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surgically meaning that continued pregnancies are incredibly rare after use of misoprostol. Studies show that the use of misoprostol during pregnancy increases the risk of developing Möbius syndrome by a factor of 30. While this is a dramatic increase in risk, the incidence of Möbius syndrome without misoprostol use is estimated at one in 50,000 to 100,000 births (making the incidence of Möbius syndrome with misoprostol use, less than one in 1,000 births). The use of
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may cause the upper front teeth to flare out and become more prone to fracture if accidentally hit. Interceptive orthodontics has an important role in this situation. Appliances that expand the upper arch tend to bring the front teeth back into a more-normal position. Some appliances can even help allow the front teeth to close to normal in an open-bite situation. The mouth and lips may tend to get dry with the Möbius patient.
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conversations. Individuals who are familiar with Möbius patients such as family or friends can recognize other signals of emotion such as body language, to the point that they sometimes report forgetting that the person has facial paralysis. People with Möbius syndrome are often adept at compensating for a lack of expression by using body language, posture, and vocal tone to convey emotion.
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After the last primary tooth is lost, usually around the age of twelve, final orthodontic treatment can be initiated. A patient that has not been able to close or swallow well probably will have an open bite, deficient lower-jaw growth, a narrow archform with crowded teeth, and upper anterior flaring
350:
may be needed to prevent the shifting of teeth. Interceptive orthodontic treatment can be initiated at this stage of development to help with crowding or to help relate the upper and lower jaws. Consistent with a high palate is a narrow arch shape of the upper teeth as they line up in the mouth. This
243:
by women during pregnancy has been linked to the development of Möbius syndrome in some cases. Misoprostol is used to induce abortions in Brazil and
Argentina as well as in the United States. Misoprostol abortions are successful 98-99% of the time, with failed procedures generally repeated or managed
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Children with Möbius syndrome may have delayed speech because of paralysis of muscles that move the lips, soft palate and tongue root. However, with speech therapy, most people with Möbius syndrome can develop understandable speech. Möbius syndrome has been associated with increased occurrence of the
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There is no single course of medical treatment or cure for Möbius syndrome. Treatment is supportive and in accordance with symptoms. If they have difficulty nursing, infants may require feeding tubes or special bottles to maintain sufficient nutrition. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy can
188:
Möbius syndrome does not prevent individuals from experiencing personal and professional success. Due to the importance of facial expression and smiling in social interaction, the inability to form either can lead to individuals with Möbius being perceived as unhappy, unfriendly or uninterested in
105:
and cannot close their eyes or form facial expressions. Limb and chest wall abnormalities sometimes occur with the syndrome. People with Möbius syndrome have normal intelligence, although their lack of facial expression is sometimes incorrectly taken to be due to dullness or unfriendliness. It is
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by the media, muscle transfers grafted from the thigh to the corners of the mouth can be performed to provide the ability to smile. Although "smile surgery" may provide the ability to smile, the procedure is complex and can take twelve hours for each side of the face. Also, the surgery cannot be
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The causes of Möbius syndrome are poorly understood. It is thought to result from a vascular disruption (temporary loss of blood flow) in the brain during prenatal development. There can be many reasons for vascular disruption leading to Möbius syndrome. Most cases do not appear to be genetic.
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It is estimated that there are, on average, 2 to 20 cases of Möbius syndrome per million births. Although its rarity often leads to late diagnosis, infants with this disorder can be identified at birth by a "mask-like" lack of expression that is detectable during crying or laughing and by an
297:. The palate may be arched excessively (a high palate), because the tongue does not form a suction that would normally shape the palate down further. The palate may have a groove (this may be partially due to intubation early on if it is for an extended period of time) or may be
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Diagnosis is typically made by the physical characteristics and symptoms, patient history and a thorough clinical evaluation. There is no specific diagnostic test that confirms Möbius syndrome. Some specialised tests may be carried out to rule out other causes of
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improve motor skills and coordination and can lead to better control of speaking and eating abilities. Often, frequent lubrication with eye drops is sufficient to combat dry eye that results from impaired blinking. Surgery can correct crossed eyes, protect the
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333:). The front teeth may not touch when the child closes down because the back teeth have overerrupted or because of incomplete formation of the maxilla. This condition is called an anterior open bite and has facial/skeletal implications.
110:, a German neurologist who first described the syndrome in 1888. In 1994, the "Moebius Syndrome Foundation" was founded, and later that year the first "Moebius Syndrome Foundation Conference" was held in Los Angeles.
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Between age 5 and 7, most children start losing their primary teeth. Occasionally, some primary teeth are slow to exfoliate (fall out), and the dentist may want to remove a primary tooth early to prevent
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People with Möbius syndrome are born with facial paralysis and the inability to move their eyes laterally. Often, their upper lip is retracted due to muscle shrinkage. Occasionally, cranial nerves
325:) that makes the teeth more vulnerable to caries (cavities). There may be missing teeth eruptions. If the infant is not closing down properly, the lower jaws become more noticeably deficient (
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Puvabanditsin S, Garrow E, Augustin G, Titapiwatanakul R, Kuniyoshi KM (April 2005). "Poland-Möbius syndrome and cocaine abuse: a relook at vascular etiology".
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KuklĂk M (2000). "Poland-Möbius syndrome and disruption spectrum affecting the face and extremities: a review paper and presentation of five cases".
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A child with oromandibular-limb hypogenesis-Möbius syndrome. Notice the expressionless face (due to bilateral VII nerve palsies) and missing fingers.
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problems. Likewise, premature loss of primary teeth may create orthodontic problems later on. When a tooth is lost prematurely, removable or fixed
1498:
1493:
1219:
Verzijl HT, van der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW (August 2003). "Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencephalic maldevelopment".
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525:
521:, edited by Martin H. Greenberg, Jon L. Lellenberg and Carol-Lynn Waugh (Berkley Prime Crime, 1996), a missing person has Möbius syndrome.
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In “The
Adventure of the Man Who Never Laughed”, a story written by John H. Watson, M.D./discovered by J. N. Williamson, and collected in
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Nishikawa M, Ichiyama T, Hayashi T, Furukawa S (February 1997). "Möbius-like syndrome associated with a 1;2 chromosome translocation".
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However, genetic links have been found in a few families. Some maternal trauma may result in impaired or interrupted blood flow (
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313:(baby) teeth generally start coming in by 6 months of age, and all 20 teeth may be in by two and a half years of age. The
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When a child is born with Möbius syndrome, there may be difficulty in closing the mouth or swallowing. The tongue may
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and the inability to move the eyes from side to side. Most people with Möbius syndrome are born with complete facial
528:(season 1, episode 17, "Smile" released March 19, 2018) patient Gretchen seeks elective surgery for Möbius syndrome.
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considered a "cure" for Möbius syndrome, because it does not improve the ability to form other facial expressions.
261:
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810:
Bogart, Kathleen (2014). ""People are all about appearances": A Focus group of teenagers with
Moebius syndrome".
689:
Meyerson MD, Foushee DR (June 1978). "Speech, language and hearing in
Moebius syndrome: a study of 22 patients".
285:(low muscle tone). The tongue may be larger or smaller than average. There may be low tone of the muscles of the
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898:"Compensatory expressive behavior for facial paralysis: Adaptation to congenital or acquired disability"
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592:"Craniocervical junction malformation in a child with Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis-Möbius syndrome"
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Pastuszak AP, Schuller L, Speck-Martins CF, Coelho KE, Cordello SM, Vargas F, et al. (1998).
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Goldblatt D, Williams D (January 1986). ""I an sniling!": Möbius' syndrome inside and out".
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220:) to a developing fetus. Some cases are associated with reciprocal translocation between
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Briegel W (August 2006). "Neuropsychiatric findings of Möbius sequence — a review".
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Meyerson MD (May 2001). "Resiliency and success in adults with
Moebius syndrome".
732:
Gillberg C, Steffenburg S (March 1989). "Autistic behaviour in
Moebius syndrome".
546:
Möbius, P. J. (1888). "Ueber angeborene doppelseitige
Abducens-Facialis-Lahmung".
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Al Kaissi A, Grill F, Safi H, Ben
Ghachem M, Ben Chehida F, Klaushofer K (2007).
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may also be linked to the development of Möbius syndrome. The use of the drugs
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248:(which also has vascular effects) has been implicated in Möbius syndrome.
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1002:"Use of Misoprostol during pregnancy and Möbius' syndrome in infants"
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1169:"Moebius Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)"
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timing varies greatly. There may be an incomplete formation of the
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Literature and media with mentions of Möbius syndrome include:
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Other symptoms that sometimes occur with Möbius syndrome are:
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Bogart, Kathleen; Linda Tickle-Degnen; Nalini Ambady (2012).
789:
10.1597/1545-1569(2001)038<0231:RASIAW>2.0.CO;2
961:"Taking drugs during pregnancy. How safe are the unsafe?"
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by Eliza Wyatt and
Christian Leffler has Möbius syndrome.
463:, and improve limb and jaw deformities. Sometimes called
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Möbius syndrome results from the underdevelopment of the
1416:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Genetic links to 13q12.2 and 1p22 have been suggested.
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Chilean writer Ana MarĂa Haebig has Moebius Syndrome
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481:(palsy) of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves.
1173:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
1078:"Deletion of chromosome 13 in Moebius syndrome"
514:), also known as Chanel 8, has Möbius syndrome.
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8:
165:Difficulty in breathing and/or in swallowing
1076:Slee JJ, Smart RD, Viljoen DL (June 1991).
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477:inability to suck while nursing because of
422:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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442:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:scan showing a markedly underdeveloped (
1908:Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene
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1918:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
171:resulting from difficulty in blinking
7:
548:MĂĽnchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
420:adding citations to reliable sources
1055:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.11.011
1233:10.1212/01.wnl.0000076484.91275.cd
1139:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02433.x
746:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11076.x
703:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1978.tb15225.x
27:Facial muscle paralysis from birth
25:
1692:Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
946:"CKS is only available in the UK"
660:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00649.x
392:
364:(jaw) surgery may be indicated.
51:
959:Koren G, Schuler L (May 2001).
1499:Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome
1:
1494:Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome
493:The protagonist of the novel
1732:Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome
1702:Benign symmetric lipomatosis
812:Journal of Health Psychology
184:Social and lifestyle effects
1903:Syndromes affecting the eye
1822:Branchio-oto-renal syndrome
1697:Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
1019:10.1056/NEJM199806253382604
570:Moebius Syndrome Foundation
1934:
1794:Zimmermann–Laband syndrome
1746:Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl
1707:Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
1657:Caudal regression syndrome
1632:Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
1594:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
1564:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
867:10.1177/088307388600100114
262:magnetic resonance imaging
151:Chest-wall abnormalities (
97:which is characterized by
1642:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
902:Rehabilitation Psychology
777:Cleft Palate Craniofac. J
59:
50:
1712:Neurofibromatosis type I
1599:Snyder–Robinson syndrome
1549:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1489:Saethre–Chotzen syndrome
824:10.1177/1359105313517277
1622:Adducted thumb syndrome
1584:Silver–Russell syndrome
519:Holmes For The Holidays
512:Riley McKenna Weinstein
301:(incompletely formed).
147:missing fingers or toes
1898:Neurological disorders
1758:Laurence–Moon syndrome
1554:Aarskog–Scott syndrome
1509:Baller–Gerold syndrome
1452:Congenital abnormality
337:Transitional dentition
269:
123:
1753:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
1637:Nail–patella syndrome
1529:Pierre Robin sequence
1469:Acrocephalosyndactyly
609:10.1186/1750-1172-2-2
566:"Mission and History"
321:on the teeth (enamel
259:
224:or maternal illness.
216:) or lack of oxygen (
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95:neurological disorder
93:is a rare congenital
1684:Overgrowth syndromes
1094:10.1136/jmg.28.6.413
691:Dev Med Child Neurol
416:improve this section
252:Oral/dental concerns
1672:VACTERL association
734:Acta Paediatr Scand
596:Orphanet J Rare Dis
485:Society and culture
355:Permanent dentition
141:Limb abnormalities—
1627:Holt–Oram syndrome
1519:Goldenhar syndrome
1479:Carpenter syndrome
1364:External resources
510:, Daira Janessen (
295:masticatory system
270:
124:
114:Signs and symptoms
108:Paul Julius Möbius
1885:
1884:
1782:Feingold syndrome
1569:Dubowitz syndrome
1559:Cockayne syndrome
1484:Pfeiffer syndrome
1398:
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965:Can Fam Physician
818:(12): 1579–1588.
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305:Primary dentition
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30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1866:Donohue syndrome
1842:Timothy syndrome
1722:Proteus syndrome
1717:Perlman syndrome
1579:Robinow syndrome
1524:Moebius syndrome
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1767:Combined/other,
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1737:Weaver syndrome
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1604:Turner syndrome
1589:Seckel syndrome
1574:Noonan syndrome
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1565:
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1546:
1544:
1542:
1541:Short stature
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1527:
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1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:(3): 327–33.
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1200:(3): 95–103.
1199:
1195:
1188:
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1174:
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1082:J. Med. Genet
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747:
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728:
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697:(3): 357–65.
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669:
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507:Scream Queens
503:
502:second season
499:
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469:
466:
465:smile surgery
462:
458:
446:
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432:November 2020
425:
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406:
401:This section
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19:
1859:
1847:
1831:
1815:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1647:Gastrulation
1523:
1461:Craniofacial
1382:
1371:
1347:
1336:
1325:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1049:(4): 285–7.
1046:
1042:
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1009:
1006:N Engl J Med
1005:
995:
968:
964:
954:
940:
908:(1): 43–51.
905:
901:
891:
858:
854:
848:
815:
811:
805:
783:(3): 231–5.
780:
776:
770:
740:(2): 314–6.
737:
733:
727:
694:
690:
684:
651:
647:
599:
595:
585:
573:. Retrieved
569:
560:
551:
547:
541:
518:
505:
494:
488:
475:
472:Epidemiology
453:
438:
429:
414:Please help
402:
378:facial palsy
374:
366:
362:Orthognathic
358:
340:
331:retrognathia
327:micrognathia
308:
276:
226:
210:
196:
193:Pathogenesis
187:
176:symptoms of
174:
143:clubbed feet
136:
125:
90:
86:
85:
44:
1769:known locus
1667:Sirenomelia
1127:Clin. Genet
861:(1): 71–8.
654:(2): 91–7.
648:Clin. Genet
461:tarsorraphy
344:orthodontic
287:soft palate
279:fasciculate
266:hypoplastic
241:thalidomide
237:misoprostol
227:The use of
222:chromosomes
41:Other names
1892:Categories
1662:Ectromelia
1384:Patient UK
1349:DiseasesDB
1178:2018-03-16
533:References
360:of teeth.
323:hypoplasia
293:, and the
160:strabismus
106:named for
1871:Multiple
1454:syndromes
1378:neuro/612
1373:eMedicine
1221:Neurology
971:: 951–3.
575:29 August
403:does not
384:Treatment
371:Diagnosis
283:hypotonic
260:Sagittal
233:pregnancy
103:paralysis
66:Specialty
1651:mesoderm
1514:Cyclopia
1249:25077109
1241:12913192
1206:11059047
1155:13234569
1063:15797189
987:11398725
932:22369116
883:41054346
840:44798802
832:24423573
797:11386430
719:37193422
668:16879188
628:17210070
315:eruption
273:Neonatal
268:) tongue
214:ischemia
1414:at the
1343:D020331
1291:LD2F.1Y
1147:9112001
1112:1870098
1103:1016909
1028:9637807
978:2018504
923:4576912
875:3298396
762:8838366
754:2929356
676:9916694
619:1774563
554:: 91–4.
500:In the
495:Painted
479:paresis
424:removed
409:sources
348:spacers
311:primary
291:pharynx
246:cocaine
218:hypoxia
45:Moebius
1505:Other
1407:Curlie
1332:157900
1247:
1239:
1204:
1153:
1145:
1110:
1100:
1061:
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930:
920:
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838:
830:
795:
760:
752:
717:
711:208901
709:
674:
666:
626:
616:
457:cornea
319:enamel
178:autism
73:
1614:Limbs
1354:31978
1321:352.6
1306:Q87.0
1245:S2CID
1151:S2CID
879:S2CID
836:S2CID
758:S2CID
715:S2CID
672:S2CID
602:: 2.
299:cleft
229:drugs
1338:MeSH
1327:OMIM
1316:9-CM
1237:PMID
1202:PMID
1143:PMID
1108:PMID
1059:PMID
1024:PMID
983:PMID
928:PMID
871:PMID
828:PMID
793:PMID
750:PMID
707:PMID
664:PMID
624:PMID
577:2021
459:via
407:any
405:cite
309:The
201:and
132:VIII
130:and
1405:at
1312:ICD
1297:ICD
1282:ICD
1229:doi
1135:doi
1098:PMC
1090:doi
1051:doi
1014:doi
1010:338
973:PMC
918:PMC
910:doi
863:doi
820:doi
785:doi
742:doi
699:doi
656:doi
614:PMC
604:doi
524:In
504:of
418:by
329:or
239:or
203:VII
89:or
1894::
1861:19
1849:15
1840:,
1833:12
1824:,
1805:13
1653::
1387::
1376::
1352::
1341::
1330::
1319::
1304::
1301:10
1289::
1286:11
1243:.
1235:.
1225:61
1223:.
1198:42
1196:.
1171:.
1149:.
1141:.
1131:51
1129:.
1106:.
1096:.
1086:28
1084:.
1080:.
1057:.
1047:32
1045:.
1022:.
1008:.
1004:.
981:.
969:47
967:.
963:.
926:.
916:.
906:57
904:.
900:.
877:.
869:.
857:.
834:.
826:.
816:20
814:.
791:.
781:38
779:.
756:.
748:.
738:78
736:.
713:.
705:.
695:20
693:.
670:.
662:.
652:70
650:.
636:^
622:.
612:.
598:.
594:.
568:.
552:35
550:.
380:.
289:,
208:.
199:VI
180:.
145:,
1868:)
1864:(
1856:)
1852:(
1844:)
1836:(
1828:)
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1817:8
1812:)
1808:(
1803:/
1801:4
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1274:D
1251:.
1231::
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1181:.
1157:.
1137::
1114:.
1092::
1065:.
1053::
1030:.
1016::
989:.
948:.
934:.
912::
885:.
865::
859:1
842:.
822::
799:.
787::
764:.
744::
721:.
701::
678:.
658::
630:.
606::
600:2
579:.
445:)
439:(
434:)
430:(
426:.
412:.
162:)
155:)
128:V
20:)
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