1311:, powerful because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command overall. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible; if anything lays beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled. The most common opinion is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood.
902:
1538:
475:
946:. Etymologists must often make hypotheses about changes in the meaning of particular words. Such hypotheses are tested against the general knowledge of semantic shifts. For example, the assumption of a particular change of meaning may be substantiated by showing that the same type of change has occurred in other languages as well.
1344:
therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of the way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy is said, the way of light.
795:
is the name given to a descendant word in a daughter language, descended from an earlier language. For example, Modern
English heat is the reflex of the Old English hǣtu. Rarely, this word is used in reverse, and the 'reflex' is actually the root word rather than the descendant word. However, this
1486:
but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically, cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") show how these ideas had changed over time—according to which value-system appropriated them. This strategy
1343:
Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Ambrose saith: The nature of light is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and
870:
is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to the vowels or to the consonants of the root word. For example
836:(or possibly triplets, and so forth) are specifically cognates within the same language. Although they have the same etymological root, they tend to have different phonological forms, and to have entered the language through different routes.
1028:
The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, which began no earlier than the 18th century. From
939:. By a systematic comparison of related languages, etymologists may often be able to detect which words derive from their common ancestor language and which were instead later borrowed from another language.
656:
Even though etymological research originated from the philological tradition, much current etymological research is done on language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as
898:
are used in the analysis of morphological derivation within a language in studies that are not concerned with historical linguistics and that do not cross the language barrier.
1197:
These linguists were not the earliest
Sanskrit grammarians, however. They followed a line of ancient grammarians of Sanskrit who lived several centuries earlier like
1049:, etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were creatively imagined to satisfy contemporary requirements; for example, the
986:
While the origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to sound change or semantic change. Due to
634:
to reconstruct information about forms that are too old for any direct information to be available. By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the
1138:
were the first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. The study of
Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars with the basis of
2053:
618:, etymologists make use of texts, and texts about the language, to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods, how they developed in
1241:
in
Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because the ancient Indians considered sound and speech itself to be sacred and, for them, the words of the sacred
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611:
in order to construct a comprehensive and chronological catalogue of all meanings that a morpheme, phoneme, word, or sign has carried across time.
2002:
502:
1744:
1611:
392:
1966:
1901:
2027:
1020:
originally meant "prayer". It acquired its modern meaning through the practice of counting the recitation of prayers by using beads.
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1752:
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955:
Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are
1372:
352:
130:
1818:
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is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between
412:
357:
575:) is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word's semantic meaning across time, including its constituent
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78:
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are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.
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198:
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1843:
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was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the sixteenth century.
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research. Changes in the form and meaning of the word can be traced with the aid of older texts, if such are available.
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1804:
1419:
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158:
734:
refers to the predicate (i.e. stem or root) from which a later word or morpheme derives. For example, the Latin word
1383:. The first known systematic attempt to prove the relationship between two languages on the basis of similarity of
1838:
1481:
1364:
1359:
Etymology in the modern sense emerged in the late 18th-century
European academia, within the context of the wider "
20:
2057:
1575:
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442:
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2169:, rev. edn. with the collaboration of Stephen Ullmann. Trans. Joyce M. H. Reid. Oxford: Blackwell, 1969.
1458:
1404:
1076:
173:
1917:
1861:
1759:/ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the scientific study of words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".
1994:
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One of the earliest philosophical texts of the
Classical Greek period to address etymology was the
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1519:(born 1937), linguist, medievalist, etymologist, poet, translator of poetry and literary critic
1392:
1329:
compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Each saint's legend in
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done by the previously mentioned linguists involved extensive studies on the etymology (called
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2008:
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Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the origins of words, some of which are:
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can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way,
2179:
1658:
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makes guesses as to the origins of many words, including the names of the gods. In his
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1056:(born in approximately 522 BCE) employed inventive etymologies to flatter his patrons.
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267:
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Etymology: The history of a word or word element, including its origins and derivation
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1982:
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1335:
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1513:(born 1959), Indo-Europeanist, Slavist, Albanologist, lexicographer, and etymologist
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of whom very little is known. The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in
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987:
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in many
European languages, for example, can be traced back to the origin of the
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1081:
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1010:(the former was originally a derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood").
462:
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27:
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school of the late 19th century. Still in the 19th century, German philosopher
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2120:, 2nd edn. Ed. Keith Brown. Vol. 4. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006, pp. 260–7.
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1303:, while explicitly dismissing the obvious, and actual "bridge-builder":
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40:
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A Handbook of
Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of Dictionary-Making
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1384:
1233:
1125:
929:
755:
2029:
Women of the Gilte
Legende: A Selection of Middle English Saints Lives
1142:
and modern etymology. Four of the most famous
Sanskrit linguists are:
26:"Etymologies" redirects here. For the work by Isidore of Seville, see
2183:
1283:
1053:
1042:
771:
712:
696:
684:
125:
1307:
The priests, called Pontifices.... have the name of Pontifices from
983:(i.e., the creation of imitative words such as "click" or "grunt").
928:
data. The form or meaning of the word might show variations between
1724: – A word having inflected forms from multiple unrelated stems
1507:(1899–1983), Hungarian-born Romanian-Canadian linguist, etymologist
1461:
in the early 19th century and elevated to a high standard with the
2089:"Sir William Jones, British philologist - Stock Image - H410/0115"
1439:
1427:
1272:
1243:
1202:
1146:
1061:
905:
Diagram showing relationships between etymologically related words
900:
1487:
gained popularity in the 20th century, and philosophers, such as
1060:
employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in
1479:
used etymological strategies (principally and most famously in
2193:
2054:"Medieval Sourcebook: The Golden Legend: Volume 2 (full text)"
1471:. The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the
1280:
1247:
contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God.
16:
Scientific study of the origin and evolution of root morphemes
1827:
1819:
754:. Relationships are often less transparent, however. English
1395:, when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between
1590: – Words that look or sound alike, but are not related
1339:
begins with an etymological discourse on the saint's name:
554:
548:
527:
2148:. Fair Lawn, N.J.: Essential Books; London: Deutsch, 1958.
800:
instead. A reflex will sometimes be described simply as a
551:
542:
1954:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1889:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1584: – Fallacy that a word's history defines its meaning
533:
1625: – Complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis
1430:, who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between
1286:
spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons.
853:, a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a
2153:
Linguistic Evolution: With Special Reference to English
1002:
formation of the latter). It is even less obvious that
1363:", although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as
1578: – Name for an imaginary language in linguistics
630:
the language. Etymologists also apply the methods of
564:
524:
1683:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1596: – Popular, but false belief about word origins
545:
530:
539:
536:
1920:, the co-etymon of the modern Israeli Hebrew word
990:, it is not readily obvious that the English word
932:, which may yield clues about its earlier history.
2162:. Cambridge/NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
1602: – Process of reinterpretive word formation
1446:in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of
1655: – Study of language in historical sources
2155:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
2146:Etymology, with a special reference to English
2141:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
1706: – Recent term that is gaining acceptance
1695: – Words inherited by different languages
1016:may also occur. For example, the English word
2189:List of etymologies of words in 90+ languages
2132:An Informal Introduction to English Etymology
1091:in the ninth century, one of several similar
496:
8:
1661: – Common ancestor of a language family
1649: – Linguistic discipline studying words
2127:. Oxford/NY: Oxford University Press, 2009.
1403:(work that was later extended to the whole
775:
735:
1864:, the ultimate etymon of the English word
1643: – Study of language change over time
503:
489:
45:
1991:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
1205:in the philosophical explanations of the
2134:. Montreux, London: Minerva Press, 1995.
2118:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1737:
774:etymon that was once meaningful, Latin
677:is derived from the Ancient Greek word
57:
1712: – Type of multi-source neologism
2158:Bo Svensén. "Etymology", chap. 19 of
2087:LIBRARY, SHEILA TERRY/SCIENCE PHOTO.
1718: – Evolution of a word's meaning
1681: – science school of linguistics
883:are all derivatives of the root word
7:
1745:The New Oxford Dictionary of English
1612:Pseudoscientific language comparison
959:, borrowing (i.e., the adoption of "
796:usage is usually filled by the term
393:Conservative and innovative language
2167:Problems and Methods in Linguistics
1391:was made in 1770 by the Hungarian,
1614: – Form of pseudo-scholarship
1407:in 1799 by his fellow countryman,
770:share in different modern forms a
14:
2113:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1984.
2026:Jacobus; Tracy, Larissa (2003).
1619:Linguistic studies and concepts
1536:
812:from an etymon (but see below).
520:
473:
2116:Philip Durkin. "Etymology", in
1275:. During much of the dialogue,
1033:through the 17th century, from
1667: – Study of proper names
1095:works. The thirteenth-century
706:true sense or sense of a truth
1:
2125:The Oxford Guide to Etymology
1265:
1167:
1150:
1134:linguists and grammarians of
1116:in the form of an etymology.
595:, and draws upon comparative
1951:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003).
1886:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003).
1689:Processes of word formation
1673: – Study of place names
998:(the former is originally a
713:
697:
685:
333:Functional discourse grammar
199:Ethnography of communication
2194:Online Etymology Dictionary
1868:is the Proto-Indo-European
1805:Online Etymology Dictionary
1405:Finno-Ugric language family
1188:
1178:
1160:
1112:of a saint with a fanciful
1035:
750:, is the etymon of English
453:Second-language acquisition
2225:
1828:
1820:
1482:On the Genealogy of Morals
1453:The study of etymology in
1365:Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn
1352:
1319:
1123:
690:
678:
614:For languages with a long
131:Syntax–semantics interface
34:
25:
21:Etymology (disambiguation)
18:
1448:Indo-European linguistics
1297:) spins an etymology for
963:" from other languages);
443:Philosophy of linguistics
343:Interactional linguistics
1608: – Misuse of a word
35:Not to be confused with
1844:A Greek–English Lexicon
1710:Phono-semantic matching
1623:Diachrony and synchrony
1556:Etymological dictionary
1183:(6th-4th centuries BCE)
994:is related to the word
632:comparative linguistics
626:, or when and how they
2165:Walther von Wartburg.
1641:Historical linguistics
1442:. Jones published his
1416:historical linguistics
1346:
1313:
1140:historical linguistics
906:
776:
736:
585:historical linguistics
583:. It is a subfield of
280:Theoretical frameworks
234:Philosophy of language
214:History of linguistics
2130:William B. Lockwood.
2109:Alfred Bammesberger.
2093:Science Photo Library
1997:. pp. 104, 418.
1835:Liddell, Henry George
1459:Rasmus Christian Rask
1444:The Sanscrit Language
1414:The origin of modern
1353:Further information:
1341:
1305:
1077:Etymologicum genuinum
951:Types of word origins
904:
722:the study or logic of
174:Conversation analysis
1995:Blackwell Publishing
1582:Etymological fallacy
1561:Lists of etymologies
1499:Notable etymologists
1361:Age of Enlightenment
418:Internet linguistics
328:Construction grammar
19:For other uses, see
1477:Friedrich Nietzsche
1418:is often traced to
1331:Jacobus de Varagine
1251:Ancient Greco-Roman
1104:Jacobus de Varagine
353:Systemic functional
148:Applied linguistics
90:General linguistics
1959:Palgrave Macmillan
1918:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1894:Palgrave Macmillan
1862:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1785:www.etymonline.com
1566:Place name origins
1544:Linguistics portal
1457:was introduced by
1455:Germanic philology
1355:Comparative method
1327:Isidore of Seville
1322:Medieval etymology
1066:Isidore of Seville
937:comparative method
907:
830:etymological twins
636:comparative method
458:Theory of language
428:Origin of language
383:Autonomy of syntax
338:Grammaticalization
184:Discourse analysis
179:Corpus linguistics
2151:Michael Samuels.
2144:Alan S. C. Ross.
2111:English Etymology
2077:Szemerényi 1996:6
2004:978-1-4443-5675-5
1798:Harper, Douglas.
1679:Wörter und Sachen
1633:surface etymology
1464:German Dictionary
1420:Sir William Jones
1257:Socratic dialogue
1193:(2nd century BCE)
711:, and the suffix
513:
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301:Distributionalism
244:Psycholinguistics
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2056:. Archived from
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1993:(6th ed.).
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1517:Anatoly Liberman
1409:Samuel Gyarmathi
1369:Gerardus Vossius
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1229:Sanskrit grammar
1227:The analyses of
1203:Vedic literature
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224:Neurolinguistics
219:Interlinguistics
204:Ethnomethodology
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1594:False etymology
1542:
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1523:Michael Quinion
1501:
1489:Jacques Derrida
1393:János Sajnovics
1373:Stephen Skinner
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268:Writing systems
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1985:, ed. (2011).
1983:Crystal, David
1974:
1968:978-1403917232
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1949:, see p. 132,
1933:is the Hebrew
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1903:978-1403917232
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1884:, see p. 174,
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1381:William Wotton
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1320:Main article:
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1294:Numa Pompilius
1269: 360 BCE
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1156:centuries BCE)
1154: 6th–5th
1124:Main article:
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1106:, begins each
1102:as written by
1089:Constantinople
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1006:is related to
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2103:
2094:
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2074:
2071:
2060:on 2000-12-09
2059:
2055:
2049:
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2041:
2039:9780859917711
2035:
2032:. DS Brewer.
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2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
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1923:
1919:
1916:According to
1913:
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1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:According to
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1839:Scott, Robert
1836:
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1753:0-19-861263-X
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1588:False cognate
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1473:Neogrammarian
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1136:ancient India
1133:
1127:
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1099:
1098:Legenda Aurea
1094:
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1047:Thomas Browne
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978:
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942:The study of
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365:Structuralism
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348:Prague circle
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22:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2048:
2028:
2021:
1990:
1977:
1953:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1912:
1888:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1842:
1814:
1803:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1764:
1756:
1740:
1505:Ernest Klein
1480:
1462:
1452:
1443:
1413:
1377:Elisha Coles
1358:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1259:
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1242:
1238:
1232:
1226:
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1129:
1107:
1096:
1085:encyclopedia
1075:
1069:
1027:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
988:sound change
985:
977:onomatopoeia
954:
919:Philological
913:
895:
891:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
833:
829:
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821:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
791:
751:
731:
729:
674:
672:
663:Austronesian
655:
613:
515:
514:
402:
311:Glossematics
291:Constituency
263:interpreting
101:Lexicography
28:
1800:"etymology"
1781:"Etymology"
1606:Malapropism
1576:Bongo-Bongo
1424:philologist
1082:grammatical
1071:Etymologiae
973:compounding
756:place names
717:, denoting
701:), meaning
463:Terminology
438:Orthography
358:Usage-based
259:Translating
154:Acquisition
59:Linguistics
29:Etymologiae
2104:References
2064:2005-05-28
1879:be able to
1821:ἐτυμολογία
1755:– p. 633 "
1722:Suppletion
1665:Onomastics
1647:Lexicology
1572:Fallacies
1511:Marko Snoj
1493:philosophy
1426:living in
1422:, a Welsh
1349:Modern era
1221:Upanishads
1199:Sakatayana
1171: 520
1087:edited at
1051:Greek poet
969:derivation
896:derivative
890:The terms
867:derivative
859:derivative
855:descendant
806:derivative
802:descendant
764:Gloucester
760:Winchester
686:ἐτυμολογία
680:ἐτυμολογία
644:word roots
605:pragmatics
601:morphology
433:Orismology
318:Functional
306:Generative
296:Dependency
116:Pragmatics
106:Morphology
96:Diachronic
37:Entomology
2209:Etymology
2180:Etymology
2139:Etymology
2013:899159900
1987:"cognate"
1928:ice cream
1757:Etymology
1704:Neologism
1699:Epeolatry
1653:Philology
1552:Examples
1401:Hungarian
1239:Vyutpatti
1214:Aranyakas
1208:Brahmanas
1189:Patañjali
1179:Kātyāyana
1173:–460 BCE)
1093:Byzantine
1031:Antiquity
1000:causative
961:loanwords
881:unhappily
834:twinlings
768:Tadcaster
730:The term
675:etymology
673:The word
640:linguists
609:phonetics
597:semantics
593:semiotics
589:philology
577:morphemes
516:Etymology
408:Iconicity
403:Etymology
323:Cognitive
286:Formalist
239:Phonetics
229:Philology
121:Semantics
111:Phonology
2203:Category
1671:Toponymy
1530:See also
1432:Sanskrit
1316:Medieval
1300:pontifex
1292:Life of
1288:Plutarch
1277:Socrates
1261:Cratylus
1132:Sanskrit
1114:excursus
1058:Plutarch
967:such as
930:dialects
826:Doublets
817:Cognates
772:suffixed
758:such as
737:candidus
581:phonemes
209:Forensic
189:Distance
136:Typology
51:a series
49:Part of
41:Etiology
1866:machine
1847:at the
1747:(1998)
1693:Cognate
1467:of the
1389:lexicon
1385:grammar
1234:Nirukta
1126:Nirukta
1045:to Sir
1024:History
910:Methods
877:happily
873:unhappy
810:derived
777:castrum
669:Origins
628:entered
620:meaning
164:Applied
74:History
69:Outline
2184:Curlie
2036:
2011:
2001:
1965:
1900:
1829:ἔτυμον
1751:
1379:, and
1309:potens
1284:Pindar
1162:Pāṇini
1062:sounds
1054:Pindar
1043:Pindar
1037:Pāṇini
975:; and
879:, and
857:and a
847:etymon
798:etymon
793:Reflex
752:candid
732:etymon
714:-logia
698:ἔτυμον
692:ἔτυμον
659:Uralic
607:, and
591:, and
572:-ə-jee
479:Portal
377:Topics
126:Syntax
1922:glida
1873:*māgh
1732:Notes
1440:Latin
1436:Greek
1428:India
1273:Plato
1271:) by
1244:Vedas
1147:Yaska
1080:is a
1008:blood
1004:bless
885:happy
745:white
79:Index
2034:ISBN
2009:OCLC
1999:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1944:clot
1935:root
1898:ISBN
1870:stem
1749:ISBN
1438:and
1399:and
1397:Sami
1387:and
1281:Odes
1218:and
1130:The
1109:vita
1018:bead
979:and
971:and
935:The
894:and
892:root
851:root
849:and
842:root
784:fort
661:and
624:form
622:and
579:and
568:-im-
261:and
254:Text
2182:at
1938:gld
1411:).
1333:'s
1237:or
1068:'s
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996:sit
992:set
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828:or
820:or
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1064:.
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