1497:
1680:
the refuge and the pass. In 1990, Anatoli
Boukreev set a record by climbing from the refuge to the eastern summit in a time of 1 hour and 47 minutes. In 2005, with the growing enthusiasm for extreme sports and the increase in the number of mountaineers in Russia, this tradition was relaunched and a new race was organized between Bochki and the western summit. In 2006, the best mountaineers from the former Soviet republics participated in the competition: Denis Urubko from Kazakhstan, Sergei Seliverstov and Alexander Kerimov from Kyrgyzstan, and Sergei Sourmonin from Russia. For the first time, one of the routes offers a height difference of over 3,000 metres, starting at the Azaou glades at an altitude of 2,400 metres and arriving at the western summit. Denis Ouroubko sets a time of 3 hours 55 minutes and 58 seconds on this course. On the route starting from the Garabachi huts, Svetlana Sharipova is the best female with a time of 3 hours 21 minutes and 29 seconds.
1661:, continues more or less straight up the slope from the end of the cable car system, which takes passengers up to 3,800 metres (12,500 ft). During the summer, it is not uncommon for 100 people to attempt the summit via this route each day. Winter ascents are rare, and are usually undertaken only by very experienced climbers. Elbrus is notorious for its brutal winter weather, and summit attempts are few and far between. The climb is not technically difficult, but it is physically arduous because of the altitude and the frequent strong winds. The average annual death toll on Elbrus is 15–30, primarily due to "many unorganized and poorly equipped" attempts to reach the mountain's summit.
372:
1633:, construction of which began in 1959. Starting from the Azaou road at 2,180 metres above sea level in the valley, it leads to the old viewpoint (Stari Krougozor) at an altitude of 2,970 metres; at the foot of the terminal tongue of the Mali glacier Azaou, which has retreated since the construction of the facility. Its length is 1,740 metres, with a drop of 650 meters. The second section, built in 1976, leads to the Mir station at an altitude of 3,470 metres. Its length is 1,800 metres, with a drop of 500 metres. Finally, the last stretch is a
306:
1813:
379:
346:
313:
280:
247:
339:
976:, the summer period takes place from June to mid-September, with an average of 50% of sunny days favorable to the ascent of the summit. However, the winds, dominated by westerly air masses, can turn violent and temperatures drop very quickly. Above 4000 meters above sea level, even in summer, blizzard conditions with near zero visibility can develop. It is not uncommon for the wind to exceed 100 km/h. In winter, the temperature can drop below −50° at the top. Precipitation increases with altitude.
240:
1033:
273:
1610:
1426:
64:
1323:. The project took 45 days in total. They were able to drive the vehicle as high as the mountain huts at The Barrels (3,800 metres (12,500 ft)), but above this they used a pulley system to raise it most of the way. On the way down, a driver lost control of the vehicle and had to jump out. Although he survived the accident, the vehicle crashed onto the rocks and remains below the summit to this day.
1348:
1801:
1408:, fitted with special horseshoes with removable steel spikes. The organiser of the climb was Klych-Gery Urusov. Six people reached the eastern summit: three Karachai horsemen (Dahir Kappushev, Mohammed Bidzhiev, Murat Dzhatdoev) and three mountaineers (Boris Begeulov, Umar Bairamukov, Leila Albogachieva (Ingush nationality)), with two of the three horses (Daur and Khurzuk).
1071:
1443:
1505:
1669:. The rest of the ascent to the two main peaks can only be done on foot in about six hours. The route is well signposted; but it can be risky to go more than fifty meters from it because of the few crevasses or in the event of being ill-equipped. A variant allows you to reach the Diesel refuge from the Ice camp, at an altitude of 3,680 metres.
1688:
Malka river where it is possible to discover the Sultan Falls from a height of forty metres near the sources. the Jilasu, then connects
Khourzouk after the Bourountach pass (3,072 m), and finally crosses the Oullou-Kam river, the Khoti Outaou pass (3,456 m), the Azaou glacier to descend to Terskol and finally return to the point of departure.
1789:
1665:
hour and a half walk, at an altitude of 4,157 metres, is the Diesel refuge, offering 50 places and built in 2001 on the site of the former refuge of the 11 accidentally burned down on Aug 16, 1998. After an additional two hours of walking, the normal route passes close to the
Pastoukhov rocks, which can be reached by a
1687:
It is possible to go around Mount Elbrus. The easiest route takes between eight and ten days of hiking, with the crossing of several glaciers and the crossing of many passes. It starts from the village of Baksan in the Kirtyk valley, then passes through the
Kirtykaouch pass (3,242 m), descends to the
1713:
Regular competitions began to take place in 2005, with a choice of two routes: the "classic" climb from "Barrels" at 3,708 m (12,165 ft) to the western summit (5,642 m (18,510 ft)) and a long climb, from the Azau Meadow at 2,350 m (7,710 ft) to the same summit. In 2006,
1691:
In
September 2012, an emergency shelter is installed on the "saddle" of Elbrus, between the eastern summit and the western summit, station EG 5300. It was then the highest mountain refuge in Europe. However, the shelter was destroyed by winds in December of the same year. In 2013, a new, more modest
1679:
During Soviet times, Mount Elbrus was home to climbing speed competitions and was training for national
Himalayan expeditions (1982 and 1989). The best mountaineers tested their endurance during this prestigious event. In September 1987, Vladimir Balyberdine organized the first official race between
1672:
Another route leads to the summit from
Kioukiourtliou-Kolbachi (4,639 m) via the Dome of Koupol at 4,912 meters, on the western side of the mountain. This route, much longer, is accessible either from the first section of the cable car by crossing the moraines in a north-west direction via the Khoti
1641:
In
December 2006, the first section of the cable car was modernized to meet safety requirements, thanks to the construction of a new cable car in parallel with the existing one. In August 2009, a new cable car was built to reach the second section. On 27 December 2015, the gondola to go up the third
855:
Elbrus is an almost symmetrical dormant volcano, in a vertical plane, with two main peaks, on either side of a pass located at 5,416 metres above sea level: the western summit is the highest point at 5,642 metres above sea level. while the eastern summit rises to 5,621 meters. The crater, 300 to 400
1664:
The normal route, on the southern slope, is the easiest, the safest and the fastest, by using the ski lifts to the
Garabachi 36 refuges offering 11 cylindrical cabins (the "barrels") of 6 beds each and a total of 80 berths, with water from the melting glacier in summer, and electric heating. At an
1496:
1683:
In 1997, two
Swedish adventurers, mountaineerings and skiers Jon Wilhelmsson (1976, Ockelbo, Sweden) and Niklas summited Mount Elbrus, executing a remarkable descent using the Telemark skiing technique. Whether they were the first foreign skiers to achieve this feat remains uncertain. No
955:
on the mountain, which look fresh, and roughly 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi) of volcanic debris. The longest flow extends 24 kilometres (15 mi) down the northeast summit, indicative of a large eruption. There are other signs of activity on the volcano, including
1530:
travel agency built yet another structure a little above the "Priyut 11" site at 4,200 metres, covered in aluminium siding. It was meant to accommodate western tourists, who were encouraged to climb Mount Elbrus in commercial, guided tours to bring in foreign currency.
1417:
A fourth equestrian ascent took place on 4 September 2020 (see photo below). Two Karachai horsemen, Ramazan Alchakov and Abrek Ediev, and their Russian friend Ivan Kulaga, together with the two Karachai horses Almaz and Dzhigit, reached the western summit.
1545:
On 16 August 1998, this hut burned down after a cooking stove fell over. After that, the new "Diesel hut" was built in the summer of 2001 a few metres below its ruins, so called because it is located at the site of the former diesel generator station.
1421:
A fifth equestrian ascent took place on 23 September 2020 by the Karachai horseman Taulan Achabaev and his cousin Rustam Achabaev, together with the stallion Bahr, reaching the higher western summit accompanied by the Balkar guide Aslan Altuev.
1736:. Egloff broke the previous record set in September 2014 by Vitaliy Shkel by more than 18 minutes. He reached the summit in 3:24:14, missing Bergiel's record ascent-only time by 37 seconds; the race organisation and the
1637:
single-seater which then makes it possible to avoid an hour's walk for hikers to the Garabachi huts, at an altitude of 3,847 metres. Built in the late 1970s, it is 1,000 metres long, with a drop of 250 metres.
872:. Some of these glaciers can reach 400 metres in thickness but all are receding, having lost between 80 and 500 meters in length. The two main ones are called Bolshoi Azaou ("the great Azaou"), with an area of
2652:
1219:. The Nazi swastika was placed on the summit of Mount Elbrus on 21 August 1942. A possibly apocryphal story tells of a Soviet pilot being given a medal for bombing the main mountaineering hut,
1676:
Other routes by the east from the valley, the glacier and the Iryk pass (3,667 m), or by the north are possible but are more hazardous due to the absence or obsolescence of the installations.
1549:
In addition, there is accommodation for six people each at the end of the short chairlift above the second cableway section. Painted red and white, these horizontal steel cylinders (called
1414:
A third equestrian ascent took place in 2019, by the Karachai horseman Aslan Khubiev with the Karachai horses Boz and Damly, helped by the Balkar guides Aslan Altuev and Askhat Guzoev.
2879:
2861:
2912:
2627:
1462:
and until the early 2010s, travel to Mount Elbrus became increasingly dangerous due to economic problems, armed conflicts in various republics of Caucasus, and later due to the
2326:
2145:
1516:
In 1929, eleven scientists erected a small hut at 4,160 metres and called it "Priyut 11" ("Refuge of the 11"). At the same site, a larger hut for 40 people was built in 1932.
600:. The taller, western summit is 5,642 metres (18,510 ft); the eastern summit is 5,621 metres (18,442 ft). The eastern summit was first ascended on 10 July 1829 by a
4765:
4323:
1752:
1226:
1007:). Snow is fairly common, at 45 days a year on average, and winter and late fall are driest. Winters are somewhat moderate for the latitude (~45 N, similar to places like
931:
still sometimes escape from the eastern flank of Elbrus, at the level of the ancient lava flow of 24 kilometers long oriented from the crater to the north-northeast, and
1743:
The fastest times by a woman on the long route were set by Diana Zelenova (4:30:12 for the ascent in 2017) and Oksana Stefanishina (6:25:23 for the full race in 2015).
3352:
2515:
2566:
2406:
Landser took photos of them on the summit from August 1942 to February 1943 and the Abwehr and Caucasian Germans were active in that area, until November 1943.
2490:
1710:, with Kevin Cooney in second, followed by Patrick Healy. Route Priut 11 (4,050 m (13,287 ft)) – East (lower) was summited in 1 hour and 47 minutes.
2839:
1561:
by many mountaineers on their way to the summit. Besides the "barrels", there are several container-bases accommodation between about 3,800 and 4,200 metres.
4332:
3026:
3022:
1573:
which is close to being the highest toilet in Europe, at 4,200 m (13,800 ft), next to the old, burnt-out Priyut Hut. The title was conferred by
305:
3525:
1692:
emergency shelter, capable of accommodating four to six people, was built 300 metres from the EG 5300 station, by the Russian Mountaineering Federation.
371:
856:
metres in diameter, located at the top of the eastern peak, was gradually filled with snow and ice. The snowfields of the volcano, covering an area of
4750:
4740:
1051:
4715:
4705:
920:
1411:
A second equestrian climb was made in August 1999 by the same Karachai riders, with a Karachai horse (Igilik), reaching the higher western summit.
1042:
4603:
3090:
1466:. Currently, Mount Elbrus is steadily becoming an important destination of domestic Russian tourism, with 424,000 visitors to the area in 2020.
1429:
Ivan Kulaga, Ramazan Alchakov and Abrek Ediev (L-R) and their horses Dzhigit and Almaz, on the western summit of Mount Elbrus, 4 September 2020.
4316:
3534:
134:
2596:
1732:
The record time for the full race, ascent and descent, of the long route is 4:20:45, set on 7 May 2017 by the Swiss-Ecuadorian mountain guide
1673:
Outaou pass then obliquely towards the summit, or from the Khourzouk valley. There is no refuge but the terrain is more suitable for camping.
1488:
In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to Mount Elbrus, due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest.
796:, which is visible from Elbrus on exceptionally clear days. It rises 5,642 metres above the sea level. Located eleven kilometres north of the
239:
2296:
2163:
2029:
1757:
338:
1251:
the general. Nazi swastikas were removed by USSR army mountaineers on 13 and 17 February 1943. Mt. Elbrus was briefly incorporated into the
4770:
4755:
3345:
3283:
2711:
1276:
1100:, we saw the Caucasus range One peak of the Caucasus was pointed out—the name of the peak was Strobilos—where according to the story
563:
2887:
2550:
2188:
2120:
1737:
1187:
became a popular sport of the populace, and there was tremendous traffic on the mountain. On 17 March 1936, a group of 33 inexperienced
903:
Elbrus started to form there 10 million years ago. The ejecta from the volcano covers an area of 260 km. Fragments of rhyolite and
2923:
2050:
1438:
In October 2021, Kazakh scientist Aida Tabelinova climbed Mount Elbrus as part of an international expedition led by Youth Club of the
4735:
3704:
2288:
1252:
116:
4775:
4760:
4730:
4309:
1534:
Not much later, this hut was converted into a mountain barracks, serving as a base, first for Soviet and later German troops in the
1470:
1387:
1216:
272:
1725:
program "Polish Winter Himalayism 2010–2015", the Polish Mountaineering Association sent a 13-person team for training purposes.
1478:
1463:
915:
to situate the formation of the main caldera around −700,000 years, probably corresponding to the end of a major eruptive cycle.
1579:
magazine following a 1993 search and article. The "outhouse" is surrounded by and covered in ice, perched on the end of a rock.
4725:
3338:
1459:
943:
Mount Elbrus was formed more than 2.5 million years ago. The volcano is currently considered dormant. Elbrus was active in the
987:
if the -3 C isotherm is used) with hot, moderately wet summers and cold, somewhat dry winters. It is on the border between a
3518:
1523:
was built in 1933 in the saddle between the two summits but collapsed after only a few years. Its remains can still be seen.
1369:
1191:
members attempted the mountain and ended up suffering four fatalities when they slipped on the ice and fell to their deaths.
896:
that causes numerous earthquakes in the region. The fault zone is complex and the large lateral displacement at the level of
2523:
2356:
Strobilus—Elbruz we now call it—is still there, lifting its great pinecone-shaped mass over the crest of the central chain.
2235:
1231:, "Refuge of the 11"), while it was occupied. He was later nominated for a medal for not hitting the hut, but instead, the
1116:
Prometheus was chained in the Caucasus as a punishment for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind.) Arrian's
1078:. The snow-capped ridges marking the watershed are visible as a white border; Elbrus is the white patch to the north of it.
1365:
1156:
994:
2574:
2438:
1779:
4745:
1446:
to promote humanitarian cooperation. In 2020 a charity climb for the Global Relief Trust by British Bangladeshi climber
1439:
988:
127:
3894:
3083:
2092:
1920:
1762:
900:
and Iran prevents the creation of a subduction phenomenon and explains the rarity of volcanoes in the mountain range.
485:
96:
3211:
2282:
2208:
4710:
2989:
2847:
1084:
413:
4553:
3985:
2368:
1358:
4285:
3511:
2351:
1299:
1295:
984:
836:
2628:"Kazakh Scientist Climbs Elbrus With International Expedition to Make Geomaps, Promote Humanitarian Cooperation"
4340:
2055:
1882:
1588:
1320:
948:
215:
4112:
2737:
1706:
The first race on Elbrus took place in 1990, with Soviet and American climbers competing. The race was won by
2408:
1404:
were the first in history to climb Mount Elbrus with horses. The horses were Imbir, Daur and Khurzuk, of the
2125:
1845:
1168:
748:
605:
510:
46:
4493:
4720:
4498:
4398:
4227:
4142:
3664:
3361:
3076:
3018:
2952:
1943:
1772:
1604:
1535:
1327:
1200:
844:
687:
472:
112:
89:
2345:
4649:
3960:
3262:
1595:, is located 2.5 km north-west of Terskol village at an altitude of 3,090 metres (10,140 ft).
1160:
1121:
1012:
860:, feed 22 (or 23 depending on the source) main glaciers and 77 secondary glaciers that give rise to the
832:
4368:
4250:
3032:
964:. The western summit has a well-preserved volcanic crater about 250 metres (820 ft) in diameter.
4383:
4147:
3874:
1243:, the general officer commanding the German division, to climb to the summit of Elbrus and plant the
828:
120:
759:
use the name "Uash-ha Makhua" which means "The mountain of happiness", The name "Mingi Taw" used by
4638:
4448:
4373:
4077:
3769:
3586:
2967:
2604:
2471:
1684:
documented instances of earlier Telemark descents from Mount Elbrus by foreigners have been found.
1401:
1331:
1316:
973:
912:
809:
593:
570:
462:
422:
4378:
4117:
3669:
3596:
3304:
3012:
3009:
2213:
2087:
1865:
1575:
1272:
1128:
824:
805:
586:
574:
440:
418:
200:
103:
4408:
4132:
3869:
2389:
2308:
1642:
section was put into service, thus becoming the second-highest gondola in Europe after that of
1247:
at its top, he reportedly flew into a rage, called the achievement a "stunt" and threatened to
927:, demonstrating the common geological origin of this volcanic activity. It happens that modest
4669:
4664:
4478:
4191:
3573:
3568:
3395:
3171:
2546:
2292:
2278:
2184:
2159:
2025:
1113:
1032:
880:
and a length of 9.31 km. This glacial activity has formed numerous small but deep lakes.
801:
715:
679:
2653:"Chadderton mountaineer sets UK record for mountain climb - days after getting over COVID-19"
2312:
2130:
1183:
from the Valais canton and guide Ahiya Sottaiev. During the early years of the Soviet Union,
4513:
4413:
4348:
4175:
4057:
3864:
3626:
3313:
3190:
2657:
2151:
2060:
1860:
1793:
1707:
1286:
system was built in stages that can take visitors as high as 3,800 metres (12,500 ft).
1075:
924:
797:
768:
737:
722:
630:
578:
539:
185:
2155:
2082:
1657:
There are a wide variety of routes up the mountain, but the normal route, which is free of
1167:, and the higher (by about 40 m; 130 ft) in 1874 by an English expedition led by
604:
man named Khillar Khashirov, and the western summit in 1874 by a British expedition led by
4533:
4280:
4275:
4122:
4082:
4021:
4005:
3995:
3749:
3674:
3433:
3376:
3001:
1726:
1558:
1425:
1164:
1109:
1000:
980:
951:, the last eruption took place about AD 50. Evidence of recent volcanism includes several
567:
551:
447:
4518:
3990:
3834:
3558:
3548:
1938:
1212:
2683:[In 2020, 424 thousand people visited the Elbrus region in Kabardino-Balkaria].
1609:
4628:
4488:
4468:
4092:
4087:
3724:
3452:
2944:
1630:
1520:
1474:
1405:
1283:
1184:
1008:
893:
861:
695:
673:
582:
429:
2024:. 1:50,000 with mountaineering information. EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. 2007.
63:
4699:
4623:
4508:
4453:
4438:
4363:
4358:
4265:
4072:
4042:
3889:
3884:
3844:
3804:
3789:
3719:
3631:
3292:
3243:
3114:
3099:
3044:
1817:
1805:
1767:
1248:
1244:
1172:
916:
889:
869:
865:
840:
609:
555:
514:
491:
477:
436:
108:
1050:
4684:
4654:
4613:
4593:
4543:
4353:
4255:
3965:
3945:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3744:
3639:
3591:
3490:
3471:
2755:
1966:
1722:
1715:
1539:
1264:
1236:
1232:
1211:
occupied the area, surrounding the mountain from August 1942 to February 1943 with
1204:
1176:
1136:
1041:
1016:
522:
504:
35:
31:
4403:
3739:
3503:
2820:
999:
climate, at average temperature 72 F (22 C) in July and August. The summit has an
979:
Mount Elbrus as a whole is warm/hot-summer humid continental (or at the border of
665:(also called Elburz), which is also the name of a long mountain range in northern
2538:
1180:
613:
4679:
4578:
4463:
4290:
4214:
4167:
4102:
4067:
3929:
3809:
3799:
3784:
3734:
3616:
3563:
3271:
2979:
1733:
1701:
1447:
1347:
1240:
1235:
fuel supply, leaving the hut standing for future generations. When news reached
932:
793:
756:
601:
2491:"Interview with Boris Tilov - the Chief of the rescue service of Elbrus region"
2469:
Makunin, Yuri (14 February 2002). "Война на Эльбрусе" [War on Elbrus].
4573:
4568:
4528:
4503:
4458:
4423:
4260:
4183:
4127:
4062:
4013:
3849:
3794:
3759:
3729:
3714:
3691:
3682:
3581:
3553:
3220:
3057:
2773:
2373:
1991:
1666:
1105:
1101:
961:
957:
908:
904:
816:
149:
136:
4659:
4618:
4588:
4473:
4433:
4196:
3924:
3829:
3814:
3754:
3133:
1646:
in Switzerland; which is 3,883 m high. Its capacity is 750 people per hour.
1634:
1527:
1482:
1208:
1140:
1070:
952:
928:
789:
760:
597:
4548:
4301:
3774:
1326:
In 2016, the Russian climbers Artyom Kuimov and Sergey Baranov entered the
1504:
1271:
by 400 mountaineers to mark the 400th anniversary of the incorporation of
1147:
denotes rotating or twisted objects such as a spinning top or a pinecone.
4674:
4443:
4270:
4237:
4137:
4107:
4097:
4052:
3904:
3859:
3854:
3330:
2681:"За 2020 год Приэльбрусье в Кабардино-Балкарии посетили 424 тыс. человек"
1658:
1623:
1592:
1570:
1188:
944:
897:
785:
554:
rising 5,642 m (18,510 ft) above sea level, and is the highest
17:
2774:"International Center for Astronomical, Medical and Ecological Research"
4583:
4558:
4428:
4219:
4000:
3955:
3950:
3899:
3879:
3824:
3819:
3764:
1643:
1372: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1315:
In 1997 a team led by the Russian mountaineer Alexander Abramov took a
1097:
820:
764:
670:
559:
4483:
4393:
4388:
4047:
4037:
3839:
3779:
3152:
2017:
1629:
Until the mid-2000s, the first section was provided by the Elbrouz-1
1155:
The lower of the two summits was first ascended on 22 July [
1089:
661:
547:
543:
79:
39:
2791:
2680:
1025:
Topographic map and three-dimensional animations representing Elbrus
4563:
4418:
4209:
4201:
3659:
3621:
3058:"Horses on Elbrus (5642 m) Лошади карачаевской породы на Эльбрусе"
2416:
1608:
1503:
1495:
1069:
1729:
set a new long course record of 3 hours, 23 minutes, 37 seconds.
919:
has revealed subsequent synchronous eruptive cycles in different
4523:
3068:
2685:
666:
517:
and the guides Peter Knubel and 22 July 1829 by Killar Khashirov
4305:
3507:
3334:
3072:
2439:"Russian Army Repels Hitler's Forces: August 1942-January 1943"
2236:"7 (or 8) Summits: The World's Highest Mountains by Continent"
1341:
2253:
1893:
2183:. Green Forest: New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc. p. 83.
1159:
10 July] 1829 by Khillar Khachirov, a guide for an
1933:
1931:
648:
636:
1569:
Mount Elbrus is said to be home to the 'world's nastiest'
3015:. There are a few discontinuities due to incomplete data.
1267:
encouraged ascents of Elbrus, and in 1956 it was climbed
1127:, was later identified as Elbrus by some writers such as
888:
The Caucasus is formed by the northward collision of the
847:
are required south of Baksan because of border controls.
815:
Elbrus is located 65 kilometres southwest of the city of
2862:"New records on SkyMarathon® - Mt. Elbrus, 2350-5642 m!"
1740:
nevertheless consider Egloff's ascent a record as well.
1718:
won the long ascent in 3 hours, 55 minutes, 59 seconds.
1477:
against climbing the mountain, as well as travel to the
876:
and a length of 9.28 km, and Irik, with an area of
2567:"Квадроцикл на вершине Эльбруса: новый мировой рекорд!"
1876:
2569:[ATV on top of Elbrus: a new world record!].
1850:
1777:
651:
207:
2018:"Mount Elbrus and Upper Baksan Valley Map and Guide"
911:
formations have been found and have been allowed by
812:. It is the highest peak in both Russia and Europe.
645:
642:
639:
4637:
4602:
4339:
4236:
4156:
4030:
3974:
3938:
3700:
3648:
3605:
3541:
3482:
3463:
3444:
3425:
3406:
3387:
3368:
3303:
3282:
3261:
3254:
3235:
3210:
3189:
3182:
3163:
3144:
3125:
3106:
633:
521:
503:
498:
484:
471:
461:
456:
446:
428:
412:
404:
226:
170:
165:
126:
102:
88:
78:
73:
56:
2738:"The pinnacle of success—and—disgust—for climbers"
2147:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names
1753:List of highest points of Russian federal subjects
804:, it is on the border of the Russian republics of
325:Location of Mount Elbrus within Kabardino-Balkaria
259:Location of Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains
1626:take visitors up to an altitude of 3,847 metres.
1450:was completed without using supplemental oxygen.
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
747:may be interpreted as "watch" or "guard", from
192:
2949:Standard Encyclopedia of the World's Mountains
1294:Since 1986, Elbrus has been incorporated into
1239:that a detachment of mountaineers was sent by
4317:
3519:
3346:
3084:
2181:The Summit: Faith Beyond Everest's Death Zone
2045:
2043:
2041:
1838:
1319:to the summit of the East Peak, entering the
1224:
1096:: "… as we turned from Astelphos toward
177:
8:
1649:The ski resort is busiest in April and May.
1400:In August 1998 a group of climbers from the
839:, which is accessed by the A158 road out of
2842:[Poles are the fastest on Elbrus].
2706:
2704:
2202:
2200:
784:Elbrus is situated in the northwest of the
4766:Highest points of Russian federal subjects
4324:
4310:
4302:
3526:
3512:
3504:
3353:
3339:
3331:
3258:
3186:
3091:
3077:
3069:
3027:Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus Range (November 2002)
53:
2815:
2813:
2573:(in Russian). 4 July 2016. Archived from
2516:"Land Rover Defender climbs Mount Elbrus"
2059:. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
1388:Learn how and when to remove this message
1092:mentioned a summit in the Caucasus named
935:originate on the slopes of the mountain.
2484:
2482:
1424:
714:("high"), the reconstructed ancestor of
2880:"Vitaliy Shkel's new great achievement"
2626:Bulatkulova, Saniya (21 October 2021).
2347:The Exploration of the Caucasus, Vol. 1
2331:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
2144:Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019).
1910:
1830:
1784:
710:is the feminine form of the adjective *
2997:
2987:
2907:
2905:
358:Location of Mount Elbrus within Europe
292:Location of Mount Elbrus within Russia
2838:Karnecki, Marek (24 September 2010).
1859:
1758:List of elevation extremes by country
1163:scientific expedition led by General
1019:, all of which are colder in winter).
452:Elbrus and Upper Baksan Valley by EWP
391:Location of Mount Elbrus on the Earth
27:Highest mountain of Russia and Europe
7:
3008:Computer generated summit panoramas
2539:"Chapter 7: The wild side of Elbrus"
2489:Trubachof, Alex (19 November 2005).
2209:"Getting to the Top In the Caucasus"
2156:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001
1370:adding citations to reliable sources
1330:by reaching the summit of Elbrus on
1277:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
819:and 80 kilometers west-southwest of
566:in the world. It is situated in the
378:
345:
312:
279:
246:
2920:International Skyrunning Federation
1738:International Skyrunning Federation
3033:"Mt. Elbrus Expedition Dispatches"
2289:University of North Carolina Press
1135:(1896). Freshfield called Elbrus "
843:, lies on its southeastern flank.
827:, known to Russians as either the
25:
2716:United States Department of State
2522:. 18 January 2004. Archived from
2409:"Mount Elbrus: The end of an era"
1967:"Topographic map of Mount Elbrus"
1471:United States Department of State
1171:and including Frederick Gardner,
608:and including Frederick Gardner,
585:, and is the highest peak of the
68:Mount Elbrus, seen from the north
4751:Five-thousanders of the Caucasus
4741:Mountains of Karachay-Cherkessia
3296:(4,509 m or 14,793 ft)
3275:(4,884 m or 16,024 ft)
3247:(4,892 m or 16,050 ft)
3224:(4,810 m or 15,781 ft)
3203:(5,642 m or 18,510 ft)
3175:(5,893 m or 19,334 ft)
3156:(6,198 m or 20,335 ft)
3137:(6,962 m or 22,841 ft)
3118:(8,848 m or 29,029 ft)
2886:. 24 August 2014. Archived from
1811:
1799:
1787:
1721:On 24 September 2010, under the
1479:North Caucasian Federal District
1346:
1049:
1040:
1031:
823:. By road it is accessible from
659:seems to have a connection with
629:
377:
370:
344:
337:
311:
304:
278:
271:
245:
238:
62:
4716:Stratovolcanoes of the Caucasus
4706:Mountains of Kabardino-Balkaria
3535:Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe
3494:(4,285 m / 14,058 ft)
3475:(4,367 m / 14,327 ft)
3456:(5,610 m / 18,406 ft)
3437:(5,636 m / 18,491 ft)
3418:(5,642 m / 18,510 ft)
3399:(5,895 m / 19,341 ft)
3380:(6,893 m / 22,615 ft)
3317:(2,228 m or 7,310 ft)
2537:Horrell, Mark (9 August 2013).
2207:Tomb, Howard (27 August 1989).
1924:. World Book, Inc. p. 317.
1481:in general, due to the risk of
1357:needs additional citations for
1133:The Exploration of the Caucasus
1088:, written in Greek in ca. 130,
3056:KKCTebouTV (3 November 2012).
2922:. 29 July 2017. Archived from
2840:"Polacy najszybsi na Elbrusie"
1939:"Image of the Day: Mt. Elbrus"
1557:), are used as a base and for
1328:Guinness Book of World Records
328:Show map of Kabardino-Balkaria
262:Show map of Caucasus Mountains
1:
3037:Berg Adventures International
2689:(in Russian). 21 January 2021
2392:[Tragedy on Elbrus].
702:, and into Modern Persian as
94:4,741 m (15,554 ft)
84:5,642 m (18,510 ft)
2736:Flinn, John (9 April 2006).
2344:Freshfield, Douglas (1902).
2325:Smith, William, ed. (1854).
1894:
1877:
1587:The Terskol Observatory, an
1440:Russian Geographical Society
972:As Elbrus is located in the
792:and 370 kilometres from the
767:means "Eternal Mountain" in
596:, both of which are dormant
4771:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
4756:Highest points of countries
2846:(in Polish). Archived from
2369:"στρόβιλος (ancient Greek)"
2150:. Oxford University Press.
2093:Central Intelligence Agency
1921:The World Book Encyclopedia
1851:
1763:List of volcanoes in Russia
1485:and political instability.
669:. The name is derived from
4792:
1886:
1869:
1699:
1602:
1402:Karachai-Cherkess Republic
1279:where Elbrus was located.
1151:First Ascents (1829–1930s)
1085:Periplus of the Euxine Sea
800:, marking the border with
798:Greater Caucasus Watershed
788:, 100 kilometres from the
694:, which was reformed into
678:, a legendary mountain in
208:
193:
44:
29:
4736:Stratovolcanoes of Russia
4286:Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer
2457:Hitler: Nemesis 1936–1945
1992:"Mount Elbrus Map Sample"
1839:
1464:North Caucasus insurgency
1300:Protected areas of Russia
1296:Prielbrusye National Park
1282:Between 1959 and 1976, a
1225:
1143:. The ancient Greek word
1139:-shaped" for the sake of
564:tenth-most prominent peak
558:in the supercontinent of
231:
178:
61:
4776:Holocene stratovolcanoes
4761:Climbing areas of Russia
4731:Extreme points of Russia
4333:Highest points of Europe
3542:Scandinavia & Arctic
2712:"Russia Travel Advisory"
2350:(2nd ed.). London:
2179:Alexander, Eric (2010).
2056:Global Volcanism Program
1589:astronomical observatory
1321:Guinness Book of Records
949:Global Volcanism Program
30:Not to be confused with
3021:pages on Mount Elbrus:
2844:Polski Himalaizm Zimowy
2742:San Francisco Chronicle
947:, and according to the
917:Geochronological dating
511:Florence Crauford Grove
509:(West summit) 1874, by
47:Elbrus (disambiguation)
4726:Volcanic Seven Summits
4384:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3895:Grande Tête de l'Obiou
3665:Roque de los Muchachos
3362:Volcanic Seven Summits
3023:Mt. Elbrus (July 2003)
3019:NASA Earth Observatory
2390:"Трагедия на Эльбрусе"
1944:NASA Earth Observatory
1773:Volcanic Seven Summits
1614:
1605:Elbrus climbing routes
1536:Battle of the Caucasus
1508:
1501:
1430:
1201:Battle of the Caucasus
1079:
1074:Satellite view of the
736:("high", "tall"), and
113:Volcanic Seven Summits
4650:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
4157:Mediterranean islands
3840:Grigna Settentrionale
2756:"Terskol Observatory"
1612:
1507:
1499:
1428:
1217:1st Mountain Division
1161:Imperial Russian army
1108:on Zeus' order". (In
1073:
921:focimagmatic deposits
513:, Frederick Gardner,
150:43.35500°N 42.43917°E
2445:. 11 September 2007.
2126:Encyclopædia Iranica
1526:In 1939, the Soviet
1460:collapse of the USSR
1366:improve this article
907:as well as tuff and
612:and the Swiss guide
529:Basic snow/ice climb
45:For other uses, see
4746:Volcanoes of Russia
4606:limited recognition
4206:Other Greek islands
2929:on 9 December 2017.
2913:"Best performances"
2890:on 30 December 2014
2577:on 13 February 2017
2543:Elbrus By Any Means
2472:Nezavisimaya Gazeta
2419:on 19 February 2015
2284:Arrian of Nicomedia
1565:Priyut Hut outhouse
1317:Land Rover Defender
1013:St. Paul, Minnesota
974:Northern Hemisphere
913:uranium-lead dating
837:Nationalpark Elbrus
810:Karachay-Cherkessia
423:Karachay-Cherkessia
146: /
3670:Pico de las Nieves
3597:Mount Kruzenshtern
2866:Redfox Elbrus Race
2597:"Traces of Elbrus"
2526:on 6 January 2008.
2313:French translation
2279:Stadter, Philip A.
2214:The New York Times
2088:CIA World Factbook
1861:[elʲˈbrus]
1615:
1591:with the IAU code
1509:
1502:
1444:Rossotrudnichestvo
1431:
1273:Kabardino-Balkaria
1255:from 1944 - 1956.
1129:Douglas Freshfield
1080:
825:European route E50
806:Kabardino-Balkaria
721:("high", "peak"),
587:Caucasus Mountains
575:Kabardino-Balkaria
441:Caucasus Mountains
419:Kabardino-Balkaria
361:Show map of Europe
295:Show map of Russia
155:43.35500; 42.43917
117:Country high point
74:Highest point
4711:Dormant volcanoes
4693:
4692:
4643:other territories
4299:
4298:
3986:Gerlachovský štít
3708:
3569:Store Lenangstind
3501:
3500:
3396:Mount Kilimanjaro
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3231:
3230:
3172:Mount Kilimanjaro
3049:Geographic Bureau
2990:cite encyclopedia
2951:. New York City:
2850:on 8 August 2013.
2661:. 16 October 2020
2571:Mountain Guide.ru
2443:Howstuffworks.com
2298:978-0-8078-1364-5
2165:978-0-19-188291-3
2051:"Elbrus: Summary"
2031:978-0-906227-95-4
1892:
1875:
1849:
1500:Refuge of the 11.
1398:
1397:
1390:
1227:Приют одиннадцати
1169:F. Crauford Grove
985:humid subtropical
732:("elegant"), and
680:Iranian mythology
606:F. Crauford Grove
579:western extension
562:, as well as the
533:
532:
394:Show map of Earth
16:(Redirected from
4783:
4341:Sovereign states
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4176:Punta La Marmora
4006:Pietrosul Rodnei
3956:Serra Dolcedorme
3770:Barre des Écrins
3702:
3649:Atlantic islands
3627:Torre de Cerredo
3587:Hvannadalshnúkur
3528:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3314:Mount Kosciuszko
3259:
3187:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3065:
3052:
3040:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2985:
2975:
2956:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:Russianclimb.com
2821:"Elbrus Records"
2817:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2658:Oldham Chronicle
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:The Astana Times
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2607:on 23 April 2021
2603:. Archived from
2601:The Golden Plaza
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:. Archived from
2404:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2316:
2302:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2129:. Archived from
2117:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1918:"Mount Elbrus".
1915:
1898:
1897:
1891:romanized:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1874:romanized:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1708:Anatoli Boukreev
1469:As of 2019, the
1393:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1350:
1342:
1230:
1229:
1195:Second World War
1076:Western Caucasus
1053:
1044:
1035:
939:Eruptive history
925:Greater Caucasus
879:
875:
859:
769:Turkic languages
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
568:southern Russian
540:highest mountain
525:
432:
395:
381:
380:
374:
362:
348:
347:
341:
329:
315:
314:
308:
296:
282:
281:
275:
263:
249:
248:
242:
219:
211:
210:
204:
196:
195:
189:
181:
180:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
66:
54:
21:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4642:
4633:
4624:Northern Cyprus
4605:
4598:
4514:North Macedonia
4335:
4330:
4300:
4295:
4276:Mount Dyultydag
4232:
4152:
4026:
3970:
3934:
3870:Jôf di Montasio
3750:Hoher Dachstein
3696:
3644:
3601:
3537:
3532:
3502:
3497:
3478:
3459:
3440:
3434:Pico de Orizaba
3421:
3402:
3383:
3377:Ojos del Salado
3364:
3359:
3329:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3250:
3227:
3206:
3178:
3159:
3140:
3121:
3102:
3097:
3055:
3045:"Elbrus Region"
3043:
3031:
2996:
2986:
2978:
2966:
2963:
2945:Huxley, Anthony
2943:
2940:
2938:Further reading
2935:
2934:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2552:978-1-301665822
2536:
2535:
2531:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2299:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2190:978-1-614580232
2178:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2133:on 27 May 2007.
2119:
2118:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2063:on 9 April 2009
2049:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1971:opentopomap.org
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1883:Karachay-Balkar
1856:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1749:
1727:Andrzej Bargiel
1704:
1698:
1655:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1585:
1567:
1559:acclimatization
1514:
1494:
1475:travel advisory
1456:
1436:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1351:
1340:
1313:
1308:
1306:Special ascents
1292:
1261:
1197:
1165:Georgi Emmanuel
1153:
1110:Greek mythology
1068:
1066:Greek mythology
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1001:ice-cap climate
970:
941:
886:
877:
873:
857:
853:
782:
777:
716:Modern Ossetian
632:
628:
622:
592:Elbrus has two
552:dormant volcano
523:
439:
430:
414:Federal subject
400:
399:
398:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
382:
365:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
349:
332:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
316:
299:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
283:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
250:
222:
216:Karachay-Balkar
213:
198:
183:
154:
152:
148:
145:
140:
137:
135:
133:
132:
119:
115:
111:
95:
69:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4589:United Kingdom
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Czech Republic
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4217:
4212:
4199:
4194:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Pangaion Hills
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3975:Eastern Europe
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Finsteraarhorn
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3636:Massif Central
3629:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3606:Western Europe
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3453:Mount Damavand
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3016:
3006:
2998:|website=
2976:
2968:"Mount Elbrus"
2962:
2961:External links
2959:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2901:
2884:Elbrusrace.com
2871:
2853:
2830:
2809:
2783:
2765:
2747:
2728:
2700:
2672:
2644:
2618:
2588:
2558:
2551:
2545:. Smashwords.
2529:
2507:
2478:
2461:
2455:Kershaw, Ian.
2448:
2430:
2399:
2388:Kudinov, V.F.
2380:
2360:
2336:
2317:
2297:
2270:
2245:
2240:Britannica.com
2227:
2196:
2189:
2171:
2164:
2136:
2105:
2074:
2037:
2030:
2009:
1998:. 16 June 2007
1983:
1958:
1927:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1878:’Uaschhemakhue
1829:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1700:Main article:
1697:
1694:
1654:
1653:Mountaineering
1651:
1619:
1616:
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1581:
1566:
1563:
1521:wilderness hut
1513:
1510:
1493:
1492:Infrastructure
1490:
1455:
1452:
1435:
1434:Charity Climbs
1432:
1406:Karachai breed
1396:
1395:
1378:September 2024
1354:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1291:
1288:
1260:
1257:
1196:
1193:
1185:mountaineering
1152:
1149:
1104:was hanged by
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1009:Augusta, Maine
969:
966:
940:
937:
894:Eurasian Plate
885:
882:
852:
849:
845:Access permits
781:
778:
776:
773:
738:Modern Kurdish
723:Modern Persian
696:Middle Persian
684:Harā Bərəzaitī
675:Harā Bərəzaitī
621:
618:
598:volcanic domes
531:
530:
527:
519:
518:
507:
501:
500:
496:
495:
488:
482:
481:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
434:
426:
425:
416:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:
390:
384:
383:
376:
375:
369:
368:
367:
366:
357:
351:
350:
343:
342:
336:
335:
334:
333:
324:
318:
317:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
300:
291:
285:
284:
277:
276:
270:
269:
268:
267:
258:
252:
251:
244:
243:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
224:
223:
221:
220:
205:
190:
174:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
130:
124:
123:
106:
100:
99:
92:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4788:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Seven Summits
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Faroe Islands
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:Åland Islands
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4629:South Ossetia
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Liechtenstein
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Ellmauer Halt
3888:
3886:
3885:Birkkarspitze
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Pointe Percée
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Dents du Midi
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Gran Paradiso
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Grossglockner
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:North America
3424:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:South America
3367:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3293:Mount Wilhelm
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3244:Vinson Massif
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:North America
3143:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:South America
3124:
3117:
3116:
3115:Mount Everest
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:Seven Summits
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3064:(in Russian).
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:. 7 May 2017.
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2760:Wikimapia.org
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:(in Russian).
2474:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2396:(in Russian).
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:. p. 5.
2353:
2352:Edward Arnold
2349:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1947:. 7 July 2003
1946:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1884:
1879:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1837:Russian:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Seven Summits
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:has issued a
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1454:Travel safety
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1355:This section
1353:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1298:, one of the
1297:
1290:National park
1289:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:court martial
1246:
1245:swastika flag
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Horace Walker
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
982:
977:
975:
967:
965:
963:
960:activity and
959:
954:
950:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:Arabian Plate
883:
881:
871:
867:
863:
862:Baksan rivers
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:("protect").
754:
750:
749:Indo-European
746:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Proto-Iranian
685:
681:
677:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
656:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
610:Horace Walker
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:stratovolcano
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
528:
526:
524:Easiest route
520:
516:
515:Horace Walker
512:
508:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
487:
486:Last eruption
483:
479:
478:Stratovolcano
476:
474:
473:Mountain type
470:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
449:
445:
442:
438:
437:Lateral Range
435:
433:
427:
424:
420:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
373:
340:
307:
274:
241:
230:
225:
217:
206:
202:
191:
187:
176:
175:
173:
169:
164:
159:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:Seven Summits
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
72:
65:
60:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4639:Dependencies
4594:Vatican City
4538:
4245:
4223:
4205:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4148:Psili Koryfi
4017:
4009:
3991:Parângu Mare
3981:
3946:Corno Grande
3920:Zirbitzkogel
3910:Grand Combin
3835:Großer Priel
3745:Dufourspitze
3687:
3678:
3655:
3640:Puy de Sancy
3635:
3612:
3592:Newtontoppen
3577:
3559:Jiehkkevárri
3549:Galdhøpiggen
3491:Mount Sidley
3489:
3472:Mount Giluwe
3470:
3451:
3432:
3415:Mount Elbrus
3414:
3413:
3394:
3375:
3312:
3291:
3270:
3242:
3219:
3200:Mount Elbrus
3199:
3198:
3191:Conventional
3170:
3151:
3132:
3113:
3061:
3048:
3036:
2981:Mount Elbrus
2980:
2971:
2948:
2924:the original
2919:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:the original
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2848:the original
2843:
2833:
2824:
2800:. Retrieved
2798:(in Swedish)
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2691:. Retrieved
2684:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2656:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2600:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2570:
2561:
2542:
2532:
2524:the original
2520:ExplorersWeb
2519:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2412:
2402:
2393:
2383:
2372:
2363:
2355:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2320:
2311:, § 16, and
2304:
2303:Cf. Arrian,
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2212:
2180:
2174:
2146:
2139:
2131:the original
2124:
2096:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2054:
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1942:
1919:
1913:
1870:Ӏуащхьэмахуэ
1833:
1742:
1731:
1723:Artur Hajzer
1720:
1716:Denis Urubko
1712:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1628:
1621:
1613:South route.
1586:
1574:
1568:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:World War II
1533:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1487:
1468:
1457:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1384:
1375:
1364:Please help
1359:verification
1356:
1325:
1314:
1293:
1281:
1268:
1265:Soviet Union
1262:
1253:Georgian SSR
1237:Adolf Hitler
1220:
1213:Gebirgsjäger
1205:World War II
1198:
1181:Peter Knubel
1154:
1144:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1017:Boise, Idaho
1004:
995:
989:
978:
971:
942:
902:
892:against the
887:
878:10.2 km
854:
833:R217 highway
814:
783:
752:
744:
740:
733:
729:
725:
718:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
683:
674:
660:
625:
623:
614:Peter Knubel
591:
536:Mount Elbrus
535:
534:
505:First ascent
431:Parent range
385:Mount Elbrus
352:Mount Elbrus
319:Mount Elbrus
286:Mount Elbrus
253:Mount Elbrus
194:Ӏуащхьэмахуэ
179:Гора Эльбрус
57:Mount Elbrus
51:
36:Mount Elbert
32:Mount Erebus
4675:Isle of Man
4604:States with
4574:Switzerland
4509:Netherlands
4093:Kajmakčalan
3982:Carpathians
3930:Cima Brenta
3810:Chamechaude
3800:Cima Dodici
3574:Sarektjåkkå
3272:Puncak Jaya
3212:Alternative
2894:29 December
2778:Terskol.com
2637:13 December
2581:15 February
2327:"Strobilus"
2258:www.msn.com
2220:13 November
2098:22 February
2067:25 February
1734:Karl Egloff
1702:Elbrus Race
1696:Elbrus Race
1583:Observatory
1448:Akke Rahman
1338:With horses
1241:Hubert Lanz
1199:During the
962:hot springs
933:hot springs
858:138 km
829:M29 highway
794:Caspian Sea
757:Circassians
692:Harā Bṛzatī
583:Ciscaucasia
463:Age of rock
171:Native name
153: /
128:Coordinates
97:Ranked 10th
4700:Categories
4544:San Marino
4504:Montenegro
4484:Luxembourg
4464:Kazakhstan
4369:Azerbaijan
4261:Tebulosmta
4113:Këndrevica
4014:Roman-Kosh
3996:Moldoveanu
3850:Presanella
3730:Wildspitze
3715:Mont Blanc
3582:Beerenberg
3578:On islands
3554:Kebnekaise
3483:Antarctica
3236:Antarctica
3221:Mont Blanc
2972:SummitPost
2802:17 January
2792:"Artiklar"
2495:SummitPost
2374:Wiktionary
2309:Greek text
2263:26 October
1905:References
1667:snowmobile
1599:Activities
1553:, Russian
1458:After the
1311:By vehicle
1175:, and the
1106:Hephaistos
1102:Prometheus
1098:Dioscurias
958:solfataric
953:lava flows
909:ignimbrite
905:rhyodacite
874:23 km
851:Topography
817:Kislovodsk
743:("high").
728:("high"),
602:Circassian
550:. It is a
494:± 50 years
141:42°26′21″E
138:43°21′18″N
90:Prominence
4670:Gibraltar
4479:Lithuania
4281:Kaputjugh
4251:Bazardüzü
4197:Lefka Ori
4123:Parnassus
4022:Narodnaya
3939:Apennines
3915:Tournette
3830:Grintovec
3815:Zugspitze
3755:Marmolada
3740:Hochkönig
3284:Political
3263:Continent
3255:Australia
3134:Aconcagua
3000:ignored (
2693:26 August
1895:Mingi taw
1887:Минги тау
1866:Kabardian
1846:romanized
1794:Geography
1659:crevasses
1635:chairlift
1631:cable car
1624:ski lifts
1618:Ski lifts
1528:Intourist
1483:terrorism
1284:cable car
1259:Post-WWII
1215:from the
1209:Wehrmacht
1145:strobilos
1141:etymology
1125:Strobilus
1122:Latinized
1118:Strobilos
1094:Strobilos
929:fumaroles
790:Black Sea
780:Situation
775:Geography
761:Karachays
730:berāzande
686:reflects
624:The name
620:Etymology
480:(dormant)
227:Geography
209:Минги тау
201:Kabardian
80:Elevation
18:Mt Elbrus
4685:Svalbard
4660:Guernsey
4614:Abkhazia
4559:Slovenia
4554:Slovakia
4529:Portugal
4389:Bulgaria
4271:Dykh-Tau
4238:Caucasus
4222:—
4208::
4204:—
4186:—
4178:—
4172:Sardinia
4170:—
4138:Valamara
4108:Jakupica
4098:Smolikas
4053:Taygetus
4016:—
4008:—
3961:Montalto
3905:Grimming
3860:Col Nudo
3855:Birnhorn
3677:—
3656:Canaries
3634:—
3632:Almanzor
3617:Mulhacén
3576:—
3564:Snøhetta
3305:Mainland
2947:(1962).
2796:Freeride
2721:25 March
2394:Poxod.ru
2305:Periplus
2281:(2017).
2121:"Alborz"
2083:"Russia"
1976:14 April
1747:See also
1571:outhouse
1269:en masse
1189:Komsomol
1137:pinecone
1003:(Köppen
945:Holocene
898:Anatolia
786:Caucasus
571:republic
499:Climbing
448:Topo map
4584:Ukraine
4534:Romania
4494:Moldova
4454:Ireland
4449:Iceland
4444:Hungary
4434:Germany
4429:Georgia
4419:Finland
4414:Estonia
4409:Denmark
4394:Croatia
4379:Belgium
4374:Belarus
4364:Austria
4359:Armenia
4354:Andorra
4349:Albania
4266:Aragats
4228:Olympus
4226::
4220:Fengari
4190::
4182::
4174::
4166::
4164:Corsica
4118:Radomir
4083:Papingu
4073:Kyllini
4063:Jezercë
4043:Olympus
4031:Balkans
4020::
4012::
4001:Peleaga
3984::
3900:Hochtor
3875:Polinik
3845:Bondone
3825:Arcalod
3820:Antelao
3765:Triglav
3735:Bernina
3690::
3688:Madeira
3681::
3675:Malpaso
3658::
3638::
3615::
3580::
3464:Oceania
3062:YouTube
2611:19 July
2020:(Map).
1840:Эльбрус
1780:Portals
1644:Zermatt
1576:Outside
1551:barrels
1512:Refuges
1082:In the
1061:History
981:oceanic
968:Climate
923:of the
884:Geology
831:or the
821:Nalchik
802:Georgia
765:Balkars
719:bærzond
700:Harborz
671:Avestan
594:summits
577:in the
560:Eurasia
538:is the
467:Unknown
457:Geology
405:Country
186:Russian
104:Listing
4680:Jersey
4619:Kosovo
4579:Turkey
4569:Sweden
4549:Serbia
4539:Russia
4524:Poland
4519:Norway
4499:Monaco
4469:Latvia
4439:Greece
4424:France
4399:Cyprus
4256:Kazbek
4246:Elbrus
4224:Cyprus
4180:Sicily
4048:Vihren
4038:Musala
4010:Crimea
3966:Cimone
3780:Ortler
3775:Säntis
3679:Azores
3407:Europe
3388:Africa
3183:Europe
3164:Africa
3153:Denali
2953:Putnam
2665:22 May
2549:
2500:15 May
2423:15 May
2295:
2187:
2162:
2028:
2002:15 May
1951:15 May
1852:Elbrus
1818:Europe
1806:Russia
1622:Three
1555:bochki
1275:, the
1233:German
1221:Priyut
1207:, the
1179:guide
1112:, the
1090:Arrian
841:Baksan
734:boland
712:bṛzant
708:Bṛzatī
704:Alborz
662:Alborz
626:Elbrus
548:Europe
544:Russia
408:Russia
212:
197:
182:
166:Naming
40:Alborz
4564:Spain
4489:Malta
4459:Italy
4291:Shani
4215:Ainos
4210:Dirfi
4202:Dikti
4188:Crete
4168:Cinto
4128:Botev
4103:Giona
4068:Athos
4058:Korab
4018:Urals
3951:Amaro
3925:Kesch
3785:Baldo
3701:Alps
3692:Ruivo
3660:Teide
3622:Aneto
3613:Spain
3013:South
3010:North
2927:(PDF)
2916:(PDF)
2254:"MSN"
1825:Notes
1177:Swiss
1120:, or
1114:Titan
1015:, or
870:Malka
866:Kuban
121:Ultra
38:, or
4184:Etna
4143:Baba
4133:Çika
4078:Ossa
3880:Tödi
3795:Coca
3760:Viso
3705:List
3683:Pico
3445:Asia
3107:Asia
3002:help
2896:2014
2804:2024
2723:2019
2695:2021
2686:TASS
2667:2022
2639:2021
2613:2020
2583:2017
2547:ISBN
2502:2014
2425:2014
2293:ISBN
2265:2023
2222:2020
2185:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2100:2016
2069:2010
2026:ISBN
2004:2014
1978:2023
1953:2014
1857:IPA:
1442:and
1332:ATVs
1263:The
1223:11 (
1157:O.S.
993:and
983:and
868:and
808:and
763:and
745:Harā
741:barz
726:barz
667:Iran
546:and
421:and
4641:and
4192:Ida
2413:EWP
2152:doi
2022:EWP
1996:EWP
1593:B18
1538:of
1368:by
1203:in
1131:in
996:Dfb
990:Dfa
753:ser
698:as
589:.
581:of
573:of
542:in
490:50
4702::
3060:.
3047:.
3035:.
3025:,
2994::
2992:}}
2988:{{
2970:.
2918:.
2904:^
2882:.
2864:.
2823:.
2812:^
2794:.
2776:.
2758:.
2740:.
2714:.
2703:^
2655:.
2630:.
2599:.
2541:.
2518:.
2493:.
2481:^
2441:.
2411:.
2371:.
2329:.
2307:,
2291:.
2287:.
2256:.
2238:.
2211:.
2199:^
2158:.
2123:.
2108:^
2091:.
2085:.
2053:.
2040:^
1994:.
1969:.
1941:.
1930:^
1889:,
1885::
1881:;
1872:,
1868::
1864:;
1855:,
1843:,
1542:.
1519:A
1334:.
1302:.
1011:,
1005:EF
864::
835:.
771:.
706:.
682:.
616:.
492:AD
34:,
4325:e
4318:t
4311:v
3707:)
3703:(
3527:e
3520:t
3513:v
3354:e
3347:t
3340:v
3092:e
3085:t
3078:v
3051:.
3039:.
3004:)
2984:.
2974:.
2955:.
2898:.
2827:.
2806:.
2780:.
2762:.
2744:.
2725:.
2697:.
2669:.
2641:.
2615:.
2585:.
2555:.
2504:.
2459:.
2427:.
2377:.
2333:.
2315:.
2301:.
2267:.
2242:.
2224:.
2193:.
2168:.
2154::
2102:.
2071:.
2034:.
2006:.
1980:.
1955:.
1848::
1782::
1391:)
1385:(
1380:)
1376:(
1362:.
751:*
690:*
655:/
652:s
649:ə
646:r
643:b
640:l
637:ɛ
634:ˈ
631:/
218:)
214:(
203:)
199:(
188:)
184:(
49:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
