65:
42:
353:
337:
363:
Although great strides have been made in resolving the evolutionary relationships among many lineages of fungi, it has been challenging to resolve relationships within and among zygomycetes. For example, the uncertain grouping of
976:
1003:
2133:
861:
James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ, et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny".
2107:
977:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110720003551/http://agclass.canr.msu.edu/mtwdk.exe?w=125844&k=default&s=5&t=2&n=1&l=60
996:
1044:
1039:
205:. It contains 5 families and 20 genera. Relationships among and within subphyla of Zygomycota are poorly understood, and their
2112:
1123:
1113:
1096:
989:
64:
378:
Resolving a well-supported monophyly of the
Zoopagomycotina has been particularly challenging for several main reasons:
775:
Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, et al. (May 2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi".
2138:
961:
1696:
396:
sequences, species of
Zoopagomycotina may have undergone accelerated evolution, so grouping may be skewed by
1903:
1553:
1511:
1470:
1128:
2034:
1769:
1503:
1287:
784:
397:
1701:
1671:
1563:
1329:
300:, uni- or multi-spored sporganiola; sporangiospores of multi-spored formed in simple or branched chains (
1648:
1558:
1310:
1297:
1279:
1091:
1020:
981:
1789:
1340:
743:
649:
1676:
912:
White MM, et al. (2006). "Phylogeny of the
Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data".
633:
2148:
2099:
2072:
1936:
1883:
1442:
1305:
870:
714:
575:
1159:
789:
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641:
559:
479:
292:
2184:
1913:
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1368:
1363:
625:
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301:
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51:
1827:
1335:
1989:
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1928:
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1822:
1681:
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1465:
1419:
1355:
1108:
1086:
1074:
1049:
894:
614:
588:
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497:
489:
263:
that penetrate inside of the host body to capture host nutrients. Similar haustoria are found in
249:
239:
that live mostly within the bodies of their hosts and only exit the host when they are producing
168:
59:
729:
696:
524:
505:
688:
427:
304:), usually from a vesicle or stalk. Many produce haustoria. Where observed, the sexual spores (
2156:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1898:
1749:
1599:
1485:
1411:
1118:
1081:
1069:
1059:
929:
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598:
372:
724:
2161:
2018:
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1754:
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1620:
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1437:
1345:
1033:
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1994:
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1966:
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1774:
1764:
1691:
1653:
1529:
1452:
1320:
1236:
1206:
1201:
874:
385:
most species of
Zoopagomycotina cannot be grown separately from their host organisms in
2094:
1979:
1974:
1799:
1779:
1759:
1741:
1726:
1711:
1568:
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1401:
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1731:
1544:
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1393:
1169:
393:
244:
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96:
618:(61 spp.) haustorial parasite of fungi (mostly of Mortierellales and Mucorales spp.)
352:
1878:
1643:
1521:
1151:
898:
567:
468:
41:
798:
274:
Like most other zygomycete fungi, the
Zoopagomycotina have cell walls containing
2066:
1211:
1012:
670:
309:
210:
163:
2057:
925:
1609:
1382:
680:
445:
305:
279:
264:
201:
197:
138:
17:
2081:
738:
732:
706:
510:
366:
356:
260:
220:
209:
remains in question, so they are sometimes referred to by the informal name
206:
76:
933:
890:
806:
571:(8 spp.) parasites of small animals, especially nematodes and nematode eggs
563:(5 spp.) parasites of small animals, especially nematodes and nematode eggs
336:
312:
is similar to vegetative hyphae or in some cases may be slightly enlarged.
259:) that live outside of the host body but produce specialized organs called
971:
950:
382:
2120:
2051:
1633:
1267:
1258:
1244:
1103:
965:
553:
550:
345:
224:
217:
882:
825:
1855:
1582:
473:
287:
232:
228:
2125:
1016:
386:
341:
286:. Their vegetative body consists of a simple, branched or unbranched
283:
275:
240:
86:
2028:
2086:
837:
389:
culture, so obtaining pure DNA for molecular studies is challenging
351:
335:
223:
of other zygomycete fungi and of microscopic soil animals such as
191:
610:(25 spp.) haustorial parasite of fungi (mostly of Mucorales spp.)
267:
plant, animal and fungal pathogens in several other major fungal
2032:
985:
602:(1 sp.) haustorial parasite of fungi (mostly of Mucorales spp.)
308:) are globose and unornamented. The hyphae used during sexual
400:(LBA) and a high frequency of parallel evolutionary changes
956:
692:(7 spp.) haustorial parasites of amoebae and nematodes
849:
320:
2041:
1965:
1927:
1864:
1849:
1798:
1740:
1719:
1710:
1662:
1619:
1608:
1590:
1581:
1543:
1520:
1502:
1484:
1451:
1428:
1410:
1392:
1381:
1354:
1319:
1296:
1278:
1266:
1257:
1235:
1228:
1194:
1168:
1150:
1143:
216:Zoopagomycotina are microscopic and are typically
770:
768:
766:
645:(2 spp.) putative haustorial parasite of fungi
637:(2 spp.) putative haustorial parasite of fungi
290:. Asexual reproduction is by arthrospores (in
997:
728:(11 spp.) haustorial parasite of amoebae and
710:(18 spp.) predaceous on amoebae and nematodes
8:
2029:
1861:
1716:
1616:
1587:
1389:
1275:
1263:
1232:
1174:
1147:
1004:
990:
982:
40:
31:
788:
684:(27 spp.) haustorial parasites of amoeba
972:https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/451827
762:
509:(19 spp.) endoparasites of amoebae and
826:http://zygomycetes.org/index.php?id=8
663:(3 spp.) haustorial parasite of fungi
7:
2149:403c73f6-5219-448b-8a9f-07115e21021a
528:(5 spp. ) endoparasites of nematodes
405:Families and their respective genera
820:
818:
816:
25:
520:(4 spp.) endoparasites of amoebae
501:(1 sp.) ectoparasite of an amoeba
838:http://www.tolweb.org/Zygomycota
629:Benny, Benjamin & Kirk 1992
432:De Wildeman 1897 non Conrad 1926
63:
953:at the Tree of Life Web Project
328:meaning "rock" or "ice/frost".
484:Castan˜eda & Kendrick 1993
1:
493:(1 sp.) parasite of an amoeba
422:Bessey 1950 ex. Benjamin 1979
799:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
2201:
926:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.872
742:(5 spp.) ectoparasites of
332:Evolutionary relationships
2015:
1177:
1027:
472:(6 spp.) ectoparasite of
135:
130:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
1904:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
1697:Sporopachydermiomycetes
1512:Calcarisporiellomycetes
1554:Palaeovesiarbusmycetes
1504:Calcarisporiellomycota
1471:Ramicandelaberomycetes
1288:Neocallimastigomycetes
398:long-branch attraction
360:
349:
2021:(polyphyletic group).
1649:Schizosaccharomycetes
1311:Monoblepharidomycetes
1280:Neocallimastigomycota
549:(1 sp.) parasitic on
355:
339:
324:meaning "animal" and
1937:Peribolosporomycetes
1884:Agaricostilbomycetes
1770:Collemopsidiomycetes
1644:Pneumocystidomycetes
1443:Entomophthoromycetes
1306:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
1187:Paramicrosporidiales
869:(Pt 7113): 818–822.
437:Family Basidiolaceae
411:Class Zoopagomycetes
243:. Other species are
27:Subdivision of fungi
1914:Spiculogloeomycetes
1889:Cystobasidiomycetes
1702:Trigonopsidomycetes
1672:Alloascoideomycetes
1629:Archaeorhizomycetes
1564:Archaeosporomycetes
1430:Entomophthoromycota
1369:Blastocladiomycetes
1364:Physodermatomycetes
1330:Caulochytriomycetes
1170:Microsporidiomycota
883:10.1038/nature05110
875:2006Natur.443..818J
626:Sigmoideomycetaceae
536:Helicocephalidaceae
340:Currently accepted
235:. Some species are
184:are a subdivision (
159:Sigmoideomycetaceae
154:Helicocephalidaceae
131:Order and families
1990:Bartheletiomycetes
1942:Monilielliomycetes
1929:Ustilaginomycotina
1909:Atractiellomycetes
1894:Microbotryomycetes
1874:Tritirachiomycetes
1823:Laboulbeniomycetes
1559:Paraglomeromycetes
1494:Mortierellomycetes
1466:Dimargaritomycetes
1420:Basidiobolomycetes
1356:Blastocladiomycota
1298:Monoblepharomycota
850:http://www.oed.com
589:Piptocephalidaceae
361:
350:
169:Piptocephalidaceae
2172:
2171:
2157:Open Tree of Life
2035:Taxon identifiers
2026:
2025:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1957:Exobasidiomycetes
1952:Ustilaginomycetes
1947:Malasseziomycetes
1899:Classiculomycetes
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1790:Xylobotryomycetes
1750:Candelariomycetes
1600:Entorrhizomycetes
1577:
1576:
1486:Mortierellomycota
1412:Basidiobolomycota
1377:
1376:
1341:Sanchytriomycetes
1253:
1252:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
920:(Pt 6): 872–884.
744:loricate rotifers
720:
702:
676:
655:
650:Sphondylocephalum
594:
581:
541:
485:
464:
451:
441:
433:
423:
415:
373:Kickxellomycotina
178:
177:
126:
112:
49:Fertile heads of
16:(Redirected from
2192:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2030:
2019:fungi imperfecti
1866:Pucciniomycotina
1862:
1813:Geoglossomycetes
1755:Coniocybomycetes
1717:
1677:Dipodascomycetes
1664:Saccharomycotina
1621:Taphrinomycotina
1617:
1592:Entorrhizomycota
1588:
1476:Kickxellomycetes
1438:Neozygitomycetes
1390:
1346:Chytridiomycetes
1276:
1264:
1233:
1175:
1148:
1056:
1036:
1019:classification,
1006:
999:
992:
983:
938:
937:
909:
903:
902:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
811:
810:
792:
783:(Pt 5): 509–47.
772:
718:
700:
674:
653:
634:Reticulocephalis
592:
579:
539:
483:
462:
459:Cochlonemataceae
449:
439:
431:
421:
419:Order Zoopagales
413:
348:in kingdom Fungi
149:Cochlonemataceae
124:
110:
68:
67:
44:
35:Zoopagomycotina
32:
21:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2073:Zoopagomycotina
2071:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2043:Zoopagomycotina
2037:
2027:
2022:
1999:
1995:Tremellomycetes
1985:Wallemiomycetes
1967:Agaricomycotina
1961:
1923:
1919:Pucciniomycetes
1853:
1837:
1833:Sordariomycetes
1794:
1785:Lecanoromycetes
1775:Dothideomycetes
1765:Arthoniomycetes
1736:
1706:
1692:Saccharomycetes
1658:
1654:Taphrinomycetes
1634:Neolectomycetes
1612:
1604:
1573:
1539:
1530:Endogonomycetes
1516:
1498:
1480:
1453:Kickxellomycota
1447:
1424:
1406:
1385:
1373:
1350:
1321:Chytridiomycota
1315:
1292:
1271:
1249:
1237:Aphelidiomycota
1229:Aphelidiomyceta
1216:
1207:Metchnikovellea
1202:Chytridiopsidea
1190:
1181:Morellosporales
1164:
1139:
1138:
1054:
1032:
1023:
1010:
962:Zoopagomycotina
957:Zygomycetes.org
947:
942:
941:
911:
910:
906:
860:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
814:
790:10.1.1.626.9582
774:
773:
764:
759:
715:Tentaculophagus
576:Verrucocephalum
463:Duddington 1974
407:
334:
318:
182:Zoopagomycotina
123:
109:
107:Zoopagomycotina
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2196:
2188:
2187:
2177:
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2170:
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2130:
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2063:
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2024:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Agaricomycetes
1977:
1975:Dacrymycetales
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1962:
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1800:Sordariomyceta
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Eurotiomycetes
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Lichinomycetes
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1742:Dothideomyceta
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:Orbiliomycetes
1723:
1721:
1714:
1712:Pezizomycotina
1708:
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1569:Glomeromycetes
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1526:
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1468:
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1461:Zoopagomycetes
1457:
1455:
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1432:
1426:
1425:
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1422:
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1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1402:Olpidiomycetes
1398:
1396:
1387:
1386:(paraphyletic)
1379:
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1371:
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1272:(paraphyletic)
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1209:
1204:
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1191:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:Nucleophagales
1182:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1160:Rozellomycetes
1156:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:Mesomycetozoea
1126:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1065:Diaphoretickes
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1037:
1029:
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945:External links
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675:Drechsler 1938
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660:Thamnocephalis
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642:Sigmoideomyces
638:
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560:Helicocephalum
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293:Helicocephalum
187:incertae sedis
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1818:Leotiomycetes
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1732:Pezizomycetes
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1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Pichiomycetes
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Novakomycetes
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:Glomeromycota
1542:
1536:
1535:Mucoromycetes
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1394:Olpidiomycota
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:Microsporidia
1193:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1152:Rozellomycota
1149:
1146:
1144:Rozellomyceta
1142:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Stramenopiles
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:(major groups
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:fungal orders
1018:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
987:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
851:
845:
842:
839:
833:
830:
827:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
786:
782:
778:
771:
769:
767:
763:
756:
746:and nematodes
745:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
699:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
662:
661:
657:
654:Stalpers 1974
652:
651:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
628:
627:
622:
617:
616:
612:
609:
608:
607:Piptocephalis
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
593:Schröter 1886
591:
590:
585:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
548:
547:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
527:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
508:
507:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
491:
487:
482:
481:
477:
475:
471:
470:
466:
465:
461:
460:
455:
448:
447:
443:
442:
438:
435:
430:
429:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
399:
395:
394:ribosomal DNA
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
370:
368:
359:of Zygomycota
358:
354:
347:
343:
338:
331:
329:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:merosporangia
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
282:(nonseptate)
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
256:Piptocephalis
252:
251:
246:
245:ectoparasites
242:
238:
237:endoparasites
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
188:
183:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
144:Basidiolaceae
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
134:
129:
122:
119:
116:
115:
108:
105:
103:Subdivision:
102:
101:
98:
97:Zoopagomycota
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:Piptocephalis
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Zoopagomycota
2042:
1879:Mixiomycetes
1828:Sareomycetes
1522:Mucoromycota
1336:Coenomycetes
1114:Opisthokonta
917:
913:
907:
866:
862:
856:
844:
832:
780:
776:
737:
723:
713:
705:
695:
687:
679:
668:
658:
648:
640:
632:
623:
613:
605:
597:
586:
574:
568:Rhopalomyces
566:
558:
544:
540:Boedijn 1959
533:
523:
515:
504:
496:
488:
478:
469:Amoebophilus
467:
456:
444:
436:
426:
418:
410:
377:
365:
362:
325:
321:
319:
291:
273:
254:
248:
215:
200:
185:
181:
179:
125:Doweld, 2014
120:
106:
50:
29:
2067:Wikispecies
1682:Lipomycetes
1613:(sac fungi)
1212:Microsporea
1013:Opisthokont
719:Doweld 2014
671:Zoopagaceae
615:Syncephalis
580:Degawa 2013
546:Brachymyces
517:Endocochlus
498:Bdellospora
490:Aplectosoma
450:Cienk. 1861
440:Doweld 2013
414:Doweld 2014
310:outcrossing
250:Syncephalis
211:zygomycetes
164:Zoopagaceae
111:Benny, 2007
2185:Zygomycota
2017:See also:
1610:Ascomycota
1383:Zygomycota
1017:True fungi
951:Zygomycota
777:Mycol. Res
757:References
730:testaceous
697:Lecophagus
681:Acaulopage
525:Euryancale
506:Cochlonema
446:Basidiolum
306:zygospores
280:coenocytic
265:biotrophic
202:sensu lato
198:Zygomycota
139:Zoopagales
93:Division:
1268:Zoosporic
1245:Aphelidea
1109:Amoebozoa
1087:Alveolata
1075:Cryptista
1050:Eukaryota
914:Mycologia
785:CiteSeerX
739:Zoophagus
733:rhizopods
707:Stylopage
701:Dick 1990
689:Cystopage
511:rhizopods
428:Massartia
392:based on
371:with the
369:insidians
367:Zoophagus
357:Phylogeny
316:Etymology
278:and have
261:haustoria
225:nematodes
221:parasites
207:monophyly
190:) of the
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
2179:Category
2121:MycoBank
2095:Fungorum
2058:Q3131892
2052:Wikidata
1259:Eumycota
1104:Amorphea
1082:Rhizaria
1070:Hacrobia
1060:Excavata
1045:Bacteria
966:MycoBank
934:17486964
891:17051209
807:17572334
599:Kuzuhaea
554:rotifers
551:bdelloid
346:subphyla
269:lineages
229:rotifers
218:obligate
195:division
73:Domain:
1856:basidia
1583:Dikarya
1119:Animals
1040:Archaea
899:4302864
871:Bibcode
725:Zoopage
669:Family
624:Family
587:Family
534:Family
474:amoebae
457:Family
288:thallus
233:amoebae
117:Class:
2162:759276
2146:NZOR:
2139:451827
2126:501283
2113:936299
2100:501283
2087:1ZOOPC
1854:(with
1097:Plants
1034:Domain
932:
897:
889:
863:Nature
805:
787:
387:axenic
284:hyphae
276:chitin
247:(e.g.
241:spores
192:fungal
1720:Other
1270:fungi
1124:Fungi
895:S2CID
342:phyla
87:Fungi
2134:NCBI
2108:ITIS
2082:EPPO
930:PMID
887:PMID
848:url=
836:url=
824:url=
803:PMID
344:and
231:and
180:The
964:in
922:doi
879:doi
867:443
795:doi
781:111
326:pag
322:zoo
296:),
2181::
2159::
2136::
2123::
2110::
2097::
2084::
2069::
2054::
1015::
928:.
918:98
916:.
893:.
885:.
877:.
865:.
815:^
801:.
793:.
779:.
765:^
375:.
271:.
253:,
227:,
213:.
1858:)
1552:†
1334:?
1328:?
1131:)
1005:e
998:t
991:v
968:.
936:.
924::
901:.
881::
873::
809:.
797::
20:)
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