Zeolite - Knowledge

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negatively charged, which requires an accompanying cation. These cations are hydrated during the formation of the materials. The hydrated cations interrupt the otherwise dense network of Si-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Al linkage, leading to regular water-filled cavities. Because of the porosity of the zeolite, the water can exit the material through channels. Because of the rigidity of the zeolite framework, the loss of water does not result in collapse of the cavities and channels. This aspect – the ability to generate voids within the solid material – underpins the ability of zeolites to function as catalysts. They possess high physical and chemical stability due to the large covalent bonding contribution. They have excellent hydrophobicity and are suited for adsorption of bulky, hydrophobic molecules such as hydrocarbons. In addition to that, high-silica zeolites are

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This line of research identified several connections between the synthesis medium liquid chemistry and important properties of zeolite crystals, such as the role of inorganic structure-directing agents in zeolite framework selection, the role of ion-pairing on the zeolite molecular composition and topology, and the role of liquid cation mobility on the zeolite crystal size and morphology. Consequently, complex relations exist between the properties of zeolite synthesis media and the crystallizing zeolite, potentially explaining why only a small fraction of the hypothetical zeolite frameworks can be synthesized. While these relations are not yet fully understood, HSIL zeolite synthesis is an exceptional model system for zeolite science, providing opportunities to advance current understanding of the zeolite conundrum.

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stoichiometric amount, and difficulty in separation and recovery. Some other drawbacks in its use include the potential dangers in handling, toxicity, corrosive nature, and disposal problems due to the acidic effluent. In addition to that, hydrolysis and purification of the resultant complex results in corrosive by-products. Research is ongoing into alternative heterogeneous solid catalysts which are stable, reusable, and nature-friendly, and which will also allow a better work up of reaction products. Among these different solid catalysts, zeolites were found to be superior due to their shape selectivity, thermal stability, and reusability.

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zeolite is controlled by the dimensions of the channels. These are conventionally defined by the ring size of the aperture, where, for example, the term "eight-ring" refers to a closed-loop that is built from eight tetrahedrally coordinated silicon (or aluminium) atoms and eight oxygen atoms. These rings are not always perfectly symmetrical due to a variety of causes, including strain induced by the bonding between units that are needed to produce the overall structure or coordination of some of the oxygen atoms of the rings to cations within the structure. Therefore, the pores in many zeolites are not cylindrical.

1120: 210: 299: 1442: 764: 4355: 661: 1323:, which is used to stop severe bleeding, contained zeolite granules. When in contact with blood, the granules would rapidly absorb water from the blood plasma, creating an exothermic reaction which generated heat. The absorption of water would also concentrate clotting factors present within the blood, causing the clot formation process to occur much faster than under normal circumstances, as shown 451: 1368: 1356: 3873: 312: 1053:

zeolite-waste combination can be hot-pressed into an extremely durable ceramic form, closing the pores and trapping the waste in a solid stone block. This is a waste form factor that greatly reduces its hazard, compared to conventional reprocessing systems. Zeolites are also used in the management of leaks of radioactive materials. For example, in the aftermath of the

320: 1005:. The vapor-phase products are separated from the catalyst and distilled into various products. The catalyst is circulated to a regenerator, where the air is used to burn coke off the surface of the catalyst that was formed as a byproduct in the cracking process. The hot, regenerated catalyst is then circulated back to the reactor to complete its cycle. 3838: 839: 754:

Synthetic zeolites hold some key advantages over their natural analogs. The synthetic materials are manufactured in a uniform, phase-pure state. It is also possible to produce zeolite structures that do not appear in nature. Zeolite A is a well-known example. Since the principal raw materials used to

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Although more than 200 types of zeolites are known, only about 100 types of aluminosilicate are available. In addition, there are only a few types that can be synthesized in industrially feasible way and have sufficient thermal stability to meet the requirements for industrial use. In particular, the

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Computer calculations have predicted that millions of hypothetical zeolite structures are possible. However, only 232 of these structures have been discovered and synthesized so far, so many zeolite scientists question why only this small fraction of possibilities are observed. This problem is often

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and other nitrogenous compounds. Due to the high affinity of some zeolites for calcium, they may be less effective in hard water and may deplete calcium. Zeolite filtration is also used in some marine aquaria to keep nutrient concentrations low for the benefit of corals adapted to nutrient-depleted

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to be efficiently removed from the waste and permanently trapped. Equally important are the mineral properties of zeolites. Their alumino-silicate construction is extremely durable and resistant to radiation, even in porous form. Additionally, once they are loaded with trapped fission products, the

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As zeolites are metastable, certain frameworks may be inaccessible as nucleation cannot occur because more stable and energetically favorable zeolites will form. Post-synthetic modification has been used to combat this issue with the ADOR method, whereby frameworks can be cut apart into layers and

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Zeolites have microporous structures with a typical diameter of 0.3–0.8 nm. Like most aluminosilicates, the framework is formed by linking of aluminum and silicon atoms by oxides. This linking leads to a 3-dimensional network of Si-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Al linkages. The aluminum centers are

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Based on dense crystal model systems, the theory of crystallization via solute pre-nucleation clusters was developed. Investigation of zeolite crystallization in hydrated silicate ionic liquids (HSIL) has shown that zeolites can nucleate via the condensation of ion-paired pre-nucleation clusters.

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Geometric computer simulations have shown that the discovered zeolite frameworks possess a behavior known as "the flexibility window". This shows that there is a range in which the zeolite structure is "flexible" and can be compressed but retains the framework structure. It is suggested that if a

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The structures of hundreds of zeolites have been determined. Most do not occur naturally. For each structure, the International Zeolite Association (IZA) gives a three-letter code called framework type code (FTC). For example, the major molecular sieves, 3A, 4A and 5A, are all LTA (Linde Type A).

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market. Zeolites are used in laundry detergent as water softeners, removing Ca and Mg ions which would otherwise precipitate from the solution. The ions are retained by the zeolites which releases Na ions into the solution, allowing the laundry detergent to be effective in areas with hard water.

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Zeolites occur naturally, but are also produced industrially on a large scale. As of December 2018, 253 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known. Every new zeolite structure that is obtained is examined by the International

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Where and how the zeolite was formed is an important consideration for aquarium applications. Most Northern hemisphere, natural zeolites were formed when molten lava came into contact with sea water, thereby "loading" the zeolite with Na (sodium) sacrificial ions. The mechanism is well known to

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refers to a particular property of these materials, i.e., the ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on a size exclusion process. This is due to a very regular pore structure of molecular dimensions. The maximum size of the molecular or ionic species that can enter the pores of a

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cage) (purple line). However, the way they are connected (yellow line) is different: in LTA, the four-membered rings of the cage are connected to each other to form a skeleton, while in FAU, the six-membered rings are connected to each other. As a result, the pore entrance of LTA is an 8-ring

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In synthetic chemistry, homogeneous catalysts are preferred because of availability, low cost, and excellent catalytic activity as all the catalytic sites are readily available. However, these homogeneous catalysts have several disadvantages, such as being non-reusable, requiring more than a

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A combination specimen of four zeolite species. The radiating natrolite crystals are protected in a pocket with associated stilbite. The matrix around and above the pocket is lined with small, pink-colored laumontite crystals. Heulandite is also present as a crystal cluster on the

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Earlier, polyphosphates were used to soften hard water. The polyphosphates forms complex with metal ions like Ca and Mg to bind them up so that they could not interfere in cleaning process. However, when this phosphate rich water goes in main stream water, it results in

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groundwater. Zeolites also crystallize in post-depositional environments over periods ranging from thousands to millions of years in shallow marine basins. Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying degrees by other minerals, metals,

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Zeolite synthesis research has primarily concentrated on hydrothermal methods; however, new zeolites may be synthesized using alternative methods. Synthesis methods that have started to gain use include microwave-assisted, post-synthetic modification, and

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industry for long-term storage of energy at a density four times greater than water. Ultimately, the goal is to store heat both in industrial installations and in small combined heat and power plants such as those used in larger residential buildings.

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P. Chatterjee; Y. Han; T. Kobayashi; K. Verma; M. Mais; R. Behera; T. Johnson; T. Prozorov; J. Evans; I.I. Slowing; W. Huang (2023). "Capturing Rare-Earth Elements by Synthetic Aluminosilicate MCM-22: Mechanistic Understanding of Yb(III) Capture".

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Pellens, Nick; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Radhakrishnan, Sambhu; Asselman, Karel; Chandran, C. Vinod; Vandenabeele, Dries; Jakoby, Bernhard; Martens, Johan A.; Taulelle, Francis; Reichel, Erwin K.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).

3720: 1261:. The development of this application started in Germany in the 1990s. They help by decreasing the temperature level during manufacture and laying of asphalt concrete, resulting in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less 1399:

Zeolites can also act as water moderators, in which they will absorb up to 55% of their weight in water and slowly release it under the plant's demand. This property can prevent root rot and moderate drought cycles.

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Asselman, Karel; Pellens, Nick; Radhakrishnan, Sambhu; Chandran, C. Vinod; Martens, Johan A.; Taulelle, Francis; Verstraelen, Toon; Hellström, Matti; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (August 4, 2021).

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These thomsonite nodules have concentric rings in combinations of colors: black, white, orange, pink, purple, red, and many shades of green. Some nodules have copper inclusions and rarely will be found with

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Over 200 synthetic zeolites have been reported. Most zeolites have aluminosilicate frameworks but some incorporate germanium, iron, gallium, boron, zinc, tin, and titanium. Zeolite synthesis involves

806:(59,000 t). The ready availability of zeolite-rich rock at low cost and the shortage of competing minerals and rocks are probably the most important factors for its large-scale use. According to the 1276:, they can reduce chloride permeability and improve workability. They reduce weight and help moderate water content while allowing for slower drying, which improves break strength. When added to 3606:

Pellens, Nick; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Thijs, Barbara; Jakoby, Bernhard; Reichel, Erwin K.; Taulelle, Francis; Martens, Johan A.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).

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Clinoptilolite has also been added to chicken food: the absorption of water and ammonia by the zeolite made the birds' droppings drier and less odoriferous, hence easier to handle.

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Asselman, Karel; Pellens, Nick; Thijs, Barbara; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Haouas, Mohamed; Taulelle, Francis; Martens, Johan A.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).

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to create purified oxygen from air using its ability to trap impurities, in a process involving the adsorption of nitrogen, leaving highly purified oxygen and up to 5% argon.

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An example of the notation of the ring structure of zeolite and other silicate materials is shown in the upper right figure. The middle figure shows a common notation using

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where M is usually H and Na. The Si/Al ratio is variable, which provides a means to tune the properties. Zeolites with a Si/Al ratios higher than about 3 are classified as

3218: 537:, or other zeolites. For this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential. 1856: 1249:(energy releasing) reaction when transitioning from a dehydrated form to a hydrated form make natural zeolites useful in harvesting waste heat and solar heat energy. 854:, pre-reaction 'seeding' time, reaction time as well as the templates used. In the sol-gel process, other elements (metals, metal oxides) can be easily incorporated. 755:

manufacture zeolites are silica and alumina, which are among the most abundant mineral components on earth, the potential to supply zeolites is virtually unlimited.

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Evidence for the oldest known zeolite water purification filtration system occurs in the undisturbed sediments of the Corriental reservoir at the Maya city of

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tetrahedral structure. Connecting oxygen atoms together creates a four-membered ring of oxygen (blue bold line). In fact, such a ring substructure is called

2698: 2413: 4181: 2373: 2979: 2938: 1425:. These sodium ions can be replaced by other ions in solution, thus the take-up of nitrogen in ammonia, with the release of the sodium. A deposit near 866:. Their well-defined pore structure and adjustable acidity make them highly active in a large variety of reactions. In chemistry, zeolites are used as 347:. The figure on the right shows a 4-ring with Si atoms connected to each other, which is the most common way to express the topology of the framework. 2596:

Tankersley, K.B., Dunning, N.P., Carr, C. et al. Zeolite water purification at Tikal, an ancient Maya city in Guatemala. Sci Rep 10, 18021 (2020).

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type (AlPO molecular sieve), in which Si is isomorphous with Al and P and Al is isomorphous with Si, and the gallogermanate and others are known.

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examines vials of SOMS (Sandia Octahedral Molecular Sieve), a zeolite that shows potential for radioactive waste and industrial metals cleanup.

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tetrahedra. Sodium is present as an extra-framework cation (in green). Si atoms can be partially replaced by Al or other tetravalent metals.

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is a fresh water variety (Na < 0.05%). Southern hemisphere zeolites are typically formed in freshwater and have a high calcium content.

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Druzyanova, Varvara; Petrova, Sofya; Khiterkheeva, Nadezhda; Bardamova, Irina; Gergenova, Tatyana (2020). Rudoy, D.; Ignateva, S. (eds.).

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Roth WJ, Nachtigall P, Morris RE, et al. (2013). "A family of zeolites with controlled pore size prepared using a top-down method".

1195:, a produce storage and preservation product, uses a form of zeolite as its active ingredient. The bags are lined with zeolite to adsorb 3294: 3167:

Hongting Z, Vance GF, Ganjegunte GK, et al. (2008). "Use of zeolites for treating natural gas co-produced waters in Wyoming, USA".

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First EL, Gounaris CE, Wei J, et al. (2011). "Computational characterization of zeolite porous networks: An automated approach".

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to remove nitrogen from compressed air to supply oxygen for aircrews at high altitudes, as well as home and portable oxygen supplies.

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Rhee P, Brown C, Martin M, et al. (2008). "QuikClot use in trauma for hemorrhage control: case series of 103 documented uses".

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FAU (faujasite, USY), BEA (beta), MOR (high-silica mordenite), MFI (ZSM-5), and FER (high-silica ferrierite) types are called the

3963: 3195: 3856: 2409: 2367: 2218:"Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of zeolite-like structures based on gallium and aluminium germanates". 807: 291:. The acidity is strong enough to protonate hydrocarbons and high-silica zeolites are used in acid catalysis processes such as 3559:"Ion-Pairs in Aluminosilicate-Alkali Synthesis Liquids Determine the Aluminium Content and Topology of Crystallizing Zeolites" 1280:

and lime-metakaolin mortars, synthetic zeolite pellets can act simultaneously as a pozzolanic material and a water reservoir.

2238: 2085:, "Preparation of porous crystalline synthetic material comprised of} silicon and titanium oxides", issued 1979-12-21 2748:"Operational parameters influenced on biogas production in zeolite/anaerobic baffled reactor for compost leachate treatment" 1772:

referred to as "the bottleneck problem". Currently, several theories attempt to explain the reasoning behind this question.

1864: 810:, it is likely that a significant percentage of the material sold as zeolites in some countries is ground or sawn volcanic 3788: 3698: 2120:

Shamzhy, Mariya V.; Eliašová, Pavla; Vitvarová, Dana; Opanasenko, Maksym V.; Firth, Daniel S.; Morris, Russell E. (2016).

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Monnier JB, Dupont M (1983). "Zeolite-water close cycle solar refrigeration; numerical optimisation and field-testing".

3502:"Super-ions of sodium cations with hydrated hydroxide anions: inorganic structure-directing agents in zeolite synthesis" 1451: 1426: 1037: 909: 209: 2907:

U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,170, "Adsorption Solar Heating and Storage System", Filed April 27, 1978, Inventor: John M. Guerra

727:. Industrially important zeolites are produced synthetically. Typical procedures entail heating aqueous solutions of 3842: 2121: 874:(only molecules of certain sizes and shapes can pass through), and as traps for molecules so they can be analyzed. 748: 3907: 4420: 3847: 2402: 1113: 2706: 2359: 1048:

methods, where their micro-porous ability to capture some ions while allowing others to pass freely allows many

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Gebauer, Denis; Kellermeier, Matthias; Gale, Julian D.; Bergström, Lennart; Cölfen, Helmut (January 23, 2014).

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Rollmann LD, Valyocsik EW, Shannon RD (1995). "Zeolite Molecular Sieves". In Murphy DW, Interrante LV (eds.).

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Zeolites have the potential of providing precise and specific separation of gases, including the removal of H

4445: 4415: 1226: 1192: 545: 439: 268:, which tend to be more hydrophobic. The H and Na can be replaced by diverse cations, because zeolites have 2101: 3996: 3888: 1199:, which is intended to slow the ripening process and extend the shelf life of produce stored in the bags. 968: 162: 2122:"Post-Synthesis Stabilization of Germanosilicate Zeolites ITH, IWW, and UTL by Substitution of Ge for Al" 1891:

Nayak, Yogeesha N.; Nayak, Swarnagowri; Nadaf, Y. F.; Shetty, Nitinkumar S.; Gaonkar, Santosh L. (2020).

1119: 4430: 2937:. 29th ICMA Conference. Quebec City, Canada: Construction Materials Consultants, Inc. pp. 168–206. 2043: 851: 819: 2169: 2082: 2292: 1623: 351: 3956: 3729: 3619: 3501: 3346: 3302: 3091:"Zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot releases calcium into blood and promotes blood coagulation in vitro" 2816: 2759: 1811: 1384:(a naturally occurring zeolite) is used as a soil treatment. It provides a source of slowly released 1045: 972: 359: 34: 2644: 1490: 1057:, sandbags of zeolite were dropped into the seawater near the power plant to adsorb the radioactive 1757: 1547: 1482: 1170: 1109: 288: 1123:

Animation of pressure swing adsorption, (1) and (2) showing alternating adsorption and desorption

850:-like processes. The product properties depend on reaction mixture composition, pH of the system, 4440: 3643: 3539: 3071: 2997: 2675: 2527: 1912: 1660: 1640: 1619: 1181: 994: 925: 332: 2610: 1603: 1591: 1582: 1500: 1664: 1578: 814:

that contains only a small amount of zeolites. These materials are used for construction, e.g.

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uses a reactor and a regenerator. Feed is injected onto a hot, fluidized catalyst where large

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of water bodies and hence use of polyphosphate was replaced with use of a synthetic zeolite.

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is either a metal ion or H. These positive ions can be exchanged for others in a contacting

2188:"Incorporation of Gallium into Zeolites: Syntheses, Properties and Catalytic Application". 196:

Zeolite Association Structure Commission (IZA-SC) and receives a three-letter designation.

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Comparison of framework structures of LTA-type zeolite (left) and FAU-type zeolite (right)

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The microporous structure of the zeolites put into ground stabilizes water release and pH

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alkylation and acylations using zeolites as catalyst are common in organic synthesis.

4404: 4339: 4305: 4175: 4057: 4041: 3752: 3715: 3647: 3543: 2531: 1916: 1814: – combinatorial model of potential structures of the minerals known as zeolites 1543: 1017: 984: 976: 803: 680: 561: 3672:

Sheppard RA (1973). "Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks". In Brobst DA, Pratt WP (eds.).

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As of 2016, the world's annual production of natural zeolite approximates 3 million

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Three ways to represent the oxygen 4-membered ring structure of silicate compounds.

269: 3574: 3467: 1338:, in turn accelerating natural clotting. Unlike the original zeolite formulation, 1173:

systems are widely used to produce medical-grade oxygen. The zeolite is used as a

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of high silica zeolites, and industrial production methods have been established.

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Earl DJ, Deem MW (2006). "Toward a Database of Hypothetical Zeolite Structures".

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Synthetic zeolites are used as an additive in the production process of warm mix

747:. Further variations include the use of structure directing agents (SDA) such as 4313: 3180: 3059: 2965:"Air Lime Mortars with Incorporation of Sepiolite and Synthetic Zeolite Pellets" 2916:

U.S. Patent No. 4,034,569, Filed November 4, 1974, Inventor: Dimiter I. Tchernev

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Andrew Burrows; John Holman; Andrew Parsons; Gwen Pilling; Gareth Price (2009).

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framework does not possess this property then it cannot be feasibly synthesized.

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Rhodes CJ (2007). "Zeolites: Physical Aspects and Environmental Applications".

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Most commercially available natural zeolites are of the MOR, HEU or ANA-types.

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Zeolites are white solids with ordinary handling properties, like many routine

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lava flows and are collected on beaches and by scuba divers in Lake Superior.

668: 630: 587: 575: 541: 475: 455: 170: 159: 42: 3426: 3376: 3114: 2684: 2630: 2597: 2460: 2312: 2293:"33. Synthesis of a zeolitic mineral with chabazite-like sorptive properties" 4285: 4206: 3706: 3146: 1835: 1745: 1719: 1676: 1650: 1644: 1633: 1615: 1559: 1530: 1526: 1486: 1474: 1385: 1367: 1355: 1339: 1331: 1293: 947: 894: 823: 767: 684: 642: 638: 622: 614: 599: 595: 571: 514: 479: 467: 424: 355: 272:

properties. The nature of the cations influences the porosity of zeolites.

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The 2022 formulation of QuikClot uses a nonwoven material impregnated with

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Zeolites can be used to thermochemically store solar heat harvested from

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and dehydrate while maintaining structural stability is exploited. This

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have applications in the recycling industry as a catalyst to break down

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Chemistry3 : introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry

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bonded back together by either removing silica bonds or including them.

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applications of zeolites, particularly the naturally occurring species

863: 847: 728: 692: 646: 603: 432: 50: 3783: 3716:"La roca magica: Uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry" 3452:"Nucleation of Porous Crystals from Ion-Paired Prenucleation Clusters" 3367: 2452: 165:, who observed that rapidly heating a material, believed to have been 3829: 1802: – Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous 1680: 1627: 1185: 1184:

announced that they had developed a zeolite substance for use in the

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The sequence of silica-poor volcanic rocks commonly progresses from:

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The figure on the right compares the typical framework structures of

156: 58: 3267: 2172:, "Preparation of borosilicate zeolites", issued 1993-02-16 3685: 3608:"A zeolite crystallisation model confirmed by in situ observation" 3029:"Cat Litter Could Be Antidote for Climate Change, Researchers Say" 1753: 1440: 1430: 1392:, the zeolite can serve a similar function in the slow release of 1118: 1098: 1031: 932: 837: 787: 779: 775: 762: 659: 449: 428: 380: 297: 18: 3917:

The Synthesis Commission of the International Zeolite Association

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Innovative Biological Technologies for Lesser Developed Countries

4250: 3677: 2860: 2855:. Washington, DC: US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1829: – Solid materials that can adsorb carbon dioxide from air. 1361:

Mixing composted waste matter from wine production with zeolites

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Zeolite Mordenite with some Si atoms substituted with Al atoms.

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of Si in zeolites can be possible for some heteroatoms such as

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The Art of Cryogenics: Low-Temperature Experimental Techniques

2330:. Vol. 30. New York: Wiley & Sons. pp. 227–234. 1297: 427:. Al atoms in zeolites can be also structurally replaced with 3921: 3899: 3089:

Li, Jing; Cao, Wei; Lv, Xiao-xing; et al. (2013-03-01).

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Molecular Sieves - Principles of Synthesis and Identification

187: 181: 3795:

Newsam JM (1992). "Zeolites". In Cheetham AK, Day P (eds.).

2996:

Ferraza E, Andrejkovičová S, Velosa AL, et al. (2014).

2645:"New process could enable more efficient plastics recycling" 1649:

Offretite–wenkite subgroup 09.GD.25 (Nickel–Strunz, 10 ed):

671:, one of the rarer zeolite minerals, have been collected as 4028:; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites (IDs 2.G) 3931: 2963:

Andrejkovičová S, Ferraz E, Velosa AL, et al. (2012).

983:, facilitating a host of acid-catalyzed reactions, such as 959:

Synthetic zeolites, like other mesoporous materials (e.g.,

711:, the thomsonites sometimes displays a "cat's eye" effect ( 169:, produced large amounts of steam from water that had been 3664:

The classic reference for the field has been Breck's book

1408:

Pet stores market zeolites for use as filter additives in

3242: 2752:

Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering

1001:

molecules are broken into smaller gasoline molecules and

946:

The largest single use for zeolite is the global laundry

4381:

Zeolite molecular sieves: structure, chemistry, and use

3666:

Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry, And Use

3268:"Nickel-Strunz Classification - Primary Groups 10th ed" 2746:

Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Hossaini, Hiwa; Amini, Jila (2021).

2671:"Level of Radioactive Materials Rises Near Japan Plant" 287:

exchangeable, unlike natural zeolites, and are used as

173:

by the material. Based on this, he called the material

3926: 1893:"Zeolite Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Reactions: A Review" 1611:

09.GD. – Chains of 6-membered rings: tabular zeolites

4284:

Ribbon or multiple chain inosilicates (IDs 9.D, e.g.

3676:. Professional Paper. Vol. 820. Washington, DC: 1930:

Cronstedt AF (1756). "Natural zeolite and minerals".

1555:

09.GC. – Chains of doubly connected 4-membered rings

1514:

09.GB. – Chains of single connected 4-membered rings

1466:

units (T = combined Si and Al): the fibrous zeolites

490:. An example of the mineral formula of a zeolite is: 4033:

Sulfosalts; sulfarsenates, sulfantimonates (IDs 2.K)

1831:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1816:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

375:, respectively. Materials with a 10-ring are called 148:

exchanged zeolites are particularly useful as solid

4116: 4081: 4012: 3985: 3977:

Mineral categories (classes, subclasses, divisions)

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Proc. Annu. Meet. - Am. Sect. Int. Sol. Energy Soc.

2928:"Clinoptilolite – a promising pozzolan in concrete" 4224:Other tectosilicates (IDs 9.FA. and 9.FB.15, e.g. 2237: 2231: 2229: 1985:"Minerals Arranged by the New Dana Classification" 1932:Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar Stockholm 2649:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2615:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 253. 2572:Auerbach SM, Carrado KA, Dutta PK, eds. (2003). 1808: – List of minerals with Knowledge articles 1663:(TMA-E, Aiello and Barrer; framework type EAB), 1229:as first demonstrated by Guerra in 1978 and for 1886: 1884: 1882: 1108:On-board oxygen generating systems (OBOGS) and 2548:Zeolite Catalysts: Principles and Applications 916:Ion-exchange, water purification and softening 723:The first synthetic structure was reported by 4321:Polymeric, isolated silicates (IDs 9.A, e.g. 4130:Monomeric minerals (similar to nesosilicates) 3957: 2705:. Honeywell International Inc. Archived from 2396: 2394: 1342:does not exhibit any thermogenic properties. 462:Some of the more common mineral zeolites are 8: 4117:"Mineral structures with tetrahedral units" 3048:The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 1863:. W. R. Grace & Co. 2006. Archived from 3922:Federation of European Zeolite Associations 3194:Wang, Shaobin; Peng, Yuelian (2009-10-09). 2699:"On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)" 818:(as an altered volcanic tuff), lightweight 691:. Thomsonite nodules from these areas have 540:Zeolites transform to other minerals under 217:) framework, assembled from corner-sharing 3964: 3950: 3942: 3905:Database of zeolite pore characterizations 3697:. Information Circular, 9140. Pittsburgh: 2598:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75023-7 2574:Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology 1838: – Thermal decomposition of materials 877:Research into and development of the many 862:Zeolites are widely used as catalysts and 155:The term was originally coined in 1756 by 3751: 3741: 3582: 3525: 3475: 3425: 3415: 3366: 3122: 2846:"Ch. VIII. Using Zeolites in Agriculture" 2828: 2779: 2297:Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) 2145: 1965:. International Zeolite Association. 2017 3989:("native elements and organic minerals") 2328:Inorganic Syntheses: Nonmolecular Solids 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1606:(Linde type L framework, zeolite L, LTL) 505: 501: 497: 493: 318: 310: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 208: 4370: 4064:Arsenates(IV), sulfates(IV) and iodates 1848: 458:(one of the rarest zeolites) from India 4426:Conservation and restoration materials 4036:Other sulfosalts (IDs 2.H–J and 2.L–M) 2735:. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. 1 Jun 2012. 2729:"Compact and flexible thermal storage" 1823: – Phenomenon of surface adhesion 41:materials commonly used as commercial 3789:American Solar Energy Society meeting 3002:Construction & Building Materials 2576:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 16. 1133: 928:, softening, and other applications. 7: 2669:The Associated Press (16 Apr 2011). 2010:"News from the Structure Commission" 1704:tetrahedra (T = combined Si and Al) 1044:Zeolites have been used in advanced 335:. The left figure emphasizes the SiO 213:Microscopic structure of a zeolite ( 16:Microporous, aluminosilicate mineral 4190:Silicate frameworks, tectosilicates 2403:"2009 Minerals Yearbook - Zeolites" 1412:, where they can be used to adsorb 1085:streams. Other separations include 778:. Major producers in 2010 included 3791:. 1 Jun 1983. Minneapolis, MN, USA 1334:, an inorganic mineral activating 1296:), one form of which, invented at 1245:property coupled with an inherent 1055:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 367:(0.41 nm) and belongs to the 25:Estonian Museum of Natural History 14: 4154:Molybdates, wolframates, niobates 4120:(sulfate anion, phosphate anion, 3900:International Zeolite Association 3014:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.030 2972:Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia 1909:10.2174/1570178616666190807101012 1827:Solid sorbents for carbon capture 1112:use zeolites in conjunction with 1061:that was present in high levels. 1020:, two widely used plastics, into 358:(right). Both zeolites share the 4353: 4300:Unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H) 3871: 3841: This article incorporates 3836: 3799:. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press. 3243:"Database of Mineral Properties" 2985:from the original on 2022-10-10. 2870:from the original on 2022-10-10. 1959:"Database of Zeolite Structures" 1366: 1354: 924:beds in domestic and commercial 241:. They have the general formula 4334:Other inorganic polymers (e.g. 3857:United States Geological Survey 3674:United States mineral resources 3224:from the original on 2022-10-10 3027:Dezember, Ryan (May 14, 2022). 2944:from the original on 2022-10-10 2419:from the original on 2011-06-08 2379:from the original on 2011-06-08 808:United States Geological Survey 61:, and have the general formula 3937:Database of Zeolite Structures 3695:Natural and Synthetic Zeolites 2881:Ventura G, Risegari L (2007). 1450:The zeolite structural group ( 739:. Equivalent reagents include 1: 4176:Monomeric, isolated silicates 3974:IMA–CNMNC / Nickel–Strunz IDs 3575:10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00773 3468:10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00418 2935:A New Look at an Old Pozzolan 2126:Chemistry: A European Journal 1733:Brewsterite framework (BRE): 1558:Phillipsite framework (PHI): 1495:Edingtonite framework (EDI): 1292:is often made of zeolite (or 971:, such as in fluid catalytic 4294:Other non monomeric minerals 3203:Chemical Engineering Journal 2830:10.1051/e3sconf/202017512012 2291:Barrer, R. M. (1948-01-01). 1897:Letters in Organic Chemistry 1707:Heulandite framework (HEU): 1569:Gismondine framework (GIS): 1505:Thomsonite framework (THO): 1452:Nickel-Strunz classification 1388:. If previously loaded with 1315:The original formulation of 1221:Solar energy storage and use 1205:Zeolites are also used as a 1038:Sandia National Laboratories 920:Zeolites are widely used as 687:and, to a lesser degree, in 520:Natural zeolites form where 3927:British Zeolite Association 3181:10.1016/j.desal.2007.08.014 3060:10.1097/TA.0b013e31812f6dbc 2504:ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2370:Mineral Commodity Summaries 1639:Mordenite framework (MOR): 1632:Faujasite framework (FAU): 1614:Chabazite framework (CHA): 1469:Natrolite framework (NAT): 1008:Zeolites containing cobalt 749:quaternary ammonium cations 707:"eyes". When polished by a 552:conditions. Some examples: 295:in petrochemical industry. 4462: 3095:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2772:10.1007/s40201-021-00729-3 2336:10.1002/9780470132616.ch43 2102:US patent 2016243531A1 1718:Stilbite framework (STI): 1517:Analcime framework (ANA): 1065:Gas separation and storage 1028:Nuclear waste reprocessing 564:commonly progresses from: 379:, a typical example being 188: 182: 4349: 4234:Other silicate frameworks 4082:"Evaporites and similars" 4074:Vanadium oxides (IDs 4.H) 3215:10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029 2551:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2222:(120): 13389–13397. 1998. 2040:Chemistry of the Elements 2038:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 1114:pressure swing adsorption 935:, in northern Guatemala. 49:. They mainly consist of 23:Zeolite exhibited in the 3817:Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. C 3404:Chemical Society Reviews 3035:– via www.wsj.com. 2887:. Elsevier. p. 17. 2733:Fraunhofer Research News 2014:IZA Structure Commission 1458:09.GA. – Zeolites with T 1231:adsorption refrigeration 1227:solar thermal collectors 413:Isomorphous substitution 408:Isomorphous substitution 293:fluid catalytic cracking 186:, meaning "to boil" and 4142:Thiosulphates (IDs 7.J) 3295:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2192:(100): 2303–2405. 2000. 1756:, framework type MFI), 1193:Debbie Meyer Green Bags 546:hydrothermal alteration 33:is a family of several 3843:public domain material 3743:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3463 3563:Chemistry of Materials 3456:Chemistry of Materials 2851:. In Elfring C (ed.). 2809:E3S Web of Conferences 2516:10.1021/acsami.3c14560 2236:Tschernich RW (1992). 2170:US patent 5187132A 2138:10.1002/chem.201603434 2083:US patent 4410501A 1447: 1166: 1041: 969:petrochemical industry 963:), are widely used as 843: 771: 665: 459: 440:silicoaluminophosphate 324: 316: 303: 230: 163:Axel Fredrik Cronstedt 27: 4205:Other feldspathoids: 4013:"Sulfides and oxides" 3797:Solid State Chemistry 2240:Zeolites of the World 2207:(218): 109–118. 1983. 2044:Butterworth-Heinemann 2036:Greenwood, Norman N. 1444: 1307:from the atmosphere. 1131:compressed air input 1122: 1035: 852:operating temperature 841: 766: 663: 453: 322: 314: 301: 212: 22: 4196:Zeolite frameworks, 4168:Arsenates, vanadates 3680:. pp. 689–695. 3149:. Teleflex Inc. 2022 3107:10.1038/aps.2012.159 2709:on 10 September 2011 2441:Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2360:"Zeolites (natural)" 2305:10.1039/JR9480000127 2265:Dietrich RV (2005). 2244:. Geoscience Press. 1812:Hypothetical zeolite 1696:09.GE. – Chains of T 1300:, can sequester the 1110:oxygen concentrators 1046:nuclear reprocessing 782:(2 million tonnes), 377:medium pore zeolites 360:truncated octahedral 289:solid acid catalysts 266:high-silica zeolites 4436:Industrial minerals 4360:Minerals portal 3734:1999PNAS...96.3463M 3714:Mumpton FA (1999). 3693:Clifton RA (1987). 3624:2022FaDi..235..162P 3612:Faraday Discussions 3351:2013NatCh...5..628R 3307:2011PCCP...1317339F 3301:(38): 17339–17358. 2844:Mumpton FA (1985). 2821:2020E3SWC.17512012D 2764:2021JEHSE..19.1743P 2510:(46): 54192–54201. 2132:(48): 17377–17386. 1867:on 15 February 2009 1857:"Zeolite Structure" 1767:Computational study 1171:oxygen concentrator 802:(85,000 t) and the 664:Polished thomsonite 513:O, the formula for 307:Framework structure 192:, meaning "stone". 4219:groups (IDs 9.FB.) 4071:Tellurium oxysalts 3910:2014-05-24 at the 3632:10.1039/D1FD00093D 3518:10.1039/D1MH00733E 3506:Materials Horizons 3417:10.1039/C3CS60451A 3359:10.1038/nchem.1662 3315:10.1039/C1CP21731C 2926:Dypayan J (2007). 2474:Szostak R (1998). 1448: 1253:Building materials 1167: 1042: 995:Catalytic cracking 926:water purification 897:has been ongoing. 844: 772: 666: 528:layers react with 460: 446:Natural occurrence 373:large pore zeolite 369:small pore zeolite 341:four membered ring 333:structural formula 325: 317: 304: 231: 28: 4378:Breck DW (1973). 4367: 4366: 4123: 4044:(IDs 4.A–E, e.g. 3997:"Native elements" 3990: 3978: 3569:(16): 7150–7158. 3462:(16): 7139–7149. 3427:20.500.11937/6133 2622:978-0-19-927789-6 2545:Bhatia S (1989). 2453:10.1021/ie0510728 2447:(16): 5449–5454. 2401:Virta RL (2011). 2220:J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2053:978-0-08-037941-8 1963:iza-structure.org 1180:The German group 1165: 1164: 901:Organic synthesis 842:Synthetic zeolite 828:soil conditioners 824:pozzolanic cement 675:from a series of 4453: 4421:Antihemorrhagics 4396: 4395: 4375: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4336:polyoxometalates 4156:(VI) (IDs 7.G–H) 4139:(VI) (IDs 7.A–E) 4119: 4003:Organic minerals 3988: 3986:"Special cases" 3979: 3976: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3943: 3875: 3874: 3860: 3854: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3830:10.1039/b605702k 3810: 3787: 3765: 3755: 3745: 3728:(7): 3463–3470. 3710: 3689: 3652: 3651: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3529: 3512:(9): 2576–2583. 3496: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3419: 3410:(7): 2348–2371. 3395: 3389: 3388: 3370: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3200: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3175:(1–3): 263–276. 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2850: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2758:(2): 1743–1751. 2743: 2737: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2651:. 6 October 2022 2641: 2635: 2634: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2378: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2243: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2149: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2042:(2nd ed.). 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1940: 1939: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1888: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1853: 1832: 1817: 1806:List of minerals 1624:willhendersonite 1380:In agriculture, 1370: 1358: 1321:hemostatic agent 1311:Hemostatic agent 1259:asphalt concrete 1125: 1124: 1050:fission products 1036:A researcher at 991:, and cracking. 741:sodium aluminate 737:sodium hydroxide 556:The sequence of 508: 286: 285: 284: 263: 228: 227: 226: 191: 190: 185: 184: 147: 146: 145: 132: 131: 130: 120: 118: 117: 107: 106: 105: 97: 96: 88: 87: 80: 79: 71: 70: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4354: 4352: 4345: 4308:(IDs 9.B, e.g. 4275:(IDs 9.D, e.g. 4249:(IDs 9.E, e.g. 4247:Phyllosilicates 4121: 4118: 4112: 4077: 4048:supergroup and 4008: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3912:Wayback Machine 3896: 3895: 3894: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3837: 3813: 3807: 3794: 3768: 3713: 3692: 3671: 3661: 3659:Further reading 3656: 3655: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3527:1854/LU-8740859 3498: 3497: 3493: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3335: 3334: 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2071:(8): 163. 2018. 2066: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1943: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1890: 1889: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1830: 1815: 1796: 1769: 1752:(also known as 1703: 1699: 1687:-series (DAC), 1683:-series (LEV), 1671:-series (ERI), 1602:-series (PAU), 1598:-series (MAZ), 1465: 1461: 1439: 1437:Mineral species 1406: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1348: 1313: 1286: 1270:Portland cement 1255: 1237:and ability to 1223: 1207:molecular sieve 1182:Fraunhofer e.V. 1175:molecular sieve 1096: 1092: 1081:from low-grade 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1030: 957: 918: 903: 860: 836: 816:dimension stone 761: 745:sodium silicate 721: 658: 512: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 448: 410: 401:molecular sieve 397: 338: 309: 283: 281: 280: 279: 277: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237:minerals, e.g. 235:aluminosilicate 225: 222: 221: 220: 218: 207: 202: 200:Characteristics 144: 142: 141: 140: 138: 129: 126: 125: 124: 122: 116: 113: 112: 111: 109: 104: 101: 100: 99: 95: 92: 91: 90: 86: 84: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 73: 69: 66: 65: 64: 62: 39:aluminosilicate 17: 12: 11: 5: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4446:Acid catalysts 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4416:Tectosilicates 4413: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4340:polyphosphates 4331: 4330: 4318: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4268: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4244: 4241:Cyclosilicates 4237: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4202: 4201: 4198:zeolite family 4193: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4150:(VI) (IDs 7.F) 4144: 4143: 4140: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4122:silicon, etc.) 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4053: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3902: 3877: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865:External links 3863: 3862: 3861: 3834: 3811: 3805: 3792: 3766: 3711: 3690: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3598: 3549: 3491: 3441: 3390: 3345:(7): 628–633. 3328: 3284: 3259: 3234: 3186: 3159: 3138: 3101:(3): 367–372. 3081: 3038: 3019: 2988: 2955: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2893: 2873: 2836: 2795: 2738: 2720: 2690: 2661: 2636: 2621: 2601: 2589: 2582: 2564: 2557: 2537: 2493: 2486: 2466: 2430: 2390: 2351: 2344: 2318: 2299:(0): 127–132. 2283: 2257: 2250: 2225: 2210: 2195: 2180: 2161: 2112: 2093: 2074: 2059: 2052: 2027: 2001: 1989:webmineral.com 1976: 1941: 1922: 1903:(7): 491–506. 1878: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1809: 1803: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1716: 1709:clinoptilolite 1701: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1658: 1647: 1637: 1630: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1585: 1567: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1533: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1493: 1491:tetranatrolite 1463: 1459: 1438: 1435: 1405: 1402: 1382:clinoptilolite 1372: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346:Soil treatment 1344: 1312: 1309: 1302:greenhouse gas 1285: 1282: 1268:When added to 1263:carbon dioxide 1254: 1251: 1222: 1219: 1169:Zeolite-based 1163: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147:oxygen output 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1094: 1090: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1029: 1026: 956: 953: 941:eutrophication 917: 914: 910:Friedel–Crafts 902: 899: 891:clinoptilolite 859: 856: 835: 832: 760: 757: 725:Richard Barrer 720: 717: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 609: 608: 607: 562:volcanic rocks 510: 472:clinoptilolite 447: 444: 409: 406: 396: 393: 336: 308: 305: 282: 223: 206: 203: 201: 198: 189:λίθος (líthos) 150:acid catalysts 143: 127: 114: 102: 93: 85: 76: 67: 37:, crystalline 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4458: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4393: 4391:9780471099857 4387: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306:Sorosilicates 4304: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271:Single chain 4270: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4257:Silica family 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4209:(IDs 9.FA.05) 4208: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3806:9780198551669 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3686:10.3133/pp820 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3285: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054:(4): 1093–9. 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2894:9780080444796 2890: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2708: 2704: 2703:Honeywell.com 2700: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2583:9780824740207 2579: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2558:9780849356285 2554: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2487:9780751404807 2483: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2345:9780470132616 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2251:9780945005070 2247: 2242: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2205:ACS Sym. Ser. 2199: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1758:tschernichite 1755: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1548:montesommaite 1545: 1544:goosecreekite 1541: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:paranatrolite 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1369: 1357: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288:Non-clumping 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1088: 1084: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1018:polypropylene 1015: 1011: 1010:nanoparticles 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 990: 986: 985:isomerization 982: 978: 977:hydrocracking 974: 970: 966: 962: 954: 952: 949: 944: 942: 936: 934: 929: 927: 923: 915: 913: 911: 907: 900: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 857: 855: 853: 849: 840: 833: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804:United States 801: 797: 794:(140,000 t), 793: 790:(150,000 t), 789: 786:(210,000 t), 785: 781: 777: 769: 765: 758: 756: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 718: 716: 714: 710: 706: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681:Lake Superior 678: 674: 670: 662: 655: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 613: 612: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566: 565: 563: 559: 555: 554: 553: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 457: 452: 445: 443: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 407: 405: 402: 394: 392: 390: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 334: 329: 321: 313: 306: 300: 296: 294: 290: 273: 271: 267: 240: 236: 216: 211: 204: 199: 197: 193: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 158: 153: 151: 136: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 26: 21: 4431:Porous media 4380: 4373: 4351: 4329:supergroups) 4316:supergroups) 4293: 4273:inosilicates 4265:Inosilicates 4264: 4233: 4197: 4189: 4129: 3932:Bulk Zeolite 3887: 3886: 3885:profile for 3882: 3848: 3821: 3815: 3796: 3775: 3770: 3725: 3719: 3694: 3673: 3665: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3509: 3505: 3494: 3459: 3455: 3444: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3275:. Retrieved 3271: 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3237: 3226:. Retrieved 3209:(1): 11–24. 3206: 3202: 3189: 3172: 3169:Desalination 3168: 3162: 3151:. Retrieved 3141: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3022: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2978:(1): 79–91. 2975: 2971: 2958: 2946:. Retrieved 2934: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2883: 2876: 2852: 2839: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707:the original 2702: 2693: 2674: 2664: 2653:. Retrieved 2648: 2639: 2611: 2604: 2592: 2573: 2567: 2547: 2540: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2476: 2469: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2381:. Retrieved 2366: 2354: 2327: 2321: 2296: 2286: 2274:. Retrieved 2270: 2267:"Thomsonite" 2260: 2239: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2164: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2096: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2039: 2030: 2018:. Retrieved 2013: 2004: 1992:. Retrieved 1988: 1979: 1967:. Retrieved 1962: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1900: 1896: 1869:. Retrieved 1865:the original 1860: 1851: 1770: 1540:yugawaralite 1454:) includes: 1449: 1429:in southern 1423:ion exchange 1421:chemists as 1419: 1407: 1398: 1379: 1329: 1314: 1287: 1278:lime mortars 1267: 1256: 1224: 1215:vacuum pumps 1211:cryosorption 1204: 1201: 1191: 1179: 1168: 1107: 1103:formaldehyde 1068: 1043: 1014:polyethylene 1007: 993: 958: 945: 937: 930: 922:ion-exchange 919: 908: 904: 876: 870:to separate 861: 858:Applications 845: 798:(100,000 t) 773: 753: 722: 701: 679:flows along 667: 539: 519: 461: 437: 411: 398: 388: 385: 376: 372: 368: 349: 344: 340: 330: 326: 274: 270:ion exchange 265: 232: 194: 174: 160:mineralogist 154: 30: 29: 4342:", IDs 8.F) 4314:seidozerite 4259:(IDs 4.DA.) 4170:(V) (IDs 8) 4164:(V) (IDs 8) 4091:(IDs 5.A–E) 4066:(IDs 4.J–K) 4060:(IDs 4.F–G) 4022:(IDs 2.A–F) 3824:: 287–325. 3778:: 181–185. 3618:: 162–182. 3008:: 243–252. 2147:10023/11880 1735:brewsterite 1689:epistilbite 1685:dachiardite 1661:Bellbergite 1641:maricopaite 1620:herschelite 1564:phillipsite 1497:edingtonite 1243:hygroscopic 1153:desorption 1139:adsorption 1087:noble gases 1083:natural gas 981:solid acids 879:biochemical 784:South Korea 770:from Poland 669:Thomsonites 580:epistilbite 570:→ quartz → 550:metamorphic 484:phillipsite 362:structure ( 354:(left) and 177:, from the 135:electrolyte 35:microporous 4405:Categories 4327:gadolinite 4286:amphiboles 4213:Cancrinite 4207:nephelines 4182:Germanates 4162:Phosphates 4089:Carbonates 4058:Hydroxides 4046:pyrochlore 4026:Sulfosalts 3368:10023/4529 3339:Nat. Chem. 3272:mindat.org 3228:2019-07-13 3153:2023-10-01 2655:2023-04-22 2190:Chem. Rev. 1843:References 1821:Adsorption 1800:Geopolymer 1724:stellerite 1713:heulandite 1673:ferrierite 1604:perlialite 1600:paulingite 1592:merlinoite 1583:gobbinsite 1575:gismondine 1536:Laumontite 1507:thomsonite 1501:kalborsite 1471:gonnardite 1427:Bear River 1336:Factor XII 1290:cat litter 1284:Cat litter 1247:exothermic 1235:adsorption 1059:cesium-137 989:alkylation 887:heulandite 883:biomedical 759:Ore mining 719:Production 713:chatoyancy 631:thomsonite 588:thomsonite 576:heulandite 542:weathering 524:rocks and 476:heulandite 456:thomsonite 454:A form of 343:or simply 205:Properties 137:solution. 43:adsorbents 4441:Catalysts 4384:. Wiley. 4277:pyroxenes 4243:(IDs 9.C) 4226:feldspars 4200:(IDs 9.G) 4184:(IDs 9.J) 4178:(IDs 9.A) 4148:Chromates 4097:(IDs 5.N) 3648:245465624 3544:238722345 3377:1755-4330 3115:1671-4083 2815:: 12012. 2685:0362-4331 2631:251213960 2532:265050410 2461:0888-5885 2313:0368-1769 2069:Catalysts 1917:201222323 1861:GRACE.com 1836:Pyrolysis 1746:Cowlesite 1720:barrerite 1677:gmelinite 1665:bikitaite 1651:offretite 1645:mordenite 1634:faujasite 1618:-series, 1616:chabazite 1579:garronite 1560:harmotome 1531:wairakite 1527:pollucite 1487:scolecite 1475:natrolite 1386:potassium 1294:diatomite 965:catalysts 955:Catalysis 948:detergent 895:chabazite 872:molecules 868:membranes 834:Synthesis 820:aggregate 768:Natrolite 685:Minnesota 673:gemstones 656:Gemstones 643:chabazite 639:scolecite 623:offretite 615:Cowlesite 600:chabazite 596:scolecite 572:mordenite 515:natrolite 480:natrolite 468:chabazite 425:germanium 399:The term 345:four-ring 215:mordenite 183:ζέω (zéō) 55:aluminium 47:catalysts 4411:Zeolites 4217:sodalite 4137:Sulfates 4095:Nitrates 4050:corundum 4020:Sulfides 4005:(IDs 10) 3908:Archived 3849:Zeolites 3762:10097058 3707:14932428 3640:35660805 3593:36032556 3536:34870303 3486:36032557 3436:24457316 3385:23787755 3323:21881655 3219:Archived 3133:23334236 3076:24827908 3068:18404080 2980:Archived 2939:Archived 2865:Archived 2861:85600550 2790:34900303 2524:37934618 2414:Archived 2374:Archived 2372:. 2011. 2271:GemRocks 2156:27754569 1794:See also 1750:pentasil 1728:stilbite 1669:erionite 1588:Boggsite 1519:analcime 1479:mesolite 1446:backside 1417:waters. 1394:nitrogen 1390:ammonium 1325:in vitro 1317:QuikClot 1274:pozzolan 1197:ethylene 1161:exhaust 1077:, and SO 973:cracking 864:sorbents 800:Slovakia 709:lapidary 689:Michigan 635:mesolite 627:analcime 592:mesolite 584:stilbite 530:alkaline 522:volcanic 488:stilbite 464:analcime 417:titanium 395:Porosity 389:big five 364:sodalite 239:feldspar 171:adsorbed 167:stilbite 4323:olivine 4310:epidote 4109:(IDs 3) 4107:Halides 4103:(IDs 6) 4101:Borates 3999:(IDs 1) 3889:Zeolite 3879:Scholia 3784:5126636 3730:Bibcode 3620:Bibcode 3584:9404546 3477:9404542 3347:Bibcode 3303:Bibcode 3124:4002488 2817:Bibcode 2781:8617091 2760:Bibcode 2676:NYTimes 1742:Others 1737:-series 1730:-series 1715:-series 1679:(GME), 1675:(FER), 1667:(BIK), 1655:wenkite 1653:(OFF), 1596:mazzite 1594:(MER), 1590:(BOG), 1571:amicite 1566:-series 1546:(GOO), 1542:(YUG), 1538:(LAU), 1523:leucite 1509:-series 1414:ammonia 1410:aquaria 1404:Aquaria 1305:methane 1239:hydrate 1022:propane 1003:olefins 967:in the 848:sol-gel 729:alumina 647:calcite 604:calcite 433:gallium 383:(MFI). 175:zeolite 157:Swedish 51:silicon 31:Zeolite 4388: 4052:group) 4042:Oxides 3881:has a 3803: 3782: 3760: 3750: 3705: 3646: 3638: 3591: 3581: 3542: 3534: 3484: 3474: 3434: 3383: 3375: 3321: 3277:10 Feb 3131: 3121: 3113: 3074: 3066: 2891: 2859: 2788: 2778: 2683: 2629: 2619: 2580: 2555: 2530: 2522: 2484: 2459: 2342: 2311: 2248: 2176: 2154: 2108: 2089: 2050: 2016:. 2018 1969:24 May 1938:: 120. 1915: 1777:steam. 1681:levyne 1628:SSZ-13 1340:kaolin 1332:kaolin 1319:brand 1213:style 1186:biogas 1101:, and 999:gasoil 961:MCM-41 893:, and 826:, and 796:Turkey 792:Jordan 776:tonnes 733:silica 705:copper 697:basalt 693:eroded 619:levyne 560:-rich 558:silica 535:quartz 486:, and 121:where 59:oxygen 4251:clays 3883:topic 3853:(PDF) 3845:from 3753:34179 3644:S2CID 3540:S2CID 3252:9 Feb 3222:(PDF) 3199:(PDF) 3072:S2CID 2983:(PDF) 2968:(PDF) 2948:7 Oct 2942:(PDF) 2931:(PDF) 2868:(PDF) 2849:(PDF) 2713:9 Feb 2528:S2CID 2423:8 Feb 2417:(PDF) 2406:(PDF) 2383:8 Feb 2377:(PDF) 2363:(PDF) 2276:2 Oct 2020:8 Feb 1994:8 Feb 1913:S2CID 1871:8 Feb 1754:ZSM-5 1691:(EPI) 1657:(WEN) 1550:(MON) 1431:Idaho 1272:as a 1099:freon 1073:O, CO 933:Tikal 788:Japan 780:China 735:with 695:from 429:boron 381:ZSM-5 247:)(SiO 243:(MAlO 179:Greek 4386:ISBN 4325:and 4312:and 3801:ISBN 3780:OSTI 3758:PMID 3721:PNAS 3703:OCLC 3699:USBM 3678:USGS 3636:PMID 3589:PMID 3532:PMID 3482:PMID 3432:PMID 3381:PMID 3373:ISSN 3319:PMID 3279:2019 3254:2019 3129:PMID 3111:ISSN 3064:PMID 2950:2013 2889:ISBN 2857:LCCN 2786:PMID 2715:2019 2681:ISSN 2627:OCLC 2617:ISBN 2578:ISBN 2553:ISBN 2520:PMID 2482:ISBN 2457:ISSN 2425:2019 2410:USGS 2385:2019 2368:USGS 2340:ISBN 2309:ISSN 2278:2013 2246:ISBN 2152:PMID 2048:ISBN 2022:2018 1996:2019 1971:2021 1873:2019 1626:and 1016:and 975:and 881:and 812:tuff 743:and 731:and 677:lava 568:Clay 438:The 431:and 423:and 421:zinc 89:(SiO 72:(AlO 45:and 4338:; 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