Zeolite - Knowledge (XXG)

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negatively charged, which requires an accompanying cation. These cations are hydrated during the formation of the materials. The hydrated cations interrupt the otherwise dense network of Si-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Al linkage, leading to regular water-filled cavities. Because of the porosity of the zeolite, the water can exit the material through channels. Because of the rigidity of the zeolite framework, the loss of water does not result in collapse of the cavities and channels. This aspect – the ability to generate voids within the solid material – underpins the ability of zeolites to function as catalysts. They possess high physical and chemical stability due to the large covalent bonding contribution. They have excellent hydrophobicity and are suited for adsorption of bulky, hydrophobic molecules such as hydrocarbons. In addition to that, high-silica zeolites are

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This line of research identified several connections between the synthesis medium liquid chemistry and important properties of zeolite crystals, such as the role of inorganic structure-directing agents in zeolite framework selection, the role of ion-pairing on the zeolite molecular composition and topology, and the role of liquid cation mobility on the zeolite crystal size and morphology. Consequently, complex relations exist between the properties of zeolite synthesis media and the crystallizing zeolite, potentially explaining why only a small fraction of the hypothetical zeolite frameworks can be synthesized. While these relations are not yet fully understood, HSIL zeolite synthesis is an exceptional model system for zeolite science, providing opportunities to advance current understanding of the zeolite conundrum.

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stoichiometric amount, and difficulty in separation and recovery. Some other drawbacks in its use include the potential dangers in handling, toxicity, corrosive nature, and disposal problems due to the acidic effluent. In addition to that, hydrolysis and purification of the resultant complex results in corrosive by-products. Research is ongoing into alternative heterogeneous solid catalysts which are stable, reusable, and nature-friendly, and which will also allow a better work up of reaction products. Among these different solid catalysts, zeolites were found to be superior due to their shape selectivity, thermal stability, and reusability.

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zeolite is controlled by the dimensions of the channels. These are conventionally defined by the ring size of the aperture, where, for example, the term "eight-ring" refers to a closed-loop that is built from eight tetrahedrally coordinated silicon (or aluminium) atoms and eight oxygen atoms. These rings are not always perfectly symmetrical due to a variety of causes, including strain induced by the bonding between units that are needed to produce the overall structure or coordination of some of the oxygen atoms of the rings to cations within the structure. Therefore, the pores in many zeolites are not cylindrical.

1131: 221: 310: 1453: 775: 4366: 672: 1334:, which is used to stop severe bleeding, contained zeolite granules. When in contact with blood, the granules would rapidly absorb water from the blood plasma, creating an exothermic reaction which generated heat. The absorption of water would also concentrate clotting factors present within the blood, causing the clot formation process to occur much faster than under normal circumstances, as shown 462: 1379: 1367: 3884: 323: 1064:

zeolite-waste combination can be hot-pressed into an extremely durable ceramic form, closing the pores and trapping the waste in a solid stone block. This is a waste form factor that greatly reduces its hazard, compared to conventional reprocessing systems. Zeolites are also used in the management of leaks of radioactive materials. For example, in the aftermath of the

331: 1016:. The vapor-phase products are separated from the catalyst and distilled into various products. The catalyst is circulated to a regenerator, where the air is used to burn coke off the surface of the catalyst that was formed as a byproduct in the cracking process. The hot, regenerated catalyst is then circulated back to the reactor to complete its cycle. 3849: 850: 765:

Synthetic zeolites hold some key advantages over their natural analogs. The synthetic materials are manufactured in a uniform, phase-pure state. It is also possible to produce zeolite structures that do not appear in nature. Zeolite A is a well-known example. Since the principal raw materials used to

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Although more than 200 types of zeolites are known, only about 100 types of aluminosilicate are available. In addition, there are only a few types that can be synthesized in industrially feasible way and have sufficient thermal stability to meet the requirements for industrial use. In particular, the

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Computer calculations have predicted that millions of hypothetical zeolite structures are possible. However, only 232 of these structures have been discovered and synthesized so far, so many zeolite scientists question why only this small fraction of possibilities are observed. This problem is often

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and other nitrogenous compounds. Due to the high affinity of some zeolites for calcium, they may be less effective in hard water and may deplete calcium. Zeolite filtration is also used in some marine aquaria to keep nutrient concentrations low for the benefit of corals adapted to nutrient-depleted

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to be efficiently removed from the waste and permanently trapped. Equally important are the mineral properties of zeolites. Their alumino-silicate construction is extremely durable and resistant to radiation, even in porous form. Additionally, once they are loaded with trapped fission products, the

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As zeolites are metastable, certain frameworks may be inaccessible as nucleation cannot occur because more stable and energetically favorable zeolites will form. Post-synthetic modification has been used to combat this issue with the ADOR method, whereby frameworks can be cut apart into layers and

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Zeolites have microporous structures with a typical diameter of 0.3–0.8 nm. Like most aluminosilicates, the framework is formed by linking of aluminum and silicon atoms by oxides. This linking leads to a 3-dimensional network of Si-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Al linkages. The aluminum centers are

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Based on dense crystal model systems, the theory of crystallization via solute pre-nucleation clusters was developed. Investigation of zeolite crystallization in hydrated silicate ionic liquids (HSIL) has shown that zeolites can nucleate via the condensation of ion-paired pre-nucleation clusters.

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Geometric computer simulations have shown that the discovered zeolite frameworks possess a behavior known as "the flexibility window". This shows that there is a range in which the zeolite structure is "flexible" and can be compressed but retains the framework structure. It is suggested that if a

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The structures of hundreds of zeolites have been determined. Most do not occur naturally. For each structure, the International Zeolite Association (IZA) gives a three-letter code called framework type code (FTC). For example, the major molecular sieves, 3A, 4A and 5A, are all LTA (Linde Type A).

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market. Zeolites are used in laundry detergent as water softeners, removing Ca and Mg ions which would otherwise precipitate from the solution. The ions are retained by the zeolites which releases Na ions into the solution, allowing the laundry detergent to be effective in areas with hard water.

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Zeolites occur naturally, but are also produced industrially on a large scale. As of December 2018, 253 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known. Every new zeolite structure that is obtained is examined by the International

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Where and how the zeolite was formed is an important consideration for aquarium applications. Most Northern hemisphere, natural zeolites were formed when molten lava came into contact with sea water, thereby "loading" the zeolite with Na (sodium) sacrificial ions. The mechanism is well known to

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refers to a particular property of these materials, i.e., the ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on a size exclusion process. This is due to a very regular pore structure of molecular dimensions. The maximum size of the molecular or ionic species that can enter the pores of a

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cage) (purple line). However, the way they are connected (yellow line) is different: in LTA, the four-membered rings of the cage are connected to each other to form a skeleton, while in FAU, the six-membered rings are connected to each other. As a result, the pore entrance of LTA is an 8-ring

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In synthetic chemistry, homogeneous catalysts are preferred because of availability, low cost, and excellent catalytic activity as all the catalytic sites are readily available. However, these homogeneous catalysts have several disadvantages, such as being non-reusable, requiring more than a

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A combination specimen of four zeolite species. The radiating natrolite crystals are protected in a pocket with associated stilbite. The matrix around and above the pocket is lined with small, pink-colored laumontite crystals. Heulandite is also present as a crystal cluster on the

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Earlier, polyphosphates were used to soften hard water. The polyphosphates forms complex with metal ions like Ca and Mg to bind them up so that they could not interfere in cleaning process. However, when this phosphate rich water goes in main stream water, it results in

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groundwater. Zeolites also crystallize in post-depositional environments over periods ranging from thousands to millions of years in shallow marine basins. Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying degrees by other minerals, metals,

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Zeolite synthesis research has primarily concentrated on hydrothermal methods; however, new zeolites may be synthesized using alternative methods. Synthesis methods that have started to gain use include microwave-assisted, post-synthetic modification, and

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industry for long-term storage of energy at a density four times greater than water. Ultimately, the goal is to store heat both in industrial installations and in small combined heat and power plants such as those used in larger residential buildings.

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P. Chatterjee; Y. Han; T. Kobayashi; K. Verma; M. Mais; R. Behera; T. Johnson; T. Prozorov; J. Evans; I.I. Slowing; W. Huang (2023). "Capturing Rare-Earth Elements by Synthetic Aluminosilicate MCM-22: Mechanistic Understanding of Yb(III) Capture".

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Pellens, Nick; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Radhakrishnan, Sambhu; Asselman, Karel; Chandran, C. Vinod; Vandenabeele, Dries; Jakoby, Bernhard; Martens, Johan A.; Taulelle, Francis; Reichel, Erwin K.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).

3731: 1272:. The development of this application started in Germany in the 1990s. They help by decreasing the temperature level during manufacture and laying of asphalt concrete, resulting in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less 1410:

Zeolites can also act as water moderators, in which they will absorb up to 55% of their weight in water and slowly release it under the plant's demand. This property can prevent root rot and moderate drought cycles.

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Asselman, Karel; Pellens, Nick; Radhakrishnan, Sambhu; Chandran, C. Vinod; Martens, Johan A.; Taulelle, Francis; Verstraelen, Toon; Hellström, Matti; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (August 4, 2021).

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These thomsonite nodules have concentric rings in combinations of colors: black, white, orange, pink, purple, red, and many shades of green. Some nodules have copper inclusions and rarely will be found with

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Over 200 synthetic zeolites have been reported. Most zeolites have aluminosilicate frameworks but some incorporate germanium, iron, gallium, boron, zinc, tin, and titanium. Zeolite synthesis involves

817:(59,000 t). The ready availability of zeolite-rich rock at low cost and the shortage of competing minerals and rocks are probably the most important factors for its large-scale use. According to the 1287:, they can reduce chloride permeability and improve workability. They reduce weight and help moderate water content while allowing for slower drying, which improves break strength. When added to 3617:

Pellens, Nick; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Thijs, Barbara; Jakoby, Bernhard; Reichel, Erwin K.; Taulelle, Francis; Martens, Johan A.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).

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Clinoptilolite has also been added to chicken food: the absorption of water and ammonia by the zeolite made the birds' droppings drier and less odoriferous, hence easier to handle.

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Asselman, Karel; Pellens, Nick; Thijs, Barbara; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Haouas, Mohamed; Taulelle, Francis; Martens, Johan A.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).

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to create purified oxygen from air using its ability to trap impurities, in a process involving the adsorption of nitrogen, leaving highly purified oxygen and up to 5% argon.

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An example of the notation of the ring structure of zeolite and other silicate materials is shown in the upper right figure. The middle figure shows a common notation using

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where M is usually H and Na. The Si/Al ratio is variable, which provides a means to tune the properties. Zeolites with a Si/Al ratios higher than about 3 are classified as

3229: 548:, or other zeolites. For this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential. 1867: 1260:(energy releasing) reaction when transitioning from a dehydrated form to a hydrated form make natural zeolites useful in harvesting waste heat and solar heat energy. 865:, pre-reaction 'seeding' time, reaction time as well as the templates used. In the sol-gel process, other elements (metals, metal oxides) can be easily incorporated. 766:

manufacture zeolites are silica and alumina, which are among the most abundant mineral components on earth, the potential to supply zeolites is virtually unlimited.

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Evidence for the oldest known zeolite water purification filtration system occurs in the undisturbed sediments of the Corriental reservoir at the Maya city of

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tetrahedral structure. Connecting oxygen atoms together creates a four-membered ring of oxygen (blue bold line). In fact, such a ring substructure is called

2709: 2424: 4192: 2384: 2990: 2949: 1436:. These sodium ions can be replaced by other ions in solution, thus the take-up of nitrogen in ammonia, with the release of the sodium. A deposit near 877:. Their well-defined pore structure and adjustable acidity make them highly active in a large variety of reactions. In chemistry, zeolites are used as 358:. The figure on the right shows a 4-ring with Si atoms connected to each other, which is the most common way to express the topology of the framework. 2607:

Tankersley, K.B., Dunning, N.P., Carr, C. et al. Zeolite water purification at Tikal, an ancient Maya city in Guatemala. Sci Rep 10, 18021 (2020).

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type (AlPO molecular sieve), in which Si is isomorphous with Al and P and Al is isomorphous with Si, and the gallogermanate and others are known.

2115:, "Processes for preparing zincoaluminosilicates with aei, cha, and gme topologies and compositions derived therefrom", issued 2015-02-24 1051:

examines vials of SOMS (Sandia Octahedral Molecular Sieve), a zeolite that shows potential for radioactive waste and industrial metals cleanup.

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tetrahedra. Sodium is present as an extra-framework cation (in green). Si atoms can be partially replaced by Al or other tetravalent metals.

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is a fresh water variety (Na < 0.05%). Southern hemisphere zeolites are typically formed in freshwater and have a high calcium content.

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Druzyanova, Varvara; Petrova, Sofya; Khiterkheeva, Nadezhda; Bardamova, Irina; Gergenova, Tatyana (2020). Rudoy, D.; Ignateva, S. (eds.).

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Roth WJ, Nachtigall P, Morris RE, et al. (2013). "A family of zeolites with controlled pore size prepared using a top-down method".

1206:, a produce storage and preservation product, uses a form of zeolite as its active ingredient. The bags are lined with zeolite to adsorb 3305: 3178:

Hongting Z, Vance GF, Ganjegunte GK, et al. (2008). "Use of zeolites for treating natural gas co-produced waters in Wyoming, USA".

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First EL, Gounaris CE, Wei J, et al. (2011). "Computational characterization of zeolite porous networks: An automated approach".

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to remove nitrogen from compressed air to supply oxygen for aircrews at high altitudes, as well as home and portable oxygen supplies.

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Rhee P, Brown C, Martin M, et al. (2008). "QuikClot use in trauma for hemorrhage control: case series of 103 documented uses".

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FAU (faujasite, USY), BEA (beta), MOR (high-silica mordenite), MFI (ZSM-5), and FER (high-silica ferrierite) types are called the

3974: 3206: 3867: 2420: 2378: 2229:"Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of zeolite-like structures based on gallium and aluminium germanates". 818: 302:. The acidity is strong enough to protonate hydrocarbons and high-silica zeolites are used in acid catalysis processes such as 3570:"Ion-Pairs in Aluminosilicate-Alkali Synthesis Liquids Determine the Aluminium Content and Topology of Crystallizing Zeolites" 1291:

and lime-metakaolin mortars, synthetic zeolite pellets can act simultaneously as a pozzolanic material and a water reservoir.

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referred to as "the bottleneck problem". Currently, several theories attempt to explain the reasoning behind this question.

1875: 821:, it is likely that a significant percentage of the material sold as zeolites in some countries is ground or sawn volcanic 3799: 3709: 2131:

Shamzhy, Mariya V.; Eliašová, Pavla; Vitvarová, Dana; Opanasenko, Maksym V.; Firth, Daniel S.; Morris, Russell E. (2016).

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Monnier JB, Dupont M (1983). "Zeolite-water close cycle solar refrigeration; numerical optimisation and field-testing".

3513:"Super-ions of sodium cations with hydrated hydroxide anions: inorganic structure-directing agents in zeolite synthesis" 1462: 1437: 1048: 920: 220: 2918:

U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,170, "Adsorption Solar Heating and Storage System", Filed April 27, 1978, Inventor: John M. Guerra

738:. Industrially important zeolites are produced synthetically. Typical procedures entail heating aqueous solutions of 3853: 2132: 885:(only molecules of certain sizes and shapes can pass through), and as traps for molecules so they can be analyzed. 759: 3918: 4431: 3858: 2413: 1124: 2717: 2370: 1059:

methods, where their micro-porous ability to capture some ions while allowing others to pass freely allows many

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Gebauer, Denis; Kellermeier, Matthias; Gale, Julian D.; Bergström, Lennart; Cölfen, Helmut (January 23, 2014).

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Rollmann LD, Valyocsik EW, Shannon RD (1995). "Zeolite Molecular Sieves". In Murphy DW, Interrante LV (eds.).

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Zeolites have the potential of providing precise and specific separation of gases, including the removal of H

4456: 4426: 1237: 1203: 556: 450: 279:, which tend to be more hydrophobic. The H and Na can be replaced by diverse cations, because zeolites have 2112: 4007: 3899: 1210:, which is intended to slow the ripening process and extend the shelf life of produce stored in the bags. 979: 173: 2133:"Post-Synthesis Stabilization of Germanosilicate Zeolites ITH, IWW, and UTL by Substitution of Ge for Al" 1902:

Nayak, Yogeesha N.; Nayak, Swarnagowri; Nadaf, Y. F.; Shetty, Nitinkumar S.; Gaonkar, Santosh L. (2020).

1130: 4441: 2948:. 29th ICMA Conference. Quebec City, Canada: Construction Materials Consultants, Inc. pp. 168–206. 2054: 862: 830: 2180: 2093: 2303: 1634: 362: 3967: 3740: 3630: 3512: 3357: 3313: 3102:"Zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot releases calcium into blood and promotes blood coagulation in vitro" 2827: 2770: 1822: 1395:(a naturally occurring zeolite) is used as a soil treatment. It provides a source of slowly released 1056: 983: 370: 45: 2655: 1501: 1068:, sandbags of zeolite were dropped into the seawater near the power plant to adsorb the radioactive 1768: 1558: 1493: 1181: 1120: 299: 1134:

Animation of pressure swing adsorption, (1) and (2) showing alternating adsorption and desorption

861:-like processes. The product properties depend on reaction mixture composition, pH of the system, 4451: 3654: 3550: 3082: 3008: 2686: 2538: 1923: 1671: 1651: 1630: 1192: 1005: 936: 343: 2621: 1614: 1602: 1593: 1511: 1675: 1589: 825:

that contains only a small amount of zeolites. These materials are used for construction, e.g.

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uses a reactor and a regenerator. Feed is injected onto a hot, fluidized catalyst where large

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of water bodies and hence use of polyphosphate was replaced with use of a synthetic zeolite.

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is either a metal ion or H. These positive ions can be exchanged for others in a contacting

2199:"Incorporation of Gallium into Zeolites: Syntheses, Properties and Catalytic Application". 207:

Zeolite Association Structure Commission (IZA-SC) and receives a three-letter designation.

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Comparison of framework structures of LTA-type zeolite (left) and FAU-type zeolite (right)

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The microporous structure of the zeolites put into ground stabilizes water release and pH

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alkylation and acylations using zeolites as catalyst are common in organic synthesis.

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Sheppard RA (1973). "Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks". In Brobst DA, Pratt WP (eds.).

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As of 2016, the world's annual production of natural zeolite approximates 3 million

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Three ways to represent the oxygen 4-membered ring structure of silicate compounds.

280: 3585: 3478: 1349:, in turn accelerating natural clotting. Unlike the original zeolite formulation, 1184:

systems are widely used to produce medical-grade oxygen. The zeolite is used as a

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of high silica zeolites, and industrial production methods have been established.

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Earl DJ, Deem MW (2006). "Toward a Database of Hypothetical Zeolite Structures".

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Synthetic zeolites are used as an additive in the production process of warm mix

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U.S. Patent No. 4,034,569, Filed November 4, 1974, Inventor: Dimiter I. Tchernev

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Andrew Burrows; John Holman; Andrew Parsons; Gwen Pilling; Gareth Price (2009).

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framework does not possess this property then it cannot be feasibly synthesized.

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Rhodes CJ (2007). "Zeolites: Physical Aspects and Environmental Applications".

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Most commercially available natural zeolites are of the MOR, HEU or ANA-types.

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Zeolites are white solids with ordinary handling properties, like many routine

4337: 4223: 4056: 3225: 3207:"Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water & wastewater treatment" 1903: 1831: 1810: 1734: 1723: 1683: 1610: 1585: 1546: 1517: 1481: 1346: 1300: 1257: 1245: 1069: 999: 991: 897: 893: 723: 710:

lava flows and are collected on beaches and by scuba divers in Lake Superior.

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properties. The nature of the cations influences the porosity of zeolites.

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The 2022 formulation of QuikClot uses a nonwoven material impregnated with

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Zeolites can be used to thermochemically store solar heat harvested from

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and dehydrate while maintaining structural stability is exploited. This

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have applications in the recycling industry as a catalyst to break down

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Chemistry3 : introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry

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bonded back together by either removing silica bonds or including them.

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applications of zeolites, particularly the naturally occurring species

874: 858: 739: 703: 657: 614: 443: 61: 3794: 3727:"La roca magica: Uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry" 3463:"Nucleation of Porous Crystals from Ion-Paired Prenucleation Clusters" 3378: 2463: 176:, who observed that rapidly heating a material, believed to have been 3840: 1813: – Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous 1691: 1638: 1196: 1195:

announced that they had developed a zeolite substance for use in the

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The sequence of silica-poor volcanic rocks commonly progresses from:

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The figure on the right compares the typical framework structures of

167: 69: 3278: 2183:, "Preparation of borosilicate zeolites", issued 1993-02-16 3696: 3619:"A zeolite crystallisation model confirmed by in situ observation" 3040:"Cat Litter Could Be Antidote for Climate Change, Researchers Say" 1764: 1451: 1441: 1403:, the zeolite can serve a similar function in the slow release of 1129: 1109: 1042: 943: 848: 798: 790: 786: 773: 670: 460: 439: 391: 308: 29: 3928:

The Synthesis Commission of the International Zeolite Association

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Innovative Biological Technologies for Lesser Developed Countries

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Mixing composted waste matter from wine production with zeolites

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Zeolite Mordenite with some Si atoms substituted with Al atoms.

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of Si in zeolites can be possible for some heteroatoms such as

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The Art of Cryogenics: Low-Temperature Experimental Techniques

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Li, Jing; Cao, Wei; Lv, Xiao-xing; et al. (2013-03-01).

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Molecular Sieves - Principles of Synthesis and Identification

198: 192: 3806:

Newsam JM (1992). "Zeolites". In Cheetham AK, Day P (eds.).

3007:

Ferraza E, Andrejkovičová S, Velosa AL, et al. (2014).

2656:"New process could enable more efficient plastics recycling" 1660:

Offretite–wenkite subgroup 09.GD.25 (Nickel–Strunz, 10 ed):

682:, one of the rarer zeolite minerals, have been collected as 4039:; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites (IDs 2.G) 3942: 2974:

Andrejkovičová S, Ferraz E, Velosa AL, et al. (2012).

994:, facilitating a host of acid-catalyzed reactions, such as 970:

Synthetic zeolites, like other mesoporous materials (e.g.,

722:, the thomsonites sometimes displays a "cat's eye" effect ( 180:, produced large amounts of steam from water that had been 3675:

The classic reference for the field has been Breck's book

1419:

Pet stores market zeolites for use as filter additives in

3253: 2763:

Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering

1012:

molecules are broken into smaller gasoline molecules and

957:

The largest single use for zeolite is the global laundry

4392:

Zeolite molecular sieves: structure, chemistry, and use

3677:

Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry, And Use

3279:"Nickel-Strunz Classification - Primary Groups 10th ed" 2757:

Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Hossaini, Hiwa; Amini, Jila (2021).

2682:"Level of Radioactive Materials Rises Near Japan Plant" 298:

exchangeable, unlike natural zeolites, and are used as

184:

by the material. Based on this, he called the material

3937: 1904:"Zeolite Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Reactions: A Review" 1819: – List of minerals with Knowledge (XXG) articles 1622:

09.GD. – Chains of 6-membered rings: tabular zeolites

4295:

Ribbon or multiple chain inosilicates (IDs 9.D, e.g.

3687:. Professional Paper. Vol. 820. Washington, DC: 1941:

Cronstedt AF (1756). "Natural zeolite and minerals".

1566:

09.GC. – Chains of doubly connected 4-membered rings

1525:

09.GB. – Chains of single connected 4-membered rings

1477:

units (T = combined Si and Al): the fibrous zeolites

501:. An example of the mineral formula of a zeolite is: 4044:

Sulfosalts; sulfarsenates, sulfantimonates (IDs 2.K)

1842:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1827:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

386:, respectively. Materials with a 10-ring are called 159:

exchanged zeolites are particularly useful as solid

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Mineral categories (classes, subclasses, divisions)

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Proc. Annu. Meet. - Am. Sect. Int. Sol. Energy Soc.

2939:"Clinoptilolite – a promising pozzolan in concrete" 4235:Other tectosilicates (IDs 9.FA. and 9.FB.15, e.g. 2248: 2242: 2240: 1996:"Minerals Arranged by the New Dana Classification" 1943:Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar Stockholm 2660:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2626:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 253. 2583:Auerbach SM, Carrado KA, Dutta PK, eds. (2003). 1674:(TMA-E, Aiello and Barrer; framework type EAB), 1240:as first demonstrated by Guerra in 1978 and for 1897: 1895: 1893: 1119:On-board oxygen generating systems (OBOGS) and 2559:Zeolite Catalysts: Principles and Applications 927:Ion-exchange, water purification and softening 734:The first synthetic structure was reported by 4332:Polymeric, isolated silicates (IDs 9.A, e.g. 4141:Monomeric minerals (similar to nesosilicates) 3968: 2716:. Honeywell International Inc. Archived from 2407: 2405: 1353:does not exhibit any thermogenic properties. 473:Some of the more common mineral zeolites are 8: 4128:"Mineral structures with tetrahedral units" 3059:The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 1874:. W. R. Grace & Co. 2006. Archived from 3933:Federation of European Zeolite Associations 3205:Wang, Shaobin; Peng, Yuelian (2009-10-09). 2710:"On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)" 829:(as an altered volcanic tuff), lightweight 702:. Thomsonite nodules from these areas have 551:Zeolites transform to other minerals under 228:) framework, assembled from corner-sharing 3975: 3961: 3953: 3916:Database of zeolite pore characterizations 3708:. Information Circular, 9140. Pittsburgh: 2609:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75023-7 2585:Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology 1849: – Thermal decomposition of materials 888:Research into and development of the many 873:Zeolites are widely used as catalysts and 166:The term was originally coined in 1756 by 3762: 3752: 3593: 3536: 3486: 3436: 3426: 3377: 3133: 2857:"Ch. VIII. Using Zeolites in Agriculture" 2839: 2790: 2308:Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) 2156: 1976:. International Zeolite Association. 2017 4000:("native elements and organic minerals") 2339:Inorganic Syntheses: Nonmolecular Solids 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1617:(Linde type L framework, zeolite L, LTL) 516: 512: 508: 504: 329: 321: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 219: 4381: 4075:Arsenates(IV), sulfates(IV) and iodates 1859: 469:(one of the rarest zeolites) from India 4437:Conservation and restoration materials 4047:Other sulfosalts (IDs 2.H–J and 2.L–M) 2746:. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. 1 Jun 2012. 2740:"Compact and flexible thermal storage" 1834: – Phenomenon of surface adhesion 52:materials commonly used as commercial 3800:American Solar Energy Society meeting 3013:Construction & Building Materials 2587:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 16. 1144: 939:, softening, and other applications. 7: 2680:The Associated Press (16 Apr 2011). 2021:"News from the Structure Commission" 1715:tetrahedra (T = combined Si and Al) 1055:Zeolites have been used in advanced 346:. The left figure emphasizes the SiO 224:Microscopic structure of a zeolite ( 27:Microporous, aluminosilicate mineral 4201:Silicate frameworks, tectosilicates 2414:"2009 Minerals Yearbook - Zeolites" 1423:, where they can be used to adsorb 1096:streams. Other separations include 789:. Major producers in 2010 included 3802:. 1 Jun 1983. Minneapolis, MN, USA 1345:, an inorganic mineral activating 1307:), one form of which, invented at 1256:property coupled with an inherent 1066:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 378:(0.41 nm) and belongs to the 36:Estonian Museum of Natural History 25: 4165:Molybdates, wolframates, niobates 4131:(sulfate anion, phosphate anion, 3911:International Zeolite Association 3025:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.030 2983:Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia 1920:10.2174/1570178616666190807101012 1838:Solid sorbents for carbon capture 1123:use zeolites in conjunction with 1072:that was present in high levels. 1031:, two widely used plastics, into 369:(right). Both zeolites share the 4364: 4311:Unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H) 3882: 3852: This article incorporates 3847: 3810:. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press. 3254:"Database of Mineral Properties" 2996:from the original on 2022-10-10. 2881:from the original on 2022-10-10. 1970:"Database of Zeolite Structures" 1377: 1365: 935:beds in domestic and commercial 252:. They have the general formula 4345:Other inorganic polymers (e.g. 3868:United States Geological Survey 3685:United States mineral resources 3235:from the original on 2022-10-10 3038:Dezember, Ryan (May 14, 2022). 2955:from the original on 2022-10-10 2430:from the original on 2011-06-08 2390:from the original on 2011-06-08 819:United States Geological Survey 72:, and have the general formula 3948:Database of Zeolite Structures 3706:Natural and Synthetic Zeolites 2892:Ventura G, Risegari L (2007). 1461:The zeolite structural group ( 750:. Equivalent reagents include 1: 4187:Monomeric, isolated silicates 3985:IMA–CNMNC / Nickel–Strunz IDs 3586:10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00773 3479:10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00418 2946:A New Look at an Old Pozzolan 2137:Chemistry: A European Journal 1744:Brewsterite framework (BRE): 1569:Phillipsite framework (PHI): 1506:Edingtonite framework (EDI): 1303:is often made of zeolite (or 982:, such as in fluid catalytic 4305:Other non monomeric minerals 3214:Chemical Engineering Journal 2841:10.1051/e3sconf/202017512012 2302:Barrer, R. M. (1948-01-01). 1908:Letters in Organic Chemistry 1718:Heulandite framework (HEU): 1580:Gismondine framework (GIS): 1516:Thomsonite framework (THO): 1463:Nickel-Strunz classification 1399:. If previously loaded with 1326:The original formulation of 1232:Solar energy storage and use 1216:Zeolites are also used as a 1049:Sandia National Laboratories 931:Zeolites are widely used as 698:and, to a lesser degree, in 531:Natural zeolites form where 3938:British Zeolite Association 3192:10.1016/j.desal.2007.08.014 3071:10.1097/TA.0b013e31812f6dbc 2515:ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2381:Mineral Commodity Summaries 1650:Mordenite framework (MOR): 1643:Faujasite framework (FAU): 1625:Chabazite framework (CHA): 1480:Natrolite framework (NAT): 1019:Zeolites containing cobalt 760:quaternary ammonium cations 718:"eyes". When polished by a 563:conditions. Some examples: 306:in petrochemical industry. 4473: 3106:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2783:10.1007/s40201-021-00729-3 2347:10.1002/9780470132616.ch43 2113:US patent 2016243531A1 1729:Stilbite framework (STI): 1528:Analcime framework (ANA): 1076:Gas separation and storage 1039:Nuclear waste reprocessing 575:commonly progresses from: 390:, a typical example being 199: 193: 4360: 4245:Other silicate frameworks 4093:"Evaporites and similars" 4085:Vanadium oxides (IDs 4.H) 3226:10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029 2562:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2233:(120): 13389–13397. 1998. 2051:Chemistry of the Elements 2049:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 1125:pressure swing adsorption 946:, in northern Guatemala. 60:. They mainly consist of 34:Zeolite exhibited in the 3828:Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. C 3415:Chemical Society Reviews 3046:– via www.wsj.com. 2898:. Elsevier. p. 17. 2744:Fraunhofer Research News 2025:IZA Structure Commission 1469:09.GA. – Zeolites with T 1242:adsorption refrigeration 1238:solar thermal collectors 424:Isomorphous substitution 419:Isomorphous substitution 304:fluid catalytic cracking 197:, meaning "to boil" and 4153:Thiosulphates (IDs 7.J) 3306:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2203:(100): 2303–2405. 2000. 1767:, framework type MFI), 1204:Debbie Meyer Green Bags 557:hydrothermal alteration 44:is a family of several 3854:public domain material 3754:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3463 3574:Chemistry of Materials 3467:Chemistry of Materials 2862:. In Elfring C (ed.). 2820:E3S Web of Conferences 2527:10.1021/acsami.3c14560 2247:Tschernich RW (1992). 2181:US patent 5187132A 2149:10.1002/chem.201603434 2094:US patent 4410501A 1458: 1177: 1052: 980:petrochemical industry 974:), are widely used as 854: 782: 676: 470: 451:silicoaluminophosphate 335: 327: 314: 241: 174:Axel Fredrik Cronstedt 38: 4216:Other feldspathoids: 4024:"Sulfides and oxides" 3808:Solid State Chemistry 2251:Zeolites of the World 2218:(218): 109–118. 1983. 2055:Butterworth-Heinemann 2047:Greenwood, Norman N. 1455: 1318:from the atmosphere. 1142:compressed air input 1133: 1046: 863:operating temperature 852: 777: 674: 464: 333: 325: 312: 223: 33: 4207:Zeolite frameworks, 4179:Arsenates, vanadates 3691:. pp. 689–695. 3160:. Teleflex Inc. 2022 3118:10.1038/aps.2012.159 2720:on 10 September 2011 2452:Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2371:"Zeolites (natural)" 2316:10.1039/JR9480000127 2276:Dietrich RV (2005). 2255:. Geoscience Press. 1823:Hypothetical zeolite 1707:09.GE. – Chains of T 1311:, can sequester the 1121:oxygen concentrators 1057:nuclear reprocessing 793:(2 million tonnes), 388:medium pore zeolites 371:truncated octahedral 300:solid acid catalysts 277:high-silica zeolites 4447:Industrial minerals 4371:Minerals portal 3745:1999PNAS...96.3463M 3725:Mumpton FA (1999). 3704:Clifton RA (1987). 3635:2022FaDi..235..162P 3623:Faraday Discussions 3362:2013NatCh...5..628R 3318:2011PCCP...1317339F 3312:(38): 17339–17358. 2855:Mumpton FA (1985). 2832:2020E3SWC.17512012D 2775:2021JEHSE..19.1743P 2521:(46): 54192–54201. 2143:(48): 17377–17386. 1878:on 15 February 2009 1868:"Zeolite Structure" 1778:Computational study 1182:oxygen concentrator 813:(85,000 t) and the 675:Polished thomsonite 524:O, the formula for 318:Framework structure 203:, meaning "stone". 4230:groups (IDs 9.FB.) 4082:Tellurium oxysalts 3921:2014-05-24 at the 3643:10.1039/D1FD00093D 3529:10.1039/D1MH00733E 3517:Materials Horizons 3428:10.1039/C3CS60451A 3370:10.1038/nchem.1662 3326:10.1039/C1CP21731C 2937:Dypayan J (2007). 2485:Szostak R (1998). 1459: 1264:Building materials 1178: 1053: 1006:Catalytic cracking 937:water purification 908:has been ongoing. 855: 783: 677: 539:layers react with 471: 457:Natural occurrence 384:large pore zeolite 380:small pore zeolite 352:four membered ring 344:structural formula 336: 328: 315: 242: 39: 4389:Breck DW (1973). 4378: 4377: 4134: 4055:(IDs 4.A–E, e.g. 4008:"Native elements" 4001: 3989: 3580:(16): 7150–7158. 3473:(16): 7139–7149. 3438:20.500.11937/6133 2633:978-0-19-927789-6 2556:Bhatia S (1989). 2464:10.1021/ie0510728 2458:(16): 5449–5454. 2412:Virta RL (2011). 2231:J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2064:978-0-08-037941-8 1974:iza-structure.org 1191:The German group 1176: 1175: 912:Organic synthesis 853:Synthetic zeolite 839:soil conditioners 835:pozzolanic cement 686:from a series of 16:(Redirected from 4464: 4432:Antihemorrhagics 4407: 4406: 4386: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4347:polyoxometalates 4167:(VI) (IDs 7.G–H) 4150:(VI) (IDs 7.A–E) 4130: 4014:Organic minerals 3999: 3997:"Special cases" 3990: 3987: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3954: 3886: 3885: 3871: 3865: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3841:10.1039/b605702k 3821: 3798: 3776: 3766: 3756: 3739:(7): 3463–3470. 3721: 3700: 3663: 3662: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3540: 3523:(9): 2576–2583. 3507: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3430: 3421:(7): 2348–2371. 3406: 3400: 3399: 3381: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3186:(1–3): 263–276. 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3035: 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1885: 1883: 1864: 1843: 1828: 1817:List of minerals 1635:willhendersonite 1391:In agriculture, 1381: 1369: 1332:hemostatic agent 1322:Hemostatic agent 1270:asphalt concrete 1136: 1135: 1061:fission products 1047:A researcher at 1002:, and cracking. 752:sodium aluminate 748:sodium hydroxide 567:The sequence of 519: 297: 296: 295: 274: 239: 238: 237: 202: 201: 196: 195: 158: 157: 156: 143: 142: 141: 131: 129: 128: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 99: 98: 91: 90: 82: 81: 21: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4356: 4319:(IDs 9.B, e.g. 4286:(IDs 9.D, e.g. 4260:(IDs 9.E, e.g. 4258:Phyllosilicates 4132: 4129: 4123: 4088: 4059:supergroup and 4019: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3923:Wayback Machine 3907: 3906: 3905: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3779: 3724: 3703: 3682: 3672: 3670:Further reading 3667: 3666: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3538:1854/LU-8740859 3509: 3508: 3504: 3459: 3458: 3454: 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2106: 2099: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2082:(8): 163. 2018. 2077: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1954: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1901: 1900: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1841: 1826: 1807: 1780: 1763:(also known as 1714: 1710: 1698:-series (DAC), 1694:-series (LEV), 1682:-series (ERI), 1613:-series (PAU), 1609:-series (MAZ), 1476: 1472: 1450: 1448:Mineral species 1417: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1359: 1324: 1297: 1281:Portland cement 1266: 1248:and ability to 1234: 1218:molecular sieve 1193:Fraunhofer e.V. 1186:molecular sieve 1107: 1103: 1092:from low-grade 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1041: 968: 929: 914: 871: 847: 827:dimension stone 772: 756:sodium silicate 732: 669: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 459: 421: 412:molecular sieve 408: 349: 320: 294: 292: 291: 290: 288: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248:minerals, e.g. 246:aluminosilicate 236: 233: 232: 231: 229: 218: 213: 211:Characteristics 155: 153: 152: 151: 149: 140: 137: 136: 135: 133: 127: 124: 123: 122: 120: 115: 112: 111: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 97: 95: 94: 93: 89: 86: 85: 84: 80: 77: 76: 75: 73: 50:aluminosilicate 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4457:Acid catalysts 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:Tectosilicates 4424: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4351:polyphosphates 4342: 4341: 4329: 4328: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4255: 4252:Cyclosilicates 4248: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4213: 4212: 4209:zeolite family 4204: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4161:(VI) (IDs 7.F) 4155: 4154: 4151: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4133:silicon, etc.) 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3993: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3913: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876:External links 3874: 3873: 3872: 3845: 3822: 3816: 3803: 3777: 3722: 3701: 3680: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3609: 3560: 3502: 3452: 3401: 3356:(7): 628–633. 3339: 3295: 3270: 3245: 3197: 3170: 3149: 3112:(3): 367–372. 3092: 3049: 3030: 2999: 2966: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2904: 2884: 2847: 2806: 2749: 2731: 2701: 2672: 2647: 2632: 2612: 2600: 2593: 2575: 2568: 2548: 2504: 2497: 2477: 2441: 2401: 2362: 2355: 2329: 2310:(0): 127–132. 2294: 2268: 2261: 2236: 2221: 2206: 2191: 2172: 2123: 2104: 2085: 2070: 2063: 2038: 2012: 2000:webmineral.com 1987: 1952: 1933: 1914:(7): 491–506. 1889: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1835: 1829: 1820: 1814: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1727: 1720:clinoptilolite 1712: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1669: 1658: 1648: 1641: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1596: 1578: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1544: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1504: 1502:tetranatrolite 1474: 1470: 1449: 1446: 1416: 1413: 1393:clinoptilolite 1383: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357:Soil treatment 1355: 1323: 1320: 1313:greenhouse gas 1296: 1293: 1279:When added to 1274:carbon dioxide 1265: 1262: 1233: 1230: 1180:Zeolite-based 1174: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158:oxygen output 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1105: 1101: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1040: 1037: 967: 964: 952:eutrophication 928: 925: 921:Friedel–Crafts 913: 910: 902:clinoptilolite 870: 867: 846: 843: 771: 768: 736:Richard Barrer 731: 728: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662: 661: 620: 619: 618: 573:volcanic rocks 521: 483:clinoptilolite 458: 455: 420: 417: 407: 404: 347: 319: 316: 293: 234: 217: 214: 212: 209: 200:λίθος (líthos) 161:acid catalysts 154: 138: 125: 113: 104: 96: 87: 78: 48:, crystalline 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4469: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4402:9780471099857 4398: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4359: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4317:Sorosilicates 4315: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282:Single chain 4281: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4268:Silica family 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4220:(IDs 9.FA.05) 4219: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3817:9780198551669 3813: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3697:10.3133/pp820 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065:(4): 1093–9. 3064: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2905:9780080444796 2901: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2719: 2715: 2714:Honeywell.com 2711: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2594:9780824740207 2590: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2569:9780849356285 2565: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2498:9780751404807 2494: 2490: 2489: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2442: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2356:9780470132616 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2262:9780945005070 2258: 2253: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2216:ACS Sym. Ser. 2210: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1769:tschernichite 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1559:montesommaite 1556: 1555:goosecreekite 1552: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:paranatrolite 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299:Non-clumping 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1095: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029:polypropylene 1026: 1022: 1021:nanoparticles 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:isomerization 993: 989: 988:hydrocracking 985: 981: 977: 973: 965: 963: 960: 955: 953: 947: 945: 940: 938: 934: 926: 924: 922: 918: 911: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 868: 866: 864: 860: 851: 844: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:United States 812: 808: 805:(140,000 t), 804: 801:(150,000 t), 800: 797:(210,000 t), 796: 792: 788: 780: 776: 769: 767: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 729: 727: 725: 721: 717: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:Lake Superior 689: 685: 681: 673: 666: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 624: 623: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577: 576: 574: 570: 566: 565: 564: 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 468: 463: 456: 454: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 418: 416: 413: 405: 403: 401: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 345: 340: 332: 324: 317: 311: 307: 305: 301: 284: 282: 278: 251: 247: 227: 222: 215: 210: 208: 204: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 169: 164: 162: 147: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 37: 32: 19: 4442:Porous media 4391: 4384: 4362: 4340:supergroups) 4327:supergroups) 4304: 4284:inosilicates 4276:Inosilicates 4275: 4244: 4208: 4200: 4140: 3943:Bulk Zeolite 3898: 3897: 3896:profile for 3893: 3859: 3832: 3826: 3807: 3786: 3781: 3736: 3730: 3705: 3684: 3676: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3520: 3516: 3505: 3470: 3466: 3455: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3286:. Retrieved 3282: 3273: 3261:. Retrieved 3248: 3237:. Retrieved 3220:(1): 11–24. 3217: 3213: 3200: 3183: 3180:Desalination 3179: 3173: 3162:. Retrieved 3152: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3033: 3016: 3012: 3002: 2989:(1): 79–91. 2986: 2982: 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2945: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2894: 2887: 2863: 2850: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2722:. Retrieved 2718:the original 2713: 2704: 2685: 2675: 2664:. Retrieved 2659: 2650: 2622: 2615: 2603: 2584: 2578: 2558: 2551: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2487: 2480: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2432:. Retrieved 2392:. Retrieved 2377: 2365: 2338: 2332: 2307: 2297: 2285:. Retrieved 2281: 2278:"Thomsonite" 2271: 2250: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2175: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2107: 2088: 2079: 2073: 2050: 2041: 2029:. Retrieved 2024: 2015: 2003:. Retrieved 1999: 1990: 1978:. Retrieved 1973: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1911: 1907: 1880:. Retrieved 1876:the original 1871: 1862: 1781: 1551:yugawaralite 1465:) includes: 1460: 1440:in southern 1434:ion exchange 1432:chemists as 1430: 1418: 1409: 1390: 1340: 1325: 1298: 1289:lime mortars 1278: 1267: 1235: 1226:vacuum pumps 1222:cryosorption 1215: 1212: 1202: 1190: 1179: 1118: 1114:formaldehyde 1079: 1054: 1025:polyethylene 1018: 1004: 969: 956: 948: 941: 933:ion-exchange 930: 919: 915: 887: 881:to separate 872: 869:Applications 856: 809:(100,000 t) 784: 764: 733: 712: 690:flows along 678: 550: 530: 472: 448: 422: 409: 399: 396: 387: 383: 379: 360: 355: 351: 341: 337: 285: 281:ion exchange 276: 243: 205: 185: 171:mineralogist 165: 41: 40: 4353:", IDs 8.F) 4325:seidozerite 4270:(IDs 4.DA.) 4181:(V) (IDs 8) 4175:(V) (IDs 8) 4102:(IDs 5.A–E) 4077:(IDs 4.J–K) 4071:(IDs 4.F–G) 4033:(IDs 2.A–F) 3835:: 287–325. 3789:: 181–185. 3629:: 162–182. 3019:: 243–252. 2158:10023/11880 1746:brewsterite 1700:epistilbite 1696:dachiardite 1672:Bellbergite 1652:maricopaite 1631:herschelite 1575:phillipsite 1508:edingtonite 1254:hygroscopic 1164:desorption 1150:adsorption 1098:noble gases 1094:natural gas 992:solid acids 890:biochemical 795:South Korea 781:from Poland 680:Thomsonites 591:epistilbite 581:→ quartz → 561:metamorphic 495:phillipsite 373:structure ( 365:(left) and 188:, from the 146:electrolyte 46:microporous 4416:Categories 4338:gadolinite 4297:amphiboles 4224:Cancrinite 4218:nephelines 4193:Germanates 4173:Phosphates 4100:Carbonates 4069:Hydroxides 4057:pyrochlore 4037:Sulfosalts 3379:10023/4529 3350:Nat. Chem. 3283:mindat.org 3239:2019-07-13 3164:2023-10-01 2666:2023-04-22 2201:Chem. Rev. 1854:References 1832:Adsorption 1811:Geopolymer 1735:stellerite 1724:heulandite 1684:ferrierite 1615:perlialite 1611:paulingite 1603:merlinoite 1594:gobbinsite 1586:gismondine 1547:Laumontite 1518:thomsonite 1512:kalborsite 1482:gonnardite 1438:Bear River 1347:Factor XII 1301:cat litter 1295:Cat litter 1258:exothermic 1246:adsorption 1070:cesium-137 1000:alkylation 898:heulandite 894:biomedical 770:Ore mining 730:Production 724:chatoyancy 642:thomsonite 599:thomsonite 587:heulandite 553:weathering 535:rocks and 487:heulandite 467:thomsonite 465:A form of 354:or simply 216:Properties 148:solution. 54:adsorbents 4452:Catalysts 4395:. Wiley. 4288:pyroxenes 4254:(IDs 9.C) 4237:feldspars 4211:(IDs 9.G) 4195:(IDs 9.J) 4189:(IDs 9.A) 4159:Chromates 4108:(IDs 5.N) 3659:245465624 3555:238722345 3388:1755-4330 3126:1671-4083 2826:: 12012. 2696:0362-4331 2642:251213960 2543:265050410 2472:0888-5885 2324:0368-1769 2080:Catalysts 1928:201222323 1872:GRACE.com 1847:Pyrolysis 1757:Cowlesite 1731:barrerite 1688:gmelinite 1676:bikitaite 1662:offretite 1656:mordenite 1645:faujasite 1629:-series, 1627:chabazite 1590:garronite 1571:harmotome 1542:wairakite 1538:pollucite 1498:scolecite 1486:natrolite 1397:potassium 1305:diatomite 976:catalysts 966:Catalysis 959:detergent 906:chabazite 883:molecules 879:membranes 845:Synthesis 831:aggregate 779:Natrolite 696:Minnesota 684:gemstones 667:Gemstones 654:chabazite 650:scolecite 634:offretite 626:Cowlesite 611:chabazite 607:scolecite 583:mordenite 526:natrolite 491:natrolite 479:chabazite 436:germanium 410:The term 356:four-ring 226:mordenite 194:ζέω (zéō) 66:aluminium 58:catalysts 4422:Zeolites 4228:sodalite 4148:Sulfates 4106:Nitrates 4061:corundum 4031:Sulfides 4016:(IDs 10) 3919:Archived 3860:Zeolites 3773:10097058 3718:14932428 3651:35660805 3604:36032556 3547:34870303 3497:36032557 3447:24457316 3396:23787755 3334:21881655 3230:Archived 3144:23334236 3087:24827908 3079:18404080 2991:Archived 2950:Archived 2876:Archived 2872:85600550 2801:34900303 2535:37934618 2425:Archived 2385:Archived 2383:. 2011. 2282:GemRocks 2167:27754569 1805:See also 1761:pentasil 1739:stilbite 1680:erionite 1599:Boggsite 1530:analcime 1490:mesolite 1457:backside 1428:waters. 1405:nitrogen 1401:ammonium 1336:in vitro 1328:QuikClot 1285:pozzolan 1208:ethylene 1172:exhaust 1088:, and SO 984:cracking 875:sorbents 811:Slovakia 720:lapidary 700:Michigan 646:mesolite 638:analcime 603:mesolite 595:stilbite 541:alkaline 533:volcanic 499:stilbite 475:analcime 428:titanium 406:Porosity 400:big five 375:sodalite 250:feldspar 182:adsorbed 178:stilbite 18:Zeolites 4334:olivine 4321:epidote 4120:(IDs 3) 4118:Halides 4114:(IDs 6) 4112:Borates 4010:(IDs 1) 3900:Zeolite 3890:Scholia 3795:5126636 3741:Bibcode 3631:Bibcode 3595:9404546 3488:9404542 3358:Bibcode 3314:Bibcode 3135:4002488 2828:Bibcode 2792:8617091 2771:Bibcode 2687:NYTimes 1753:Others 1748:-series 1741:-series 1726:-series 1690:(GME), 1686:(FER), 1678:(BIK), 1666:wenkite 1664:(OFF), 1607:mazzite 1605:(MER), 1601:(BOG), 1582:amicite 1577:-series 1557:(GOO), 1553:(YUG), 1549:(LAU), 1534:leucite 1520:-series 1425:ammonia 1421:aquaria 1415:Aquaria 1316:methane 1250:hydrate 1033:propane 1014:olefins 978:in the 859:sol-gel 740:alumina 658:calcite 615:calcite 444:gallium 394:(MFI). 186:zeolite 168:Swedish 62:silicon 42:Zeolite 4399: 4063:group) 4053:Oxides 3892:has a 3814: 3793: 3771: 3761: 3716: 3657: 3649: 3602: 3592: 3553: 3545: 3495: 3485: 3445: 3394: 3386: 3332: 3288:10 Feb 3142: 3132: 3124: 3085: 3077: 2902: 2870: 2799: 2789: 2694: 2640: 2630: 2591: 2566: 2541: 2533: 2495: 2470: 2353: 2322: 2259: 2187: 2165: 2119: 2100: 2061: 2027:. 2018 1980:24 May 1949:: 120. 1926: 1788:steam. 1692:levyne 1639:SSZ-13 1351:kaolin 1343:kaolin 1330:brand 1224:style 1197:biogas 1112:, and 1010:gasoil 972:MCM-41 904:, and 837:, and 807:Turkey 803:Jordan 787:tonnes 744:silica 716:copper 708:basalt 704:eroded 630:levyne 571:-rich 569:silica 546:quartz 497:, and 132:where 70:oxygen 4262:clays 3894:topic 3864:(PDF) 3856:from 3764:34179 3655:S2CID 3551:S2CID 3263:9 Feb 3233:(PDF) 3210:(PDF) 3083:S2CID 2994:(PDF) 2979:(PDF) 2959:7 Oct 2953:(PDF) 2942:(PDF) 2879:(PDF) 2860:(PDF) 2724:9 Feb 2539:S2CID 2434:8 Feb 2428:(PDF) 2417:(PDF) 2394:8 Feb 2388:(PDF) 2374:(PDF) 2287:2 Oct 2031:8 Feb 2005:8 Feb 1924:S2CID 1882:8 Feb 1765:ZSM-5 1702:(EPI) 1668:(WEN) 1561:(MON) 1442:Idaho 1283:as a 1110:freon 1084:O, CO 944:Tikal 799:Japan 791:China 746:with 706:from 440:boron 392:ZSM-5 258:)(SiO 254:(MAlO 190:Greek 4397:ISBN 4336:and 4323:and 3812:ISBN 3791:OSTI 3769:PMID 3732:PNAS 3714:OCLC 3710:USBM 3689:USGS 3647:PMID 3600:PMID 3543:PMID 3493:PMID 3443:PMID 3392:PMID 3384:ISSN 3330:PMID 3290:2019 3265:2019 3140:PMID 3122:ISSN 3075:PMID 2961:2013 2900:ISBN 2868:LCCN 2797:PMID 2726:2019 2692:ISSN 2638:OCLC 2628:ISBN 2589:ISBN 2564:ISBN 2531:PMID 2493:ISBN 2468:ISSN 2436:2019 2421:USGS 2396:2019 2379:USGS 2351:ISBN 2320:ISSN 2289:2013 2257:ISBN 2163:PMID 2059:ISBN 2033:2018 2007:2019 1982:2021 1884:2019 1637:and 1027:and 986:and 892:and 823:tuff 754:and 742:and 688:lava 579:Clay 449:The 442:and 434:and 432:zinc 100:(SiO 83:(AlO 56:and 4349:; 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