118:
to keep lit and produced a strong harsh smell and taste with a potent nicotine delivery. At the end of the twentieth century, hookah was no longer a very popular way to smoke tobacco, and in the Middle East was popular mainly among older, Arab men who smoked it with friends in cafes. Young people became interested in hookah use beginning in the early 1990s when milder sweetened and flavored hookah tobacco, commonly called Muʽassel, first became available. It is made by fermenting tobacco with molasses, glycerine and fruit essence, producing a moist and pliable mixture. Its ease of use and pleasant aroma and taste made it popular with young people. It quickly became the most common type of hookah tobacco globally, and sales skyrocketed, fuelled by the ever increasing variety, growing internet availability and advertising.
31:
218:") is widely used, and its availability is nearly universal. Hookah has become part of the culture. Smokers are often seen on the side of the streets, parks, bus stops, and other public venues. Cafes are sometimes observed to be fully occupied by hookah smokers, even during late hours of the night. It is not uncommon to see women smoking hookah. In the Levant, it is very social, and the activity is often accompanied by a game of Tawla (Backgammon), cards, or tea.
328:ḡalyāns during lessons. Smoking was so popular, that the shah had his own private ḡalyān servant, and the first evidence for the position of hookah tender (ḡalyāndār) dates from this time. At this time, water pipes were made from materials such as glass, pottery, and a particular type of gourd. Due to the unsatisfactory quality of indigenous glass, glass reservoirs were sometimes imported from Venice. In the time of
622:
across North
America. A major reason for this popularity is thought to be the invention of mu’assel in the early 1990s; this moist sweetened and flavored hookah tobacco is popular among young people because the tobacco is masked with a pleasant taste and aroma. There is a growing hookah bar and café industry, especially in inner cities and near universities and colleges where youth and young adults gather.
603:
408:
449:
400:
273:, i.e. head), where the tobacco is placed. Compared to Turkish hookahs, the Iranian version tends to be somewhat larger. Additionally, the majority of the hose is flexible and covered with soft silk or cloth, while Turkish hookahs often have mouthpieces and partially rigid hoses which are as long as or longer than the flexible part of the hose.
313:, a Persian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar I, who "first passed the smoke of tobacco through a small bowl of water to purify and cool the smoke and thus invented the hubble-bubble or hookah." However, Ahlī Šīrāzī refers to the use of the ḡalyān in one of his poems, thus dating its use to at least as early as the time of
137:
227:
171:, but some hookahs can employ up to four hoses. When the smoker is finished, the hose is either placed back on the table, signifying that it is available, or is handed directly to the next user. Social convention dictates that the mouthpiece and hose should be folded back on itself in such a way that the
685:
poisoning among hookah smokers that require treatment in hospital emergency departments for symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue and weakness. This is sometimes called “hookah sickness.” The charcoal used to heat up the muʽassel increases carbon monoxide and metal inhalation.
752:
have found that hookah lounges have worse air quality than comparable restaurants that allow indoor cigarette smoking. Acute effects of exposure to secondhand smoke from hookahs including wheezing, nasal congestion, and chronic cough, although long term effects have yet to be studied. The detrimental
668:
Smoking muʽassel exposes users to many of the same harmful and toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke. Several of the toxic chemicals in mu’assel smoke can cause cancer, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., fluorene and pyrene), heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, chromium, lead), radioactive
423:
Tobacco is smoked in hookahs in many villages as per traditional customs. Smoking a tobacco-molasses shisha is now becoming popular amongst the youth in India. There are several chain clubs, bars and coffee shops in India offering a wider variety of muʽassels, including non-tobacco versions. Hookah
117:
Although hookah pipes have been used for several hundred years, muʽassel is a recent invention, going back to the early 1990s. Before this, raw tobacco was smoked in hookah pipes, which was not very easy to use. The tobacco needed to be mixed with water, squeezed, and molded prior to use. It was hard
649:
has stated that older teens have decreased their use of hookahs in recent years. The most recent research, from 2014 to 2018, shows that the percentage of high school seniors who had used a hookah in the last year decreased from 20 percent to 8 percent. Among adolescents and young adults, hookah use
621:
Hookah was popular in the 1960s and 1970s, although in this era they used open flames rather than coals. In recent years hookah use has increased dramatically in the United States and Canada. Hookah bars and cafes have become popular especially among college students and young adults in big cities
672:
A single session of smoking muʽassel results in far more toxicants inhaled than a session of cigarette smoking, largely because a session of hookah use is much longer than an average session of cigarette smoking: 60 minutes on average for hookah users versus five minutes for a single cigarette. A
637:
or cities with large Middle-Eastern communities. This activity continues to gain popularity within the post-secondary student demographic. According to a 2018 study, 1.1% of students with some college but no degree, an associate degree or an undergraduate degree reported waterpipe or pipe tobacco
632:
In cities with indoor smoking bans, hookah bars have been forced to close or switch to tobacco-free muʽassel. In many cities though, hookah lounges have been growing in popularity. From the year 2000 to 2004, over 200 new hookah cafés opened for business, most of them targeted at young adults and
327:
strongly condemned tobacco use, towards the end of his reign smoking ḡalyān and čopoq (a long-stemmed pipe with a small bowl for smoking tobacco, distinct from the ḡ/qalyān, or water pipe.) had become common at every level of society. In schools and learned circles, both teachers and students had
419:
rule. The hookah then become less popular; however, it is once again garnering the attention of the masses, and cafés and restaurants that offer it as a consumable are popular. The use of hookahs from ancient times in India was not only a custom, but a matter of prestige. Rich and landed classes
684:
Hookah smokers inhale large amounts of carbon monoxide generated from the combustion of mu’assell as well as the charcoal used to burn the mu’assel. Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic odorless gas that can damage the heart and central nervous system. There have been many cases of carbon monoxide
467:
Hookah, as the traditional smoking device, has been commonly used in
Bangladesh since the Mughal ages. But mu'assel wasn't introduced in Bangladesh until the early 2000s. Hookah became very popular among the young crowds, and hookah bars and lounges opened up in large numbers to cater to those
566:, shisha has been around for a long time, with the response of young people, so the hobby of smoking shisha is becoming more and more popular. Most people think that smoking shisha is better than smoking due to less nicotine. People can smoke shisha at cafes, karaoke bars and bars in Vietnam.
650:
is highest among those aged 19–20, and those who live in cities. It is less common in suburban and rural areas. In 2011, 18.5% of 12th-grade students reported having smoked a hookah in the past year. By 2019, 3.4% of highschool students reported having used hookah in the last 30 days.
638:
product use either every day or some days. As of
November 2017, at least 2,082 college or university campuses in the U.S. have adopted 100% smokefree campus policies that attempt to eliminate smoking in indoor and outdoor areas across the entire campus, including residences.
629:, many of which include hookah. In some jurisdictions, hookah businesses can be exempted from the policies through special permits. Some permits, however, have requirements such as the business earning a certain minimum percentage of their revenue from alcohol or tobacco.
390:
Hookah (called chillum or huqqa in
Pakistan) is the most common way to consume tobacco among elderly in lower socio-economic and rural people in Pakistan. However, in recent years, use has increased among youth and urban residents, who often consume hookah in cafes.
332:
in the late 15th and early 16th century, ḡalyāns became more elaborately embellished as their use increased. The wealthy owned gold and silver pipes, and even the general population spent more on ḡalyāns than they did on the basic necessities of life. An emissary of
747:
that harms the health of those around the smoker. Secondhand smoke from hookahs contains carbon monoxide, PAH, aldehydes, ultrafine particles (<2.5μm), and respirable particulate matter (particles small enough to enter the lungs). Studies of hookah lounges in
468:
crowds. However, due to health concerns and unregulated consumption, the government banned hookah in late 2010 and hookah lounges were ordered to shut down. A few hookah lounges were given permission to continue business as they mostly served to foreigners.
753:
effects of secondhand smoke from hookahs apply equally to tobacco-free muʽassel or shisha: one study found that herbal hookah smoke contains carcinogens equal or greater to that of hookah smoke with tobacco, in addition to PAH, carbon monoxide, and metals.
739:
In addition, mu’assell contains nicotine, which smokers inhale. Nicotine is addictive, which can make quitting hookah difficult and cause withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and depression when people go without smoking hookah for an extended time.
673:
typical session of smoking muʽassel results in a user inhaling 90,000 ml of smoke versus 500 ml for a cigarette, as well as 1.7 times as much nicotine, 8.4 times as much carbon monoxide, and 36 times as much tar. Muʽassel smoking also exposes users to
337:
in the early 16th century, on his way to the royal audience at
Versailles, had in his retinue an officer holding his ḡalyān, which he used while his carriage was in motion. We have no record indicating the use of ḡalyān at the court of
732:. Herbal muʽassel and shisha poses similar risks to its tobacco-containing counterpart: smoke from herbal muʽassel contains equal or greater levels of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, aldehydes, tar, and carcinogenic
167:, the smoking of shisha is a part of traditional culture, and is considered a social custom. Social smoking is typically done with the use of a hookah with a single hose which is passed around the group or double
459:(हुक़्क़ा), especially wooden ones, are popular in Nepal. Historically, hookah usage was considered to symbolize elite family status. Today, however, hookahs have become popular among tourists and young people.
500:), where a historical following of Middle Eastern socio-cultural trends led to the hookah being a rare—albeit prestigious—social habit of the nobility in the vital trade hubs of
992:
267:). It is similar in many ways to the Arabic hookah but also differs in several ways. One difference is the uppermost part of the hookah, the "ghalyoun," locally called 'sar' (
1024:
1431:
Wang, TW; Gentzke, AS; Creamer, MR; et al. (6 December 2019). "Tobacco product use and associated factors among middle and high school students--United States, 2019".
437:
Due to their harm to health, hookah has recently been banned in many states in India. There have been numerous raids and bans recently on hookah smoking, especially in
1651:"Does switching to a tobacco-free waterpipe product reduce toxicant intake? A crossover study comparing CO, NO, PAH, volatile aldehydes, tar and nicotine yields"
527:
before the late 20th century. Presently, hookah use is gaining popularity among younger, more cosmopolitan
Christians, particularly with college students and
1838:
641:
Hookah use by youth and adolescents rose from 1998 even as cigarette use decreased: youth hookah use more than doubled from 2011 to 2014 according to the
1649:
Shihadeh, Alan; Salman, Rola; Jaroudi, Ezzat; Saliba, Najat; Sepetdjian, Elizabeth; Blank, Melissa D.; Cobb, Caroline O.; Eissenberg, Thomas (May 2012).
693:
646:
642:
554:, hookahs and flavoured shisha are available in various high-end bars, clubs and "shisha lounges" as well as in traditional Middle Eastern restaurants.
1108:
360:, presumably name of the origin city). With Khansar, coals would be put on the Khansar without foil. Khansar has less smoke than the normal tobacco.
938:"Effect of Age and Gender on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Shisha Smoking among Medical and Dental Students of Karachi, Pakistan"
1002:
1706:
Cobb, Caroline Oates; Vansickel, Andrea Rae; Blank, Melissa D.; Jentink, Kade; Travers, Mark J.; Eissenberg, Thomas (September 2013).
30:
1833:
1357:
1016:
733:
1567:
1060:
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to conclude that smoking muʽassel using a hookah "has many of the same health risks as cigarette smoking." These risks include
516:
300:
are considered to be decorative and are a highly personal item. Public smoking venues will often carry disposable or cleanable
1171:
866:
434:. Today these intricate hookahs are difficult to find outside of Koyilandy and not much easier to find in Koyilandy itself.
373:
It is one of the popular entertainment and hangout activities, mostly among youngsters and men in
Azerbaijan, especially in
317:
in the late 14th century. Therefore Abu’l-Fatḥ Gīlānī may be credited with the introduction of the
Persian ḡalyān in India.
294:
is a detachable hookah mouthpiece, and is usually made of wood or metal and can be decorated with valuable or other stones.
1623:
1038:
697:
1613:"Although many users think it is less harmful, hookah smoking has many of the same health risks as cigarette smoking."
1596:
1385:
Monitoring the Future - national survey results on drug use 1975-2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use
1450:
424:
was recently banned in
Bangalore. However it can be bought or rented for personal usage or organised parties only.
430:, a small fishing town on the west coast of India, once made and exported hookahs extensively. These are known as
1843:
689:
659:
178:
Many cafés in the Middle East offer hookah. Cafés are widespread and are common social gathering places (akin to
1116:
347:
1848:
1145:
614:
936:
Khan, Nazeer; Lftikhar, Sundus; Siddiqui, Muhammad Umer; Padhiar, Adnan Ahmed; Affanulhaq, Syed (2010-09-21).
1768:"A review of air quality, biological indicators and health effects of second-hand waterpipe smoke exposure"
736:(PAH) as tobacco-containing smoke. These chemicals contribute to cancers, heart disease, and lung disease.
1384:
234:
1268:"Smoke-Free and Tobacco-Free Policies in Colleges and Universities ― United States and Territories, 2017"
1828:
1087:"Use of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Among Students Aged 13-15 Years - Worldwide, 1999-2005"
497:
329:
309:
The exact date of the first use of ḡalyān in Persia is not known. According to Cyril Elgood, it was
705:
1542:
997:
310:
1482:
Cobb, Caroline; Ward, Kenneth D.; Maziak, Wasim; Shihadeh, Alan L.; Eissenberg, Thomas (2010).
1805:
1787:
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324:
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1511:
1495:
1328:
1287:
1279:
1238:
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813:
797:
786:"Opportunities for Policy Interventions to Reduce Youth Hookah Smoking in the United States"
762:
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248:
610:
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489:
42:
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1800:
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1333:
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729:
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482:
1822:
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334:
230:
175:
is not pointing at the recipient. Disposable mouth tips are sometimes used in cafes.
168:
1064:
674:
602:
539:
187:
179:
172:
1219:"Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults — United States, 2018"
342:, although its use seems to have continued uninterrupted. There are portraits of
1766:
Kumar, Sumit R; Davies, Shelby; Weitzman, Michael; Sherman, Scott (March 2015).
967:
915:
881:
717:
701:
678:
626:
551:
543:
493:
407:
191:
152:
148:
896:
708:, low birth weight in babies, increased risk of respiratory disease in babies,
206:(Syria, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan), hookah (sometimes referred to as "
1666:
547:
481:
In the
Philippines, hookah use was more or less traditionally confined to the
343:
339:
183:
164:
106:
1791:
1731:
1674:
1507:
1317:"Tobacco use among middle and high school students--United States, 2011-2014"
953:
809:
17:
532:
431:
427:
350:
which depict them smoking the ḡalyān. Iranians had a special tobacco called
314:
156:
1809:
1749:
1692:
1525:
1484:"Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: An Emerging Health Crisis in the United States"
1342:
1301:
1283:
1252:
1234:
827:
448:
276:
Each smoker will typically carry their own personal mouthpiece (called an
749:
505:
501:
62:
58:
1499:
801:
625:
Recently, certain cities, counties, and states have implemented indoor
563:
438:
399:
321:
186:
residents arriving in the Middle East frequent hookah cafés in lieu of
140:
136:
54:
713:
663:
575:
203:
66:
1390:(Report). Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan
226:
601:
528:
520:
447:
406:
398:
225:
135:
29:
1217:
Creamer, MR; Wang, TW; Babb, S; et al. (15 November 2019).
606:
A hookah and a variety of muʽassel packages are on display in a
509:
492:
communities. The custom has also been present in the indigenous
374:
1603:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 1, 2016
1266:
Wang, TW; Tynan, MA; Hallett, C; et al. (22 June 2018).
1194:
Lyon, Lindsay "The Hazard in Hookah Smoke". (28 January 2008)
669:
elements (uranium, polonium, lead), and ultrafine particles.
882:"Galyan. Encyclopedia Iranica (Vol. X, Fasc. 3, P. 261-265)"
34:
A package of Al Fakher brand double crunch flavour muʽassel
515:
Hookah was meanwhile virtually unknown to the predominant
1364:. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
942:
Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences (JDUHS)
1109:"Hookah lounge brings '60s pastime back to the present"
1568:"Is 'Hookah Sickness' Just Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?"
301:
295:
289:
277:
1146:"Hookah Smoking — A Growing Threat to Public Health"
213:
207:
306:for the use of smokers who do not carry their own.
105:), is the common term for the hookah itself in the
1548:(Report). American Lung Association. February 2007
1460:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019
897:"Encyclopedia Iranica (Vol X. Fasc. 3. P. 261-65)"
580:In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as a
1708:"Indoor air quality in Virginia waterpipe cafes"
1630:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. May 7, 2018
1451:"Tobacco Product Use Among High School Students"
531:who may be underage and thus unable to purchase
1591:
1589:
1587:
1358:"Adolescents and Tobacco: Trends : Hookah"
1624:"Hookah Tobacco (Shisha or Waterpipe Tobacco)"
1543:AN EMERGING DEADLY TREND:WATERPIPE TOBACCO USE
1537:
1535:
993:"Business at hookah-less cafes go up in smoke"
415:Hookah was popular in India especially during
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
355:
283:
268:
65:and various flavourings which is smoked in a
8:
335:Shah Sultan Husayn, to the court of Louis XV
100:
69:, a type of waterpipe. It is also known as "
1477:
1475:
1315:Arrazola, RA; et al. (17 April 2015).
743:Smoking muʽassel in a hookah also releases
1458:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1356:Office of Adolescent Health (1 May 2019).
1176:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
694:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
647:US Department of Health and Human Services
643:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1799:
1739:
1682:
1515:
1383:Johnson, LD; et al. (January 2019).
1332:
1291:
1242:
1061:"Smoke on The Water: Hubby-bubbly Hookah"
817:
1761:
1759:
1412:. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2016
1027:from the original on November 30, 2011.
773:
677:and is thought to expose users to more
194:is in place and alcohol is not served.
916:"Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles"
403:The intricate work on a Malabar Hookah
27:Syrupy tobacco mixture used in hookahs
1433:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1321:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1272:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1223:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
779:
777:
7:
910:
908:
906:
432:Malabar Hookhas or Koyilandy Hookahs
237:dress smoking the traditional Qalyan
1839:Tobacco in the United Arab Emirates
1488:American Journal of Health Behavior
356:
284:
269:
252:
101:
84:
46:
1784:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052038
1724:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050350
1207:". The New York Times, 30 May 2011
1107:Jillian Krotki (29 October 2008).
241:In Iran, the hookah is known as a
25:
452:A hookah at a restaurant in Nepal
143:smoking a hookah, locally called
734:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
190:in the region, especially where
1017:"Indian police ban hookah bars"
1:
1205:Putting a Crimp in the Hookah
1170:CDCTobaccoFree (2020-01-22).
688:These toxicants have led the
1655:Food and Chemical Toxicology
698:Food and Drug Administration
664:Hookah § Health effects
1151:. American Lung Association
1063:. ECS Nepal. Archived from
302:
296:
290:
278:
214:
208:
1865:
790:Preventing Chronic Disease
784:Morris, Daniel S. (2012).
657:
645:. However, since then the
595:
576:Hookah § South Africa
573:
496:community (a considerable
1667:10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.041
1601:Smoking & Tobacco Use
842:"How to pronounce أرجيلة"
690:American Lung Association
660:Health effects of tobacco
49:, meaning "honeyed"), or
1834:Arabic words and phrases
968:"Huqqah in Mughal India"
615:Cambridge, Massachusetts
592:United States and Canada
1410:"Hookah isn't harmless"
540:National Capital Region
87:, sometimes pronounced
1284:10.15585/mmwr.mm6724a4
1235:10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2
618:
453:
412:
404:
238:
163:In many places in the
160:
35:
895:Yarshater, E (2012).
716:clogging, as well as
658:Further information:
605:
574:Further information:
451:
420:would smoke hookahs.
410:
402:
229:
139:
33:
1778:(Suppl 1): i54–i59.
1119:on 19 September 2012
348:Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah Qājār
253:قليان, قالیون, غلیون
1500:10.5993/AJHB.34.3.3
867:"Hookah fact sheet"
802:10.5888/pcd9.120082
706:respiratory disease
517:Christian Filipinos
1203:Quenqua, Douglas "
1113:Seminole Chronicle
998:The Times of India
681:than cigarettes.
619:
498:religious minority
454:
413:
405:
239:
182:in Britain). Some
161:
36:
1229:(45): 1013–1019.
411:The hookah family
311:Abu’l-Fatḥ Gīlānī
16:(Redirected from
1856:
1844:Tobacco in Egypt
1814:
1813:
1803:
1763:
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1661:(5): 1494–1498.
1646:
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1628:Tobacco Products
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1115:. Archived from
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1094:
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1077:
1076:
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1050:
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1041:. Indian Express
1035:
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1006:
1001:. Archived from
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763:Smoking in Syria
745:secondhand smoke
635:college campuses
617:, United States.
359:
358:
340:Nāder Shah Afšār
305:
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1849:Tobacco smoking
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1772:Tobacco Control
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1712:Tobacco Control
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1123:3 September
1071:28 February
702:lung cancer
679:carcinogens
552:Metro Davao
477:Philippines
192:prohibition
153:Deir ez-Zor
149:coffeehouse
127:Middle East
1823:Categories
1577:2021-04-16
1181:2021-04-16
1093:2010-08-22
1045:2008-06-08
978:2021-04-16
972:Rana Safvi
922:2010-08-22
769:References
596:See also:
548:Metro Cebu
542:and other
533:cigarettes
463:Bangladesh
381:South Asia
369:Azerbaijan
184:expatriate
173:mouthpiece
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