (1980). "Divalent
Lanthanide Derivatives in Organic Synthesis. 1. Mild Preparation of Samarium Iodide and Ytterbium Iodide and Their Use as Reducing or Coupling Agents".
3162:
emitted by the source pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Thus, small Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for
3094:
also independently isolated these elements at about the same time. Urbain and
Welsbach accused each other of publishing results based on the other party. The Commission on Atomic Mass, consisting of
7301:
4765:
3319:(glass fibers) or even a switch to broadband emission (crystals and ceramics) instead of efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only overheating, but also with conditions of
5486:
3166:
of small objects. Experiments show that radiographs taken with a Yb source are roughly equivalent to those taken with X-rays having energies between 250 and 350 keV. Yb is also used in
3374:
Ytterbium metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high stresses. This property is used in stress gauges to monitor ground deformations from earthquakes and explosions.
4082:
Gelis, V. M.; Chuveleva, E. A.; Firsova, L. A.; Kozlitin, E. A.; Barabanov, I. R. (2005). "Optimization of
Separation of Ytterbium and Lutetium by Displacement Complexing Chromatography".
5245:
2227:
increases ten times upon compression to 39,000 atmospheres (3.9 GPa), but then drops to about 10% of its room-temperature resistivity at about 40,000 atm (4.0 GPa).
2973:
structure with one quarter of the anions removed, leading to ytterbium atoms in two different six coordinate (non-octahedral) environments. Ytterbium(III) oxide can be reduced to
2290:
Ytterbium metal tarnishes slowly in air, taking on a golden or brown hue. Finely dispersed ytterbium readily oxidizes in air and under oxygen. Mixtures of powdered ytterbium with
3470:
2141:; moreover, it is among the least abundant. Once extracted and prepared, ytterbium is somewhat hazardous as an eye and skin irritant. The metal is a fire and explosion hazard.
2106:. After some discussion, Marignac's name "ytterbium" was retained. A relatively pure sample of the metal was not obtained until 1953. At present, ytterbium is mainly used as a
1727:
3113:
The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined with any precision until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium metal was produced by using
2699:
It is relatively difficult to separate ytterbium from other lanthanides due to its similar properties. As a result, the process is somewhat long. First, minerals such as
5656:
5107:
Bisson, J.-F.; Kouznetsov, D.; Ueda, K.; Fredrich-Thornton, S. T.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G. (2007). "Switching of
Emissivity and Photoconductivity in Highly Doped Yb:Y
2845:. The dihalides are susceptible to oxidation to the trihalides at room temperature and disproportionate to the trihalides and metallic ytterbium at high temperature:
4475:
3051:, the Swedish village near where he found the new component of erbium. Marignac suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium".
3758:
Bucher, E.; Schmidt, P.; Jayaraman, A.; Andres, K.; Maita, J.; Nassau, K.; Dernier, P. (1970). "New First-Order Phase
Transition in High-Purity Ytterbium Metal".
3187:
2078:. He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called "ytterbium". (In total, four elements were named after the village, the others being
6959:
2013:
2993:) is a crystalline material that has been studied to understand various electronic and structural properties of many chemically related substances. It is a
5621:
4873:
2004:
3414:, although studies appear to indicate that the danger is minimal. However, ytterbium compounds cause irritation to human skin and eyes, and some might be
2503:(II) is stable in aqueous solution. Ytterbium metal behaves similarly to europium metal and the alkaline earth metals, dissolving in ammonia to form blue
1685:
1540:
7255:
2799:
dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the
2165:. When freshly prepared, it is less golden than cesium, but, more golden in color than just a "yellow-cast" as in metals like iridium. It is a
5649:
5454:"Metal-Fluorocarbon Pyrolants. XIV: High Density-High Performance Decoy Flare Compositions Based on Ytterbium/Polytetrafluoroethylene/VitonÂź"
5436:
4736:
4290:
4163:
3863:
3817:
3739:
3534:
3450:
3213:
4185:
Lou, S.; Westbrook, J. A.; Schaus, S. E. (2004). "Decarboxylative Aldol
Reactions of Allyl ÎČ-Keto Esters via Heterobimetallic Catalysis".
3549:
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see
2641:
of ytterbium are rare and have not yet been well characterized. The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg/kg.
1720:
2735:. The metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide by heating. The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with
4806:
3036:
3032:
3025:
2063:
1690:
6952:
5596:
4315:
3662:
1182:
94:
3013:, ytterbium is one of the few that can form a stable dodecaboride, a property attributed to its comparatively small atomic radius.
5642:
2779:. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like
2541:
isotopes have half-lives that are less than two hours, and most of these have half-lives under 20 minutes. Ytterbium also has 12
1513:
3335:, which limit the achievement of higher power levels, and provide a distinct advantage over single mode ytterbium-doped fibers.
4871:
Kouznetsov, D.; Bisson, J.-F.; Takaichi, K.; Ueda, K. (2005). "Single-mode solid-state laser with short wide unstable cavity".
3970:
Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New
Isotopes in the Fragmentation of Pt at FRIB".
1997:
7243:
7046:
3359:
2723:, and due to the different types of bonding exhibited by the different lanthanides, it is possible to isolate the compounds.
5487:"Effect of the Alkali-Metal Cation on the Bonding Mode of 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole in Divalent Samarium and Ytterbium Complexes"
4567:
7311:
5551:
Ivanov, V. G.; Ivanov, G. V. (1985). "High-Temperature
Oxidation and Spontaneous Combustion of Rare-Earth Metal Powders".
4013:
Lacovara, P.; Choi, H. K.; Wang, C. A.; Aggarwal, R. L.; Fan, T. Y. (1991). "Room-Temperature Diode-Pumped Yb:YAG laser".
3178:
In 2013, ytterbium clocks held the record for stability with ticks stable to within less than two parts in 1 quintillion (
6945:
2770:
2303:
4624:"Lutetium und Neoytterbium oder Cassiopeium und Aldebaranium â Erwiderung auf den Artikel des Herrn Auer v. Welsbach"
7296:
1990:
7038:
5629:
3095:
2673:
3397:, a higher radiant intensity is obtained with ytterbium-based payloads in comparison to those commonly based on
2906:
7187:
7110:
2661:
2204:
2121:
Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes, which altogether are present at concentrations of 0.3
1261:
3315:
Usually, low concentrations of ytterbium are used. At high concentrations, the ytterbium-doped materials show
5159:
4117:
Hubicka, H.; Drobek, D. (1997). "Anion-Exchange Method for Separation of Ytterbium from Holmium and Erbium".
3300:
The kinetic of excitations in ytterbium-doped materials is simple and can be described within the concept of
7102:
7086:
3265:
3091:
3002:
2930:
2886:
2537:
of 32.0 days, Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining
2291:
2208:
2103:
1567:
1122:
4778:
4701:
7208:
7192:
7155:
7150:
7138:
7094:
7074:
7066:
7054:
6990:
6982:
3551:
Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides".
3398:
3382:
3071:
2468:
2316:, and it reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form ytterbium(III) hydroxide:
2099:
1795:
1703:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1109:
159:
121:
3320:
2974:
2645:
2409:, is white in color and the salts of ytterbium are also colorless. Ytterbium dissolves readily in dilute
7130:
7118:
7022:
7014:
6998:
4469:
4327:
Al'tshuler, T. S.; Bresler, M. S. (2002). "On the nature of the energy gap in ytterbium dodecaboride YbB
3442:
2516:
2090:.) In 1907, the new earth "lutecia" was separated from ytterbia, from which the element "lutecium" (now
1713:
1648:
1638:
5158:
Sochinskii, N.V.; Abellan, M.; Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.; Saucedo, E.; Ruiz, C.M.; Bermudez, V. (2007).
3892:
Koch, E. C.; Weiser, V.; Roth, E.; Knapp, S.; Kelzenberg, S. (2012). "Combustion of Ytterbium Metal".
2815:
7306:
7175:
7006:
5685:
5383:
5282:
5219:
5210:
Samson, Bryce; Carter, Adrian; Tankala, Kanishka (2011). "Doped fibres: Rare-earth fibres power up".
5174:
5132:
5063:
5022:
4975:
4917:
4882:
4837:
4515:
4449:
4394:
4340:
4126:
4022:
3979:
3767:
3386:
3352:
3328:
3117:
processes. The price of ytterbium was relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US$ 1,000/kg.
2958:
2946:
2910:
2820:
2800:
2763:
2463:
Although usually trivalent, ytterbium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for
2278:(in contrast to the other lanthanides where three electrons are available) and increases ytterbium's
2216:
1530:
1481:
3486:
3205:
Visible light waves oscillate faster than microwaves, hence optical clocks can be more precise than
2587:
2467:, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has a valence
2180:
labeled by the Greek letters alpha, beta and gamma. Their transformation temperatures are â13 °
6968:
3309:
3269:
3066:. Neoytterbia later became known as the element ytterbium, and lutecia became known as the element
2918:
2669:
2200:
2193:
2138:
2111:
1658:
1271:
4908:
McCumber, D.E. (1964). "Einstein Relations Connecting Broadband Emission and Absorption Spectra".
4506:
Weeks, Mary Elvira (October 1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements".
3347:
The charged ion Yb is used by multiple academic groups and companies as the trapped-ion qubit for
7291:
5568:
5407:
5373:
5298:
5272:
5089:
4853:
4682:
4643:
4418:
4384:
4356:
4099:
3355:
3220:
is highly accurate. The optical clock based on it is exact to 17 digits after the decimal point.
3139:
3010:
2926:
2634:
2598:
2413:
to form solutions that contain the colorless Yb(III) ions, which exist as nonahydrate complexes:
2189:
2166:
2029:
1983:
1468:
1253:
1247:
3855:
3304:; for most ytterbium-doped laser materials (as for many other optically pumped gain media), the
3216:
is working on several such optical clocks. The model with one single ytterbium ion caught in an
1628:
1584:
3074:
independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but he called them
2969:), which crystallizes in the "rare-earth C-type sesquioxide" structure which is related to the
2125:. This element is mined in China, the United States, Brazil, and India in form of the minerals
6536:
5592:
5533:
5432:
5399:
5249:
5081:
4732:
4410:
4311:
4294:
4286:
4202:
4159:
4153:
4038:
3995:
3859:
3813:
3735:
3658:
3635:
3530:
3502:
3446:
3348:
3305:
3301:
3277:
3273:
2882:
2732:
2719:, to which different lanthanides bind with different affinities. This is then dissolved using
2665:
2638:
2526:
2231:
2196:
2122:
1780:
1760:
1751:
1475:
1394:
1384:
1181:
770:
5426:
5246:"Fiber for Fiber Lasers: Matching Active and Passive Fibers Improves Fiber Laser Performance"
4797:
6600:
6305:
6134:
5963:
5882:
5801:
5774:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5560:
5525:
5498:
5465:
5391:
5290:
5227:
5190:
5182:
5140:
5071:
5050:
Koponen, Joona J.; Söderlund, Mikko J.; Hoffman, Hanna J. & Tammela, Simo K. T. (2006).
5030:
4983:
4925:
4890:
4845:
4674:
4635:
4523:
4457:
4437:
4402:
4348:
4261:
4233:
4194:
4134:
4091:
4030:
3987:
3901:
3775:
3701:
3625:
3617:
3581:
3560:
3494:
3434:
3332:
3167:
3138:
of 32 days), which is created along with the short-lived Yb isotope (half-life 4.2 days) by
2998:
2720:
2683:
minerals. In very few known cases/occurrences ytterbium prevails over yttrium, as, e.g., in
2560:
2488:
2295:
2275:
2162:
2056:
2025:
1922:
1806:
1493:
1444:
1376:
1127:
57:
5263:
Olmschenk, S. (Nov 2007). "Manipulation and detection of a trapped Yb171 hyperfine qubit".
5160:"Effect of Yb concentration on the resistivity and lifetime of CdTe:Ge:Yb codoped crystals"
2751:
in high vacuum. The metal is purified by sublimation and collected over a condensed plate.
2207:
crystalline structure and is stable at low temperatures. The beta allotrope has a metallic
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
4541:
3394:
3286:
3241:
3199:
3147:
3099:
2994:
2978:
2313:
2279:
2044:
1433:
1364:
5615:
4600:
5387:
5286:
5223:
5178:
5136:
5067:
5026:
4979:
4921:
4886:
4841:
4519:
4490:
4453:
4398:
4344:
4130:
4026:
3983:
3771:
3289:
at wavelength 900 nmâ1 ÎŒm, dependently on the host and application. The small
2575:
isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than Yb are
5665:
5364:
Hayes, D. (Apr 2010). "Entanglement of Atomic Qubits Using an Optical Frequency Comb".
3924:
3848:
3686:
3630:
3605:
3316:
3290:
3055:
2922:
2902:
2480:
2095:
2066:
separated from the rare earth "erbia" (another independent component) which he called "
1825:
1614:
1485:
1281:
1176:
1114:
175:
4601:"Un nouvel élément, le lutécium, résultant du dédoublement de l'ytterbium de Marignac"
4237:
4138:
3021:
2309:. Ytterbium dissolves slowly in water, but quickly in acids, liberating hydrogen gas.
7285:
6759:
5608:
4857:
4686:
4647:
4422:
4360:
3585:
3294:
3209:
3195:
3191:
2938:
2804:
2708:
2568:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2259:
2255:
2235:
2212:
2036:
1785:
1594:
1451:
1419:
1235:
1210:
1196:
1091:
940:
5572:
5411:
5302:
5093:
4849:
4103:
2759:
6813:
6642:
6347:
5747:
5680:
5395:
4752:
4222:"Ytterbium Trichloride-Catalyzed Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltrimethylsilane"
3991:
3363:
3240:
to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of
3114:
2727:
2712:
2630:
2530:
2243:
2170:
2155:
1962:
1928:
1604:
1559:
1500:
982:
849:
623:
5516:
Gale, T.F. (1975). "The Embryotoxicity of Ytterbium Chloride in Golden Hamsters".
2637:
techniques developed in the mid- to late 20th century have simplified separation.
4726:
2525:: Yb, Yb, Yb, Yb, Yb, Yb, and Yb, with Yb being the most common, at 31.8% of the
2479:-shell gives more stability. The yellow-green ytterbium(II) ion is a very strong
6867:
6831:
6822:
6732:
6714:
6705:
5742:
4283:
Encyclopedia of the elements: technical data, history, processing, applications.
3879:
3415:
3225:
3163:
3143:
2538:
2251:
2239:
2224:
2192:. The beta allotrope (6.966 g/cm) exists at room temperature, and it has a
1848:
1812:
1024:
996:
989:
919:
905:
898:
5294:
3705:
3621:
2137:. The ytterbium concentration is low because it is found only among many other
2047:. Like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, as in its
6876:
6804:
6777:
6750:
6410:
6392:
6365:
6196:
6187:
5926:
4461:
4095:
3390:
3159:
3040:
3006:
2894:
2803:
compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as
2776:
2564:
2556:
2542:
2464:
2220:
2184:
and 795 °C, although the exact transformation temperature depends on the
2040:
1031:
975:
954:
933:
672:
658:
637:
509:
502:
303:
5231:
4929:
3604:
Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021).
3506:
6885:
6858:
6849:
6696:
6678:
6669:
6660:
6356:
6329:
6277:
6223:
6205:
6169:
6149:
6088:
6025:
5969:
5908:
5897:
5816:
5767:
5757:
5752:
5529:
4894:
4406:
3779:
3378:
3249:
3151:
3135:
3083:
2977:(YbO) with elemental ytterbium, which crystallizes in the same structure as
2748:
2740:
2736:
2622:
2559:
of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, Yb, is
2534:
2504:
2262:
of 1196 °C, ytterbium has the smallest liquid range of all the metals.
2177:
2159:
2115:
1765:
1554:
1425:
1038:
1017:
1010:
891:
877:
870:
863:
630:
609:
572:
530:
516:
488:
470:
426:
377:
333:
289:
280:
220:
5470:
5453:
5403:
5085:
4414:
4206:
4042:
3999:
3905:
3808:
Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Die Lanthanoide".
3639:
3657:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.
3498:
2629:. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but
6840:
6741:
6624:
6606:
6581:
6572:
6545:
6518:
6482:
6473:
6455:
6383:
6374:
6268:
6140:
6106:
6016:
6007:
5998:
5989:
5944:
5863:
5845:
5780:
5537:
5076:
5052:"Measuring photodarkening from single-mode ytterbium doped silica fibers"
5051:
4034:
3564:
3377:
Currently, ytterbium is being investigated as a possible replacement for
3217:
3067:
2970:
2942:
2898:
2862:
2858:
2834:
2830:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the
2704:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2653:
2648:, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors,
2614:
2610:
2606:
2591:
2576:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2398:
2299:
2271:
2185:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2091:
2067:
1075:
1060:
1003:
926:
835:
821:
805:
798:
777:
756:
728:
721:
707:
651:
644:
565:
463:
440:
370:
363:
356:
349:
317:
257:
243:
195:
4265:
4057:
1215:
1469 K (1196 °C, 2185 °F)
39:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6795:
6786:
6768:
6723:
6651:
6633:
6563:
6509:
6491:
6464:
6437:
6419:
6401:
6311:
6241:
6214:
6178:
6160:
6124:
6115:
6097:
6079:
5978:
5917:
5807:
5762:
5564:
5195:
4678:
4639:
4527:
3487:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
3206:
3131:
3048:
2878:
2866:
2838:
2827:
2788:
2680:
2649:
2602:
2572:
2522:
2496:
2337:
2306:
2267:
2181:
2083:
2079:
2071:
1677:
1220:
1067:
968:
961:
947:
912:
856:
842:
791:
749:
735:
714:
693:
679:
665:
595:
544:
523:
495:
481:
454:
447:
433:
419:
340:
296:
213:
17:
6937:
5502:
5316:
5186:
5144:
5035:
5002:
4987:
4352:
4198:
3812:(in German) (91â100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1265â1279.
3466:
1443:
7268:
7263:
6687:
6615:
6500:
6428:
6338:
6320:
6286:
6250:
6232:
6061:
6052:
6043:
5935:
5888:
5854:
5836:
5791:
3948:
3237:
2870:
2842:
2744:
2657:
2618:
2247:
2107:
2087:
2075:
2052:
1202:
884:
828:
742:
686:
616:
602:
579:
551:
537:
405:
398:
391:
310:
273:
250:
236:
204:
4662:
4623:
4221:
2625:, and Australia. Reserves of ytterbium are estimated as one million
4605:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences
4389:
3685:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
2203:
crystalline structure. The alpha allotrope (6.903 g/cm) has a
6590:
6295:
5953:
5827:
5485:
Ganesan, M.; Bérubé, C. D.; Gambarotta, S.; Yap, G. P. A. (2002).
5378:
5277:
3411:
3282:
3245:
3155:
3044:
3020:
3001:; under normal conditions, the interior of the bulk crystal is an
2814:
2758:
2716:
2626:
2586:
2048:
1189:
1155:
812:
586:
324:
229:
5634:
2791:, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by
2074:, the village in Sweden near where he found the new component of
2039:
70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the
6554:
6527:
6070:
6034:
5872:
5614:
2796:
784:
763:
412:
384:
264:
6941:
5638:
4958:
Kouznetsov, D. (2007). "Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd
2230:
In contrast to the other rare-earth metals, which usually have
2043:
series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2
6259:
5340:
3598:
La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB
3527:
Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements
3293:
makes ytterbium a prospective dopant for efficient lasers and
3261:
2715:, as can other lanthanides. The solution is then applied to a
2533:
have been observed, with the most stable ones being Yb with a
2487:
gas, and thus only the colorless ytterbium(III) ion occurs in
2199:. The high-temperature gamma allotrope (6.57 g/cm) has a
558:
3043:, Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as
2711:. Ytterbium can then be separated from other lanthanides by
1205: (824 °C, 1515 °F)
69:
5001:
Zhao, Guangjun; Su, Liangbi; Xu, Jun; Zeng, Heping (2007).
4799:
Photonic Whispering-Gallery Resonations in New Environments
2945:
ions, which are good for dental health, and is also a good
2555:
The isotopes of ytterbium range from Yb to Yb. The primary
78:
75:
4495:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
2563:, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than Yb is
5674:
60:
2726:
Ytterbium is separated from other rare earths either by
2298:
burn with an emerald-green flame. Ytterbium reacts with
4779:"NIST ytterbium atomic clocks set record for stability"
3308:
holds, although the application to the ytterbium-doped
2826:
Ytterbium forms both dihalides and trihalides with the
2644:
As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the
4945:
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Theory
3850:
Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements
2617:. The main mining areas are China, the United States,
3418:. Metallic ytterbium dust can spontaneously combust.
3188:
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
2609:
sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in
95:
7302:
Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure
5003:"Response to Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd
2687:-(Yb). A report of native ytterbium from the Moon's
72:
66:
7236:
7031:
6975:
5591:, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998)
3381:in high density pyrotechnic payloads for kinematic
3194:to 10 microkelvin (10 millionths of a degree above
3058:separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components:
1712:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1566:
1553:
1539:
1529:
1512:
1492:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1432:
1418:
1393:
1383:
1363:
1358:
1270:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1219:
1209:
1195:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1148:
1133:
1121:
1108:
1089:
173:
136:
120:
108:
81:
63:
51:
46:
5458:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
5425:Gupta, C.K. & Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (2004).
3847:
3732:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4943:Becker, P.C.; Olson, N.A.; Simpson, J.R. (1999).
3687:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
3362:, have been achieved by addressing the ions with
2679:Ytterbium is often the most common substitute in
2668:in which ytterbium is the element that undergoes
2211:at normal atmospheric pressure, but it becomes a
4753:Ytterbium Atomic Clocks Set Record for Stability
4663:"Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente"
3606:"Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes"
3520:
3518:
3516:
1508: = 548.46 pm (at 20 °C)
4220:Fang, X.; Watkin, J. G.; Warner, B. P. (2000).
2605:. It is most often recovered commercially from
4572:] of Rare Earth Elements by Charles James"
3919:
3917:
3915:
2521:Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable
6953:
5650:
3943:
3941:
3039:in the year 1878. While examining samples of
1998:
1623:1590 m/s (at 20 °C)
1139:
8:
4056:Hudson Institute of Mineralogy (1993â2018).
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
2389:The ytterbium(III) ion absorbs light in the
2169:, and it is readily dissolved by the strong
26:
4874:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
4474:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3753:
3751:
3529:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
2215:when exposed to a pressure of about 16,000
23:Chemical element with atomic number 70 (Yb)
6960:
6946:
6938:
5657:
5643:
5635:
4310:5th edition, Oxford Science Publications,
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3323:at high concentrations of ytterbium ions.
2707:are dissolved into various acids, such as
2571:of ytterbium isotopes lighter than Yb are
2499:also behave this way in the +2 state, but
2005:
1991:
1728:
1721:
1499:
186:
38:
5469:
5377:
5276:
5194:
5075:
5034:
4728:Industrial radiology: theory and practice
4388:
4277:
4275:
3629:
5630:Encyclopedia of Geochemistry - Ytterbium
4254:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4187:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4155:Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds
1744:
1546:
1287:
182:
6757:
5589:Guide to the Elements â Revised Edition
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3426:
1545:ÎČ, poly: 0.250 ”Ωâ
m (at
6811:
6640:
6345:
5553:Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves
4766:New "pendulum" for the ytterbium clock
4594:
4592:
4467:
4436:La Placa, 1 S. J.; Noonan, D. (1963).
3655:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
112:silvery white; with a pale yellow tint
25:
6865:
6829:
6820:
6730:
6712:
6703:
4438:"Ytterbium and terbium dodecaborides"
3949:"Nucleonica: Universal Nuclide Chart"
3894:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3214:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
3190:rely on about 10,000 ytterbium atoms
2957:Ytterbium reacts with oxygen to form
1951:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1915:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1860:
1857:
1837:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1799:
1794:
7:
6874:
6802:
6775:
6748:
6408:
6390:
6363:
6194:
6185:
5428:Extractive metallurgy of rare earths
4576:National Historic Chemical Landmarks
4084:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry
3854:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3467:"Standard Atomic Weights: Ytterbium"
2937:) is used as an inert and non-toxic
6883:
6856:
6847:
6694:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6444:
6354:
6327:
6275:
6221:
6203:
6167:
6147:
6086:
6023:
5924:
5906:
5895:
5814:
5341:"IonQ | Our Trapped Ion Technology"
3574:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry
3256:Ytterbium as dopant of active media
2877:Some ytterbium halides are used as
1323:
6901:
6838:
6739:
6622:
6604:
6579:
6570:
6543:
6516:
6471:
6453:
6381:
6372:
6266:
6138:
6104:
6014:
5996:
5987:
5967:
5942:
4807:California Institute of Technology
3037:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
3026:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2250:. However, the alpha allotrope is
2064:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
1691:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
1405:2nd: 1174.8 kJ/mol
14:
6793:
6784:
6766:
6721:
6631:
6561:
6534:
6507:
6489:
6480:
6462:
6435:
6417:
6399:
6309:
6239:
6212:
6176:
6122:
6113:
6095:
6077:
6005:
5976:
5915:
5861:
5843:
5805:
5778:
4158:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 973â975.
3925:"Chemical reactions of Ytterbium"
3810:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
3186:). These clocks developed at the
2545:, with the most stable being Yb (
2393:range of wavelengths, but not in
1402:1st: 603.4 kJ/mol
6685:
6649:
6613:
6498:
6426:
6336:
6318:
6248:
6230:
6158:
6059:
6050:
6041:
5886:
5789:
3586:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028
3343:Ion qubits for quantum computing
3236:Ytterbium can also be used as a
3047:, and he named it ytterbia, for
2483:and decomposes water, releasing
1978:
1977:
1408:3rd: 2417 kJ/mol
1389:Pauling scale: 1.1 (?)
1291:
56:
6588:
6293:
6284:
5951:
5933:
5852:
5834:
5452:Koch, E. C.; Hahma, A. (2012).
4850:10.1070/QE2004v034n03ABEH002621
1579: cm/mol (2928 K)
6552:
6525:
6068:
6032:
5870:
5825:
5396:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.140501
4731:. Springer. pp. 168â169.
4661:von Welsbach, Carl A. (1908).
4308:Structural Inorganic Chemistry
3992:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501
3005:whereas the surface is highly
2597:Ytterbium is found with other
2336:Ytterbium reacts with all the
1:
6257:
4764:Peik, Ekkehard (2012-03-01).
4508:Journal of Chemical Education
4492:The discovery of the elements
4238:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02090-0
4139:10.1016/S0304-386X(97)00040-6
1568:Molar magnetic susceptibility
3882:. The IRM quarterly 10(3): 1
3734:(81st ed.). CRC press.
3174:High-stability atomic clocks
3054:In 1907, the French chemist
2941:as it continuously releases
2771:Category:Ytterbium compounds
1680:(Sweden), where it was mined
4578:. American Chemical Society
4489:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
3525:Arblaster, John W. (2018).
3393:in the infrared range than
3389:has a significantly higher
3158:machines. Like X-rays, the
2989:Ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB
1609:ÎČ form: 30.5 GPa
1589:ÎČ form: 23.9 GPa
7328:
6156:
5985:
5904:
5823:
5787:
5689:
5609:It's Elemental â Ytterbium
5295:10.1103/PhysRevA.76.052314
4546:Royal Society of Chemistry
4333:Physics of the Solid State
3622:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9
3491:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2768:
2514:
2246:at temperatures above 1.0
2055:, and other compounds. In
1599:ÎČ form: 9.9 GPa
1276:26.74 J/(mol·K)
1234:when liquid (at
478:
346:
286:
226:
201:
15:
6899:
6599:
6304:
6133:
5962:
5881:
5800:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5672:
5431:. CRC Press. p. 32.
4462:10.1107/S0365110X63003108
4152:Patnaik, Pradyot (2003).
4096:10.1007/s11167-005-0530-6
3880:"Magnetism of Rare Earth"
3439:Chemistry of the Elements
3437:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3248:have rarely been used in
3232:Doping of stainless steel
3096:Frank Wigglesworth Clarke
2674:electromagnetic radiation
2475:because the fully filled
1976:
1972:
1945:
1934:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1831:
1818:
1791:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1442:
1424:empirical: 176
1280:
1066:
181:
169:
116:
37:
5232:10.1038/nphoton.2011.170
4930:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A954
3706:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3302:effective cross-sections
16:Not to be confused with
5622:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5530:10.1002/tera.1420110308
5366:Physical Review Letters
5317:"Quantinuum | Hardware"
5167:Applied Physics Letters
5125:Applied Physics Letters
5015:Applied Physics Letters
4968:Applied Physics Letters
4895:10.1364/JOSAB.22.001605
4407:10.1126/science.aap9607
4285:John Wiley & Sons,
3972:Physical Review Letters
3951:. Nucleonica. 2007â2011
3780:10.1103/PhysRevB.2.3911
3730:Hammond, C. R. (2000).
3090:; the American chemist
3070:. The Austrian chemist
2931:Ytterbium(III) fluoride
2887:ytterbium(III) chloride
2292:polytetrafluoroethylene
2209:electrical conductivity
2062:In 1878, Swiss chemist
1535:38.5 W/(mâ
K)
1525:/K (at 20 °C)
5625:(11th ed.). 1911.
5471:10.1002/zaac.201200036
4667:Monatshefte fĂŒr Chemie
4628:Monatshefte fĂŒr Chemie
4442:Acta Crystallographica
3906:10.1002/prep.201100141
3653:Weast, Robert (1984).
3399:magnesium/Teflon/Viton
3312:was under discussion.
3072:Carl Auer von Welsbach
3028:
2823:
2766:
2594:
2469:electron configuration
2114:, and less often as a
2110:of stainless steel or
2100:Carl Auer von Welsbach
1704:Carl Auer von Welsbach
1653:340â440 MPa
1643:205â250 MPa
1541:Electrical resistivity
1448:
1228:6.967 g/cm
1150:Electron configuration
122:Standard atomic weight
4725:Halmshaw, R. (1995).
4599:Urbain, M.G. (1908).
3846:Emsley, John (2003).
3610:Nature Communications
3499:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
3443:Butterworth-Heinemann
3435:Greenwood, Norman N.
3383:infrared decoy flares
3150:, has been used as a
3035:by the Swiss chemist
3024:
2907:DielsâAlder reactions
2897:and can be used as a
2819:Crystal structure of
2818:
2762:
2590:
2517:Isotopes of ytterbium
2270:(9.32 g/cm) and
2258:of 824 °C and a
2154:Ytterbium is a soft,
1714:Isotopes of ytterbium
1447:
1266:129 kJ/mol
7312:Suspected teratogens
5077:10.1364/OE.14.011539
4796:Ostby, Eric (2009).
4568:"Separaton [
4281:Enghag, Per (2004).
4035:10.1364/OL.16.001089
3878:Jackson, M. (2000).
3565:10.1039/CS9932200017
3387:ytterbium(III) oxide
3360:MĂžlmerâSĂžrensen gate
3329:Brillouin scattering
3198:) and trapped in an
3126:Source of gamma rays
2959:ytterbium(III) oxide
2947:X-ray contrast agent
2917:) may be used, like
2911:Ytterbium(II) iodide
2821:ytterbium(III) oxide
2801:alkaline earth metal
2764:Ytterbium(III) oxide
2176:Ytterbium has three
1531:Thermal conductivity
1262:Heat of vaporization
1242:6.21 g/cm
1224:(at 20° C)
6969:Ytterbium compounds
5388:2010PhRvL.104n0501H
5287:2007PhRvA..76e2314O
5224:2011NaPho...5..466S
5179:2007ApPhL..91t2112S
5137:2007ApPhL..90t1901B
5068:2006OExpr..1411539K
5062:(24): 11539â11544.
5027:2007ApPhL..90f6103Z
4980:2007ApPhL..90f6101K
4922:1964PhRv..136..954M
4887:2005JOSAB..22.1605K
4842:2004QuEle..34..247G
4830:Quantum Electronics
4702:"Rare-Earth Metals"
4622:Urbain, G. (1909).
4520:1932JChEd...9.1751W
4454:1963AcCry..16.1182L
4399:2018Sci...362...65X
4345:2002PhSS...44.1532A
4266:10.1021/ja00528a029
4226:Tetrahedron Letters
4193:(37): 11440â11441.
4131:1997HydMe..47..127H
4027:1991OptL...16.1089L
3984:2024PhRvL.132g2501T
3772:1970PhRvB...2.3911B
3321:charge compensation
3310:composite materials
3154:source in portable
3011:rare earth elements
2975:ytterbium(II) oxide
2919:samarium(II) iodide
2670:stimulated emission
2599:rare-earth elements
2312:Ytterbium is quite
2286:Chemical properties
2201:body-centered cubic
2194:face-centered cubic
2150:Physical properties
2139:rare-earth elements
2094:) was extracted by
1984:Category: Ytterbium
1633:ÎČ form: 0.207
1482:face-centered cubic
1438:187±8 pm
1395:Ionization energies
1283:Vapor pressure
1272:Molar heat capacity
1171:Physical properties
1163:Electrons per shell
34:
5565:10.1007/BF01463665
5321:www.quantinuum.com
4785:. August 22, 2013.
4751:NIST (2013-08-22)
4700:Hedrick, James B.
4679:10.1007/BF01558944
4640:10.1007/BF01530262
4528:10.1021/ed009p1751
4306:Wells A.F. (1984)
3274:solid state lasers
3272:, specifically in
3270:active laser media
3140:neutron activation
3029:
2927:coupling reactions
2824:
2767:
2635:solvent extraction
2595:
2459:Yb(II) vs. Yb(III)
2438:(l) â 2 (aq) + 3
2304:non-stoichiometric
2238:properties at low
2223:). Its electrical
2167:rare-earth element
2112:active laser media
1465:Natural occurrence
1455:
1449:
1166:2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2
1073:
1056:
7297:Chemical elements
7277:
7276:
6935:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6894:
6893:
5616:"Ytterbium"
5503:10.1021/om0109915
5438:978-0-415-33340-5
5265:Physical Review A
5250:Laser Focus World
5187:10.1063/1.2815644
5145:10.1063/1.2739318
5036:10.1063/1.2435314
4988:10.1063/1.2435309
4947:. Academic press.
4910:Physical Review B
4738:978-0-412-62780-4
4353:10.1134/1.1501353
4291:978-3-527-30666-4
4199:10.1021/ja045981k
4165:978-0-07-049439-8
4021:(14): 1089â1091.
3978:(72501): 072501.
3865:978-0-19-850340-8
3819:978-3-11-007511-3
3760:Physical Review B
3741:978-0-8493-0481-1
3694:Chinese Physics C
3536:978-1-62708-155-9
3452:978-0-08-037941-8
3349:quantum computing
3306:McCumber relation
3278:double clad fiber
3244:. Some ytterbium
2883:organic synthesis
2733:hydrochloric acid
2721:complexing agents
2666:solid-state laser
2646:OddoâHarkins rule
2527:natural abundance
2232:antiferromagnetic
2197:crystal structure
2123:parts per million
2019:
2018:
1968:
1967:
1555:Magnetic ordering
1514:Thermal expansion
1494:Lattice constants
1476:Crystal structure
1450:
1385:Electronegativity
1359:Atomic properties
1353:
1352:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1054:
1046:
1045:
772:Mercury (element)
174:Ytterbium in the
7319:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7218:
7217:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6939:
6904:
6903:
6890:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6870:
6863:
6861:
6854:
6852:
6845:
6843:
6836:
6834:
6827:
6825:
6818:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6800:
6798:
6791:
6789:
6782:
6780:
6773:
6771:
6764:
6762:
6755:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6717:
6710:
6708:
6701:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6674:
6672:
6665:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6647:
6645:
6638:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6620:
6618:
6611:
6609:
6595:
6593:
6586:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6550:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6532:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6514:
6512:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6469:
6467:
6460:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6442:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6415:
6413:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6361:
6359:
6352:
6350:
6343:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6325:
6323:
6316:
6314:
6300:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6282:
6280:
6273:
6271:
6264:
6262:
6255:
6253:
6246:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6219:
6217:
6210:
6208:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6181:
6174:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6154:
6152:
6145:
6143:
6129:
6127:
6120:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6093:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6066:
6064:
6057:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6003:
6001:
5994:
5992:
5983:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5958:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5931:
5929:
5922:
5920:
5913:
5911:
5902:
5900:
5893:
5891:
5877:
5875:
5868:
5866:
5859:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5796:
5794:
5785:
5783:
5675:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5626:
5618:
5577:
5576:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5381:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5280:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5212:Nature Photonics
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5164:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5079:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4881:(8): 1605â1619.
4868:
4862:
4861:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4804:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4775:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4465:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4392:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4339:(8): 1532â1535.
4324:
4318:
4304:
4298:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3853:
3843:
3824:
3823:
3805:
3784:
3783:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3710:
3709:
3691:
3682:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3568:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3441:(2nd ed.).
3431:
3333:Raman scattering
3287:optically pumped
3185:
3183:
3168:nuclear medicine
3148:nuclear reactors
3146:of ytterbium in
3106:was reverted to
2999:quantum material
2601:in several rare
2561:electron capture
2489:aqueous solution
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2324:O (l) â 2 Yb(OH)
2302:to form various
2296:hexachloroethane
2276:metallic bonding
2163:chemical element
2057:aqueous solution
2026:chemical element
2007:
2000:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1959:
1954:
1925:
1918:
1845:
1840:
1809:
1802:
1777:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1695:
1649:Brinell hardness
1639:Vickers hardness
1620:
1578:
1576:
1548:
1524:
1522:
1503:
1460:Other properties
1374:
1365:Oxidation states
1331:
1327:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1239:
1225:
1186:
1185:
1141:
1117:(no number)
1101:
1100:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
473:
466:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
343:
336:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
283:
276:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
223:
216:
207:
198:
192:
191:
187:
183:
157:
155:
148:
146:
132:
104:
99:
90:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
42:
35:
33:
28:Ytterbium,
7327:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7273:
7259:
7251:
7247:
7232:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7146:
7142:
7134:
7126:
7122:
7114:
7106:
7098:
7090:
7082:
7078:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7027:
7018:
7010:
7002:
6994:
6986:
6971:
6966:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6895:
6886:
6884:
6877:
6875:
6868:
6866:
6859:
6857:
6850:
6848:
6841:
6839:
6832:
6830:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6812:
6805:
6803:
6796:
6794:
6787:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6758:
6751:
6749:
6742:
6740:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6722:
6715:
6713:
6706:
6704:
6697:
6695:
6688:
6686:
6679:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6650:
6643:
6641:
6634:
6632:
6625:
6623:
6616:
6614:
6607:
6605:
6591:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6573:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6553:
6546:
6544:
6537:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6492:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6456:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6411:
6409:
6402:
6400:
6393:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6321:
6319:
6312:
6310:
6296:
6294:
6287:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6269:
6267:
6260:
6258:
6251:
6249:
6242:
6240:
6233:
6231:
6224:
6222:
6215:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6186:
6179:
6177:
6170:
6168:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6148:
6141:
6139:
6125:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6080:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6053:
6051:
6044:
6042:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6017:
6015:
6008:
6006:
5999:
5997:
5990:
5988:
5979:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5954:
5952:
5945:
5943:
5936:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5918:
5916:
5909:
5907:
5898:
5896:
5889:
5887:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5855:
5853:
5846:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5828:
5826:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5792:
5790:
5781:
5779:
5668:
5663:
5613:
5605:
5585:
5583:Further reading
5580:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5491:Organometallics
5484:
5483:
5479:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4916:(4A): 954â957.
4907:
4906:
4902:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4466:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4383:(6410): 65â69.
4373:
4372:
4368:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4305:
4301:
4280:
4273:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4119:Hydrometallurgy
4116:
4115:
4111:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3913:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3845:
3844:
3827:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3729:
3728:
3713:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3672:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3570:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:. p. 112.
3433:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3407:
3395:magnesium oxide
3372:
3345:
3331:and stimulated
3281:1.03â1.12
3266:doping material
3258:
3242:stainless steel
3234:
3200:optical lattice
3181:
3179:
3176:
3128:
3123:
3100:Wilhelm Ostwald
3019:
2995:Kondo insulator
2992:
2987:
2979:sodium chloride
2968:
2964:
2955:
2936:
2916:
2892:
2885:. For example,
2856:
2852:
2813:
2773:
2757:
2697:
2585:
2551:
2519:
2513:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2366:2 Yb (s) + 3 Br
2362:
2358:
2355:2 Yb (s) + 3 Cl
2351:
2347:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2314:electropositive
2288:
2280:metallic radius
2242:, ytterbium is
2152:
2147:
2145:Characteristics
2045:oxidation state
2011:
1986:
1957:
1952:
1921:
1916:
1843:
1838:
1805:
1800:
1775:
1768:
1761:abundance
1734:
1716:
1706:
1700:First isolation
1693:
1663:7440-64-4
1618:
1585:Young's modulus
1574:
1572:
1520:
1518:
1504:
1434:Covalent radius
1414:
1370:
1354:
1329:
1297:
1233:
1223:
1179:
1094:
1090:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
471:
464:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
341:
334:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
281:
274:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
221:
214:
205:
196:
165:
153:
151:
144:
142:
130:
124:
97:
92:
59:
55:
31:
27:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7325:
7323:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7284:
7283:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7223:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6882:
6873:
6864:
6855:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6819:
6810:
6801:
6792:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6693:
6684:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6612:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6560:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6146:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6121:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5986:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5914:
5905:
5903:
5894:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5851:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5666:Periodic table
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5611:
5604:
5603:External links
5601:
5600:
5599:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5543:
5508:
5477:
5444:
5437:
5417:
5372:(14): 140501.
5356:
5332:
5308:
5255:
5237:
5202:
5173:(20): 202112.
5150:
5131:(20): 201901.
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5099:
5056:Optics Express
5042:
5008:
5004:
4993:
4963:
4959:
4950:
4935:
4900:
4863:
4819:
4788:
4770:
4757:
4744:
4737:
4717:
4692:
4673:(2): 181â225.
4653:
4614:
4588:
4559:
4533:
4498:
4481:
4428:
4366:
4328:
4319:
4299:
4271:
4243:
4212:
4177:
4164:
4144:
4125:(1): 127â136.
4109:
4074:
4062:www.mindat.org
4048:
4015:Optics Letters
4005:
3962:
3937:
3911:
3884:
3871:
3864:
3825:
3818:
3785:
3747:
3740:
3711:
3670:
3663:
3645:
3602:clusters; see
3599:
3591:
3580:(1â2): 49â55.
3553:Chem. Soc. Rev
3542:
3535:
3512:
3476:
3458:
3451:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3406:
3403:
3371:
3368:
3366:pulse lasers.
3358:, such as the
3344:
3341:
3317:photodarkening
3291:quantum defect
3257:
3254:
3233:
3230:
3175:
3172:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3056:Georges Urbain
3031:Ytterbium was
3018:
3015:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2934:
2923:reducing agent
2914:
2890:
2875:
2874:
2854:
2850:
2812:
2809:
2756:
2753:
2696:
2693:
2584:
2581:
2569:decay products
2567:. The primary
2549:
2529:). Thirty-two
2515:Main article:
2512:
2509:
2481:reducing agent
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2417:2 Yb (s) + 3 H
2406:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:2 Yb (s) + 3 I
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:2 Yb (s) + 3 F
2334:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:2 Yb (s) + 6 H
2287:
2284:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2096:Georges Urbain
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:Main isotopes
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1615:Speed of sound
1611:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:Spectral lines
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1248:Heat of fusion
1244:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:f-block groups
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
818:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
592:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
477:
475:
468:
460:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
345:
338:
330:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
285:
278:
270:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
225:
218:
210:
209:
202:
200:
190:
179:
178:
176:periodic table
171:
170:
167:
166:
164:
163:
149:
139:
137:
134:
133:
128:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
29:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7324:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7280:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7207:
7205:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7117:
7115:
7109:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7073:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7045:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6826:
6817:
6808:
6799:
6790:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6754:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6718:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6619:
6610:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6324:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6153:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5982:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5912:
5901:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5820:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5597:0-19-508083-1
5594:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5524:(3): 289â95.
5523:
5519:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5478:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5421:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5357:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5271:(5): 052314.
5270:
5266:
5259:
5256:
5252:. 2012-01-01.
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5021:(6): 066103.
5020:
5016:
5012:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4974:(6): 066101.
4973:
4969:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4820:
4808:
4801:
4800:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4718:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4607:(in French).
4606:
4602:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4563:
4560:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:0-19-855370-6
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3927:. Webelements
3926:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3700:(3): 030001.
3699:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3664:0-8493-0464-4
3660:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3295:power scaling
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:is used as a
3263:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:atomic clocks
3208:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:absolute zero
3193:
3189:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:Charles James
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:tooth filling
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2805:calcium oxide
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:sulfuric acid
2706:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2552:46 seconds).
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:radioisotopes
2528:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:sulfuric acid
2400:
2396:
2395:visible light
2392:
2391:near-infrared
2376:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2260:boiling point
2257:
2256:melting point
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:ferromagnetic
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:semiconductor
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2171:mineral acids
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:Charles James
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:atomic number
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2012: |
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1944:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:32.026 d
1830:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1786:product
1784:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629:Poisson ratio
1626:
1622:
1619:thin rod
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:Shear modulus
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:Atomic radius
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:Boiling point
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1197:Melting point
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:period 6
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:Atomic number
1088:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
942:Rutherfordium
939:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
819:
816:
811:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
461:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
344:
339:
337:
332:
331:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
288:
284:
279:
277:
272:
271:
268:
263:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
224:
219:
217:
212:
211:
208:
203:
199:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
172:
168:
161:
150:
141:
140:
138:
135:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
101:
86:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
41:
36:
19:
7279:
6446:
5620:
5588:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5427:
5420:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5348:. Retrieved
5344:
5335:
5324:. Retrieved
5320:
5311:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5240:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5170:
5166:
5153:
5128:
5124:
5102:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5018:
5014:
4996:
4971:
4967:
4953:
4944:
4938:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4810:. Retrieved
4798:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4760:
4747:
4727:
4720:
4709:. Retrieved
4695:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4608:
4604:
4580:. Retrieved
4575:
4569:
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4545:
4536:
4514:(10): 1751.
4511:
4507:
4501:
4491:
4484:
4470:cite journal
4448:(11): 1182.
4445:
4441:
4431:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4307:
4302:
4282:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4169:. Retrieved
4154:
4147:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:
4058:"Mindat.org"
4051:
4018:
4014:
4008:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3929:. Retrieved
3897:
3893:
3887:
3874:
3849:
3809:
3766:(10): 3911.
3763:
3759:
3731:
3697:
3693:
3654:
3648:
3613:
3609:
3594:
3577:
3573:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3526:
3490:
3479:
3461:
3438:
3429:
3408:
3376:
3373:
3346:
3337:
3325:
3314:
3299:
3259:
3235:
3222:
3204:
3192:laser-cooled
3177:
3129:
3121:Applications
3115:ion-exchange
3112:
3107:
3104:neoytterbium
3103:
3087:
3079:
3076:aldebaranium
3075:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3030:
3009:. Among the
2988:
2956:
2876:
2825:
2774:
2728:ion exchange
2725:
2713:ion exchange
2698:
2678:
2662:Yb:YAG laser
2643:
2631:ion-exchange
2596:
2554:
2546:
2520:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2388:
2370:(l) â 2 YbBr
2359:(g) â 2 YbCl
2335:
2311:
2289:
2264:
2244:paramagnetic
2240:temperatures
2229:
2175:
2153:
2120:
2061:
2032:
2021:
2020:
1953:1.911 h
1917:4.185 d
1770:
1707: (1906)
1694: (1878)
1605:Bulk modulus
1560:paramagnetic
1505:
1484:(fcc) (
1454:of ytterbium
1371:
1324:
1292:
1282:
1096:
984:Darmstadtium
851:Protactinium
700:
625:Praseodymium
125:
7307:Lanthanides
5497:(8): 1707.
5196:10261/46803
5123:Ceramics".
4812:21 December
4542:"Ytterbium"
4260:(8): 2693.
4090:(9): 1420.
3616:(1): 6467.
3416:teratogenic
3405:Precautions
3364:mode-locked
3285:band being
3226:quintillion
3164:radiography
3144:irradiation
3142:during the
3088:cassiopeium
3060:neoytterbia
2777:lanthanides
2543:meta states
2539:radioactive
2465:lanthanides
2381:(s) â 2 YbI
2348:(g) â 2 YbF
2252:diamagnetic
2225:resistivity
2217:atmospheres
1801:56.7 h
1369:0, +1, +2,
1317:100 k
1158:] 4f 6s
1026:Livermorium
998:Copernicium
991:Roentgenium
921:Mendelevium
907:Einsteinium
900:Californium
7286:Categories
5559:(6): 656.
5518:Teratology
5464:(5): 721.
5350:2023-05-21
5326:2023-05-21
5218:(8): 466.
4836:(3): 247.
4805:(Thesis).
4711:2009-06-06
4611:: 759â762.
4582:2014-02-21
4390:1905.05140
4232:(4): 447.
4171:2009-06-06
3931:2009-06-06
3422:References
3391:emissivity
3353:Entangling
3160:gamma rays
3041:gadolinite
3033:discovered
3007:conductive
2997:. It is a
2895:Lewis acid
2857:+ Yb (X =
2769:See also:
2695:Production
2691:is known.
2583:Occurrence
2579:isotopes.
2565:beta decay
2557:decay mode
2450:(aq) + 3 H
2425:(aq) + 18
2328:(aq) + 3 H
2219:(1.6
2178:allotropes
2041:lanthanide
2014:references
1659:CAS Number
1469:primordial
1314:10 k
1252:7.66
1201:1097
1033:Tennessine
977:Meitnerium
956:Seaborgium
935:Lawrencium
674:Dysprosium
660:Gadolinium
639:Promethium
511:Technetium
504:Molybdenum
305:Phosphorus
131:°(Yb)
109:Appearance
7292:Ytterbium
5379:1001.2127
5278:0708.0657
4858:250788004
4768:. ptb.de.
4687:197766399
4648:101825980
4634:(10): 1.
4552:4 January
4423:206664739
4361:120575196
3559:: 17â24.
3507:1365-3075
3379:magnesium
3250:dentistry
3152:radiation
3136:half-life
3108:ytterbium
3084:Aldebaran
3003:insulator
2755:Compounds
2749:zirconium
2741:aluminium
2737:lanthanum
2639:Compounds
2623:Sri Lanka
2621:, India,
2535:half-life
2505:electride
2254:. With a
2205:hexagonal
2156:malleable
2116:gamma ray
2028:; it has
2022:Ytterbium
1766:half-life
1686:Discovery
1311:1 k
1072:ytterbium
1040:Oganesson
1019:Moscovium
1012:Flerovium
893:Berkelium
879:Americium
872:Plutonium
865:Neptunium
702:Ytterbium
632:Neodymium
611:Lanthanum
574:Tellurium
532:Palladium
518:Ruthenium
490:Zirconium
472:Strontium
428:Germanium
379:Manganese
335:Potassium
291:Aluminium
282:Magnesium
222:Beryllium
47:Ytterbium
7047:Yb(acac)
5573:93281866
5412:14424109
5404:20481925
5303:49330988
5094:27830683
5086:19529573
4966:laser".
4783:Phys.org
4415:30166438
4207:15366881
4104:94642269
4043:19776885
4000:38427880
3955:July 22,
3900:: 9â11.
3640:34753931
3218:ion trap
3134:(with a
3082:; after
3068:lutetium
2971:fluorite
2943:fluoride
2899:catalyst
2879:reagents
2835:chlorine
2831:fluorine
2828:halogens
2793:hydrogen
2785:samarium
2781:europium
2705:xenotime
2701:monazite
2689:regolith
2685:xenotime
2654:lutetium
2615:xenotime
2611:euxenite
2607:monazite
2603:minerals
2592:Euxenite
2577:lutetium
2523:isotopes
2511:Isotopes
2501:europium
2493:Samarium
2485:hydrogen
2399:ytterbia
2338:halogens
2307:hydrides
2300:hydrogen
2272:lutetium
2186:pressure
2135:xenotime
2131:euxenite
2127:monazite
2118:source.
2092:lutetium
2068:ytterbia
1375:(a
1322:at
1180:at
1076:lutetium
1005:Nihonium
928:Nobelium
837:Actinium
823:Francium
807:Astatine
800:Polonium
779:Thallium
758:Platinum
730:Tungsten
723:Tantalum
709:Lutetium
653:Europium
646:Samarium
567:Antimony
465:Rubidium
442:Selenium
372:Chromium
365:Vanadium
358:Titanium
351:Scandium
319:Chlorine
259:Fluorine
245:Nitrogen
197:Hydrogen
160:abridged
7256:Yb:LuVO
7032:Yb(III)
6923:p-block
6918:d-block
6913:f-block
6908:s-block
5384:Bibcode
5283:Bibcode
5220:Bibcode
5175:Bibcode
5133:Bibcode
5064:Bibcode
5023:Bibcode
4976:Bibcode
4918:Bibcode
4883:Bibcode
4838:Bibcode
4516:Bibcode
4450:Bibcode
4395:Bibcode
4377:Science
4341:Bibcode
4127:Bibcode
4067:7 April
4023:Bibcode
3980:Bibcode
3768:Bibcode
3631:8578558
3473:. 2015.
3401:(MTV).
3260:The Yb
3207:caesium
3132:isotope
3130:The Yb
3064:lutecia
3049:Ytterby
3017:History
2985:Borides
2921:, as a
2901:in the
2893:) is a
2853:â 2 YbX
2839:bromine
2811:Halides
2807:(CaO).
2789:thulium
2681:yttrium
2660:in the
2650:thulium
2573:thulium
2507:salts.
2497:thulium
2268:thulium
2234:and/or
2160:ductile
2084:terbium
2080:yttrium
2072:Ytterby
2070:", for
2053:halides
1941:stable
1905:stable
1894:stable
1883:stable
1872:stable
1861:stable
1822:0.126%
1678:Ytterby
1668:History
1617:
1349:(1465)
1346:(1266)
1221:Density
1143:f-block
1068:thulium
970:Hassium
963:Bohrium
949:Dubnium
914:Fermium
858:Uranium
844:Thorium
793:Bismuth
751:Iridium
737:Rhenium
716:Hafnium
695:Thulium
681:Holmium
667:Terbium
597:Caesium
546:Cadmium
525:Rhodium
497:Niobium
483:Yttrium
456:Krypton
449:Bromine
435:Arsenic
421:Gallium
342:Calcium
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215:Lithium
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2190:stress
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2076:erbium
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