977:
1324:
31:
1605:
3258:
1378:
3270:
1432:(see Fig. 5), resulting in an absorption spectrum, as illustrated in Fig. 4. The magnetic field can be determined from the spacing between the peaks if the quantum "g-factors" of the nuclear states are known. In ferromagnetic materials, including many iron compounds, the natural internal magnetic fields are quite strong and their effects dominate the spectra.
1911:, the authority for Mössbauer spectroscopy, does not specify a particular value, anything between 10.60 mm/s to 10.67 mm/s can be used. For this reason it is highly recommended to provide the isomer shift values relative to the source used, not to the iron foil, mentioning the details of the source (centre of gravity of the folded spectrum).
1460:
In addition, the relative intensities of the various peaks reflect the relative concentrations of compounds in a sample and can be used for semi-quantitative analysis. Also, since ferromagnetic phenomena are size-dependent, in some cases spectra can provide insight into the crystallite size and grain
1431:
The extent of splitting is proportional to the magnetic field strength at the nucleus, which in turn depends on the electron distribution ("chemical environment") of the nucleus. The splitting can be measured, for instance, with a sample foil placed between an oscillating source and a photon detector
220:
In the resulting spectra, gamma ray intensity is plotted as a function of the source velocity. At velocities corresponding to the resonant energy levels of the sample, a fraction of the gamma rays are absorbed, resulting in a drop in the measured intensity and a corresponding dip in the spectrum. The
1652:
The chemical isomer shift and quadrupole splitting are generally evaluated with respect to a reference material. For example, in iron compounds, the Mössbauer parameters were evaluated using iron foil (of a thickness less than 40 micrometers). The centroid of the six-line spectrum from metallic iron
1469:
Mössbauer emission spectroscopy is a specialized variant of Mössbauer spectroscopy where the emitting element is in the probed sample, and the absorbing element is in the reference. Most commonly, the technique is applied to the Co/Fe pair. A typical application is the characterization of the cobalt
1060:
is the electron density difference in the nucleus (a = source, b = sample). The
Chemical Isomer shift as described here does not change with temperature, however, Mössbauer spectra do have a temperature sensitivity due to a relativistic effect known as the second-order Doppler effect. Generally, the
175:
If the emitting and absorbing nuclei were in identical chemical environments, the nuclear transition energies would be exactly equal and resonant absorption would be observed with both materials at rest. The difference in chemical environments, however, causes the nuclear energy levels to shift in a
1548:
catalyst transform into the +5 oxidation state. Following the catalytic reaction, almost all Sb ions revert from the +5 to the +3 oxidation state. A significant change in the chemical environment surrounding the antimony nucleus occurs during the oxidation state change which can easily be monitored
1456:
Many times all effects are observed: isomer shift, quadrupole splitting, and magnetic splitting. In such cases the isomer shift is given by the average of all lines. The quadrupole splitting when all the four excited substates are equally shifted (two substates are lifted and other two are lowered)
1440:
The three Mössbauer parameters: isomer shift, quadrupole splitting, and hyperfine splitting can often be used to identify a particular compound by comparison to spectra for standards. In some cases, a compound may have more than one possible position for the Mössbauer active atom. For example, the
1661:
source). All shifts in other iron compounds are computed relative to this −0.10 mm/s (at room temperature), i.e., in this case isomer shifts are relative to the Co/Rh source. In other words, the centre point of the Mössbauer spectrum is zero. The shift values may also be reported relative to
134:
than the natural energy, because in both cases energy is lost to recoil. This means that nuclear resonance (emission and absorption of the same gamma ray by identical nuclei) is unobservable with free nuclei, because the shift in energy is too great and the emission and absorption spectra have no
1482:
Among the drawbacks of the technique are the limited number of gamma ray sources and the requirement that samples be solid in order to eliminate the recoil of the nucleus. Mössbauer spectroscopy is unique in its sensitivity to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the nucleus including
1371: = ±3/2. The ground to excited state transitions appear as two specific peaks in a spectrum, sometimes referred to as a "doublet". Quadrupole splitting is measured as the separation between these two peaks and reflects the character of the electric field at the nucleus.
146:(quantized vibrations of the crystal lattice). Any whole number of phonons can be emitted, including zero, which is known as a "recoil-free" event. In this case conservation of momentum is satisfied by the momentum of the crystal as a whole, so practically no energy is lost.
1596:(NRVS), in which the sample is scanned through a range of synchrotron-generated X-rays, centered at the Mössbauer absorbance frequency. Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks in the spectrum correspond to low frequency vibrations, many below 600 cm with some below 100 cm.
2720:"Mossbauer Spectroscopy – A Rewarding Probe of Morphological Structure of Semiconducting Glasses ", P. Boolchand in Physical Properties of Amorphous Materials (Institute for Amorphous Studies Series), Springer US, Eds.: David Adler, Brian B. Schwartz, Martin C. Steele
1568:
Mössbauer spectroscopy has been widely applied to bioinorganic chemistry, especially for the study of iron-containing proteins and enzymes. Often the technique is used to determine the oxidation state of iron. Examples of prominent iron-containing biomolecules are
1239:
1616:
is a device that performs Mössbauer spectroscopy, or a device that uses the Mössbauer effect to determine the chemical environment of Mössbauer nuclei present in the sample. It is formed by three main parts; a source that moves back and forth to generate a
142:, however, are not free to recoil because they are bound in place in the crystal lattice. When a nucleus in a solid emits or absorbs a gamma ray, some energy can still be lost as recoil energy, but in this case it always occurs in discrete packets called
1529:. The formation of carbides appears to improve catalytic activity, but it can also lead to the mechanical break-up and attrition of the catalyst particles, which can cause difficulties in the final separation of catalyst from reaction products.
1769:
95:
widths of nuclear gamma rays, Mössbauer spectroscopy is a highly sensitive technique in terms of energy (and hence frequency) resolution, capable of detecting changes of just a few parts in 10. It is a method completely unrelated to
153:. This fact is what makes Mössbauer spectroscopy possible, because it means that gamma rays emitted by one nucleus can be resonantly absorbed by a sample containing nuclei of the same isotope, and this absorption can be measured.
1346:) greater than 1/2, may have a nuclear quadrupole moment. In this case an asymmetrical electric field (produced by an asymmetric electronic charge distribution or ligand arrangement) splits the nuclear energy levels.
2735:
Mössbauer
Spectroscopy – Principles and Applications – Prof. Dr. Philipp Gütlich Emeritus Professor Mainz University – Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
955:
As described above, Mössbauer spectroscopy has an extremely fine energy resolution and can detect even subtle changes in the nuclear environment of the relevant atoms. Typically, there are three types of
1457:
is given by the shift of the outer two lines relative to the inner four lines (all inner four lines shift in opposition to the outermost two lines). Usually fitting software is used for accurate values.
172:, and a detector measures the intensity of the beam transmitted through the sample. The atoms in the source emitting the gamma rays must be of the same isotope as the atoms in the sample absorbing them.
2429:
Burger, K.; Nemes-Vetéssy, Zs.; Vértes, A.; Afanasov, M. I. (April 1986). "Mössbauer spectroscopic study of the oxidation state of antimony in antimony sulfides of different composition".
1071:
2577:
Costas, Miquel; Mehn, Mark P.; Jensen, Michael P.; Que, Lawrence (1 February 2004). "Dioxygen activation at mononuclear nonheme iron active sites: enzymes, models, and intermediates".
3089:
1490:
As an analytical tool Mössbauer spectroscopy has been especially useful in the field of geology for identifying the composition of iron-containing specimens including meteorites and
988:, especially in the older literature) is a relative measure describing a shift in the resonance energy of a nucleus (see Fig. 2) due to the transition of electrons within its
261:
isotope will have a convenient half-life. Also, the gamma-ray energy should be relatively low, otherwise the system will have a low recoil-free fraction resulting in a poor
2762:
1453:) supports two different sites for the iron atoms. Its spectrum has 12 peaks, a sextet for each potential atomic site, corresponding to two sets of Mössbauer parameters.
257:
via a series of gamma-ray emissions that include the one exhibiting the Mössbauer effect. The radioactive cobalt is prepared on a foil, often of rhodium. Ideally the
2638:
Klingelhöfer, G.; et al. (2002). "The miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for extraterrestrial and outdoor terrestrial applications: A status report".
1585:. These studies are often supplemented by analysis of related model complexes. An area of particular interest is the characterization of intermediates involved in
2719:
2049:
1671:
2371:
2980:
2143:
2913:
2858:
2827:
188:. To bring the two nuclei back into resonance it is necessary to change the energy of the gamma ray slightly, and in practice this is always done using the
2822:
1593:
1315:
The isomer shift is useful for determining oxidation state, valency states, electron shielding and the electron-drawing power of electronegative groups.
157:
265:
and requiring long collection times. The periodic table below indicates those elements having an isotope suitable for Mössbauer spectroscopy. Of these,
3195:
3013:
2875:
1908:
3144:
2963:
2807:
3084:
2886:
2787:
97:
3030:
3008:
2755:
91:
due to atomic-scale electric field gradients; and magnetic splitting due to non-nuclear magnetic fields. Due to the high energy and extremely
3096:
3018:
2561:
2503:
1402: + 1 sub-energy levels in the presence of a magnetic field. For example, the first excited state of the Fe nucleus with spin state
996:
electron charge density in the nucleus. This change arises due to alterations in the electrostatic response between the non-zero probability
2848:
2953:
2898:
2685:
2431:
2725:
The program MossA provides a straightforward approach to the fitting of Fe conventional and synchrotron energy-domain Mössbauer spectra
3296:
1501:
In another application, Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to characterize phase transformations in iron catalysts, e.g., those used for
3180:
2932:
2748:
2536:
976:
3185:
3003:
1390:
Magnetic hyperfine splitting is a result of the interaction between the nucleus and a surrounding magnetic field (similar to the
1374:
The quadrupole splitting can be used for determining oxidation state, spin state, site symmetry, and the arrangement of ligands.
149:
Mössbauer found that a significant fraction of emission and absorption events will be recoil-free, which is quantified using the
3200:
3170:
3101:
3035:
1415:
values of +3/2, +1/2, −1/2 and −3/2. The equally-spaced splits are said to be hyperfine, being on the order of 10 eV. The
3301:
3129:
2920:
2817:
2714:
2163:
2025:
1532:
Mössbauer spectroscopy has also been used to determine the relative concentration change in the oxidation state of antimony (
1502:
237:
Suitable gamma-ray sources consist of a radioactive parent that decays to the desired isotope. For example, the source for
2927:
2832:
1975:
1965:
1940:
1052:
is the effective nuclear charge radius difference between excited state and the ground state, and the difference between
229:) provide information about the chemical environment of the absorbing nuclei and can be used to characterize the sample.
150:
3061:
2908:
2797:
2709:
2552:
Schuenemann, V.; Paulsen, H. (2007-12-10). "Moessbauer spectroscopy". In Scott, Robert A.; Lukehart, Charles M. (eds.).
2066:
Longworth, G; Window, B (1 June 1971). "The preparation of narrow-line Mössbauer sources of 57Co in metallic matrices".
2046:
3217:
3056:
3025:
2958:
2734:
2359:
1920:
2183:
1323:
1234:{\displaystyle {\text{CS}}=K\left(\langle R_{e}^{2}\rangle -\langle R_{g}^{2}\rangle \right)\left(_{b}-_{a}\right).}
3207:
3149:
2998:
2870:
2140:
2136:
2042:
1416:
199:
to produce a
Doppler effect and scan the gamma ray energy through a given range. A typical range of velocities for
118:
requires a nucleus (such as in a gas) to recoil during emission or absorption of a gamma ray. If a nucleus at rest
2002:
3233:
3212:
2853:
2179:
International Board on the
Applications of the Mössbauer Effect (IBAME) and Mössbauer Effect Data Center (MEDC),
1998:
International Board on the
Applications of the Mössbauer Effect (IBAME) and Mössbauer Effect Data Center (MEDC),
1553:
980:
Fig. 2: Chemical shift and quadrupole splitting of the nuclear energy levels and corresponding Mössbauer spectra
2730:
MossA is written in the MATLAB programming language. The source code can be obtained from its github repository
115:
3274:
3106:
2802:
2640:
2202:
1339:
2893:
1930:
1641:
1342:(EFG). Nuclei in states with non-spherical charge distributions, i.e. all those with spin quantum number (
195:
During Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy, the source is accelerated through a range of velocities using a
2392:
Sarkar, A.; et al. (2007). "Fischer–Tropsch
Synthesis: Characterization Rb Promoted Iron Catalyst".
1903:
Other values are sometimes used to reflect different qualities of iron foils. In all cases any change in
1256:
spectrum gives a negative shift because the change in the effective nuclear charge is negative (owing to
3262:
3134:
2865:
2779:
2239:
1970:
262:
176:
few different ways, as described below. Although these energy shifts are tiny (often less than a micro-
992:
orbitals. The whole spectrum is shifted in either a positive or negative direction depending upon the
2649:
2487:
2308:
2265:
2211:
2077:
2068:
1557:
1471:
1335:
1328:
965:
88:
69:
3190:
2903:
2812:
1950:
1570:
957:
168:
In its most common form, Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy, a solid sample is exposed to a beam of
109:
76:
53:
49:
3238:
3175:
3154:
2970:
2948:
2881:
2792:
2665:
2612:
2519:
Martinho, Marlène; Münck, Eckard (2010). "57Fe Mössbauer
Spectroscopy in Chemistry and Biology".
2456:
2411:
2332:
2281:
2101:
1980:
1960:
184:
of gamma rays for some radionuclides make the small energy shifts correspond to large changes in
181:
2682:
1353: = 3/2 excited state, such as Fe or Sn, the excited state is split into two substates
72:
method is exquisitely sensitive to small changes in the chemical environment of certain nuclei.
1307:-electron density at the nucleus of ferric ions is greater due to a weaker screening effect by
3139:
3066:
3040:
2604:
2596:
2557:
2532:
2499:
2448:
2394:
2324:
2093:
1945:
1586:
641:
2657:
2620:
2588:
2579:
2524:
2491:
2464:
2440:
2403:
2340:
2316:
2273:
2219:
2109:
2085:
1800:
1764:{\displaystyle V={\frac {c\,B_{\text{int}}\,\mu _{\rm {N}}}{E_{\gamma }}}(3g_{n}^{e}+g_{n})}
1028:
246:
30:
1498:
data collection of Mössbauer spectra has also been carried out on iron rich rocks on Mars.
2689:
2243:
2187:
2167:
2147:
2053:
2029:
2006:
1008:
2200:
Walker, L.; Wertheim, G.; Jaccarino, V. (1961). "Interpretation of the Fe Isomer Shift".
2653:
2482:
Chen, Y.-L.; Yang, D.-P. (2007). "Recoilless
Fraction and Second-Order Doppler Effect".
2312:
2269:
2215:
2081:
1955:
1935:
1618:
1604:
1419:
means that transitions between the excited state and ground state can only occur where
985:
961:
288:
189:
84:
80:
2299:
Klingelhöfer, G. (November 2004). "Mössbauer In Situ
Studies of the Surface of Mars".
3290:
2105:
1391:
693:
250:
222:
92:
57:
56:(sometimes written "Moessbauer", German: "Mößbauer") in 1958, consists of the nearly
17:
2669:
2616:
2460:
2415:
2336:
2285:
2089:
1278:
gives a positive shift due to a positive change in overall nuclear charge (owing to
2771:
1788:
858:
783:
723:
278:
254:
196:
177:
45:
2023:
The
Principle of the Mössbauer Effect and Basic Concepts of Mössbauer Spectrometry
2705:
Mössbauer Effect Data Center page, including periodic table of Mössbauer isotopes
126:
than the natural energy of the transition, but in order for a nucleus at rest to
2724:
2160:
2022:
1925:
1545:
1541:
908:
898:
893:
753:
733:
728:
1338:
reflects the interaction between the nuclear energy levels and the surrounding
2661:
2528:
2495:
2407:
2320:
2180:
1626:
1622:
1582:
1491:
1381:
Fig. 4: Mössbauer spectrum and diagram illustrating magnetic splitting in Fe.
918:
818:
808:
793:
758:
718:
703:
524:
519:
380:
270:
226:
185:
2600:
2452:
2328:
2223:
2097:
1526:
1514:
1442:
1428:
changes by 0 or 1 or −1. This gives 6 possible for a 3/2 to 1/2 transition.
1377:
888:
878:
873:
868:
838:
788:
763:
748:
743:
596:
569:
539:
529:
509:
499:
467:
432:
402:
370:
362:
317:
242:
169:
61:
2608:
1999:
1065:
standard allows the Isomer Shift to be reported without correcting for it.
221:
number, positions, and intensities of the dips (also called peaks; dips in
2624:
2468:
2344:
2256:
Nagy, D. L. (1994). "Trends in Mössbauer emission spectroscopy of Co/Fe".
2113:
1633:
1574:
1533:
913:
843:
803:
798:
738:
688:
678:
666:
661:
646:
631:
611:
606:
564:
494:
477:
427:
422:
417:
412:
390:
345:
335:
297:
2554:
Applications of Physical Methods to Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry
1007:
orbitals have a non-zero probability of being found in the nucleus (see
269:
is by far the most common element studied using the technique, although
2444:
2277:
1907:
only affects the isomer shift and not the quadrupole splitting. As the
1843:
1658:
1608:
Fig. 5: A schematic view of a transmission-style Mössbauer spectrometer
1537:
1300:
1275:
1253:
1244:
The physical meaning of this equation can be clarified using examples:
903:
863:
853:
833:
823:
813:
713:
708:
698:
656:
626:
616:
601:
586:
549:
534:
514:
504:
487:
482:
472:
462:
407:
375:
312:
274:
266:
238:
200:
139:
35:
2592:
1665:
To calculate the outer line distance from the six-line iron spectrum:
1592:
Vibrational spectra of Fe-enriched biomolecules can be acquired using
930:
2729:
1654:
1484:
1296:
883:
828:
778:
683:
621:
591:
574:
554:
544:
452:
447:
442:
385:
357:
340:
330:
305:
258:
143:
1603:
1487:
on a particular atom, and the magnetic environment of the sample.
1406: = 3/2 will split into 4 non-degenerate sub-states with
1376:
1322:
1062:
975:
671:
579:
395:
325:
65:
29:
83:
due to differences in nearby electron densities (also called the
1637:
1578:
651:
636:
457:
437:
350:
2744:
2740:
1331:
is a common reference material exhibiting quadrupole splitting.
156:
The recoil fraction of the Mössbauer absorption is analyzed by
2715:
Mössbauer Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool in Scientific Research
2161:
Mössbauer Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool in Scientific Research
1552:
This technique has also been used to observe the second-order
1000:
orbital electrons and the non-zero volume nucleus they orbit.
559:
1034:
Isomer shift can be expressed using the formula below, where
2704:
2236:
1662:
0.0 mm/s; here, shifts are relative to the iron foil.
1871:
is the excited state splitting factor of Fe (-0.15532/(
1785:
is the internal magnetic field of the metallic iron (
1674:
1074:
130:
a gamma ray, the gamma ray's energy must be slightly
122:
a gamma ray, the energy of the gamma ray is slightly
3226:
3163:
3122:
3115:
3077:
3049:
2991:
2941:
2841:
2778:
1763:
1233:
2710:Introduction to Mössbauer Spectroscopy — RSC site
1483:oxidation state changes, the effect of different
1474:. In such a case, the sample is doped with Co.
1892:By substituting the above values one would get
1632:A miniature Mössbauer Spectrometer, named (MB)
1513:), these catalysts transform into a mixture of
1831:is the ground state nuclear splitting factor (
1549:as an isomer shift in the Mössbauer spectrum.
1417:selection rule for magnetic dipole transitions
1038:is a nuclear constant, the difference between
114:Just as a gun recoils when a bullet is fired,
2756:
2141:Introduction to Mössbauer Spectroscopy Part 2
2047:Introduction to Mössbauer Spectroscopy Part 1
1824:is the excitation energy (14.412497(3) keV),
8:
2828:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
1544:, all the Sb ions in an antimony-containing
1505:. While initially consisting of hematite (Fe
1133:
1115:
1109:
1091:
1470:sites in amorphous Co-Mo catalysts used in
3119:
2823:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
2763:
2749:
2741:
1594:nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
1560:, because of very high energy resolution.
283:
158:nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
3196:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
2876:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
2159:P. Gütlich, J. M. Greneche, F. J. Berry;
2017:
2015:
1752:
1739:
1734:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1217:
1198:
1193:
1177:
1158:
1153:
1127:
1122:
1103:
1098:
1075:
1073:
60:-free emission and absorption of nuclear
2964:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
2360:"Mössbauer spectroscopy in astrobiology"
1394:in atomic spectra). A nucleus with spin
1299:ions (Fe) have lower isomer shifts than
1061:impact of this effect is small, and the
984:Isomer shift (δ) (also sometimes called
1991:
98:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
7:
3269:
2484:Mössbauer Effect in Lattice Dynamics
1536:) during the selective oxidation of
968:, and hyperfine magnetic splitting.
2432:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
34:A Mössbauer absorption spectrum of
1705:
1190:
1150:
25:
3181:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
2933:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
1349:In the case of an isotope with a
253:of Fe, which in turn decays to a
3268:
3257:
3256:
3186:Dual-polarization interferometry
1636:, was used by the two rovers in
3201:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
3176:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
3171:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
2374:from the original on 2018-01-08
1465:Mössbauer emission spectroscopy
3130:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
2818:Vibrational circular dichroism
2135:Mössbauer Spectroscopy Group,
2041:Mössbauer Spectroscopy Group,
1758:
1724:
1653:foil is −0.1 mm/s (for a
1625:that filters out non-parallel
1214:
1210:
1204:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1146:
1:
2928:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
2833:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
1976:Total absorption spectroscopy
1966:Perturbed angular correlation
1941:Liquid scintillation counting
951:Analysis of Mössbauer spectra
281:are also frequently studied.
52:. This effect, discovered by
3062:Inelastic neutron scattering
2683:Mössbauer Effect Data Center
2521:Physical Inorganic Chemistry
2358:Schröder, Christian (2015).
2237:Mössbauer Effect Data Center
1386:Magnetic hyperfine splitting
1023:electrons may influence the
291:of Mössbauer-active elements
3123:Data collection, processing
2999:Photoelectron/photoemission
1921:Alpha-particle spectroscopy
1027:electron density through a
233:Selecting a suitable source
3318:
3208:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
3150:Time-resolved spectroscopy
2190:Accessed December 20, 2017
2137:Royal Society of Chemistry
2043:Royal Society of Chemistry
934:Mössbauer-active elements
929:
366:
321:
301:
286:
107:
75:Typically, three types of
3252:
3234:Astronomical spectroscopy
3213:Photothermal spectroscopy
2529:10.1002/9780470602539.ch2
2496:10.1002/9783527611423.ch5
2408:10.1007/s10562-007-9288-1
2321:10.1007/S10751-005-9019-1
2090:10.1088/0022-3727/4/6/316
1648:Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy
1554:transverse Doppler effect
1503:Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
1461:structure of a material.
940:Unsuitable for Mössbauer
939:
936:
933:
849:
774:
2224:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.98
2181:Mössbauer Effect website
2000:Mössbauer Effect website
180:), the extremely narrow
116:conservation of momentum
3218:Pump–probe spectroscopy
3107:Ferromagnetic resonance
2899:Laser-induced breakdown
2662:10.1023/A:1025444209059
2203:Physical Review Letters
1778:is the speed of light,
1600:Mössbauer spectrometers
1340:electric field gradient
203:, for example, may be ±
48:technique based on the
27:Spectroscopic technique
3297:Mössbauer spectroscopy
2914:Glow-discharge optical
2894:Raman optical activity
2808:Rotational–vibrational
2641:Hyperfine Interactions
2301:Hyperfine Interactions
2258:Hyperfine Interactions
2170:Accessed June 3, 2010.
2150:Accessed June 3, 2010.
2009:Accessed June 3, 2010.
1931:Gamma ray spectrometer
1765:
1642:Mars Exploration Rover
1614:Mössbauer spectrometer
1609:
1564:Bioinorganic chemistry
1382:
1362: = ±1/2 and
1332:
1235:
981:
87:in older literature),
42:Mössbauer spectroscopy
38:
3302:Scientific techniques
3135:Hyperspectral imaging
2488:John Wiley & Sons
2056:Accessed June 3, 2010
1971:Scintillation counter
1766:
1607:
1441:crystal structure of
1380:
1326:
1274:-electron density in
1252:-electron density in
1248:While an increase in
1236:
979:
263:signal-to-noise ratio
151:Lamb–Mössbauer factor
135:significant overlap.
79:may be observed: the
33:
18:Mößbauer spectroscopy
2887:Coherent anti-Stokes
2842:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
2069:Journal of Physics D
1672:
1571:iron-sulfur proteins
1558:theory of relativity
1472:hydrodesulfurization
1336:Quadrupole splitting
1329:Sodium nitroprusside
1319:Quadrupole splitting
1072:
966:quadrupole splitting
958:nuclear interactions
89:quadrupole splitting
77:nuclear interactions
70:nuclear spectroscopy
3191:Hadron spectroscopy
2981:Conversion electron
2942:X-ray and Gamma ray
2849:Ultraviolet–visible
2654:2002HyInt.144..371K
2364:Spectroscopy Europe
2313:2004HyInt.158..117K
2270:1994HyInt..83....1N
2216:1961PhRvL...6...98W
2082:1971JPhD....4..835L
1744:
1203:
1163:
1132:
1108:
960:that are observed:
182:spectral linewidths
3239:Force spectroscopy
3164:Measured phenomena
3155:Video spectroscopy
2859:Cold vapour atomic
2688:2015-02-27 at the
2523:. pp. 39–67.
2445:10.1007/BF01161115
2278:10.1007/BF02074255
2242:2014-05-20 at the
2186:2021-09-27 at the
2166:2011-11-29 at the
2146:2011-06-08 at the
2052:2017-10-12 at the
2028:2011-11-29 at the
2005:2021-12-02 at the
1981:X-ray spectroscopy
1961:Pandemonium effect
1761:
1730:
1610:
1589:by iron proteins.
1436:Combination of all
1383:
1333:
1303:ions (Fe) because
1270:), an increase in
1231:
1189:
1149:
1118:
1094:
1003:Only electrons in
982:
937:Gamma-ray sources
245:, which decays by
138:Nuclei in a solid
39:
3284:
3283:
3248:
3247:
3140:Spectrophotometry
3067:Neutron spin echo
3041:Beta spectroscopy
2954:Energy-dispersive
2593:10.1021/CR020628N
2563:978-0-470-03217-6
2505:978-3-527-61142-3
2395:Catalysis Letters
1946:Mass spectrometry
1898:10.6258 mm/s
1722:
1695:
1587:oxygen activation
1556:predicted by the
1078:
948:
947:
944:
943:
68:. The consequent
16:(Redirected from
3309:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3120:
3031:phenomenological
2780:Vibrational (IR)
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2648:(1–4): 371–379.
2635:
2629:
2628:
2580:Chemical Reviews
2574:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2307:(1–4): 117–124.
2296:
2290:
2289:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2197:
2191:
2177:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2133:
2118:
2117:
2063:
2057:
2039:
2033:
2021:Gütlich, J. M.;
2019:
2010:
1996:
1951:Mössbauer effect
1899:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1801:nuclear magneton
1791:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1738:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1682:
1629:and a detector.
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1202:
1197:
1182:
1181:
1162:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1107:
1102:
1079:
1076:
1029:screening effect
931:
284:
247:electron capture
216:
215:
211:
206:
110:Mössbauer effect
54:Rudolf Mössbauer
50:Mössbauer effect
21:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3244:
3222:
3159:
3111:
3073:
3045:
2987:
2937:
2837:
2798:Resonance Raman
2774:
2769:
2701:
2696:
2690:Wayback Machine
2681:
2677:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2244:Wayback Machine
2235:
2231:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2188:Wayback Machine
2178:
2174:
2168:Wayback Machine
2158:
2154:
2148:Wayback Machine
2139:(RSC) website,
2134:
2121:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2054:Wayback Machine
2045:(RSC) website,
2040:
2036:
2030:Wayback Machine
2020:
2013:
2007:Wayback Machine
1997:
1993:
1989:
1917:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1786:
1784:
1748:
1712:
1699:
1688:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1602:
1566:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1480:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1427:
1414:
1388:
1370:
1361:
1321:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1213:
1173:
1145:
1141:
1090:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1009:atomic orbitals
974:
953:
292:
235:
214:48.075 neV
213:
209:
208:
204:
170:gamma radiation
166:
112:
106:
104:Basic principle
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3266:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3014:Angle-resolved
3011:
3006:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2699:External links
2697:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2630:
2587:(2): 939–986.
2569:
2562:
2544:
2537:
2511:
2504:
2474:
2439:(2): 295–299.
2421:
2384:
2350:
2291:
2248:
2229:
2192:
2172:
2152:
2119:
2076:(6): 835–839.
2058:
2034:
2011:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Nuclear isomer
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Isomeric shift
1933:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1866:
1828:
1821:
1796:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1649:
1646:
1619:Doppler effect
1601:
1598:
1581:including the
1565:
1562:
1525:) and several
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1423:
1410:
1387:
1384:
1366:
1357:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1267:
1260:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
986:chemical shift
973:
970:
962:isomeric shift
952:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
935:
927:
926:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
772:
771:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
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619:
614:
609:
604:
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594:
589:
583:
582:
577:
572:
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562:
557:
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547:
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532:
527:
522:
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502:
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491:
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460:
455:
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435:
430:
425:
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410:
405:
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393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
365:
360:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
320:
315:
309:
308:
303:
300:
294:
293:
289:Periodic table
287:
234:
231:
165:
164:Typical method
162:
108:Main article:
105:
102:
85:chemical shift
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Near-infrared
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2538:9780470602539
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:(1–2): 1–11.
2401:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896: =
1895:
1890:
1879: =
1878:
1874:
1862:
1849: =
1848:
1845:
1841:
1827:
1820:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1527:iron carbides
1516:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:splits into 2
1397:
1393:
1392:Zeeman effect
1385:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
978:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
950:
932:
928:
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252:
251:excited state
248:
244:
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232:
230:
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225:are peaks in
224:
223:transmittance
218:
202:
198:
193:
191:
190:Doppler shift
187:
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59:
55:
51:
47:
46:spectroscopic
43:
37:
32:
19:
3273:
3261:
3241:(a misnomer)
3227:Applications
3145:Time-stretch
3036:paramagnetic
2975:
2854:Fluorescence
2772:Spectroscopy
2678:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2520:
2514:
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2376:. Retrieved
2367:
2363:
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1815:10 eV/T
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1779:
1775:
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1004:
1002:
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993:
989:
983:
972:Isomer shift
954:
255:ground state
241:consists of
236:
219:
205:11 mm/s
197:linear motor
194:
178:electronvolt
174:
167:
155:
148:
137:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
81:isomer shift
74:
41:
40:
2813:Vibrational
2264:(1): 1–19.
1926:Gamma probe
1583:cytochromes
1546:tin dioxide
1542:calcination
210:1 mm/s
93:narrow line
3291:Categories
3019:Two-photon
2921:absorption
2803:Rotational
2692:20.08.2013
2378:2018-01-08
1987:References
1644:missions.
1627:gamma rays
1623:collimator
1492:Moon rocks
1311:electrons.
227:absorbance
186:absorbance
62:gamma rays
3097:Terahertz
3078:Radiowave
2976:Mössbauer
2625:Q35660894
2601:0009-2665
2469:Q30054185
2453:1074-1542
2370:(2): 10.
2345:Q29042404
2329:0304-3843
2210:(3): 98.
2114:Q56601097
2106:122392089
2098:0022-3727
1875:), where
1842:), where
1718:γ
1701:μ
1540:. During
1515:magnetite
1443:magnetite
1295:Oxidised
1191:Ψ
1184:−
1151:Ψ
1134:⟩
1116:⟨
1113:−
1110:⟩
1092:⟨
3263:Category
2992:Electron
2959:Emission
2909:emission
2866:Vibronic
2686:Archived
2670:94640811
2621:Wikidata
2617:33300052
2609:14871146
2465:Wikidata
2461:95821984
2416:94596943
2372:Archived
2341:Wikidata
2337:97528576
2286:95685404
2240:Archived
2184:Archived
2164:Archived
2144:Archived
2110:Wikidata
2050:Archived
2026:Archived
2003:Archived
1915:See also
1787:33
1634:MIMOS II
1575:ferritin
1327:Fig. 3:
3275:Commons
3102:ESR/EPR
3050:Nucleon
2878:(REMPI)
2650:Bibcode
2309:Bibcode
2266:Bibcode
2212:Bibcode
2078:Bibcode
1884:⁄
1854:⁄
1844:Isospin
1799:is the
1538:olefins
1496:In situ
1485:ligands
1301:ferrous
925:
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140:crystal
132:greater
3116:Others
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1774:where
1577:, and
1297:ferric
1019:, and
277:, and
259:parent
249:to an
128:absorb
66:solids
58:recoil
3057:Alpha
3026:Auger
3004:X-ray
2971:Gamma
2949:X-ray
2882:Raman
2793:Raman
2788:FT-IR
2736:Mainz
2666:S2CID
2613:S2CID
2457:S2CID
2412:S2CID
2333:S2CID
2282:S2CID
2102:S2CID
1909:IBAME
1833:0.090
1805:3.152
1579:hemes
1285:>
1263:<
1063:IUPAC
120:emits
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2605:PMID
2597:ISSN
2558:ISBN
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2449:ISSN
2325:ISSN
2094:ISSN
1810:2605
1638:NASA
1621:, a
1056:and
1045:and
124:less
3085:NMR
2658:doi
2646:144
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2437:16
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2362:.
2339:.
2331:.
2323:.
2315:.
2303:.
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2262:83
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854:Th
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804:Eu
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759:Ts
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729:Rg
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672:Rn
667:At
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647:Tl
642:Hg
637:Au
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627:Ir
622:Os
617:Re
607:Ta
602:Hf
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570:Te
565:Sb
560:Sn
555:In
550:Cd
545:Ag
540:Pd
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525:Tc
520:Mo
515:Nb
510:Zr
500:Sr
495:Rb
488:Kr
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478:Se
473:As
468:Ge
463:Ga
458:Zn
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438:Fe
433:Mn
428:Cr
418:Ti
413:Sc
408:Ca
396:Ar
391:Cl
376:Si
371:Al
363:Mg
358:Na
351:Ne
318:Be
313:Li
306:He
279:Sb
275:Sn
273:,
267:Fe
243:Co
239:Fe
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