Mount St. Helens - Knowledge (XXG)

1899: 1430: 1358: 1586: 1639: 1771:. Larger species saw greater mortality rates, with each of the area's large mammals — mountain goats, elk, deer, black bear and cougars — completely decimated. Eventually, each of the larger mammals migrated back into the area. Without access to adequate forage, many elk starved to death in the winters in the following decades. By 2014, the mountain goat population had grown back to 65 members. In 2015, there were 152. Mountain goats are culturally significant to the Cowlitz Tribe, whose members historically harvested shed tufts of goat wool left behind on the mountain, and the tribe has played a role in monitoring the population, which continues to recover without human intervention. 503: 1983: 1780: 1135: 666:, it was formerly known as the Tulutson Glacier. Shadowed by the crater walls and fed by heavy snowfall and repeated snow avalanches, it grew rapidly (14 feet (4.3 m) per year in thickness). By 2004, it covered about 0.36 square miles (0.93 km), and was divided by the dome into a western and eastern lobe. Typically, by late summer, the glacier looks dark from rockfall from the crater walls and ash from eruptions. As of 2006, the ice had an average thickness of 300 feet (100 m) and a maximum of 650 feet (200 m), nearly as deep as the much older and larger 53: 2101: 1450: 2181: 244: 251: 6402: 2317: 1672: 5575: 1314: 6390: 6414: 1887: 686:

eastern lobe. Due to the advance, two lobes of the glacier joined in late May 2008 and thus the glacier completely surrounds the lava domes. In addition, since 2004, new glaciers have formed on the crater wall above Crater Glacier feeding rock and ice onto its surface below; there are two rock glaciers to the north of the eastern lobe of Crater Glacier.

2255:. The peak is climbed year-round, although it is more often climbed from late spring through early fall. All routes include sections of steep, rugged terrain. A permit system has been in place for climbers since 1987. A climbing permit is required year-round for anyone who will be above 4,800 feet (1,500 m) on the slopes of Mount St. Helens. 3152: 3124: 1543:(2.79 km) of material. The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. Helens' height by about 1,300 feet (400 m) and left a crater 1.2 to 1.8 miles (2 to 3 km) wide and 2,084 feet (635 m) deep, with its north end open in a huge breach. The eruption killed 57 people, nearly 7,000 big-game animals ( 1349:

produce a dome, then erupted violently at least twice producing a small volume of tephra, directed-blast deposits, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. East Dome, a small hypersthene-homblende dacite dome on the east slope of the volcano, was likely formed around the Sugar Bowl period. Formation of East Dome was preceded by an explosive eruption.

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is known to have occurred. Ash and pumice piled 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of the volcano to a thickness of 3 feet (0.9 m); 50 miles (80 km) away, the ash was 2 inches (5 cm) deep. Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Helens' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system.

1760:. Biological legacies are the survivors of catastrophic disturbance; they can either be alive (e.g., plants that survive ashfall or pyroclastic flow), organic debris, or biotic patterns remaining from before the disturbance. These biological legacies highly influence the reestablishment of the post-disturbance ecology. 1629:

On January 16, 2008, steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome. Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004. Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks, but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low. By the end of January, the eruption

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Roughly 700 years of dormancy were broken in about 1480, when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt, beginning the Kalama period. The 1480 eruption was several times larger than that of May 18, 1980. In 1482, another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume

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The early eruptive stages of Mount St. Helens are known as the "Ape Canyon Stage" (around 40,000–35,000 years ago), the "Cougar Stage" (ca. 20,000–18,000 years ago), and the "Swift Creek Stage" (roughly 13,000–8,000 years ago). The modern period, since about 2500 BC, is called the

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recounted a very likely apocryphal story of an Indigenous man who badly burned his foot and leg in lava or hot ash while hunting for deer. The story went that the injured man sought treatment at Fort Vancouver, but the contemporary fort commissary steward, Napoleon McGilvery, disclaimed knowledge of

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Another feature to emerge from the dome was called the "fin" or "slab". Approximately half the size of a football field, the large, cooled volcanic rock was being forced upward as quickly as 6 ft (2 m) per day. In mid-June 2006, the slab was crumbling in frequent rockfalls, although it was

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caused by movement of the crater floor. The new domes have almost separated the Crater Glacier into an eastern and western lobe. Despite the volcanic activity, the termini of the glacier have still advanced, with a slight advance on the western lobe and a more considerable advance on the more shaded

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revived somewhat post-eruption. The peak rose more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above its base, where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges. The mountain is 6 miles (9.7 km) across at its base, which is at an elevation of 4,400 feet (1,300 m) on the northeastern side and 4,000 feet

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Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes. It formed only within the past 40,000 years, and the summit cone present before its 1980 eruption began rising about 2,200 years ago. The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the

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created watercolors of the gently smoking mountain. Warre's work showed erupting material from a vent about a third of the way down from the summit on the mountain's west or northwest side (possibly at Goat Rocks), and one of Kane's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location.

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When the two sons of the chief of the gods fell in love with a beautiful maiden named Loowit, she could not choose between them. The two young chiefs fought over her, burying villages and forests in the process. The area was devastated and the earth shook so violently that the huge bridge fell into

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at Mount St. Helens was unusually low, at about 4,400 feet (1,340 m), the result of prior volcanic disturbance of the forest, as the treeline was thought to be moving up the slopes before the eruption. Alpine meadows were uncommon at Mount St. Helens. Mountain goats inhabited higher elevations

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A dormancy of about 4,000 years was broken around 2500 BC with the start of the Smith Creek eruptive period, when eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. An eruption in 1900 BC was the largest known eruption from St. Helens

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The mountain is now circled by the Loowit Trail at elevations of 4,000–4,900 feet (1,200–1,500 m). The northern segment of the trail from the South Fork Toutle River on the west to Windy Pass on the east is a restricted zone where camping, biking, pets, fires, and off-trail excursions are all

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The Worm Flows Route is considered the standard winter route on Mount St. Helens, as it is the most direct route to the summit. The route gains about 5,700 feet (1,700 m) in elevation over about 6 miles (10 km) from trailhead to summit but does not demand the technical climbing that

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Future eruptions of Mount St. Helens will likely be even larger than the 1980 eruption. The current configuration of lava domes in the crater means that much more pressure will be required for the next eruption, and hence the level of destruction will be higher. Significant ashfall may spread

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nicknamed the "whaleback", which comprised long shafts of solidified magma being extruded by the pressure of magma beneath. These features were fragile and broke down soon after they were formed. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback broke off, causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several

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St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC—the Pine Creek eruptive period. This lasted until about 800 BC and was characterized by smaller-volume eruptions. Numerous dense, nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St. Helens' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys. A large

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and thought they had never seen a land so beautiful. The sons quarreled over the land, so to solve the dispute their father shot two arrows from his mighty bow – one to the north and the other to the south. Pahto followed the arrow to the north and settled there while Wy'east did the same for the

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that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 to 8,363 ft (2,950 to 2,549 m), leaving a 1 mile (1.6 km) wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was 0.6 cubic miles (2.5 km) in volume. The 1980 eruption disrupted terrestrial ecosystems near the

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section above for more details). The Monitor Ridge trail, which previously let up to 100 permitted hikers per day climb to the summit, ceased operation. On July 21, 2006, the mountain was again opened to climbers. In February 2010, a climber died after falling from the rim into the crater.

1421:.) The vent was apparently at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank. Goat Rocks dome was near the site of the bulge in the 1980 eruption, and it was obliterated in the major eruption event on May 18, 1980, that destroyed the entire north face and top 1,300 feet (400 m) of the mountain. 1348:

The Sugar Bowl eruptive period was short and markedly different from other periods in Mount St. Helens history. It produced the only unequivocal laterally directed blast known from Mount St. Helens before the 1980 eruptions. During Sugar Bowl time, the volcano first erupted quietly to

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route in the warmer months is the Monitor Ridge Route, which starts at the Climbers Bivouac. This is the most crowded route to the summit in the summer and gains about 4,600 feet (1,400 m) in approximately 5 miles (8 km) to reach the crater rim. Although strenuous, it is considered a

2069:, newspaper, reported that "Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen ... to be in a state of eruption". The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption. This was the first reported volcanic activity since 1854. 1862:

tribes that also live in the area. They find the area above its tree line to be of exceptional spiritual significance, and the mountain (which they call "Lawetlat'la", roughly translated as "the smoker") features prominently in their creation story, and in some of their songs and rituals. In

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ash that formed at least eight alternating light- and dark-colored layers. Blocky andesite lava then flowed from St. Helens' summit crater down the volcano's southeast flank. Later, pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley. It ended with the

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cascaded down the volcano; mudflows were significant forces in all of St. Helens' eruptive cycles. The Ape Canyon eruptive period ended around 35,000 years ago and was followed by 17,000 years of relative quiet. Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by

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By about 5:30 p.m. on May 18, the vertical ash column declined in stature, and less-severe outbursts continued through the night and for the next several days. The St. Helens May 18 eruption released 24 megatons of thermal energy and ejected more than 0.67 cubic miles

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The eruption also had positive impacts on society. Apple and wheat production were higher in the 1980 growing season, possibly due to ash helping to retain moisture in the soil. The ash was also a source of income: it was the raw material for the artificial gemstone

1397:, followed by an andesite lava flow, and culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome. The 1800 eruption probably rivaled the 1980 eruption in size, although it did not result in massive destruction of the cone. The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern 1939:

Years later, explorers, traders, and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area. Geologists and historians determined much later that the eruption took place in 1800, marking the beginning of the 57 year-long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period (see

1333:) distinguished this period. Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain, including one around the year 100 BC that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys. Others, such as Cave Basalt (known for its system of 2024:

In the late fall or early winter of 1842, nearby European settlers and missionaries witnessed the so-called Great Eruption. This small-volume outburst created large ash clouds, and mild explosions followed for 15 years. The eruptions of this period were likely

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Magma reached the surface of the volcano about October 11, 2004, resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome's south side. This new dome continued to grow throughout 2005 and into 2006. Several transient features were observed, such as a

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Prior to the 1980 eruption, Mount St. Helens was the fifth-highest peak in Washington. It stood out prominently from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and extensive snow and ice cover of the pre-1980 summit cone, earning it the nickname, by some,

2118:, who ran the Spirit Lake Lodge and had lived near the mountain since 1929, gained much media attention when he decided not to evacuate before the impending eruption, despite repeated pleas by local authorities. His body was never found after the eruption. 1480:, and on March 27, steam venting started. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain had started to bulge. On May 18, a second earthquake, of magnitude 5.1, triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain. It was the largest known 454:, remains the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in U.S. history. Fifty-seven people were killed; 200 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways, and 185 miles (298 km) of highway were destroyed. A massive 1382:

emplacement of a dacite dome several hundred feet (~200 m) high at the volcano's summit, which filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit. Large parts of the dome's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano's cone with

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Due to the eruption, the state recognizes the month of May as "Volcano Awareness Month" and events are held at Mt. St. Helens, or within the region, to discuss the eruption, safety concerns, and to commemorate lives lost during the natural disaster.

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on the south and east. The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow. The average annual rainfall is 140 inches (360 cm), and the snowpack on the mountain's upper slopes can reach 16 feet (4.9 m). The Lewis River is impounded by three

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In its undisturbed state, the slopes of Mount St. Helens lie in the Western Cascades Montane Highlands ecoregion. This ecoregion has abundant precipitation; an average of 93.4 inches (2,373 mm) of precipitation falls each year at

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growth occurred during this period. Another 5,000 years of dormancy followed, only to be upset by the beginning of the Swift Creek eruptive period, typified by pyroclastic flows, dome growth and blanketing of the countryside with

474:. Geologists predict that future eruptions will be more destructive, as the configuration of the lava domes requires more pressure to erupt. However, Mount St. Helens is a popular hiking spot and it is climbed year-round. In 1982, the 1389:

The 57-year eruptive period that started in 1800 was named after the Goat Rocks dome and is the first period for which both oral and written records exist. As with the Kalama period, the Goat Rocks period started with an explosion of

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forming in the crater. Numerous small explosions and dome-building eruptions occurred. From December 7, 1989, to January 6, 1990, and from November 5, 1990, to February 14, 1991, the mountain erupted, sometimes huge clouds of ash.

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For more than nine hours, a vigorous plume of ash erupted, eventually reaching 12 to 16 miles (19 to 26 km) above sea level. The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour (100 km/h) with ash reaching

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On October 22, 2006, at 3:13 p.m. PST, a magnitude 3.5 earthquake broke loose Spine 7. The collapse and avalanche of the lava dome sent an ash plume 2,000 feet (600 m) over the western rim of the crater; the

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commenced immediately after the eruption and because the eruption did not sterilize the immediate area. More than half of the papers on ecological response to volcanic eruption originated from studies of Mount St. Helens.

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gave way beneath him on a trip to the volcano with his son. Despite his long fall, Slemp survived with minor injuries, and was able to walk after coming to a stop at the foot of the crater wall, where he was rescued by a

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of the USGS did not mention any significant ash plume. The volcano was in continuous eruption from October 2004, but this eruption consisted in large part of a gradual extrusion of lava forming a dome in the crater.

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The magma from the mantle has accumulated in two chambers below the volcano: one approximately 3–7 miles (5–12 km) below the surface, the other about 7–25 miles (12–40 km). The lower chamber may be shared with

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volcano. By contrast, aquatic ecosystems in the area greatly benefited from the amounts of ash, allowing life to multiply rapidly. Six years after the eruption, most lakes in the area had returned to their normal state.

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Dale, VH; Swanson, FJ; Crisafulli, CM (2005). "Disturbance, Survival, and Succession: Understanding Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens". In Dale, VH; Swanson, FJ; Crisafulli, CM (eds.).

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The eruption had negative effects beyond the immediate area of the volcano. Ashfall caused approximately $ 100 million of damage to agriculture downwind in Eastern Washington, equivalent to $ 370 million in 2023.

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surveyed the damage and said, "Someone said this area looked like a moonscape. But the moon looks more like a golf course compared to what's up there." A film crew, led by Seattle filmmaker Otto Seiber, was dropped by

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of America". Its ice cover just prior to the 1980 eruption included eleven named glaciers: Wishbone, Loowit, Leschi, Forsyth, Nelson, Ape, Shoestring, Swift, Dryer, Toutle, and Talus. Of these eleven, only the

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This collection contains photographs of Mount St. Helens, post-eruption, taken over the span of three years to provide a look at both the human and the scientific sides of studying the eruption of a

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For punishment, the chief of the gods struck down each of the lovers and transformed them into great mountains where they fell. Wy'east, with his head lifted in pride, became the volcano known today as

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Fifty-seven people were killed during the eruption. Had the eruption occurred one day later, when loggers would have been at work, rather than on a Sunday, the death toll could have been much higher.

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From 2004, volcanic activity pushed aside the glacier lobes and upward by the growth of new volcanic domes. The surface of the glacier, once mostly without crevasses, turned into a chaotic jumble of

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Walker, LR; Sikes, DS; DeGange, AR; Jewett, SC; et al. (2013). "Biological legacies: Direct early ecosystem recovery and food web reorganization after a volcanic eruption in Alaska".

1329:. The pre-1980 summit cone started to form during the Castle Creek period. Significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks ( 3528: 2916:

McCandless, Melanie; Plummer, Mitchell; Clark, Douglas (2005). "Predictions of the growth and steady-state form of the Mount St. Helens Crater Glacier using a 2-D glacier model".

1409:. There were at least a dozen reported small eruptions of ash from 1831 to 1857, including a fairly large one in 1842. (The 1831 eruption is likely what tinted the sun bluish-green in 1337:), flowed up to 9 miles (14 km) from their vents. During the first century, mudflows moved 30 miles (50 km) down the Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the 670:

of Mount Rainier. The ice is all post-1980, making the glacier very young geologically. However, the volume of the new glacier is about the same as all the pre-1980 glaciers combined.

1944:). Alarmed by the "dry snow", the Nespelem tribe of northeastern Washington supposedly danced and prayed rather than collecting food and suffered during that winter from starvation. 1898: 2873:

Schilling, Steve P.; Carrara, Paul E.; Thompson, Ren A.; Iwatsubo, Eugene Y. (2004). "Posteruption glacier development within the crater of Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA".

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Field-Trip Guide to Mount St. Helens, Washington: An overview of the eruptive history and petrology, tephra deposits, 1980 proclastic density current deposits, and the crater

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Swanson, FJ; Crisafulli, CM; Yamaguchi, DK (2005). "Geological and Ecological Settings of MountSt. Helens Before May 18, 1980". In Dale, VH; Swanson, FJ; Crisafulli, CM (eds.).

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paused; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome. On July 10, 2008, it was determined that the eruption had ended, after more than six months of no volcanic activity.

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sinks deeper into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The

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The next eruptive period, the Castle Creek period, began about 400 BC, and is characterized by a change in the composition of St. Helens' lava, with the addition of

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Panoramic view from the summit of Mount St. Helens as seen in October 2009. Climbers stand on the crater rim and are visible along the Monitor Ridge climbing route.

2021:, saw the quiescent peak from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841. Another member of the expedition later described "cellular basaltic lavas" at the mountain's base. 3866:

Franklin, JF (2005). "Reconfiguring Disturbance, Succession, and Forest Management: The Science of Mount St. Helens". In Dale, VH; Swanson, FJ; Crisafulli, CM (eds.).

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Pallister, John S.; Clynne, Michael A.; Wright, Heather M.; Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Vallance, James W.; Sherrod, David R.; Kokelaar, B. Peter (2017). "Eruptive history".

2310:, about 30 miles (48 km) west of Mount St. Helens. Exhibits include a large model of the volcano, a seismograph, a theater program, and an outdoor natural trail. 1951:

spotted Mount St. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report either an ongoing eruption or recent evidence of one. They did however report the presence of

6464: 5448: 4841: 4498: 1606:. This relatively minor eruption was a release of pressure consistent with ongoing dome building. The release was accompanied by a magnitude 2.5 earthquake. 243: 6499: 3924: 2279:

do. The route name refers to the rocky lava flows that surround the route. This route can be accessed via the Marble Mountain Sno-Park and the Swift Ski Trail.

111: 1846:. The beautiful Loowit became Mount St. Helens, known to the Klickitats as Louwala-Clough, which means "smoking or fire mountain" in their language (the 1621:

On December 19, 2006, a large white plume of condensing steam was observed, leading some media people to assume there had been a small eruption. However, the

1285:. This eruptive period lasted until about 1600 BC and left 18 inches (46 cm) deep deposits of material 50 miles (80 km) distant in what is now 6234: 6225: 5819: 3701: 105: 99: 2150:, however, spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred on May 25, but the crew survived and was rescued two days later by 1429: 5521: 4867: 4813: 3714: 2201: 475: 2603: 1863:

recognition of its cultural significance, over 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) of the mountain (roughly bounded by the Loowit Trail) have been listed on the

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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article from 1917 showing the northeast face of Mount Saint Helens, although the newspaper is from 1917 the actual photograph was taken in the year 1899.

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still being extruded. The height of the dome was 7,550 feet (2,300 m), still below the height reached in July 2005 when the whaleback collapsed.

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37,600 years ago, during the Ape Canyon stage, with dacite and andesite eruptions of hot pumice and ash. Thirty-six thousand years ago a large

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Mount St. Helens showed significant activity on March 8, 2005, when a 36,000-foot (11,000 m) plume of steam and ash emerged—visible from

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lore contains numerous stories to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes. The best known of these is the

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This collection consists of 235 photographs in a study of plant habitats following the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

4818: 4278: 2296: 1864: 1585: 4602: 1301:. All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles (10 km) of material ejected in this cycle. Some 400 years of dormancy followed. 506:

Mount St. Helens pictured the day before the 1980 eruption, which removed much of the northern face of the mountain, leaving a large

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Volcanologist Sarah Henton discusses the Cascade Mountains and explains the geology and impact of the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption.

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Cook, RJ; Barron, JC; Papendick, RI; Williams, GJ III (2 January 1981). "Impact on Agriculture of the Mount St. Helens Eruptions".

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The eruption of Mount St. Helens has been subject to more ecological study than has any other eruption, because research into

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the President's Range and also to rename each major Cascade mountain after a former

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that flattened vegetation and buildings over an area of 230 square miles (600 km). More than 1.5 million metric tons of

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Wiggins, Tracy B.; Hansen, Jon D.; Clark, Douglas H. (2002). "Growth and flow of a new glacier in Mount St. Helens Crater".

1129: 699: 4385: 3572: 5514: 5361: 5228: 5199: 3030: 2996: 2630: 2381: 2205: 1418: 641: 292: 2570:"Mount St. Helens: A Living Laboratory for Ecological Research | Pacific Northwest Research Station | PNW - US Forest Service" 6051: 5292: 3411: 3393: 2135: 1971: 479: 1160:, roughly parallel to the Pacific coastline. Beneath the Cascade Volcanic Province, a dense oceanic plate sinks beneath the 609:

at Exit 49, 34 miles (55 km) to the west of the mountain. That north–south highway skirts the low-lying cities of

4842:"Forest Service Hopes to Provide 'Alternative' Recreation at Mount St. Helens as Surveys of South Coldwater Slide Continue" 4790: 3170: 6504: 6107: 5809: 4200: 3702:

https://web.archive.org/web/20210128124052/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-st-helens/volcanic-hazards-mount-st-helens

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made the Europeans' first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens on 19 May 1792, while surveying the northern

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In the story, the chief of all the gods and his two sons, Pahto (also called Klickitat) and Wy'east, traveled down the

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arrow to the south. The chief of the gods then built the Bridge of the Gods, so his family could meet periodically.

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mudflow partly filled 40 miles (64 km) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BC and 500 BC.

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Recorded 140 miles (225 km) southwest of the mountain. Believed to be the only audio recording of the eruption.

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the incident. British lieutenant Henry J. Warre sketched the eruption in 1845, and two years later Canadian painter

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The first authenticated non-Indigenous eyewitness report of a volcanic eruption was made in March 1835 by

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witnessed Mount St. Helens in eruption on 22 November 1842. Ash from this eruption may have reached

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The second eruptive period, the Cougar Stage, started 20,000 years ago and lasted for 2,000 years.

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Although Mount St. Helens is in Skamania County, Washington, access routes to the mountain run through

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Perhaps the most important ecological concept originating from the study of Mount St. Helens is the

6112: 6056: 6001: 5966: 5961: 4768: 4439: 3620: 1749: 1454: 1249: 626: 4272:"NRHP nomination form and supplementary listing record for Lawetlat'la [Mount St. Helens]" 1998: 1886: 4307: 4217: 2211:

Following the 1980 eruption, the area was left to gradually return to its natural state. In 1987, the

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by noon. Ashes from the eruption were found on top of cars and roofs the next morning as far away as

1193: 1165: 1161: 1149: 614: 444: 5006: 3867: 3818: 3756: 3650: 3408:"Summary of Events Leading Up to the May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: April 26–May 2" 2424: 1134: 6061: 5554: 4539:"Mount St. Helens: Senator Murray Speaks on the 25th Anniversary of the May 18, 1980 Eruption" 3314: 3057:

Haugerud, R.A.; Harding, D.J.; Mark, L.E.; Zeigler, J.; Queija, V.; Johnson, S.Y. (December 2004).

2456: 2243:. Closures and access to Coldwater Lake and hiking trails would vary in the month after the slide. 1725: 1713: 1290: 1173: 1157: 579: 305: 5466: 3390:"Summary of Events Leading Up to the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens: March 22–28" 1671: 1365:

of America". The once-familiar shape was formed out of the Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods.

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generation. The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment, the

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The symmetrical appearance of St. Helens prior to the 1980 eruption earned it the nickname "

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The collapse of the northern flank of St. Helens mixed with ice, snow, and water to create

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ascends upward through the crust along a path of least resistance, both by way of fractures and

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Schilling, Steve P.; Ramsey, David W.; Messerich, James A.; Thompson, Ren A. (8 August 2006).

2803: 2745: 2736: 2185: 2125: 2104: 2030: 2026: 2010: 1827: 1757: 1721: 633: 618: 440: 420: 338: 220: 206: 6203: 5407: 3059:

Lidar measurement of topographic change during the 2004 eruption of Mount St. Helens, WA

6418: 6406: 6366: 6291: 6172: 6026: 5971: 5956: 5799: 5694: 5614: 5203: 4640: 4581: 4561: 4475: 4303: 3958: 3876: 3827: 3765: 3178: 2890: 2287: 2034: 1914: 1803: 1705: 1693: 1501: 1489: 1481: 1438: 1313: 1256: 1177: 1153: 630: 463: 436: 424: 408: 192: 3145: 3109: 2235:

by the U.S. Forest Service, destroyed the 85-foot (26 m) Spirit Lake Outlet Bridge on

640:, Washington, in the Lewis River valley 11 miles (18 km) south-southwest of the peak. 30:

This article is about the volcano in Washington state. For the mountain in California, see

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Mount St. Helens is a common climbing destination for both beginning and experienced

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Other area tribal names for the mountain include "nšh'ák'w" ("water coming out") from the

1847: 1685: 1185: 1138: 583: 507: 368: 325: 287: 4742: 1767:

level survived the 1980 eruption, which allowed for relatively quick re-establishment of

5108: 4636: 3954: 3495:"Small explosions interrupt 3 year quiescence at Mount St. Helens, Washington" 3066: 2886: 2802:(3rd ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 201–228. 2744:(1st ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 201–228. 6301: 6281: 6011: 5976: 5951: 5850: 5824: 5594: 4894:"Coldwater Lake Recreation Area at Mount St. Helens reopens following SR 504 landslide" 2263: 2252: 2188:), 16 July 2016, 36 years after the eruption, showing recovering plant growth 2081: 2002: 1967: 1855: 1811: 1524: 1493: 1338: 667: 663: 653: 636:

less than 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. The community nearest the volcano is

396: 273: 6428: 6331: 6296: 6286: 6246: 6127: 6046: 6021: 5996: 5895: 5764: 5674: 5624: 5619: 4868:"Cause, Timeline Undetermined After 'Catastrophic' Slide on Road to Mount St. Helens" 4243: 3898: 3849: 3787: 3580: 3156: 3128: 2902: 2276: 2193: 2122: 1925: 1859: 1764: 1729: 1717: 1516: 1205: 1192:

composition. Some of the melt rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming the

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Twenty years after the 1980 eruption, trees killed by the blast were still standing.

6276: 6271: 6261: 6162: 6157: 6132: 6092: 6076: 6016: 6006: 5981: 5784: 5749: 5699: 5689: 5659: 5654: 5639: 5599: 5559: 2291: 2138: 1660: 1656: 1512: 1189: 566: 562: 375: 362: 333: 6495:

Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)

2767:"Geologic Guide to the Monitor Ridge Climbing Route, Mount St. Helens, Washington" 1684:. This precipitation supported dense forest up to 5,200 feet (1,600 m), with 1180:

above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed

57:

3,000 ft (0.9 km) high steam plume on May 19, 1982, two years after the

5246:

Roadside Geology of Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument and Vicinity

4962: 4355: 3733:

Color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs; with a

431:. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from that of the British diplomat 6256: 6182: 6167: 6036: 5985: 5794: 5744: 5714: 5649: 5589: 4814:"Volcano Awareness Month: Numerous activities available in person, social media" 4798: 4644: 2894: 1891: 1689: 1520: 1236: 6413: 5332: 5171:(1st ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 5136: 4739:"Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument: General visitor information" 2828: 1651:

over 40,000 square miles (100,000 km), disrupting transportation. A large

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Between 1980 and 1986, activity continued at Mount St. Helens, with a new

6346: 6187: 6147: 5941: 5936: 5885: 5779: 5724: 4680: 3288: 2268: 2143: 2129: 2045: 1960: 1910: 1839: 1818: 1595: 1477: 1414: 1362: 542: 522: 17: 5309: 5301: 3246: 144: 131: 6341: 6321: 6192: 5890: 5739: 5719: 5709: 5357: 4717: 4666: 4325: 4317: 4014:"40 years ago, Mount St. Helens blew its top. Here's how it got green again" 3182: 2798:

Harris, Stephen L. (2005). "Mount St. Helens: A living fire mountain".

2596:"Mount St. Helens isn't where it should be. Scientists may finally know why" 2480: 2054: 1987: 1952: 1903: 1740:

of the peak, although their population was eliminated by the 1980 eruption.

1615: 1567: 1378: 1334: 1282: 1260: 1043: 552: 455: 166: 4652: 3368:

Nat Turner's revolt: rebellion and response in Southampton County, Virginia

2204:, a 110,000 acres (45,000 ha) area around the mountain and within the 1188:

as well as by melting wall rocks. The addition of melted crust changes the

439:

who surveyed the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is part of the

3914:"Biological Legacies: A Critical Management Concept from Mount St. Helens" 3880: 3831: 3769: 3602: 2503: 1974:. In his scheme Mount St. Helens was to be renamed Mount Washington. 6137: 6097: 5669: 5629: 5324: 4409:"'I'm going to stay right here.' Lives lost in Mount St. Helens eruption" 3988:"Ecology of Mount St. Helen's National Monument | U.S. Geological Survey" 3080: 2169: 1768: 1736: 1701: 1536: 1342: 1278: 1222: 678: 534: 5050: 423:

region of the United States. It lies 52 miles (83 km) northeast of

3289:

Pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington

2936: 2147: 2132:: "Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it!" Johnston's body was never found. 2085: 2077: 1603: 1560: 1556: 1406: 1322: 1294: 1245: 1226: 674: 659: 428: 4491:"Perish the thought: A life in science sometimes becomes a death, too" 3962: 3426:"Emission of sulfur dioxide gas from Mount St. Helens, 1980–1988" 3198:"Mount Saint Helens May Share Magma with an Entire Field of Volcanoes" 4309:

A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World

3061:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting. Vol. 53. p. 1. 2259: 2089: 1875: 1394: 1391: 1374: 1330: 1326: 1298: 1265: 1229: 1218: 695: 558: 526: 71: 5499: 2460: 2215:

reopened the mountain to climbing. It remained open until 2004 when

2076:

offered year-round recreational activities. In the summer there was

1842:. Pahto, with his head bent toward his fallen love, was turned into 6490:

National Register of Historic Places in Skamania County, Washington

5207: 5076:"Mount St. Helens Volcanic National Monument: Restricted Area" 1248:

14,000–18,000 years ago during the last glacial period of the

6515:

National Register of Historic Places in Cowlitz County, Washington

4791:"Climber dies after rescue attempts fail on Mount St. Helens" 2184:

View of the hillside at the Johnston Ridge Observatory (named for

2179: 2099: 1981: 1897: 1885: 1778: 1670: 1652: 1637: 1584: 1532: 1508: 1485: 1402: 1383: 1356: 1312: 1240: 1181: 1133: 682: 561:

that originate on the volcano enter three main river systems: The

501: 3155:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3127:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

382:

Hike via south slope of volcano (closest area near eruption site)

5225:

Pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens

3026:

MSH08 aerial: St. Helens crater from north 30 May 2008

2146:

on St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction. Their

1552: 1544: 529:, is 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Mount St. Helens. 6207: 5503: 5169:

Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes

4065:"Mount St. Helens elk starving to death | The Spokesman-Review" 2800:

Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake volcanoes

2742:

Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake volcanoes

2271:. Most climbers complete the round trip in 7 to 12 hours. 2231:

On May 14, 2023, a mudslide and debris flow given the moniker,

3677:"Mount St. Helens, Washington – Eruption 2004 to current" 3628: 1548: 575: 34:. For more information about the volcano's 1980 eruption, see 4118:"Cowlitz Tribe Documents Return of Goats to Mount St. Helens" 3869:

Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens

3820:

Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens

3758:

Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens

5255:(Report). Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 3547:"Mount St. Helens, Washington – 'Plume in the Evening'" 1814:

from the Far North in search for a suitable area to settle.

1659:, possibly causing destruction in inhabited areas along the 6470:

Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America

5492:

Mount St. Helens on 14 September 1975, before eruption

5270:. Cascades Volcano Observatory. Vancouver, Washington: USGS 4521:"Workers may have found body of man buried by volcanic ash" 2479:

Tilling, Robert I; Topinka, Lyn; Swanson, Donald A (1990).

1511:(volcanic mudflows). The lahars flowed many miles down the 5296:. Vol. 159, no. 1. January 1981. pp. 3–65. 2506:. United States Geological Survey. 2000. Fact Sheet 036-00 2001:, while working for the Hudson's Bay Company stationed at 709:

Climate data for Mount St. Helens Summit. 1991–2020

4366:. Washington University State Historical Society: 211–212 1928:

coast. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat

5388:"Mount St. Helens post-eruption chemistry database" 5358:

Mount St. Helens photographs and current conditions

5268:"Description: Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" 2829:

Effects of volcanism on the glaciers of Mount St. Helens

2504:"Mount St. Helens – From the 1980 eruption to 2000" 2485:

Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, Present, and Future

2219:

caused the closure of the area around the mountain (see

1500:

scale, the eruption was rated a 5, and categorized as a

1453:

Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980, at 08:32

1317:

East Dome on the east flank of Mount St. Helens in 2013.

537:

epoch, which encompasses roughly the last 10,000 years.

5251:. Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information. 5196:

The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington

3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 2627:

The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington

1932:

on 20 October 1792, as it came into view when the

1472:

On March 20, 1980, Mount St. Helens experienced a

513:

Mount St. Helens is 34 miles (55 km) west of

6378: 3216:"Mount St. Helens – Summary of Volcanic History" 2172:, or for ceramic glazes, or sold as a tourist curio. 1289:. Trace deposits have been found as far northeast as 5192:"The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington" 4218:"Volcanoes and history: Cascade Range volcano names" 3428:. United States Geological Survey. 25 September 2008 3013:– Glacier is still connected south of the lava dome. 6085: 5838: 5582: 5537: 3171:"Deep magma chambers seen beneath Mount St. Helens" 2650: 2648: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2009:, which published his letter in January 1836. 1955:and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the 1373:This 150-year period next saw the eruption of less 555:, the width of the cone was 4 miles (6.4 km). 374: 361: 356: 344: 332: 314: 304: 299: 286: 272: 231: 177: 165: 160: 121: 90: 80: 70: 65: 45: 5325:"Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument" 5162: 3603:"Rock Slab Growing at Mt. St. Helens Volcano" 3473:"Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument" 2992:MSH08 aerial: New dome from north 30 May 2008 2735: 2453:"Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument" 2400:"Distance between Portland and Mount Saint Helens" 2286:On April 14, 2008, John Slemp, a snowmobiler from 2041:, 48 miles (77 km) southeast of the volcano. 1488:in St. Helens burst forth into a large-scale 1225:, while modern lava is very diverse (ranging from 5442:Royal Geography Society's Hidden Journeys project 5131: 5129: 5109:"Man Survives 1,500-Ft. Drop Down Mt. St. Helens" 2425:"Distance between Seattle and Mount Saint Helens" 1854:The mountain is also of sacred importance to the 1152:, an arc-shaped band extending from southwestern 586:, which is directly south of the volcano's peak. 470:After its 1980 eruption, the volcano experienced 3573:"New slab growing in Mount St. Helens dome" 2526:"May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens" 1700:up to 4,300 feet (1,300 m). Finally, below 5164:"Mount St. Helens: A Living Fire Mountain" 4141: 4139: 3651:"Small quake reported at Mount St. Helens" 2737:"Mount St. Helens: A living fire mountain" 2121:Another victim of the eruption was 30-year-old 1581:2004–2008 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens 3475:. United States Forest Service. Archived from 3081:"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University" 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2498: 2496: 2494: 1786:legends were inspired by the volcano's beauty. 1589:Appearance of the "Whaleback" in February 2005 551:(1,200 m) elsewhere. At the pre-eruption 6219: 5515: 5408:"Mount St. Helens succession collection" 4093:"Counting Mountain Goats On Mount St. Helens" 3921:Trans. 55' N. A. Wildl. & Nat. Res. Conf. 3803:"Counting Mountain Goats On Mount St. Helens" 3715:"Ecoregions of Western Washington and Oregon" 3047:– Glacier arms touch on North end of glacier. 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 1936:passed into the mouth of the Columbia River. 184: 8: 5430:Audio recording of the May 18, 1980 eruption 4181:. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 3341:"Global Volcanism Program | Image GVP-02835" 1947:In late 1805 and early 1806, members of the 1309:Castle Creek and Sugar Bowl eruptive periods 213: 199: 3713:Pater, D; Bryce, SA; Kagan, J; et al. 2202:Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument 1696:. Above this, this forest was dominated by 1272:Smith Creek and Pine Creek eruptive periods 476:Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument 6235:The 25 highest major summits of Washington 6226: 6212: 6204: 5522: 5508: 5500: 4266: 4264: 3861: 3859: 3315:"The Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens" 2290:, fell 1,500 feet into the crater after a 2107:hours before he was killed by the eruption 1817:They came upon an area that is now called 1496:were released into the atmosphere. On the 1419:the United States' largest slave rebellion 1268:. Swift Creek ended 8,000 years ago. 1235:St. Helens started its growth in the 705: 648:Crater Glacier and other new rock glaciers 42: 5449:"The 1980 Mount St. Helens Eruption" 5190:Mullineaux, D.R.; Crandell, D.R. (1981). 5007:"Worm Flows Route, Mount St. Helens" 4819:The Reflector (Battle Ground, Washington) 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3447:Kiver, Eugene P; Harris, David V (1999). 2939:. USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2928 2835:(Report). p. 22. USGS Circular 850-D 2625:Mullineaux, D.R.; Crandell, D.R. (1981). 1978:European colonization and use of the area 1959:near Portland, suggesting an eruption by 1894:working in the Mount St. Helens area 1744:Ecological disturbance caused by eruption 6460:Mountains of Skamania County, Washington 6455:Volcanoes of Skamania County, Washington 4941:"Mount St Helens Climbing Permit System" 4466:"Sister, friend say Harry probably dead" 3239:United States Department of the Interior 2924:(7). Geological Society of America: 354. 2386:United States Department of the Interior 2338:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll 1930:Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens 1448: 1428: 1417:interpreted as a final signal to launch 521:, the highest of the Cascade volcanoes. 433:Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens 250: 172:Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens 6385: 5029:"The Worm Flows, Winter Climbing Route" 4603:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 4356:"Origin of Washington Geographic Names" 4338: 4212: 4210: 2862:(5). Geological Society of America: 91. 2358: 2267:non-technical climb that involves some 1991:Mount St. Helens erupting at night 472:continuous volcanic activity until 2008 6465:Locations in Native American mythology 5370:Mount St. Helens eruptive history 4192: 3262: 3252: 3142:"Pacific – Cascades Volcanic Province" 3106:"Pacific – Cascades Volcanic Province" 2881:(3). Elsevier Science (USA): 325–329. 2656:"Description of Mount St. Helens" 2447: 2445: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2343:List of volcanoes in the United States 2160:, later became a popular documentary. 1353:Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods 658:During the winter of 1980–1981, a new 427:, and 98 miles (158 km) south of 5290:"Eruption of Mount St. Helens". 4767:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 4741:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 4601:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 4087: 4085: 3982: 3980: 3410:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 3392:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 3218:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 2956: 2954: 2765:Phillips, William M. (October 1987). 2528:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 1874:, and "aka akn" ("snow mountain"), a 1445:is visible in the bottom left corner. 1212:Ancestral stages of eruptive activity 1148:Mount St. Helens is part of the 525:, the nearest major volcanic peak in 7: 6500:Stratovolcanoes of the United States 5262:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4224:from the original on 28 October 2006 3930:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3549:. USGS. 8 March 2005. Archived from 3451:(5th ed.). Wiley. p. 149. 2633:. p. 3. Professional Paper 1250 1865:National Register of Historic Places 1413:on the afternoon of August 13—which 5088:from the original on 9 October 2022 4866:The Chronicle staff (16 May 2023). 4840:The Chronicle staff (23 May 2023). 4360:The Washington Historical Quarterly 4284:from the original on 9 October 2022 3196:McKinnon, Mika (10 November 2015). 2377:Geographic Names Information System 2096:Human impact from the 1980 eruption 2007:Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 5381:University of Washington Libraries 4797:. 17 February 2010. Archived from 4489:Cartier, Kimberly (27 June 2019). 4386:"The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark" 2937:"Rebuilding Mount St. Helens" 2019:United States Exploring Expedition 1963:sometime in the previous decades. 1655:flow is likely on branches of the 1297:, and as far southeast as eastern 493:Geographic setting and description 25: 5465:(audio slideshow). Archived from 5137:"Mount St. Helens Visitor Center" 5009:. The Peak Seeker. 7 January 2014 4718:"Mount St. Helens Gift Shop" 4501:from the original on 10 June 2021 3295:(Report). Professional Paper 1563 2157:The Eruption of Mount St. Helens! 1468:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 1259:of hot pumice and ash along with 644:surrounds Mount St. Helens. 36:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 6520:Sacred mountains of the Americas 6412: 6400: 6388: 5790:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill 5573: 5107:Hwa Song, Jung (16 April 2008). 4919:"Climbing Mount St. Helens" 4892:KOMO News staff (19 June 2023). 4765:"Climbing Mount St. Helens" 4419:from the original on 3 June 2021 4312:. London, UK. pp. 421–422. 4039:"Life Reclaims Mount St. Helens" 3801:Gilfillan, Jule (30 June 2017). 3150: 3122: 3023:Schilling, Steve (30 May 2008). 2989:Schilling, Steve (30 May 2008). 2315: 2088:, while in the winter there was 1993:after his 1847 visit to the area 1130:Geology of the Pacific Northwest 565:on the north and northwest, the 249: 242: 51: 6530:Lava domes of the United States 6450:Gifford Pinchot National Forest 5362:United States Geological Survey 5229:United States Geological Survey 5200:United States Geological Survey 4898:KOMO News (Seattle, Washington) 3722:Environmental Protection Agency 3517:– via vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. 3293:United States Geological Survey 3031:United States Geological Survey 2997:United States Geological Survey 2833:United States Geological Survey 2631:United States Geological Survey 2382:United States Geological Survey 2206:Gifford Pinchot National Forest 2154:helicopter pilots. Their film, 1791:Importance to indigenous tribes 1559:, and 15 miles (24 km) of 694:Mount St. Helens has an alpine 662:appeared. Now officially named 642:Gifford Pinchot National Forest 462: 5.1 earthquake, caused a 5861:Mount Scott (Clackamas County) 5372:(Report). USGS. Archived from 4985:"Monitor Ridge Climbing Route" 4700:"Potter turns ash into beauty" 4438:Kean, Sam (12 December 2018). 3169:Hand, Eric (4 November 2015). 2774:Washington Geologic Newsletter 2275:some other Cascade peaks like 1972:President of the United States 452:major eruption of May 18, 1980 1: 6525:Stratovolcanoes of Washington 5810:Battle Ground Lake State Park 4407:Grisham, Lori (17 May 2015). 4012:McDonald, Bob (29 May 2020). 3805:. Oregon Public Broadcasting. 2044:In October 1843, future 1599:hundred meters into the air. 1433:Mount St. Helens erupting on 1176:water rises into the pliable 6485:21st-century volcanic events 6480:20th-century volcanic events 6475:19th-century volcanic events 5992:Mount Scott (Klamath County) 5866:Willamette National Cemetery 4812:Barker, Cade (13 May 2024). 4698:Hval, Cindy (12 June 2015). 4595:American Antiquarian Society 4575:American Antiquarian Society 3625:Cascades Volcano Observatory 3607:Astronomy Picture of the Day 3287:Mullineaux, Donal R (1996). 2302:A visitor center run by the 2176:Protection and later history 2005:. He sent an account to the 1941: 1623:Cascades Volcano Observatory 1411:Southampton County, Virginia 1341:. Another 400 years of 1116:Source: PRISM Climate Group 603:Spirit Lake Memorial Highway 263:Location in Washington state 86:4,605 ft (1,404 m) 76:8,363 ft (2,549 m) 6123:Lava Beds National Monument 5161:Harris, Stephen L. (1988). 4645:10.1126/science.211.4477.16 4151:Country Roads of Washington 2895:10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.002 2734:Harris, Stephen L. (1988). 2544:"1980 Cataclysmic Eruption" 1850:call the mountain Loowit). 1287:Mount Rainier National Park 1196:above the subduction zone. 898:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 758:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 677:heavily criss-crossed with 417:Skamania County, Washington 27:Volcano in Washington, U.S. 6546: 4440:"Harry versus the volcano" 3505:(2): 58–73. Archived from 3481:24 megatons thermal energy 3365:Breen, Patrick H. (2005). 2594:Haas, Maya (18 May 2020). 2241:Johnston Ridge Observatory 2239:and cut off access to the 2237:Washington State Route 504 2072:Before the 1980 eruption, 1949:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1704:, the forest consisted of 1578: 1498:Volcanic Explosivity Index 1465: 1377:-rich lava in the form of 1150:Cascades Volcanic Province 1127: 1115: 708: 651: 450:The Mount St. Helens 310:Less than 40,000 years old 145:46.1912000°N 122.1944000°W 100:Washington prominent peaks 29: 6241: 6042:Mountain Lakes Wilderness 5571: 5231:. Professional Paper 1563 5223:Mullineaux, D.R. (1996). 5210:. Professional Paper 1250 4525:Moscow-Pullman Daily News 4444:Science History Institute 4277:. National Park Service. 4199:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4153:. iUniverse. p. 82. 4043:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 3529:"Before and after images" 3499:Earthquakes and Volcanoes 3449:Geology of U.S. parklands 3085:www.prism.oregonstate.edu 2017:, while sailing with the 1716:. Large mammals included 1618:then rapidly dissipated. 1519:, destroying bridges and 1484:in recorded history. The 1232:to andesite and dacite). 1041: 967: 897: 827: 757: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 625:, and passes through the 236: 106:Washington isolated peaks 50: 6103:Black Butte (California) 5550:Franklin Glacier Complex 5474:(duration 6:29 min) 5416:University of Washington 5396:University of Washington 5338:Global Volcanism Program 5139:. Washington State Parks 4704:Spokane Spokesman-Review 4175:"The Bridge of the Gods" 1890:19th-century photo of a 1882:Exploration by Europeans 1826:the river, creating the 150:46.1912000; -122.1944000 112:Washington highest peaks 5876:Rooster Rock State Park 5645:White Chuck Cinder Cone 5383:: Digital Collections: 5343:Smithsonian Institution 5081:. USDA Forest Service. 4471:Spokane Daily Chronicle 3183:10.1126/science.aad7392 2918:Abstracts with Programs 2856:Abstracts with Programs 2308:Silver Lake, Washington 2247:Climbing and recreation 2061:On April 17, 1857, the 1763:Some species from each 601:, locally known as the 435:, a friend of explorer 214: 200: 185: 6317:North Gardner Mountain 5921:Tumalo Volcanic Center 5815:Beacon Rock State Park 5605:Schriebers Meadow Cone 5244:Pringle, P.T. (1993). 5198:. Professional Paper. 4667:"Impact and aftermath" 3679:. USGS. Archived from 3531:. USGS. Archived from 3493:Myers, Bobbie (1992). 2481:"Impact and Aftermath" 2304:Washington State Parks 2189: 2114:Eighty-three-year-old 2108: 2067:Steilacoom, Washington 1994: 1907: 1895: 1852: 1787: 1676: 1647: 1590: 1458: 1446: 1425:Modern eruptive period 1366: 1318: 1281:epoch, depositing the 1145: 510: 6113:Medicine Lake Volcano 5482:Mount St. Helens 5414:Digital Collections. 5394:Digital Collections. 5031:. U.S. Forest Service 4987:. U.S. Forest Service 4943:. U.S. Forest Service 4921:. U.S. Forest Service 4669:. USGS. 25 June 1997. 3912:Franklin, JF (1990). 3881:10.1007/0-387-28150-9 3832:10.1007/0-387-28150-9 3770:10.1007/0-387-28150-9 3148:on 24 September 2006. 2823:Brugman, Melinda M.; 2233:South Coldwater Slide 2183: 2103: 1985: 1901: 1889: 1808: 1782: 1674: 1641: 1588: 1575:2004 to 2008 activity 1462:1980 to 2001 activity 1452: 1432: 1360: 1316: 1164:; a process known as 1137: 627:Vancouver, Washington 569:on the west, and the 505: 389:Mount St. Helens 295:Mount St. Helens 6505:Subduction volcanoes 6327:Silver Star Mountain 5705:Goat Island Mountain 5545:Silverthrone Caldera 5462:Mount St Helens 5327:. US Forest Service. 3535:on 3 September 2005. 3414:on 13 November 2007. 3396:on 13 November 2007. 3112:on 23 September 2006 2463:on 23 November 2006. 2372:"Mount Saint Helens" 2029:(steam explosions). 1917:and the officers of 1832:Columbia River Gorge 1194:Cascade Volcanic Arc 1162:North American Plate 445:Pacific Ring of Fire 441:Cascade Volcanic Arc 339:Cascade Volcanic Arc 5555:Mount Meager massif 5376:on 30 October 2006. 5293:National Geographic 4745:on 21 November 2004 4681:"What is Helenite?" 4637:1981Sci...211...16C 4147:Satterfield, Archie 4122:The Daily Chronicle 3955:2013Ecosc..20..240W 3509:on 30 December 2006 3222:on 11 October 2008. 3067:2004AGUFM.V53D..01H 2887:2004QuRes..61..325S 2875:Quaternary Research 2600:National Geographic 2457:USDA Forest Service 2213:U.S. Forest Service 2192:In 1982, President 1784:Indigenous American 1726:American black bear 1714:Alaska yellow cedar 1539:, Alberta, Canada. 1291:Banff National Park 1168:in geology. As the 1158:Northern California 828:Daily mean °F (°C) 580:hydroelectric power 478:was established by 443:, a segment of the 141: / 59:1980 major eruption 6357:Mount Saint Helens 5735:Old Snowy Mountain 5685:Burroughs Mountain 5680:Little Tahoma Peak 4771:on 19 October 2004 3583:on 26 October 2012 2429:distancefromto.net 2404:distancefromto.net 2221:Geological history 2190: 2109: 2039:The Dalles, Oregon 1995: 1908: 1896: 1802:story told by the 1800:Bridge of the Gods 1788: 1710:Pacific silver fir 1698:Pacific silver fir 1677: 1648: 1591: 1459: 1447: 1367: 1319: 1146: 548:Shoestring Glacier 511: 395:to the indigenous 66:Highest point 32:Mount Saint Helena 6445:Cascade Volcanoes 6395:Pacific Northwest 6376: 6375: 6201: 6200: 6072:Gearhart Mountain 5911:Crescent Mountain 5846:Boring Lava Field 5775:Sawtooth Mountain 5531:Cascade Volcanoes 5469:on 14 July 2014. 5333:"St. Helens" 4304:Vancouver, George 4069:www.spokesman.com 4045:. 20 October 2013 3963:10.2980/20-3-3603 3890:978-0-387-23868-5 3875:. pp. 3–11. 3841:978-0-387-23868-5 3826:. pp. 3–11. 3779:978-0-387-23868-5 3683:on 6 October 2008 3657:. 17 January 2008 3631:on 7 January 2007 3458:978-0-471-33218-3 2969:US Forest Service 2186:David A. Johnston 2126:David A. Johnston 2105:David A. Johnston 2011:James Dwight Dana 1999:Meredith Gairdner 1758:biological legacy 1722:black-tailed deer 1642:Aerial view with 1527:by the mudflows. 1257:Pyroclastic flows 1120: 1119: 634:metropolitan area 607:Interstate 5 593:to the west, and 458:, triggered by a 421:Pacific Northwest 386: 385: 16:(Redirected from 6537: 6440:Active volcanoes 6435:Mount St. Helens 6417: 6416: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6367:Tiffany Mountain 6292:Buckner Mountain 6228: 6221: 6214: 6205: 6173:Bumpass Mountain 6108:Rainbow Mountain 6027:Mount McLoughlin 5972:Howlock Mountain 5957:Newberry Volcano 5800:Trout Creek Hill 5755:Mount St. Helens 5695:Cowlitz Chimneys 5615:Hannegan caldera 5577: 5538:British Columbia 5524: 5517: 5510: 5501: 5496: 5486: 5473: 5456: 5455:on 14 July 2014. 5451:. Archived from 5437: 5422: 5403: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5328: 5313: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5263: 5261: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5186: 5166: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4965:. SummitPost.org 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4801:on 21 July 2011. 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4598: 4592: 4578: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4476:Associated Press 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4352:Meany, Edmond S. 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3874: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3825: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3763: 3752: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3627:. Archived from 3617: 3611: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3579:. Archived from 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3553:on 11 March 2005 3543: 3537: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3479:on 29 May 2009. 3469: 3463: 3462: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3144:. Archived from 3138: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3108:. Archived from 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3033:. Archived from 3020: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2999:. Archived from 2986: 2980: 2979: 2978:on 26 June 2008. 2977: 2971:. Archived from 2966: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2739: 2731: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602:. Archived from 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2548:Mount St. Helens 2540: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2476: 2465: 2464: 2459:. Archived from 2449: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2368: 2319: 2288:Damascus, Oregon 2217:renewed activity 2200:established the 2050:Peter H. Burnett 2035:Champoeg, Oregon 1915:George Vancouver 1804:Klickitat people 1706:mountain hemlock 1694:western redcedar 1502:Plinian eruption 1490:pyroclastic flow 1482:debris avalanche 1439:Portland, Oregon 1208:volcanic field. 1154:British Columbia 706: 631:Portland, Oregon 605:, connects with 464:lateral eruption 456:debris avalanche 437:George Vancouver 425:Portland, Oregon 378: 276: 257:Mount St. Helens 253: 252: 246: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 188: 156: 155: 153: 152: 151: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 55: 46:Mount St. Helens 43: 21: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6510:VEI-6 volcanoes 6425: 6424: 6423: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6379: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6352:Remmel Mountain 6337:Dragontail Peak 6237: 6232: 6202: 6197: 6178:Dittmar Volcano 6143:Burney Mountain 6118:Schonchin Butte 6081: 6067:Yamsay Mountain 5947:Tumalo Mountain 5931:Mount Multnomah 5901:Mount Jefferson 5856:Elk Rock Island 5834: 5805:Tumtum Mountain 5610:Kulshan caldera 5578: 5569: 5565:Mount Garibaldi 5533: 5528: 5489: 5479: 5459: 5447: 5427: 5406: 5386: 5368: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5331: 5323: 5320: 5289: 5284:Further reading 5273: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5248: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5222: 5213: 5211: 5189: 5183: 5160: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4963:"Monitor Ridge" 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4795:MyNorthwest.com 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4631:(4477): 16–22. 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4582:McCusker, J. J. 4580: 4570: 4562:McCusker, J. J. 4560: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4527:. 29 June 1993. 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3891: 3872: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3842: 3823: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3780: 3761: 3754: 3753: 3740: 3726: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3274: 3261: 3251: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3151: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3040: 3038: 3037:on 26 June 2008 3022: 3021: 3017: 3006: 3004: 3003:on 26 June 2008 2988: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2733: 2732: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2574:www.fs.usda.gov 2568: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2532:on 29 May 2009. 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2492: 2478: 2477: 2468: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2297:mountain rescue 2249: 2178: 2116:Harry R. Truman 2098: 2015:Yale University 1980: 1942:geology section 1884: 1796:Native American 1793: 1777: 1746: 1686:western hemlock 1669: 1636: 1583: 1577: 1470: 1464: 1437:as viewed from 1427: 1355: 1311: 1274: 1250:current ice age 1214: 1139:Plate tectonics 1132: 1126: 1121: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 692: 656: 650: 599:State Route 504 584:Swift Reservoir 500: 495: 411:) is an active 376: 369:Thomas J. Dryer 326:Subduction zone 274: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 261: 260: 259: 258: 254: 227: 218: 204: 190: 149: 147: 143: 140: 135: 132: 130: 128: 127: 117: 61: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6543: 6541: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6302:Mount Spickard 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6282:Goode Mountain 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6032:Brown Mountain 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6012:Applegate Peak 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5977:Mount Thielsen 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Mount Bachelor 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:Larch Mountain 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5851:Mount Sylvania 5848: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5825:Greenleaf Peak 5822: 5820:Table Mountain 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5665:Cathedral Rock 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5595:Sherman Crater 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5457: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5412:U.W. Libraries 5404: 5392:U.W. Libraries 5378: 5366: 5354: 5329: 5319: 5318:External links 5316: 5315: 5314: 5281: 5280: 5264: 5241: 5220: 5208:10.3133/pp1250 5187: 5181: 5151: 5150: 5125: 5099: 5067: 5055:SummitPost.org 5051:"Loowit Trail" 5042: 5020: 4998: 4976: 4954: 4932: 4910: 4884: 4858: 4832: 4804: 4782: 4756: 4730: 4709: 4690: 4672: 4658: 4615: 4599:1800–present: 4552: 4530: 4512: 4481: 4478:. 20 May 1980. 4457: 4430: 4399: 4377: 4343: 4331: 4295: 4260: 4235: 4206: 4179:theoutlaws.com 4166: 4159: 4135: 4109: 4081: 4056: 4030: 4004: 3976: 3949:(3): 240–251. 3933: 3904: 3889: 3855: 3840: 3808: 3793: 3778: 3738: 3705: 3694: 3668: 3642: 3612: 3594: 3564: 3538: 3520: 3485: 3464: 3457: 3439: 3417: 3399: 3381: 3357: 3345:volcano.si.edu 3332: 3306: 3272: 3263:|journal= 3241:. p. 11. 3225: 3207: 3188: 3161: 3133: 3097: 3072: 3049: 3015: 2981: 2962:Volcano Review 2950: 2927: 2908: 2865: 2846: 2815: 2808: 2783: 2757: 2750: 2669: 2644: 2617: 2606:on 3 June 2021 2586: 2561: 2535: 2517: 2490: 2466: 2441: 2416: 2391: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2264:mountaineering 2248: 2245: 2177: 2174: 2152:National Guard 2136:U.S. President 2097: 2094: 2031:Josiah Parrish 2003:Fort Vancouver 1979: 1976: 1968:Hall J. Kelley 1883: 1880: 1872:Upper Chehalis 1812:Columbia River 1792: 1789: 1776: 1773: 1745: 1742: 1668: 1665: 1635: 1634:Future hazards 1632: 1579:Main article: 1576: 1573: 1525:Columbia River 1517:Cowlitz Rivers 1494:sulfur dioxide 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1443:Fremont Bridge 1426: 1423: 1405:, and western 1354: 1351: 1339:Columbia River 1310: 1307: 1273: 1270: 1213: 1210: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 965: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 895: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 711: 710: 704: 696:tundra climate 691: 688: 668:Carbon Glacier 664:Crater Glacier 654:Crater Glacier 652:Main article: 649: 646: 597:to the north. 591:Cowlitz County 499: 496: 494: 491: 405:Louwala-Clough 397:Cowlitz people 384: 383: 380: 372: 371: 365: 359: 358: 354: 353: 348: 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 318: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 297: 296: 290: 284: 283: 278: 270: 269: 262: 256: 255: 248: 247: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 229: 228: 226: 225: 215:Louwala-Clough 211: 197: 181: 179: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 158: 157: 125: 119: 118: 116: 115: 109: 103: 96: 94: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 68: 67: 63: 62: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 18:Mt. St. Helens 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6542: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6386: 6382: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Eldorado Peak 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312:Mount Redoubt 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6297:Jack Mountain 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6287:Mount Shuksan 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247:Mount Rainier 6245: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Snow Mountain 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:Modoc Plateau 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Roxy Ann Peak 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022:Pelican Butte 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997:Wizard Island 5995: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933:(unvalidated) 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926:Three Sisters 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:Iron Mountain 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Olallie Butte 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5830:Wind Mountain 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Indian Heaven 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Mount Rainier 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625:Ruth Mountain 5623: 5621: 5620:Hannegan Peak 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5182:0-87842-220-X 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5100: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4873: 4872:The Chronicle 4869: 4862: 4859: 4847: 4846:The Chronicle 4843: 4836: 4833: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4604: 4596: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4541:. U.S. Senate 4540: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4400: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4249: 4245: 4244:"Lawetlat'la" 4239: 4236: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4160:0-595-26863-3 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4124:. 19 May 2016 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621:"In the News" 3616: 3613: 3609:. 9 May 2006. 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3370: 3369: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3321:. 2 June 2017 3320: 3319:Volcano World 3316: 3310: 3307: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3157:public domain 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3129:public domain 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3016: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2809:0-87842-511-X 2805: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2751:0-87842-220-X 2747: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2587: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487:. 1.01. USGS. 2486: 2482: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2277:Mount Rainier 2272: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2258:The standard 2256: 2254: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:U.S. Congress 2195: 2194:Ronald Reagan 2187: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2123:volcanologist 2119: 2117: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:Pacific Ocean 1923: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1775:Human history 1774: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1730:mountain lion 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:Roosevelt elk 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1646:in background 1645: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1587: 1582: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1206:Indian Heaven 1203: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:supercritical 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1143:Cascade Range 1140: 1136: 1131: 1123: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 971: 970:precipitation 966: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 896: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 826: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 756: 712: 707: 703: 701: 697: 689: 687: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 655: 647: 645: 643: 639: 635: 632: 628: 624: 623:Cowlitz River 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 554: 549: 544: 538: 536: 530: 528: 524: 520: 519:Mount Rainier 516: 509: 504: 497: 492: 490: 488: 485:and the U.S. 484: 483:Ronald Reagan 481: 477: 473: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:stratovolcano 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 381: 379: 377:Easiest route 373: 370: 366: 364: 360: 355: 352: 349: 347: 346:Last eruption 343: 340: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:stratovolcano 319: 317: 316:Mountain type 313: 309: 307: 303: 298: 294: 291: 289: 285: 282: 281:Cascade Range 279: 277: 271: 245: 235: 230: 222: 216: 212: 208: 202: 198: 194: 187: 183: 182: 180: 176: 173: 170: 168: 164: 159: 154: 126: 124: 120: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 95: 93: 89: 85: 83: 79: 75: 73: 69: 64: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6356: 6277:Mount Fernow 6272:Mount Stuart 6267:Bonanza Peak 6262:Glacier Peak 6163:Mount Tehama 6158:Latour Butte 6133:Brushy Butte 6093:Mount Shasta 6077:Yainax Butte 6057:Grizzly Peak 6017:Rustler Peak 6007:Hillman Peak 6002:Phantom Ship 5982:Mount Mazama 5967:Mount Bailey 5962:Diamond Peak 5785:Big Lava Bed 5754: 5750:Spiral Butte 5730:Gilbert Peak 5700:Old Desolate 5690:Banshee Peak 5660:Mount Daniel 5655:Mount Hinman 5640:Glacier Peak 5635:Mount Terror 5600:Black Buttes 5560:Mount Cayley 5491: 5481: 5470: 5467:the original 5461: 5453:the original 5434: 5429: 5419: 5399: 5374:the original 5346:. 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