763:"rack", a mortuary bier raised on four legs so as to avoid harm from dogs and pigs. It was left there until decomposition had stripped the flesh from the bones. The latter were rubbed with red ochre, gathered within a bark sheath and buried in a sand mound surrounded by shells, skulls and dugong bones. The practice of tinting the bones with red ochre is atypical of the Torres Straits mortuary customs, and may have been introduced to the Mua via the Kaurareg from aboriginal usages in the
658:, despite otherwise being closely related, speaking the same overall language, and engaging in regular inter-Island trading and inter-Island clan business. The two groups appeared to have engaged in a cycle of feuds, whose aim was not conquest, but rather revenge, with some acquisition of women and the accumulation, via
733:
In 1870 the
Mabuigalgal raided the Mua twice on revenge raids: 20 Italgal died in the first attack alone. After the second assault, coordinated with and instigated by the Badu, the casualties were significantly higher. The estimated 250 Muans of 1875 were reduced to no more than 50 within 2 decades
796:
so as to be closer to their trading partners and clansmen of the East Trans Fly Bine and Wipi peoples, and who were eventually driven away by colonising and marauding Kiwai as these latter migrated westwards. The Hiámo sailed south to Muri (Mt
Adolphus), then Waiben (Thursday Island), joining with
332:
or star gazer, determined by close observation of the heavens, the rhythms of the tides and seasons, governed by the Zugub (plural
Zugubal), the pre-Christian Sky Gods, who oversaw the seasons, fertility, horticulture, hunting and food gathering, battle and headhunting in conjunction with the
179:, is dominated by Mt Augustus, also known as Mua Pad (Mua Peak), with its twin boulders (Baudhar), the highest peak in the Torres Strait. Archaeological evidence points to habitation on Mua since the mid-late first millennium. The poor quality of the soil is explained by a myth which has the
448:(men of magic) whose mastery of magical techniques and lore was fundamental to the regulation of both social groups and the natural increase in foods. They lived part of the year in solitude, or with a few select assistants, directed the initiation rites at sacred ceremonial grounds (
775:
If the Mua are part of the
Kauraraiga (this word simply means "islander"), their origins would overlap with the latter. The legendary lore of the area states that the Kauraraiga were originally the Hiámu/Hiámo/Hiáma (the Kiwai name) from
537:
or totemic kindred spirit. The 4 dominant clans correlate with wind directions, which the subclans of each share; moreover, they are represented by a Zugub star or constellation, of which Kek is the Zugub star of the southwest clan.
187:. The quality of its soil is poor and the local vegetation thin, while swamps and mangroves are characteristic of the littoral zone. Notwithstanding this low fertility, Mua afforded a notable variety of fruit and tubers:
1435:
475:
related that the Mua were divided into two distinct groups, differentiated by accent and slight dialect differences; the
Mualgal and the Italgal. Whether this binome represents a
3153:
521:
As in general with the
Western Torres Isles cultural complex, territory on Mua was quadripartite within two moities, the Kursi-Kœdal moiety and the Dhangal-Thabu moiety, each
337:, and who became specific stars and constellations The onset of the south-east season is signaled by the dawn rising of the Yam Star (Kek, a senior Zugub) over Baudhar.
3188:
3181:
3146:
1428:
662:, of skulls for trade and as trophies. Everyday life on Mua, like all the islands, was never free of a wariness driven by fear of being attacked by sea raiders.
112:(clan land) in Kibukuth, leaving from Bœigu Gœwath (inlet) on northwest Mua. At Bœigu (the island) it might speak to or otherwise leave a message for the
1279:
3160:
1421:
1394:
1374:
3174:
741:
Mua death rites were like those of the
Kaurareg and all other Western and Central Islanders of Torres Strait. After the death of the person, a
3167:
1343:
1309:
1287:
1264:
1237:
39:
829:, the surviving remnants of the Mua had been driven off their coasts, inland. A settlement with missionaries was established in 1871.
42:, while also forming an integral part, linguistically and culturally, with all Western and Central Island peoples of Torres Strait.
104:, envisaged as a spirit with feathers on its head, was free to travel to Bœigu (Boigu) in northwest Torres Strait, accompanied by
720:"bamboo knife". One was reluctant to fight without the presence of the relevant emblem representing either one's totem or special
183:
Gelam gathering up the best soil and foodstuffs and, on a dugong canoe, abandoning Mua to travel over and settle east, on the
90:"Horizon's End", the world of the ancestral spirits over the western horizon. Then, with a community death "festival", the
462:, capable of coercing both nature and men through sorcery, through secret herbal lore and the manipulating of effigies (
1354:
472:
55:
1335:
1229:
349:
184:
1256:
3088:
1577:
777:
695:
27:
23:
3211:
1794:
1570:
1456:
1444:
866:
20:
326:
The timing of the foraging and hunting cyclea depended on the seasons. Specialists among the elders, the
204:
154:; these were fertility and life spirits. Particular areas of an island were thought to be inhabited by
2088:
399:
1297:
764:
679:, 'man of peace', exempt from warfare and with a role of negotiation peace between feuding clans.
3028:
2813:
2501:
1738:
1323:
1221:
1209:
759:(soul) to its totemic homeland in Kibukuth (see above). After death, the body was laid on a high
194:
31:
1413:
1339:
1327:
1305:
1283:
1260:
1248:
1233:
1213:
812:, dated 11 September 1792, noting its high mountain. Bligh named it Banks Island in honour of
483:"clanland" layout of Mua suggests that the Mualgal were the Kursi Augadh people (see below).
2396:
2165:
880:
813:
651:
597:
531:) of patrilineal descent: the basic unit consisted of roughly 25 members. Each clan had its
479:
division, or of the confluence of two originally distinct peoples, is unknown; however, the
476:
3032:
3016:
2757:
2284:
1787:
1319:
1217:
132:"ancestral spirit" at a specific sand bar just west of Bœigu. The group then travelled by
34:
their lifestyle, culture, myths and kinship networks overlapped closely with those of the
3036:
2547:
2081:
1997:
1934:
1668:
655:
71:
51:
3205:
3118:
3077:
3040:
3024:
2960:
2736:
2694:
2319:
2312:
2179:
2172:
2095:
2025:
1892:
1731:
1689:
1556:
1514:
801:
735:
1253:
Woven
Histories, Dancing Lives: Torres Strait Islander Identity, Culture and History
2974:
2918:
2911:
2659:
2645:
2596:
2540:
2509:
2438:
2375:
2347:
2326:
2291:
2137:
2102:
2053:
2018:
1885:
1675:
1619:
1542:
1521:
1472:
781:
455:
439:
180:
3097:
3002:
2862:
2841:
2834:
2764:
2701:
2666:
2582:
2417:
2368:
2277:
2249:
2235:
2158:
2130:
2039:
2011:
1850:
1759:
1752:
1563:
1528:
659:
643:
505:
386:(a club with a round stone head). Women could fish inshore, near reefs, using a
176:
845:
This is a list of the 10 totems recorded by Haddon and Rivers in 1904 for Mua.
3070:
3009:
2995:
2981:
2946:
2890:
2855:
2848:
2827:
2820:
2554:
2533:
2494:
2410:
2382:
2256:
2221:
2116:
1983:
1906:
1836:
1808:
1780:
1661:
1535:
1507:
1448:
809:
789:
672:
424:
varieties of shellfish. Only after menopause were women allowed to partake of
345:
341:
226:
2953:
2939:
2897:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2750:
2715:
2708:
2680:
2673:
2617:
2568:
2452:
2431:
2333:
2305:
2193:
2151:
2067:
1955:
1948:
1864:
1843:
1773:
1703:
1640:
1612:
1605:
1591:
1584:
793:
573:
403:
272:
3104:
2883:
2799:
2729:
2722:
2631:
2575:
2480:
2445:
2424:
2403:
2361:
2242:
2228:
2214:
2200:
2123:
2109:
2060:
2046:
2032:
2004:
1969:
1962:
1913:
1899:
1878:
1871:
1829:
1717:
1647:
1633:
1626:
1549:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1465:
371:
35:
749:"ghost hand", the in-law family of the deceased. Some months after, the
3111:
3063:
3056:
2932:
2904:
2876:
2806:
2743:
2687:
2624:
2603:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2487:
2473:
2354:
2340:
2270:
2263:
2207:
1976:
1941:
1920:
1857:
1815:
1801:
1766:
1696:
1654:
1598:
1500:
826:
816:. To the Mua, as for other Torres islanders, white people seemed to be
805:
647:
745:"funeral feast" was held; all death rite matters being managed by the
3049:
2988:
2925:
2869:
2792:
2652:
2638:
2610:
2561:
2459:
2298:
2186:
2144:
1927:
1745:
1710:
1682:
1332:
Reports of the
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
1226:
Reports of the
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits
858:
551:
459:
438:
Like other Torres Strait island cultures, Mua society was ruled by a
77:(totem), which had travelled up to Mawatta in Papua to get the fire.
340:
Men would fish beyond the shores for many kinds of fish, including
2967:
2466:
2389:
2074:
1990:
1724:
619:
86:, a potentially dangerous spirit because it had not yet left for
2589:
1822:
785:
1417:
822:(the ghosts of released spirits) whose return was forbidden.
716:
stone", and bows and arrows. Heads were decapitated with an
924:Ōshima's group obtained a slightly different result- with
817:
754:
725:
699:
689:
683:
666:
532:
526:
463:
449:
443:
161:
155:
149:
143:
99:
81:
800:
The first mention of Mua in European records goes back to
1152:
1150:
954:
952:
525:"clan" having subclans, making over 10 totemic subclans (
1249:"Shared Space: Papuan Perspectives on the Torres Strait"
969:
967:
281:(varieties of island banana), and six varieties of yam:
120:) to talk to the ghosts, to tell them how they died. The
66:
According to the Mua, fire was brought to the island by
825:
By 1870, due to successive onslaughts by the Badu and
3087:
1455:
753:(see above) was held tocelebrate the return of the
682:The Mua people armed themselves for warfare with a
425:
419:
413:
407:
393:
387:
381:
375:
365:
359:
353:
327:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
220:
214:
208:
198:
188:
738:seizures of womenfolk and epidemics like measles.
665:There was no warrior class, and while all youths (
402:(which however they were forbidden to eat during
128:relatives towards the west, transforming into a
642:The Mua were traditional feudal enemies of the
108:who had come to take them home to the Augadh's
138:Kibukuth' over the western horizon. Two other
1429:
8:
1069:
767:, though is also known in Papua New-Guinea.
704:(a two or three-pronged spear), sometimes a
471:Before the white presence made itself felt,
348:, dugong, turtle and crayfish, or shot the
116:"ghost talkers", Bœigu men with the power (
1436:
1422:
1414:
1280:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
398:(wild fig), or scouring the shoreline for
1214:"Weapons and objects employed in warfare"
675:, there was one social role, that of the
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1129:
1117:
1093:
1081:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
958:
797:Islanders already living there and Mua.
540:
485:
19:(Mualgal) alternatively the Moa, are an
948:
838:
1375:"The Last Battle of Mua: Eleven Texts"
1141:
1105:
784:north-east of Mua, who had settled on
1276:Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York
1057:
7:
514:Zeydœgam (South and Western Coast)
638:Warfare and inter island relations
136:"markai sailing canoe/ship" on to
14:
1402:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1382:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1362:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
671:) underwent three stages of an
317:. They also cooked a seed-pod (
358:) using a variety of weapons:
1:
496:Naigayidœgam (North Eastern)
1300:(1983). Ōshima, Jōji (ed.).
818:
755:
726:
700:
690:
684:
667:
533:
527:
464:
450:
444:
364:(harpoon spear, such as the
323:) harvested from mangroves.
259:(a plum-dized black fruit);
162:
156:
150:
144:
100:
82:
56:Pama-Nyungan language family
1251:. In Davis, Richard (ed.).
932:(shovel-nosed ray) SE, and
24:Torres Strait Island people
3228:
1795:Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji
1336:Cambridge University Press
1230:Cambridge University Press
175:Mua island, lying east of
3135:
1060:, pp. 174, 211, 301.
98:"Tombstone Opening", the
1274:Moore, David R. (1979).
1257:Aboriginal Studies Press
1247:Lawrence, David (2004).
1070:Rivers & Haddon 1904
50:They speak a dialect of
3089:Torres Strait Islanders
1578:Bidjara (Warrego River)
1393:Shnukal, Anna (2008c).
1373:Shnukal, Anna (2008b).
1353:Shnukal, Anna (2008a).
734:through the effects of
426:
420:
414:
408:
394:
388:
382:
376:
366:
360:
354:
328:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
221:
215:
209:
199:
189:
80:On death, one became a
1571:Bidjara (Bulloo River)
1302:トレス海峡の人々―その地理学的・民族学的研究
646:and their allies, the
442:of male elders, often
177:Badu (Mulgrave Island)
124:was then taken by its
3141:By state or territory
2646:Uw Oykangand/Kwantari
1781:Gungganyji/Kongkandji
1753:Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun
1445:Indigenous Australian
1304:(in Japanese). 古今書院.
988:, pp. 10, 14–15.
730:) worn by a warrior.
712:"disk club made from
673:initiatory trajectory
400:Hawksbill turtle eggs
225:a red fruit baked in
72:frilled-necked lizard
21:Indigenous Australian
1259:. pp. 190–205.
1232:. pp. 173–203.
454:), and were reputed
392:line woven from the
253:(white island fig);
1324:Haddon, Alfred Cort
1222:Haddon, Alfred Cort
1210:Haddon, Alfred Cort
1144:, pp. 202–203.
765:Cape York Peninsula
560:Gerain &Totalai
3154:Northern Territory
624:Direction: SE Mua
494:Hill people of Mua
265:(island plum) and
213:(red wild apple),
142:spirit forms were
32:Alfred Cort Haddon
28:Moa (Banks Island)
3199:
3198:
3189:Western Australia
1788:Gunggari/Kunggari
1634:Djabugay/Tjapukai
1355:"Traditional Mua"
1345:978-0-855-75082-4
1311:978-4-772-21191-8
1289:978-0-855-75082-4
1266:978-0-855-75432-7
1239:978-0-521-17988-1
1108:, pp. 338f..
1096:, pp. 11–12.
1036:, pp. 19–20.
788:off the coast of
635:
634:
602:Direction NE Mua
519:
518:
458:, reminiscent of
350:Torresian pigeons
241:(yellow cherry);
160:(devil women) or
114:marimulaimœbaigal
3219:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2313:Mingin/Mingginda
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1395:"Historical Mua"
1389:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1320:Rivers, W. H. R.
1315:
1293:
1270:
1243:
1218:Rivers, W. H. R.
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1084:, pp. 9–10.
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
962:
956:
937:
922:
916:
912:a species of ray
881:hammerhead shark
867:shovel-nosed ray
843:
821:
814:Sir Joseph Banks
804:'s entry in the
758:
729:
724:"battle magic" (
708:(small club), a
703:
693:
687:
670:
598:Hammerhead shark
578:Direction SW Mua
556:Direction:NW Mua
541:
536:
530:
486:
473:Barbara Thompson
467:
453:
447:
434:Social structure
429:
423:
417:
411:
397:
391:
385:
380:(harpoon rope),
379:
369:
363:
357:
331:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
224:
218:
212:
202:
192:
165:
159:
153:
147:
103:
94:(now called the
85:
38:on neighbouring
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3168:South Australia
3166:
3159:
3152:
3147:New South Wales
3145:
3140:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1451:
1442:
1412:
1397:
1392:
1377:
1372:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1334:. Vol. 5.
1318:
1312:
1296:
1290:
1273:
1267:
1246:
1240:
1228:. Vol. 4.
1208:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
965:
961:, pp. 7–8.
957:
950:
946:
941:
940:
923:
919:
915:
844:
840:
835:
773:
698:), sometimes a
652:Bellevue island
640:
630:
625:
623:
616:
608:
603:
601:
594:
584:
582:Arkai & Iki
579:
577:
570:
562:
557:
555:
548:
513:
503:
495:
492:
436:
370:fashioned from
342:Black spinefoot
247:(black fruit);
219:(white apple);
173:
64:
48:
30:. According to
12:
11:
5:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2082:Kugu Nganhcara
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:Kutjala/Gudjal
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1271:
1265:
1244:
1238:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 157.
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
1000:, p. 193.
990:
978:
963:
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:
917:
914:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
875:
869:
861:
853:
846:
837:
836:
834:
831:
772:
769:
648:Mabuiag people
639:
636:
633:
632:
610:
587:
586:
564:
517:
516:
498:
435:
432:
430:pigeon flesh.
172:
169:
63:
60:
52:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
47:
44:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3224:
3213:
3212:Torres Strait
3210:
3209:
3207:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3078:Yurlayurlanya
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:Wanggeriburra
3026:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:Kuku Nyungkal
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:Kokokulunggur
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:Goreng goreng
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1195:, p. 62.
1194:
1193:Shnukal 2008c
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:Shnukal 2008a
1177:
1174:
1171:, p. 23.
1170:
1169:Shnukal 2008a
1165:
1162:
1159:, p. 16.
1158:
1157:Shnukal 2008a
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:, p. 19.
1131:
1130:Shnukal 2008a
1126:
1123:
1120:, p. 17.
1119:
1118:Shnukal 2008a
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:Shnukal 2008a
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:Shnukal 2008a
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:, p. 22.
1047:
1046:Shnukal 2008a
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:Shnukal 2008a
1030:
1027:
1024:, p. 10.
1023:
1022:Shnukal 2008a
1018:
1015:
1012:, p. 21.
1011:
1010:Shnukal 2008a
1006:
1003:
999:
998:Lawrence 2004
994:
991:
987:
986:Shnukal 2008a
982:
979:
976:, p. 24.
975:
974:Shnukal 2008a
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Shnukal 2008a
955:
953:
949:
943:
935:
931:
927:
921:
918:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
842:
839:
832:
830:
828:
823:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:William Bligh
798:
795:
792:south of the
791:
787:
783:
780:, one of the
779:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
731:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
697:
696:spear-thrower
692:
686:
680:
678:
677:paudhau garka
674:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
631:
629:
622:
621:
614:
611:
609:
607:
600:
599:
592:
589:
588:
585:
583:
576:
575:
568:
565:
563:
561:
554:
553:
546:
543:
542:
539:
535:
529:
524:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
466:
461:
457:
456:shapeshifters
452:
446:
441:
433:
431:
428:
422:
416:
410:
405:
401:
396:
390:
384:
378:
373:
368:
362:
356:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
330:
329:zugubaumœbaig
324:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
274:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
228:
223:
217:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
185:island of Mer
182:
178:
170:
168:
167:
164:
158:
152:
146:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
97:
93:
89:
84:
78:
76:
73:
69:
61:
59:
57:
53:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
22:
18:
3125:
2541:Rungarungawa
2103:Kuku Yalanji
2054:Kokowalandja
2019:Kokobujundji
1408:(2): 61–295.
1405:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1331:
1301:
1298:Ōshima, Jōji
1275:
1252:
1225:
1188:
1183:, p. 8.
1176:
1164:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
933:
929:
925:
920:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
877:
871:
863:
855:
849:
841:
824:
799:
782:Bourke Isles
774:
760:
751:markai thaay
750:
746:
742:
740:
732:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
688:(spear) and
681:
676:
664:
641:
627:
618:
617:
612:
605:
596:
595:
590:
581:
572:
571:
566:
559:
550:
549:
544:
522:
520:
509:
504:
500:
493:
489:
480:
470:
440:gerontocracy
437:
339:
334:
325:
181:culture hero
174:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:Kulagudpudai
95:
92:markai thaay
91:
87:
79:
74:
67:
65:
49:
16:
15:
3003:Yirrganydji
2863:Wulgurukaba
2842:Wongkadjera
2814:Wik-Mungkan
2702:Wakka Wakka
2667:Wadjabangai
2583:Tjongkandji
2502:Quandamooka
2418:Ngulungbara
2369:Ngandangara
2278:Mayi-Kutuna
2250:Mandandanji
2131:Kungkalenja
2040:Kokonyekodi
2012:Kokobididji
1760:Gugu Rarmul
1739:Gubbi Gubbi
1564:Birri Gubba
1447:peoples in
1388:(2): 35–59.
1142:Haddon 2011
1106:Ōshima 1983
928:in the NW;
722:kœubu maidh
660:headhunting
644:Badu people
506:Rock oyster
406:), and the
346:parrot fish
3161:Queensland
3071:Yungkurara
3033:Kombumerri
3010:Yir-Yoront
2996:Yirandhali
2982:Yintyingka
2947:Yetimarala
2891:Yadhaykenu
2856:Woppaburra
2849:Wongkumara
2828:Winduwinda
2821:Wiknatanja
2555:Taribelang
2534:Ringaringa
2495:Punthamara
2411:Nguburinji
2383:Ngathokudi
2257:Maranganji
2222:Maithakari
2117:Kungadutji
1837:Julaolinja
1809:Injilarija
1662:Djindubari
1536:Barungguan
1508:Bakanambia
1457:Aboriginal
1449:Queensland
1368:(2): 7–33.
1328:"Totemism"
1058:Moore 1979
810:HMS Bounty
790:New Guinea
445:maidhalgal
367:thoelu wap
268:yararkakur
195:noni fruit
134:markai gul
17:Mua people
3105:Kaurareg
3037:Mununjali
2954:Yetteneru
2940:Yalarnnga
2898:Yagalingu
2786:Wikatinda
2779:Wikapatja
2772:Wikampama
2751:Warakamai
2716:Walmbaria
2709:Walangama
2681:Wakabunga
2674:Wadjalang
2618:Umpithamu
2569:Thaayorre
2453:Nyuwathai
2432:Ngurawola
2397:Ngaygungu
2334:Muluridji
2306:Mimungkum
2194:Madjandji
2166:Lama Lama
2152:Kuungkari
2068:Kongabula
1956:Karingbal
1949:Karendala
1907:Kalkadoon
1865:Kabalbara
1844:Jupangati
1774:Gumakudin
1641:Djagaraga
1613:Bwgcolman
1606:Butchulla
1592:Bugulmara
1585:Biyaygiri
1212:(2011) .
944:Citations
874:crocodile
794:Fly River
574:Crocodile
404:lactation
372:bloodwood
320:biyu sama
273:monkeynut
244:sizoengai
227:oven pits
205:bellfruit
166:(giants).
62:Mythology
26:based on
3206:Category
3182:Victoria
3175:Tasmania
3041:Tulgigin
3025:Gugingin
3017:Yugambeh
2884:Wuthathi
2800:Wikianji
2758:Warrongo
2730:Wanamara
2723:Waluwara
2632:Unduyamo
2576:Thereila
2508:Hordes:
2481:Pitapita
2446:Nyawagyi
2425:Ngundjan
2404:Nggamadi
2362:Ngajanji
2285:Mbabaram
2243:Manbarra
2229:Malintji
2215:Maikulan
2201:Maiawali
2124:Kunggara
2110:Kulumali
2061:Kokowara
2047:Kokopera
2033:Kokomini
2005:Kokangol
1998:Koinjmal
1970:Kaurareg
1963:Karuwali
1914:Kambuwal
1900:Kalibamu
1879:Kaiadilt
1872:Kaiabara
1830:Jarowair
1718:Girramay
1648:Djakunda
1627:Darumbal
1550:Bigambul
1529:Baruŋgam
1494:Ayapathu
1487:Ayabakan
1480:Atjinuri
1466:Ankamuti
1326:(1904).
1224:(eds.).
894:stingray
892:Thupimul
747:marigeth
710:gabagaba
383:gabagaba
200:goegoebe
88:Kibukuth
46:Language
36:Kaurareg
3112:Mabuiag
3064:Yukulta
3057:Yuibera
3023:Clans:
2933:Yanggal
2905:Yambina
2877:Wulpura
2807:Wikmean
2744:Wanjuru
2688:Wakaman
2625:Undanbi
2604:Turrbal
2548:Tagalag
2527:Rakkaia
2518:Goenpul
2514:Nunukul
2488:Pontunj
2474:Pakadji
2355:Mutumui
2341:Muragan
2271:Marulta
2264:Marrago
2208:Maijabi
2089:Kukatja
1977:Kawadji
1942:Kareldi
1935:Karanja
1921:Kangulu
1858:Kaantju
1816:Injinoo
1802:Iningai
1767:Gulngai
1697:Geynyon
1669:Dyirbal
1655:Djankun
1599:Buluwai
1501:Badjiri
1202:Sources
910:Tolupai
856:Dhangal
850:Baidham
827:Mabuiag
806:logbook
771:History
736:pearler
656:Mabuiag
650:of the
615:(buwai)
593:(buwai)
580:Sites:
569:(buwai)
558:Sites:
547:(buwai)
545:Dhangal
501:Italgal
490:Mualgal
481:gœgaith
460:shamans
427:goeinau
355:goeinaw
171:Ecology
163:adhiadh
118:wœnewœn
110:gœgaith
54:of the
40:Muralag
3119:Meriam
3050:Yugara
2989:Yinwum
2961:Yidiny
2926:Yangga
2870:Wulili
2793:Wikepa
2737:Wangan
2695:Wakara
2653:Waanyi
2639:Unjadi
2611:Umpila
2562:Tepiti
2460:Olkola
2320:Mitaka
2299:Mbewum
2187:Lotiga
2180:Lardil
2173:Lanima
2145:Kutjal
1928:Kanolu
1893:Kalali
1711:Giabal
1690:Garrwa
1683:Ewamin
1557:Bindal
1515:Barada
1342:
1308:
1286:
1263:
1236:
930:Kaigas
926:Koedal
872:Koedal
864:Kaigas
859:dugong
819:markai
743:thœrba
727:augadh
668:kernge
626:Site:
604:Site:
567:Koedal
552:Dugong
534:augadh
477:moiety
335:dhogai
314:thapan
290:kuthai
262:wangai
157:dhogai
151:padutu
140:markai
130:markai
126:markai
106:markai
75:augadh
70:, the
68:Waleku
2975:Yiman
2968:Yilba
2919:Yanga
2912:Yanda
2660:Wadja
2597:Tulua
2510:Ngugi
2467:Otati
2439:Nguri
2390:Ngaun
2376:Ngaro
2348:Murri
2327:Miyan
2292:Mbara
2138:Kunja
2075:Kooma
1991:Koamu
1886:Kairi
1725:Goeng
1676:Djiru
1620:Dalla
1543:Bidia
1522:Barna
1473:Araba
1398:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1216:. In
934:Kursi
906:stone
888:snake
878:Kursi
852:shark
833:Notes
701:dagal
691:kubai
685:kalak
620:Snake
606:Sigan
591:Kursi
528:buwai
523:buwai
512:) Mua
465:wauri
421:silel
395:dhani
302:mapet
296:gabau
278:kurub
256:wanga
238:putit
210:kawai
190:aubau
3098:Badu
2835:Wiri
2590:Totj
2236:Mamu
2159:Laia
1851:Juru
1823:Ithu
1340:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1234:ISBN
904:Kula
898:Umai
886:Tabu
786:Daru
778:Iama
761:sara
756:mari
714:gòba
613:Tabu
418:and
415:goba
409:akul
389:wali
311:and
308:sari
284:buwa
232:amai
216:kupa
148:and
122:mari
101:mari
83:mari
3126:Mua
2765:Wik
1984:Koa
1704:Gia
936:SW.
900:dog
808:of
718:upi
706:nai
654:of
468:).
451:kod
377:amu
374:),
361:wap
275:);
250:uzu
235:);
222:mai
207:);
197:);
145:buk
3208::
3039:,
3035:,
3031:,
3027:,
2516:,
2512:,
1404:.
1400:.
1384:.
1380:.
1364:.
1360:.
1338:.
1330:.
1322:;
1282:.
1278:.
1255:.
1220:;
1149:^
966:^
951:^
628:It
510:it
412:,
344:,
305:,
299:,
293:,
287:,
58:.
1437:e
1430:t
1423:v
1406:4
1386:4
1366:4
1348:.
1314:.
1292:.
1269:.
1242:.
694:(
508:(
352:(
271:(
229:(
203:(
193:(
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